Mosvodokanal is one of the main enterprises of the city that has a positive impact on improving the environment. The Moscow sewer system is a reliable environmental shield of the capital, ensuring the sanitary and environmental well-being of the metropolis. In accordance with the implementation of the programs adopted by the Moscow Government for the development of the water supply and sewerage system for the period until 2020, a radical reconstruction of the sewerage system is being carried out.

In conditions of water conservation and annual reduction in water consumption and wastewater disposal, priority areas of development are improving the quality of water treatment and increasing the reliability of networks and structures.

The main objectives of the development of the water supply and sewerage sector of any city are:

• accelerated modernization of network facilities - both in water supply and sewerage.
• improving the quality of drinking water preparation and waste water treatment,
• increasing the reliability and efficiency of the city's water supply and sewerage systems.

The principle of operation, which consists in carrying out restoration work when an accident occurs, the so-called “fire brigade” tactics, is currently unpromising. Accelerated modernization of network facilities using advanced methods and innovative technologies is the main measure to prevent emergency situations.

Reconstruction of city network facilities in cramped urban conditions poses a serious problem. The optimal solution was to use trenchless technologies, for which about 80% of the total volume of network reconstruction is currently being carried out.

With regard to sewerage, in recent years, in addition to the technologies for reconstructing small and medium-diameter pipelines mastered in the 90s, the most modern methods for restoring sewer collectors and large-diameter canals have been adopted. The technology for restoring channels of complex shape using composite modules has been mastered.

Thanks to the use of modern materials and technologies in the restoration and replacement of dilapidated gravity networks and pressure sewer pipelines, in recent years it has been possible to prevent the occurrence of major accidents in sewer networks and pumping stations, and the trend of accidents has been steadily decreasing from year to year.

In accordance with the tightening requirements for the quality of wastewater treatment at Moscow wastewater treatment plants, specialists of Mosvodokanal JSC are constantly taking measures to search, develop and implement modern best available technologies.

Removal of nutrients

Ultraviolet disinfection of wastewater

The main directions of development of the capital's sewage treatment plants are their reconstruction with the transition to modern technologies for nitrogen and phosphorus removal and systems implementation ultraviolet disinfection. The combination of these two technologies makes it possible today to return water to nature that fully complies with domestic sanitary and hygienic requirements and European standards.

Another important area in the development of treatment facilities today is obtaining electricity from alternative sources. A similar source at wastewater treatment plants is the biogas generated during the digestion of sewage sludge. The conversion of biogas with the generation of electricity and heat occurs at mini-thermal power plants. Facilities of this kind, powered by biofuels, make it possible to increase the reliability of energy supply to treatment facilities, which is the key to preventing the discharge of untreated wastewater into water intakes during periods when external sources of electricity are cut off.

Water management is developing rapidly, occupying one of the main niches in the world economy. But despite this, it has significant problems that need to be solved.

One of the immediate concerns is the fear of not being able to meet the demand for water supply in the future. In 2012, a survey of utility executives was conducted in 10 major markets: Canada, USA, UK, France, Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, Spain, China.

It showed that 39 percent of managers believe that demand for water will exceed supply. This is largely due to the rate of population growth in the world - it is 7 billion today and is expected to grow by another billion over the next 18 years.

This has a significant impact on what is already a fairly limited resource.

Should use be limited?

But in many places around the world, consumers, farmers, businesses and industries have an incentive to limit their water use. Water is relatively cheap and many people assume it is readily available.

In fact, this is a misconception, even a huge obstacle to progress. The challenge of protecting water supplies for future generations is clearer than ever before.

First of all, this is the need to introduce technical innovations and regulate changes in the water sector.

It's worth setting appropriate tariffs in areas where innovation has yet to happen, and quickly. According to Oracle Utilities surveys, a third of executives surveyed believe water prices are lower than they should be.

To do this, the business model for water utilities must evolve. In accordance with the volume-based billing model, consumers are satisfied with the low cost of water supply, but on the other hand, they do not provide reimbursement for the cost of water delivery.

This does not even give the water utility the opportunity to repair equipment and remain financially sustainable.

At the same time, regulators must be confident in the need to increase tariff levels.

Funds received for water services must offset the cost of maintaining the viability of utility equipment and infrastructure.

Changes in the regulatory approach to tariffs will change the perception of the value of water. Society will begin to understand the need to take care of such an important natural resource, thereby assisting environmental protection organizations.

Amount of expenses

Water services account for a relatively small market share—the amount spent globally on water services and infrastructure is less than one percent of global GDP.

But this is an important market segment and its shortage will affect all indicators of global GDP.

A study of how tariff increases in 308 cities in 102 countries correlated with the costs of building, operating and maintaining drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. But even in those cases, tariffs rarely reimburse the full cost of services.

The report concludes that, thanks to policies of reducing the price of water below the full cost of service, unsustainable water consumption is increasing.

Businesses have to depend on external sources of funding and political interference and subsequently service disruptions due to underfunding as well as inequalities in remote communities.

While the question is global, the answers lie at the local level. Infrastructure continues to deteriorate and water quality and reliability (pipe explosions and other leaks) will decline, requiring repair or disposal.

A new tariff system that will take into account the full operating costs of water services, as well as provide the necessary financial return for utilities, will assist in these efforts.

Innovative technology plays an important role in the water supply of the future.

The use of desalination as a way to create a new, clean and affordable source of water is currently being used in many countries around the world, including Australia, China, Japan, the USA, Spain and other European countries, the Middle East and North Africa.

Along with this, however, there is a need for awareness of problems and available methods for solving them. An Oracle Utilities water study found that 36 percent of utilities worldwide are still unaware of the full range of innovative options open to them.

At the same time, many clients do not pay attention to the need for change, treating water as a precious and diminishing resource. Only when innovation and awareness of the problem come to the fore will we see the beginning of large-scale change.

It’s no longer a secret that in the Russian market of pipelines for water supply with an internal diameter of up to 40 mm, the palm belongs to pipes made of polymeric materials.

Recently, modern technologies in the pipe industry have made a big leap. The development trend of the Russian market of engineering systems indicates the active displacement of steel and including cast iron pipelines by plastic pipelines, the abundance of which currently in standard urban development is a legacy of the last century. It’s no longer a secret that in the Russian market of pipelines for water supply with an internal diameter of up to 40 mm, the palm belongs to pipes made of polymeric materials.

These include pipes made of polypropylene (PP-R), polyethylene (low, medium, high density), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), high-temperature polyethylene (PERT), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), including chlorinated (C-PVC), polybutylene (PB), acrylonitrile butadionistyrene (ABS), as well as a number of exotic types of polyolefins. Of course, it must be borne in mind that almost each of the mentioned types of plastics can have pipe varieties reinforced with metal or fiberglass.

A large selection of materials and pipe manufacturing technologies create a choice problem. What is good for individual construction is often not applicable in multi-storey construction. It takes time to understand new technologies, and the price of a bad choice is the loss of a lot of money. After all, a pipeline system that will be used en masse under Russian specific conditions must have the best price-quality ratio.

When constructing, designing and operating pipelines, it is necessary to be guided by the norms and regulations of SNiP 2.04.01-85 “Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings” and 2.04.05-91 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”. Pipes used for hot water supply are designed for a maximum operating temperature of 75°C, and for heating systems, pipes with an operating temperature of 90°C are used. Working pressure up to 0.6 MPa. The warranty period is at least 25 years.

According to studies of polymer pipelines conducted by specialists from the Russian Chemical Technical University named after. Mendeleev, polypropylene (PP-R) became the first material that did not meet the requirements of serial multi-story construction for the following reasons:

• The maximum permissible temperature for a service life of 30 years cannot exceed 70˚C. With such parameters, it is necessary to increase the area of ​​heating devices by 40% and increase the volume of coolant in the system, which will lead to an increase in pipeline diameters.
• A high coefficient of elongation when heated leads to the need to install expansion loops, which eliminates the possibility of hidden pipeline installation, i.e. Wiring is possible only in niches and behind false walls.
• Welding joints requires special skills when working with the tool and does not exclude violations of the installation technology (overheating, narrowing of the diameter).
• Different coefficients of linear thermal expansion of the plastic and the welded steel sleeve of the end fittings (for connecting other parts of the system through pipe threads) inevitably lead to a violation of integrity and, as a result, to the formation of a leak.
• The pipes do not bend, which increases the amount of waste, requires the installation of unnecessary connections and creates inconvenience during transportation and storage.
• Pipelines made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have a low coefficient of linear elongation, which makes it possible to do without expansion loops, but at a temperature of 95˚C the service life of PVC pipes is 1 year.

Metal-plastic pipes (PEX-Al-PEX) are not used in multi-story construction because:

• The heterogeneity of the wall of composite pipes of the PEX-Al-PEX type (metal-plastic), due to different coefficients of linear thermal expansion, during the operation of the pipeline leads to delamination of its constituent layers and, accordingly, it is impossible to calculate the service life for such pipes.
• The inner layer of these pipes is made of PEX, but has a thickness of no more than 0.8 mm, in contrast to the 2.2 mm required for design loads, and this leads to a reduction in the permissible pressures in the system by 3.5 - 4 times, i.e. . up to 2 – 2.5 atm.
• A layer of aluminum foil up to 0.4 mm thick is not able to withstand the pressure of the system, and this is provided that the seam is perfectly welded, and the pipe during installation was not subjected to repeated bending in the same place - here the foil will simply stretch out and the integrity will be compromised .
• Today there is no glue that is able to maintain elasticity and withstand significant loads, because... the coefficient of linear thermal elongation of polyethylene is 7-10 times higher than the corresponding coefficient of aluminum.
• The pipe cut must be processed with a reamer, because it becomes deformed. When bending a pipe, it is necessary to use special equipment, otherwise the nominal passage will narrow and it will “slam shut.”
• The fitting must be equipped with ring-shaped rubber gaskets (otherwise it will not be possible to compress the pipe onto the fitting), as well as a dielectric gasket that protects the contact of the aluminum foil and the brass body of the fitting - galvanic couple.
• Low maintainability - re-installation of the fitting in the same place is not allowed; it is impossible to replace a section of pipe laid in a corrugation (channel) and subsequently damaged without opening the structure of the structure.

The only material that can withstand the required loads over a long service life and has properties that meet the requirements for heating systems of multi-storey buildings is molecular cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), which has:

• The homogeneity of the wall and the strength characteristics of the material make it possible to install water supply and heating systems, including central heating, in high-rise buildings with an estimated service life of at least 50 years. In this case, it is possible to use hidden wiring, which meets modern aesthetic requirements.
• The ability to restore shape due to “molecular memory” allows you to restore the pipeline after a “break” (excessive bending) and operate the system after defrosting.
• The mechanical compression of the fitting on the pipe and the “molecular memory” of the material, which constantly strives to return the pipe wall to its original position, make the connection extremely reliable for the entire life of the system. Secondary installation of the fitting in the same place is allowed.
• The absence of seals, dielectrics or welded embedded parts made of dissimilar materials makes the connections extremely reliable and reduces the cost of products and systems as a whole.
• The variety of types and a large range of fittings, combined with the flexibility and long winding length of the coils, make it possible to minimize the number of connections and pipe waste.
• The hidden installation of an elastic pipeline in a corrugation (channel), in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, allows you to replace the damaged section of the pipe without opening the wall or floor structure.
• The smooth internal surface reduces the coefficient of hydraulic resistance by 25 - 30% and does not allow solid particles to “stick” to the walls - the pipes do not “overgrow”.

There are three methods for forming three-dimensional molecular bonds that suit industrial production purposes: peroxide (PEX-a), silane (PEX-b) and radiation (PEX-c). The strength characteristics of the materials, in general, comply with DIN standards, but upon detailed study it turns out that pipes made from high-density polyethylene using the silane method have increased resistance to temperature and pressure over a long service life.

In order to produce and widely implement modern polymer pipeline systems for heating and water supply in Russia and the CIS, ten years ago the BIR PEKS Corporation was created, which for the first time in Russia launched the production of pipes from molecular cross-linked polyethylene PEKS-b using English equipment and raw materials production. Now this enterprise has mastered the joint production of press-on and compression fittings according to drawings and under the IGL - BIR PEKS trademark, and is developing and producing additional elements, fasteners, mounting units, manifold cabinets, etc.

Ten years of operating experience in the highest-rise buildings in Russia (currently up to 48 floors), in elite and municipal housing construction, have in practice proven the high performance qualities of products and technologies for installing pipelines for heating and hot water supply systems from the BIR PECS Corporation. In 2007, BIR PECS systems received support from the housing and communal services sector of the Republic of Tatarstan and were recommended for use by government customers of ministries and departments of the Republic of Tatarstan, management companies and design organizations.

In 2010, pipelines made of silanol cross-linked polyethylene and fittings of the BIR PEKS brand were included in the Register of new equipment used in the construction (reconstruction) of city-ordered objects in Moscow and in the Moscow Territorial Construction Catalog (MTSC - 8.18).

Today, the BIR PECS corporation unites companies operating in various fields of production activity. The corporation acts as a contractor for engineering work, engineering support for buildings and structures, and also has its own design bureau capable of performing the task of designing engineering support for any development complex.

BIR PEKS Company LLC offers a comprehensive solution to the design, installation and commissioning of internal engineering systems with the implementation of horizontal heating systems, hot and cold water supply using BIR PEKS brand pipelines made of silanol cross-linked polyethylene, ensuring a service life of more than 50 years at operating pressure 10 atm. and temperature range 70-90˚С.

In Russia, in the vast majority of cases, heating systems in apartment buildings still use a single-pipe (less often, two-pipe) system with an upper or lower distribution circuit. According to this scheme, the heating devices are connected in series, and the coolant is supplied to each apartment through several risers, because of this, residents of each apartment in high-rise buildings cannot independently change the volume and flow rate of the coolant in the heating system, and therefore independently accurately regulate the heat transfer of the heating systems. devices. In this case, we are not even talking about the inability to maintain independent heat metering separately in each apartment.

The technical characteristics of BIR PEKS pipelines made of silanol cross-linked polyethylene make it possible to design and install a fundamentally new wiring diagram - horizontal.

When using horizontal systems, steel risers are laid in common areas and on each floor - apartment-by-apartment distribution manifolds supplying apartments, which, at a comparable cost of materials, provides the following advantages:

• The principle of apartment-by-apartment metering of heat and water consumption is being implemented, thereby solving issues of energy and resource saving.
• Maintenance and reading of metering devices is carried out without access to residential or office premises.
• Compared to vertical distribution systems, the number of risers, metering devices, metering devices, etc. is significantly reduced.

The adjustment valve on the return branch of the heating system of each apartment provides the required amount of heat and protects the heating system from imbalance as a result of unauthorized intervention by the resident when carrying out work to replace heating appliances, pipelines, installation of water-heated floors, etc.

The construction of single risers for heating, hot and cold water supply systems made of steel ensures their quick replacement without access to apartments and without damaging the interior decoration.

Horizontally located pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene are laid in a protective corrugation and can be hidden in the structure of the floor (in a screed) or wall (in grooves), which improves aesthetics and reduces the risk of damage. If hidden installation in the floor is not possible, it can be placed in a special plinth near the floor or in a box under the ceiling.

Thus, the BIR PECS pipeline system increases the competitiveness of finished housing, has a high level of comfort for the end consumer, meets the latest requirements and standards for energy saving, has a service life 3-4 times longer than steel pipeline systems and lower maintenance costs.

One of the factors limiting the widespread use of PEX-b polymer pipelines (silane cross-linking) was the fact that according to the highest fifth strength class of GOST R 52134-2003, the maximum operating temperature cannot exceed 80˚C for continuous operation for 10 years. pressure up to 1.0 MPa. This is due to the fact that the Table of Strength Classes was taken from ISO 15875-2003 standards, which were written for European coolant standards, where the operating temperature of the coolant does not exceed 70˚C. It turned out that the products included in the project and meeting the requirements of GOST could not meet the parameters of the coolant used in Russia (90˚C ​​or 95˚C).

BIR PEKS pipes are certified for compliance with the specified GOST, as well as the technical specifications TU 2248-03900284581-99 (NIIsantekhnika), the requirements of which are much stricter and meet the criteria for long-term (more than 50 years) operation at a temperature of 95˚C and a working pressure in the system of 1 MPa . The corresponding changes were introduced into the technical specifications after receiving the results of the study of the Russian Chemical Technical University named after. Mendeleev regarding increased durability at high operating temperatures for pipes made of polyethylene cross-linked by various methods.

24.03.2016

State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” is carrying out systematic work to develop the knowledge economy at the enterprise - increasing the share of innovative technologies, products and materials used.

The development of the knowledge economy in the State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” is aimed at increasing the efficiency of the enterprise through the introduction of economically feasible and innovative solutions. Such activities make it possible to obtain an economic effect by using new knowledge, optimizing energy consumption, reducing labor costs, and increasing the efficiency of structures.

The systematic approach of the State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” to the development of the knowledge economy is that it covers the entire cycle of introducing innovations at the enterprise: search, testing, evaluation and application in production activities.

One example of the introduction of innovative technology at Vodokanal production is vacuum sewerage. Its use makes it possible to effectively and economically solve one of the serious problems of St. Petersburg - the presence of territories not covered by centralized water supply and sanitation systems.

In 2015, a technical certificate was received on the suitability of using this technology in Russia, direct support was provided by the Energy and Engineering Committee and the Lengiproinzhproekt Institute.

The work performed on the design of sewerage networks for household wastewater in a number of settlements in St. Petersburg showed that when using a traditional pressure-gravity sewerage system, construction will require significant costs. This is due, first of all, to the prevailing flat terrain and, accordingly, the need to build a large number of pumping stations. For example, for the village of Lisiy Nos alone, the construction of 17 sewage pumping stations would be required.

Vacuum sewerage technology has a number of advantages compared to the traditional pressure-gravity system: lower cost of construction and installation work (by 30-50%) - due to the use of pipes of smaller diameter, lower depth of their installation, absence of inspection wells; shorter period of construction and installation work; routing flexibility (the ability to avoid obstacles); eliminating the possibility of odors entering the atmosphere and waste water coming to the surface when pipeline sections are clogged.

To introduce vacuum sewerage technology in Russia, in January 2015, the Ministry of Construction issued technical certificate No. 4461-15, confirming the suitability of vacuum sewerage for use in construction. At the moment, sewerage projects for the village are being developed. Toriki and village Fox Nose with the introduction of vacuum sewerage. The estimated cost of these projects is significantly lower than projects involving the use of a traditional sewer system.

As part of the development of the knowledge economy, Vodokanal is also actively working towards finding new effective technologies for the additional treatment and disinfection of treated wastewater for implementation at all sewerage facilities in St. Petersburg.

This work is carried out in accordance with water and sanitary-epidemiological legislation, which prohibits the discharge into water bodies of wastewater that has not undergone sanitary treatment and neutralization, as well as wastewater that contains pathogens of infectious diseases.

At the moment, to meet these requirements, ultraviolet disinfection technology (UFD) is used in new and reconstructed city buildings.

However, to increase the reliability and efficiency of disinfection processes, it is necessary to introduce new wastewater treatment systems. Since 2009, the State Unitary Enterprise “Vodokanal of St. Petersburg” has been testing various technologies for post-treatment and disinfection at pilot plants under the current operating conditions of the enterprise’s facilities.

Also, as part of the development of the knowledge economy, Vodokanal is constantly working to find innovative solutions, the implementation of which will improve the quality of water supply and sanitation services to the population, as well as reduce the negative impact on the environment.

For example, in recent years, work has been carried out to test technologies to prevent the spread of unpleasant odors from wastewater disposal facilities, purify surface runoff, and introduce membranes into water treatment and wastewater treatment systems.

Much attention is paid to the search for technologies for using the beneficial qualities of sewage sludge, as well as ash, which is formed during the combustion of sewage sludge.

Active work is underway to search for and test new environmentally friendly reagents, as well as materials, for example, sand for sewage sludge incineration furnaces.

One of the new effective solutions that have already been implemented in the conditions of St. Petersburg is the use of microtubular sewerage in the drainage system. With this technology, already laid wastewater networks are used to lay fiber-optic communication networks in them. In dense urban areas, this solution saves money and does not violate the integrity of road surfaces (there is no need to carry out excavation work or lay new trenches for communication systems), and therefore does not cause inconvenience to residents of St. Petersburg.

Domestic, municipal and industrial consumption account for less than one fifth of water use worldwide, and only 5% in Africa, Central America and Asia. Large shortages exist in developing countries, where more than 1 billion people lack access to clean water and many more rely on unreliable supplies. There are also inequalities in water distribution, with poor urban populations obtaining water from unreliable and low-quality sources and overpaying suppliers. The demand of the urban population is often given greater preference than the needs of rural areas.

There are differences between industrialized and developing countries in both the nature of the problems and water supply options.

In industrialized countries, water flows tend to be higher, demand is moderate, and the focus is on reducing consumption and making more efficient use of water to avoid the need to add new supplies or reduce supply altogether.

In developing countries, low supply is associated with high demand, and the focus is on finding new sources of water. Low efficiency of existing water supply systems and unsatisfactory management organization are observed everywhere. A large proportion of the urban poor and disadvantaged people do not have access to water supply.

Depletion of water sources causes deterioration in the quality of the latter in both developed and developing countries.

There are a range of options to meet a wide variety of water supply needs. In developing countries, priorities are to expand water supply in urban and rural areas and restore water supplies to urban areas.

Demand management

Demand response management is becoming increasingly common in many industrialized countries. Its potential for reducing consumption is directly proportional to the prevailing level of water use. Demand management has great potential in the United States, where average consumption per person is about 400 liters per day. In developing countries this figure is generally lower. However, this situation differs significantly from country to country, and there is also potential for savings for the most water-intensive users. In New Delhi, for example, daily tap water consumption per household ranges from 700 liters for a low-income household to 2,200 liters for the rich. Tariffs are predominantly subsidized by the state, leaving few incentives to conserve water consumption.

Water consumption for washing and sanitation purposes accounts for a significant share of water consumption in the domestic and industrial sectors. It is necessary to develop standards, regulations and sanctions to promote water-saving technologies, including for manufacturers of household appliances and equipment, as well as the payment of subsidies to consumers who decide to switch to water-saving devices. In Denmark, per capita water consumption fell by 24% over 10 years due to the widespread adoption of water-saving technologies, including for toilets, showers and washing machines.

In many regions of the world, including the United States, South Africa and Europe, block tariffs, with low user charges and progressive increases as consumption increases, have been successful in containing or reducing water demand. For their effectiveness, it is essential to implement cheap but effective water meters.

Alternative water supplies

The level of water losses from leaks, illegal connections and problems with metering still remains high. In Asian cities it accounts for 35-40% of the total water supply, and in some cities this figure reaches 60%. Stabilizing and reducing losses in pipeline systems can help improve water supplies. For example, data for the UK shows a decrease in daily per capita water consumption by 29 liters as a result of the introduction of mandatory preventive inspections by the authorities to detect leaks. The implementation of this program and other measures for rational water use led to the fact that consideration of plans to build a new dam in Yorkshire was decided to be postponed.

Rainwater harvesting through rooftop tanks, tanks and other methods is an effective way to supply domestic water.

Box 5.6: Urban rainwater harvesting is becoming more common

In Germany, there are special subsidies that encourage residents to build rainwater collection tanks and then use filtered water. Due to savings on monthly water costs and other benefits, the investment in rainwater harvesting pays for itself in 12 years. In Tokyo, Japan, 70% of all toilets in the Ryogoku Kokugkan, the sumo wrestling building, are supplied by rainwater.

Another significant source may be wastewater recycling. By 1999, the San Francisco Bay Area in California was reusing large amounts of wastewater—enough to meet the needs of 2 million people. By 2020, it is planned to meet the needs of 6 million people in this way. 32% of this water is used in agriculture, 27% goes to replenish groundwater reserves, 17% to support irrigation of land, 7% for industrial needs. The remaining portion is spent on environmental and other purposes.

As a solution to the problem of local water shortages, the option of transferring it between river basins is often proposed. The consequences of such actions require careful study, especially in cases where return flow to the basin is not provided, as is the case with other water intake methods.

Favorable factors

As with other sectors, it is critical to implement policy, institutional and organizational reforms to implement demand management and find alternative water supply solutions. Initiatives include the following:

• in the UK, the United States and Australia, licensing for new water intakes requires that all economically viable demand management proposals be examined;
• Effective management is the basis for efficient water management and improved planning, but there is no one-size-fits-all approach to government or private sector management. To improve the efficiency of government bodies, it is necessary to strengthen institutional powers and responsibility for decisions made;
• In order to maintain access to water supply, it is necessary to introduce effective legislative mechanisms and affordable payments for the poor in urban and rural areas.