Historical grammar
A discipline that examines the evolution of the grammatical structure of one language by comparing linguistic facts belonging to different time layers. The name “historical grammar” is inaccurate: traditionally it includes not only historical morphology and historical syntax, but also historical phonetics. Sometimes it is specified that historical grammar describes and explains the development of language from the appearance of the first written monuments to the present, while the previous periods of “prehistoric” development are within the competence of comparative linguistics (comparative studies)
The historical grammar of the Russian language (as well as other Slavic languages) does not, however, include the history of the literary idiom, which constitutes a special discipline (in other scientific traditions the situation may be different)
Combining the data of historical grammar, based on evidenced forms, and the data of etymology as an important component comparative historical linguistics, in which hypothetical constructions play a much larger role, mutually complement each other and provide knowledge of the development of individual languages.
A brief conceptual and terminological reference book on etymology and historical lexicology. - Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Russian Language named after. V. V. Vinogradov RAS, Etymology and history of words in the Russian language. J. J. Varbot, A. F. Zhuravlev. 1998 .
See what “Historical grammar” is in other dictionaries:
Literary encyclopedia
Historical grammar- HISTORICAL GRAMMAR. Grammar, considering grammatical facts Ph.D. language in their history, i.e. outlining the history of the grammatical facts of this language. Because grammar is usually understood not only as the study of language forms, but also as the study of... ... Dictionary of literary terms
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 istgram (1) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
historical grammar- Grammar, considering grammatical facts Ph.D. language in their history, i.e. outlining the history of the grammatical facts of this language. Since grammar is usually understood not only as the study of language forms, but also as the study of sounds, then I.G. can... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
See historical grammar (in the article grammar) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Grammar (from the Greek γράμμα “record”), as a science, is a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the patterns of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagmas, sentences, texts). These... Wikipedia
There is a section of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of a language, the patterns of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagmas, sentences, texts). The grammar formulates these patterns in the form of general... ... Wikipedia
- [ama], grammar, noun. (Greek grammatike). The study of the structure of a language or group of languages (ling.). French grammar. Historical grammar. Comparative grammar of Slavic languages. || An educational book laying out the basics... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Grammar (meanings). Grammar (ancient Greek γραμματική from γράμμα “letter”) as a science is a branch of linguistics that studies the grammatical structure of language, patterns of construction... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Grammar (meanings). Grammar of the Church Slavonic language of Meletius Smotritsky ... Wikipedia
Books
- , . Historical grammar of the Russian language, compiled by F. Buslaev. Third edition, corrected and expanded. Syntax. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1869 edition...
- Historical grammar of the Russian language, compiled by F. Buslaev,. Historical grammar of the Russian language, compiled by F. Buslaev. Third edition, corrected and expanded. Syntax. Reproduced in the original author's spelling of the 1869 edition...
§ 1. Historical grammar of the Russian language is the science of the development of a given language, the development of its phonetic, morphological
logical internal explains how
and syntactic systems according to their laws; This is a science that studies the sounds, forms and syntactic structures of the Russian language over a long period of time.
As a result of all such changes, the Russian language system is now qualitatively different from the system that is recorded in the earliest monuments of Russian writing and which can be assumed for an even earlier period - for the preliterate era.
The definition of the historical grammar of the Russian language as a science about the development of its phonetic, morphological and syntactic aspects shows that the name “historical grammar” does not fully correspond to the content put into it, because
Essentially we are talking about the history of the entire Russian LANGUAGE system over long eras of its development.
§ 2. As you know, language is in constant change and development. Despite the fact that such changes are not always visible to the “naked eye,” it can still be established quite easily (it is enough just to approach the language scientifically) that over the course of epochs the language, in particular Russian, moves along the path of the emergence of the new and the loss of the old in its phonetic , morphological and syntactic (and also, of course, lexical) systems. In this regard, it is possible to study the ways of language development and the patterns of this development.
Knowledge of the laws of internal development of a language makes it possible to understand the nature of its modern system, both in its literary and dialect forms of existence of a given language.
It is known that a teacher of the Russian language at school often encounters such phenomena in Russian phonetics, morphology and
syntax, the explanation of which cannot be given on the basis of the current state of the language, but lies in history, in past eras of its development. For example, when considering the phenomena of the modern Russian language system, one may encounter the following questions:
Why is it that with the same spelling of the letter e and the same pronunciation of the sound [e] in the words carry and in the forest in the position under stress, in the first case it is pronounced ['o] - [n'os], and in the second [e] is preserved - [l'es ] ?
Why are some words, outwardly identical and historically dating back to words with one type of combination, now pronounced differently: on the one hand, [p'pervy], [v'erkh], [z'zerkalo], and on the other - [tv 'horde], [ch'orny], [m'brthy]?
Why are the words kalach or grow, clearly related to kolo, wheel and growth, written with a and not with o?
Why is there an alternation of [ml'], [pl'] with [m], [p] in the roots of the words earth and earthly, buy and buy, and in the roots of the words knead - knead - knead, reap - shake - shake - alternation [a ] with [n], [m] or [in], [im]?
Why is there an alternation of [o] with a “zero” sound in the word whistle - whistle, but there is no alternation in the word east - east?
How can we explain the presence in modern language of forms comparable to oko - ochi, or by deed, associated with delo, and how did they arise?
What is two or three in cousin, second cousin?
How can we explain that in modern Russian verbs in the present tense are conjugated by persons, but do not change by gender, and in the past they are changed by gender, but are not conjugated by persons?
Why do qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison and short forms, but relative adjectives have neither?
What is the significance of the genitive case in the constructions of the holiday of the First of May or He was born on the second of January and the instrumental case in the constructions of It happened in late autumn or He arrived early in the morning?
How can I explain the turn of events? On my way from Edrov, Anyuta never left my thoughts (A. N. Radishchev)?
The history of language helps to reveal the primordial unity of the roots not only of such words as magician and miracles, sole and soil, where their internal connections, although weak, are felt, but also such as time and spindle, tribe and fruit, dialect and beetle, price and repent, which are perceived by modern Russian speakers as completely separate lexical units from each other.
Knowing the historical processes of development of the Russian phonetic, morphological and syntactic systems, you can get answers to these and similar questions and explain many complex phenomena and facts of the modern Russian language.
More on the topic HISTORICAL GRAMMAR OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE, ITS SUBJECT AND TASKS:
- 23. Publicist in the mass media (feuilletonist, pamphleteer, leading moderator).
- Subject and tasks of lexicology. The connection between lexicology and other linguistic disciplines. The main directions in the study of vocabulary.
Grammar is perhaps one of the first sciences about language; its origins lie in the works of ancient Indian philologists. This term was also used in Ancient Greece to mean the discipline that studies the rules of writing and reading. It is from these two traditions that both European and Russian grammar originate.
Grammar - branch of linguistics
Historical grammar of the Russian language is a subsection of general grammar, the subject of study of which is text and word formation, i.e. formal side of language. As the name suggests, it is a branch of linguistics that deals with the correct use of language in speech and writing. Hence such derivative words as “literate” and “literate”, which are semantically related to the letter, the correct word.
Grammar establishes connections between words and segments of speech, and also regulates the formation of words and language structures. She studies the formal side of language - its grammatical structure. Moreover, the object of her research varies from the morpheme (the smallest significant unit of language) to the text (the largest independent part of the language system).
Typically, grammar includes two sections of linguistics: morphology and syntax. The first studies the word in its grammatical meaning, the second - constructions from words. In addition, orthoepy, vocabulary, phonetics, graphics, and spelling of the Russian language are closely related to grammar, including historical grammar.
Unity of grammatical and lexical
We should also not forget about the inextricable connection between grammar and vocabulary, the form and content of the statement. Sometimes the lexical meaning of a word determines its grammatical features, sometimes vice versa.
For historical grammar, the relationship between vocabulary and grammar will be important. For example, phraseological units are formed through the process of lexicalization: the grammatical form is fixed in the language as an unchangeable and separately significant lexical unit. Grammaticalization, on the contrary, affirms the word as a grammatical indicator, transferring it to the category of affixes and function words.
Also a consequence of the interaction of historical grammar and vocabulary. New words in a language are not always formed through the increment of units: with the development of society, the meaning of a word may become outdated and acquire a new or additional meaning.
With the course of history, language transforms, streamlining the structure of its elements - the system becomes clearer and simpler. However, in order to understand this, it is necessary to have an idea of the historical processes that have occurred and are occurring in the language.
Origins of historical grammar
The historical grammar of the Russian language, like all Russian grammar in general, originates in the works of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, who dealt with the issues of the relationship of the Russian language with other Slavic and European languages. The scientist’s works established grammar as a scientific discipline. Its heyday occurred in the 19th century and is associated with such names as Alexander Khristoforovich Vostokov, Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky and Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev.
“Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” by Valery Vasilyevich Ivanov is already a modern stage in the development of linguistic science. His book was published in the 80s of the last century and is still considered an authoritative textbook for students of philological faculties.
Subject of study
Nowadays, historical grammar is one of the branches of linguistics that describes the patterns of historical changes in the structure of language both at the level of sounds and words, and at the level. Moreover, the interest of science is both written and spoken (dialect) speech. The latter contributed even more to the construction of the language system.
The above-mentioned V.V. Ivanov focuses on the fact that historical grammar reflects the dynamic process of transformation of the language system over time. A language develops according to its own laws and internal rules of its individual sections (phonetics, syntax, morphology and others).
Grammar of the Russian language by F.I. Buslaeva
Since historical grammar is a discipline studied in higher education, it is worth mentioning the main works and textbooks on this topic.
“Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” by Fyodor Ivanovich Buslaev was a significant contribution to works on this topic. By and large, he is a pioneer of the method of comparative linguistics. The innovation of the approach lies in the fact that the author explains the transformations taking place in modern language based on related languages. It was from the fusion of Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic and others that the modern literary equivalent was formed.
The author not only builds patterns in the grammatical structure of the language, but seeks out their causes in the origin of words. For Buslaev, the history of language serves as an aid in trying to understand those phenomena that are recognized by modern linguistics as exceptions.
Ivanov. Historical grammar of the Russian language
Buslaev's work is concluded in two parts: the first is devoted to sounds and words, that is, morphology, the second - to syntax. Thus, the number of parts of the book corresponds to the number of grammar sections.
The manual of the Soviet linguist V.V. Ivanov, intended for philology students, has a different structure. The author separately examines the issue of the origin of the Russian language and the features of its interaction with related Slavic languages. The textbook traces the history of the development of language elements of various sizes - starting with sounds and ending with syntactic structures. The history of the origin and development of each part of speech is given separately.
Historical grammar of the Russian language for schoolchildren
The school's Russian language course does not provide hours for studying historical grammar: the program is aimed at mastering the modern literary language, and not at delving into its history. However, with this approach, the Russian language turns into a very boring subject, the main purpose of which is to cram the rules and various paradigms. How much simpler and clearer the language will be if you reveal its past! It is necessary to understand that language is not a frozen block, but a constantly changing system: like a living organism, it lives and develops.
There are several ways to incorporate historical grammar into school Russian. Firstly, it is conducting separate lessons dedicated to the topic. Secondly, the principle of historicism can accompany the course of a regular lesson as additional material to the program. Examples of polysemantic words in the Russian language, features of phonetics and - these and many other topics will become much clearer if they are explained using the conclusions and observations of historical grammar.
We should also not forget that a course in literature is not complete without the help of the history of language, especially when getting acquainted with the monuments of ancient Russian writing. For example, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is not only replete with outdated and incomprehensible words in the text, but the title itself requires a separate historical commentary.
The merit of historical grammar
Knowing the facts of historical grammar allows you to take a more meaningful approach to language learning. Moreover, it becomes clearer even when reading the diagrams and paradigms that represent it. To write and speak competently, it is not necessary to memorize a lot of rules and exceptions - the historical grammar of the Russian language will help you understand the logically occurring processes in it.
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Kolesov V.V. Historical grammar of the Russian language: textbook. aid for students higher textbook establishments /V. V. Kolesov. - St. Petersburg. : Faculty of Philology and Arts, St. Petersburg State University; M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2009. - 512 p.
The textbook is devoted to describing the successive changes in the Old Russian (X-XII centuries), All-Russian (XIII-XIV centuries) and Old Russian (XV-XVII centuries) periods in the history of the Russian language, which culminated in the creation of the modern Russian literary language. The transformations of grammatical forms and categories are examined with special attention, the semantic reasons for the formation of paradigms and categories, and the morphological foundations of all phonemic changes that have occurred since the time are indicated; the main syntactic phenomena of language are described at the time of the development of new forms of collective thinking and the formation of the Great Russian mentality.
For undergraduate and graduate students of philological faculties and higher educational institutions; may be useful to anyone interested in Russian history, culture and the formation of the Russian mentality.
Download pdf: YaDisk 15.3 MB - 600 dpi - 510 c., b/w text, text layer, table of contents Source: www.twirpx.com
Introduction 3
1. The meaning of historical grammar 3
2. Study of historical grammar 4
3. Subject and object of historical grammar 7
4. Periodization of the history of the Russian language 8
5. Principles of knowledge 9
6. Ideology of knowledge 11
7. Method and technique 13
8. Formation of the Russian language 15
9. Sources 16
10. Basic concepts, terms and definitions 19
PHONOLOGY 21
1. The original system of phonemes of the East Slavic dialect as part of the Proto-Slavic language 23
1.1. Basic principles of syllable structure 23
1.2. Composition of vowel phonemes 26
1.3. Vowel phoneme system 30
1.4. Distribution of vowel phonemes 32
1.5. Composition and distribution of consonant phonemes 39
1.6. Palatalization 44
1.7. Consonant phoneme system 49
1.8. Prosodic features of the original system 51
2. Completion of the dynamic trends of the Proto-Slavic language in Old Russian (mid-10th - end of the 11th century) 56
2.1. Completion of the tendency towards an open syllable. Russian completeness 51
2.2. Simplification of the system of vowel phonemes. Loss of Rhineism 61
2.3. Completion of the trend towards syllabic synharmonism. Secondary softening of semi-soft consonants 66
2.4. Development of intersyllable synharmonism 70
3. Loss of reduced vowels in the Old Russian language 75
3.1. Reasons and prerequisites for change 75
3.2. Loss of weak reduced 77
3.3. Clarification of strong reduced 81
3.4. Change of reduced in combination with semivowels 86
3.5. Phonological consequences of the loss of reduced 90
4. Transformation of the system of consonant phonemes 95
4.1. Correlation of consonants by hardness-softness 95
4.1.1. Phonologization of “softness” 95
4.1.2. Softness-hardness assimilation 96
4.1.3. Education correlation 100
4.2. Correlation of consonants by voicing-voicelessness 106
4.2.1. Phonetic assimilations 106
4.2.2. Education correlation 110
4.2.3. System replenishment 114
5. Transformation of the system of vowel phonemes 117
5.1. Changing vowels (e) and (o) 117
5.2. Changing vowels (е) and (о) 122
5.2.1. History of the phoneme (е) 122
5.2.2. History of the phoneme (b) 128
5.2.3. Phonetic variants of the phoneme (е) 130
5.3. Changing unstressed vowels 131
5.3.1. Changes after hard consonants 131
5.3.2. Changes after soft consonants 134
6. Consequences of phonemic transformations 139
6.1. General principles of change 139
6.2. Development of graphics and spelling 141
MORPHOLOGY 145
1. Prerequisites for morphological changes 147
1.1. Initial uncertainty of the system 147
1.2. Formal restrictions 149
1.3. Distribution of names within paradigms 150
1.4. The oldest redistribution of names according to stem types 152
1.5. Phonetic prerequisites for the coincidence of nominal stems 153
2. Noun: transformation of singular forms 156
2.1. Case category 156
2.3. Conversion of consonant stems 158
2.3. Unification of masculine names 162
2.4. Interaction of the basics of the feminine type of declension 167
3. Noun: Plural Conversion 170
3.1. Nominative case 170
3.2. The relationship between the nominative and accusative cases 173
3.3. Genitive case 176
3.4. Dative and locative cases 178
3.5. Instrumental case 180
4. Formation of nominal paradigms 183
4.1. Results of changes 183
4.2. Accent distribution of paradigms 188
4.3. Statistical distribution of paradigms 191
5. Categories of a noun 194
5.1. Genus category 194
5.2. Animation category 199
5.3. Category of number 204
5.4. Collective names 207
5.5. Dual number 211
6. Adjectives 218
6.1. Types of adjectives 218
6.2. Short adjectives 219
6.3. Full adjectives 220
6.4. Changes of full adjectives 222
6.5. Possessive adjectives 225
6.6. Semantics of adjectives 226
6.7. Degrees of comparison of adjectives 228
6.8. Functions of adjectives 229
7. Numerals 233
7.1. Features of count names 233
7.2. Two names, both 235
7.3. Declension of count names 236
7.4. Account Name Changes 239
7.5. Ordinal count names 242
7.6. Numerals 243
8. Pronoun 245
8.1. Pronoun and adverb 245
8.2. Personal pronouns 246
8.3. Demonstrative pronouns 248
8.4. Determinative pronouns 250
8.5. Interrogative-relative pronouns 250
8.6. Full pronouns 251
8.7. Functions of pronouns 252
8.8. Accent 253
9. Adverb 254
9.1. Types of adverbs 254
9.2. Adverbs of image and method of action 255
9.3. Denominative adverbs 257
9.4. Changing adverbs 258
9.5. Accent 259
10. Verb 261
10.1. Source verb system 261
10.1.1. Verb categories 261
10.1.2. Verb basics and classes 263
10.1.3. Semantic verb groups 266
10.1.4. Composition of athematic class 268
10.1.5. The nature of the ancient foundations 270
10.2. Composition and distribution of verb tenses 271
10.2.1. Present tense 271
10.2.2. Meanings of the present tense form 276
10.2.3. Complex future tense 279
10.2.4. Simple past tenses 280
Imperfect 280
Aorist 283
10.2.5. Perfect tenses 287
10.3. Original time system 290
10.3.1. Time ratio 290
10.3.2. Time system 293
10.3.3. System change 296
10.3.4. Statistical distribution of grammatical tense forms 300
10.3.5. Paradigms of verb tenses 302
10.3.6. Terminology 304
10.4. Changes in the time system 306
10.4.1. General direction of changes 306
10.4.2. Imperfect 307
10.4.3. Aorist 309
10.4.4. Perfect tenses 312
10.4.5. Future tense 317
10.4.6. Simple future tense 319
10.4.7. Complex future tense 321
10.4.8. Second complex future tense 325
10.4.9. Development of the tense system 326
10.5. Type category 327
10.5.1. Kind and aspectuality 328
10.5.2. Stages of formation of species oppositions 331
10.5.3. Certainty and uncertainty 332
10.5.4. Ultimacy and infinity 334
10.5.5. Formation of category type 341
10.5.6. Development of prefix formations 344
10.6. Collateral category 348
10.6.1. The concept of collateral 348
10.6.2. Development of collateral category 350
10.6.3. Recoverability 354
10.6.4. Transitivity 359
10.6.5. Bail 365
10.6.6. Formation of collateral relations 369
10.7. Extrapersonal verb categories 371
10.7.1. General principles of delimitation 371
10.7.2. Inclination 372
10.7.3. Participles 379
SYNTAX 389
1. Introductory remarks 391
1.1. General provisions 391
1.2. Signs of offer 393
1.3. Syntactic borrowings 397
1.4. Basic patterns of historical syntax 400
2. Features of syntactic transformations 402
2.1. Prepositions 402
2.2. Particles 406
2.3. Conjunctive words 409
2.4. Development of subordinating conjunctions 410
3. Features of syntactic constructions 414
3.1. Types of simple sentences 414
3.2. Parts of speech and members of sentence 416
3.3. Word order 421
3.4. Syntax of case forms 423
3.5. Development of initial speech formulas 425
3.6. Second oblique cases 428
3.7. The most ancient speech formulas 431
3.8. Metonymy and metaphor 434
4. Simple sentences 437
4.1. Two-part sentences 437
4.2. One-part sentences 438
4.3. Development of one-part sentences 446
5. Complex sentences 448
5.1. Initial syntactic structures 448
5.2. Complex sentences 450
5.3. Relative subordination 452
5.3.1. General remarks 452
5.3.2. Subject and predicate clauses 453
5.3.3. Definitive sentences 454
5.3.4. Explanatory sentences 457
5.4. Non-union proposals 459
5.5. Complex sentences 461
5.5.1 General 461
5.5.2. Conjunctions and allied words 463
5.5.3. Types of subordination in their development 465
5.5.4. Subordinate clauses of place and time 468
5.5.5. Conditional clauses 470
5.5.6. Concessive subordinate clauses 475
5.5.7. Subordinate clauses of consequence 477
5.5.8. Subordinate clauses of reason 479
5.5.9. Subordinate clauses of purpose 484
5.5.10. Involved structures 488
5.5.11. Direct and indirect speech 493
5.5.12. The order of subordinate clauses 495
5.6. Sequence of syntactic transformations 496
Conclusion 497
Abbreviations and symbols 500
Sources and their designations 501
Literature 506
Educational literature 506
Recommended reading 506
Further reading 507
Laboratory work No. 7
History of participles.
Write out from the text not, omitting (omissions are considered errors), all participles (but no more than 15 examples) with sufficient context to understand the functioning of the word. Substantivized nouns, except personal names, should be written out and the outgoing form indicated. In the words written down, indicate:
· Aspect, transitivity//intransitivity of verbs forming participles;
· Time, pledge of communion;
· Gender, number, case of participle;
· The word is in full or short form;
· Syntactic function of the participle: is a definition, a predicate or performs a semi-predicative function (gerund participle), note substantivation;
· Explain all cases of morphological discrepancy between the forms of a word and the text, for example, the use of any participles in a short form in the perfect meaning instead of a participle in - l.
Historical grammar of the Russian language.
Laboratory work No. 8
Old Russian syntax.
Write down the options for the task, line numbers, number the tasks.
You write:
1. Impersonal verbs (no more than 3).
2. Note the heterogeneous cases of inconsistency between subjects and predicates in a two-part sentence (no more than 3).
3. Agreement on the meaning of the type Rekosha's squad“the squad said.”
4. Different types of cases of using double cases: II, BB, DD and translate them (no more than 6 in total, 2 cases for each double case);
5. Dative independent (no more than 2) and translate;
6. Turns of phrases like “cut the birch tree”, “the wolves walk here” (1 case each).
7. Find different types of cases of adjectives (prepositional and non-prepositional), which do not coincide with the modern Russian language for controlling indirect cases (2 for each case) and translate them: Yes, I call you from the Greek Velikaya Skuf“Yes, the Greeks called it Great Scythia.”
8. Write down three examples each of using a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate.
Questions for the exam on historical phonetics of the Russian language
Theoretical part.
1. History of reduced vowels ъ, ь In russian language. Consequences of the fall of phonemes reduced in the area of vowels in the history of the Russian language. Changes in the pronunciation of vowels after the fall of reduced ones.
2. The fate of the reduced s, i.
3. Changes in the vowel system as a consequence of the loss of reduced ones: new combinations and positional changes in them, the phenomena of assimilation and dissimilation, simplification of consonant groups.
4. Restructuring of the phonological system as a whole as a consequence of the loss of reduced ones: the phenomenon of the end of the word, new in relation to deafness and voicedness, the appearance /f/ And / f’/.
5. Review of the sound system of the Old Russian language of the 11th century. The consonant system of the Old Russian language of the 11th century. in contrast to the consonant system of the modern Russian language.
6. History of vowels e And O.
7. History ě (Kommersant) In russian language.
8. History of high-mid vowels /ê/, /ô/.
9. Origin of Slavic sibilants, affricates /ch/, /ts/ and their history in Russian.
10. History of Akanya.
11. The fate of Proto-Slavic combinations of vowels with smooth ones in the middle of a word, the results of their changes in the Old Russian language.
12. Phonetic system of the Russian national language in the diachronic aspect.
13. Historical grammar of the Russian language as a scientific and educational discipline, its subject and objectives. The main sources of historical study of language. The most important written monuments of the Russian language of the 11th-17th centuries.
14. Methods of historical study of language. Development of issues of historical grammar in Russian linguistics and abroad.
15. Changes in the system of consonants as a consequence of the loss of reduced consonants: new combinations of consonants and positional changes in them, the phenomena of assimilation and dissimilation, simplification of consonant groups.
16. Characteristics of the Old Russian syllable before and after the fall of the reduced ones.
17. Review of the sound system of the Old Russian language of the 11th century. consonant system of the Old Russian language of the 11th century. difference from the consonant system of the modern Russian language.
18. Softening of the back tongue g, k, x before front vowels in the Proto-Slavic language and its result in Old Russian.
19. History of nasal sounds in the Old Russian language.
20. The history of palatalization of consonants in the Proto-Slavic language and its results in Old Russian.
21. East Slavic dialect differences in the sound system of the Old Russian language.
22. The combination of vowels with smooth ones at the beginning of a word and the results of their changes in the Old Russian language.
23. Changes in reduced vowels in combination with smooth ones in the roots of words between consonants.
Practical part:
Phonetic analysis of the text according to the “Chrestomathy of the Russian Language”. - M., 1990.
1. A word about Igor’s campaign. P. 164, 1 and 2 full paragraphs.
2. Novgorod service menaia for 1095 – 1097. (September, November), lines 1-9. C, 25 – 26
3. Ostromir Gospel. 3 lines 27 – 39. P.16
4. Ostromir Gospel. 3 lines 15 – 26. P.16
5. Ostromir Gospel. 3 lines 1 – 14. pp. 15 – 16.
6. Certificates on birch bark 11th – 15th centuries. No. 109 and 424. pp. 29 – 30.
7. Letter of grant from Prince Peter Dmitrievich to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery for the right to catch fish and beavers, 1423. 12 lines. P. 183.
8. This letter to the Spaso-Khutyn Monastery, around 1192, p. 45.
9. A word about Igor’s campaign. 3, 4, 5 paragraphs. P. 163.
10. Novgorod First Chronicle according to the Synodal List of the 13-14th centuries. 3, lines 1-14. P. 76.
11. From the Laurentian Chronicle. 2, lines 1 – 12. P. 99.
12. From the Laurentian Chronicle. 1, lines 15 – 25. pp. 95 – 97.
13. From the Laurentian Chronicle. 11, lines 1-14. P. 95.
14. Novgorod First Chronicle according to the Synodal list of the 13-14th centuries. 2, lines 1 – 15. P. 75.
15. Novgorod First Chronicle according to the Synodal list of the 13-14th centuries. 1, p. 74.
16. Novgorod First Chronicle according to the Synodal list of the 13-14th centuries. 2, lines 30 – 39. pp. 75 – 76.
17. Novgorod First Chronicle according to the Synodal list of the 13-14th centuries. 2, lines 16 – 30. P. 75.
18. Novgorod First Chronicle according to the Synodal list of the 13-14th centuries. 2, lines 1 – 5. P. 75.
19. “Russian Truth” according to the list of 1282, lines 1 – 40. P. 67.
20. Novgorod service menaia for 1095 – 1097. Correspondence on the margins of the monument, lines 1 – 14. P.26
21. Trade agreement of the Smolensk prince Mstislav Davidovich with Riga and the Gothic coast, lines 1 – 8. P. 61.
22. Certificate of Grand Duke Mstislav Davydovich and his son Vsevolod to the Novgorod Yuriev Monastery, lines 10 – 21. P. 39.
23. Certificate of Grand Duke Mstislav Davydovich and his son Vsevolod to the Novgorod Yuriev Monastery, around 1130, lines 1 – 10. P. 39.
24. Novgorod service menaia for 1095 – 1097. Correspondence on the margins of the monument, lines 1 – 14. P. 26.
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