For a long time, s30v steel has been considered almost the standard for making knives. It is used by almost all manufacturers of bladed weapons. It successfully passes various tests that involve cutting ropes for a time. Is it all so rosy? Or is this just another marketing gimmick?

general characteristics

Steel grade "steel s30v" is a product of powder metallurgy. The advantage of this manufacturing method over standard smelting is that the composition is obtained with a more uniform distribution of iron carbides. All this makes it possible to increase the amount of alloying additives in steel and, accordingly, significantly increase its strength and hardness.

The special features of s30v are high strength properties, the ability to withstand shock loads and increased resistance to abrasive friction. Steel also withstands moisture well. It does not oxidize and does not form rust on its surface under normal atmospheric conditions.

After heat treatment, the steel has a hardness in the range of 60...61 units on the Rockwell scale. The strength of s30v is slightly inferior to industrial quick cuts and alloys that are used for metal processing. The impact strength coefficient is 33.9-37.0 kJ/mm2. The s30v brand is quite resilient. Young's modulus for it is 221 GPa.

All of the above qualities of s30v are due to a certain chemical composition, which, in addition to iron, consists of the following elements:

• Carbon 1.45%. Bonds iron particles into iron carbides, which are characterized by higher hardness and wear resistance. Thus, carbon acts as a kind of hardener for steel alloys. Characteristics such as hardenability, i.e., the ability to improve mechanical characteristics under the influence of heat treatment, depend on its content.
• Chromium 14% is the first most popular alloying additive. By introducing it into the composition, it increases corrosion and wear resistance. Increases hardenability.
• Molybdenum 2.0% is a metal with one of the highest melting points. Even a small addition of it to steel significantly increases strength and elasticity. Steel is no longer as susceptible to destruction at elevated temperatures. The likelihood of red brittleness and corrosion is reduced.
• Vanadium 4.0% significantly refines the steel grain, which leads to significant strengthening. In addition to this, the density of the alloy increases.

In addition to observing a strict chemical composition, to obtain steel with the desired characteristics, it is necessary to carry out certain heat treatment. Its essence lies in hardening followed by rapid cooling, which is about 105 degrees per second. Typically, the steel is cryogenically cooled for this purpose.

But, as with everything, you have to pay for everything good. Pay in the truest sense of the word. The complexity of processing and finishing of steel increases its cost. Add to this increased demand and you get one of the most expensive steels for knife production.

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I dug and dug and dug out. In general, I found an interesting article, in my opinion. I think it will be in place here. Because there was no such review. If you missed something and this has already happened, well...either mate it or tear it down. :)

Types and grades of popular steels

I Types and grades of popular steels

Production and art knife making It is constantly evolving and bringing its own adjustments to our lives. You can no longer surprise anyone with a stainless steel knife. At that time, as a little hooligan, I could not imagine a knife that would not rust from cutting an apple. But life goes on, science develops, and some types and grades of steel on knives are replaced by others. Depending on the purpose, complexity of production and pricing policy of the steel manufacturer, it can be divided into three type with reference to the price of knives made from them:

Inexpensive become, popular steel, and premium steels, used mainly for top grade and limited versions of manufactured knives.

Here I must make a reservation for sophisticated readers, who will certainly be ready to start an argument with me regarding the pricing of specific grades of steel. I divided the types of materials very conditionally to indicate certain price limits for knives, and are rather informative in nature for the convenience of guiding the inexperienced buyer.

Before we begin a review of the steels themselves, it is necessary to understand the chemical composition and the influence of individual elements on physical characteristics.

Carbon(C) is the most important element in steel, it increases its strength, without sufficient carbon it is very difficult to obtain suitable hardness.

Chromium ( Cr) – gives the alloy increased anti-corrosion properties, chromium carbides increase wear resistance and hardenability. Excessive chromium content in the alloy increases its brittleness. Contained in stainless steel of any grade.

Manganese(Mn) – its content has a positive effect on the grain structure of the alloy and also contributes to better hardenability. Increases wear resistance and strength. Contained in almost all modern steel grades.

Molybdenum(Mo) – forms carbides that prevent steel from becoming brittle and allows it to maintain strength at high temperatures. Also increases corrosion resistance, strength, hardness, hardenability, toughness and promotes better machinability,

Nickel(Ni) – increases strength, toughness and corrosion resistance.

Silicon(Si) – increases the strength and wear resistance of steel. Like manganese, it makes steel more stable and reliable.

Vanadium(V) – forms the structure of carbides in such a way as to increase wear resistance, survivability and hardenability.

They may also include nitrogen(N), niobium(N), tungsten(W) and sulfur(S)

TO inexpensive steels include the following stamps:

420 Low carbon content (less than half a percent) makes this steel too soft and does not hold an edge well. Due to its high corrosion resistance, it is often used in the manufacture of knives for submariners. Often used for very inexpensive knives; except for use in salt water conditions, too soft to make a functional blade. Almost all Chinese “noname” knives are made from it, which has brought it notoriety. Indeed, in the “oriental” version it is a low-quality material, with characteristics closer to our “kitchen” 40X12. In the “Western” version, 420 steel is considered a normal inexpensive knife material. Spanish knives made of 420 steel are also very soft, almost like Chinese ones. But Swiss (“Victorinox”, “Wenger”) and Austrian (“Fortuna”), as well as some other knives from good manufacturers made of 420 steel are distinguished by greater hardness and neat execution. Particularly noteworthy is the American quality of knives made from 420 steel. Along with almost souvenir products from United Cuttlery, SOG and Buck make excellent knives from 420 steel with a blade hardness of up to 57 HRc, and at the same time the blade is often quite thin and elastic. This once again confirms the position that high-quality hardening and processing is often more important than the grade (chemical composition) of steel. Knives made from 420 steel are not always marked accordingly. If there is no inscription on a knife from an unknown manufacturer or it simply says “Inox”, “Stainless”, “Stainless Steel”, “Rostfrei” (actually the word “stainless steel” in various languages), “Super-steel” and so on, then most likely it is namely 420 steel with all the ensuing consequences.

420HC(High Carbone - “high-carbon”) One of the popular alloys used for mass production of knives in recent years. Many well-known manufacturers prefer this steel because of its low cost, ease of processing, strength sufficient for an average knife and good anti-corrosion survivability. 420HC steel holds a cutting edge well, but requires sharpening from time to time; it is inferior in this regard to higher-class steels; a knife made from it is easy to resharpen.

420J2 Japanese steel, which has been used for a long time in the production of knives by various companies. Due to its availability, ease of processing and significant distribution, knife manufacturers use it both independently and in composite alloys, where 420J2 acts as a lining, enclosing the harder steel inside.

440A - 440B - 440C The carbon content (and hardness accordingly) of this type of stainless steel increases from A (0.75%) to B (0.9%) to C (up to 1.2%).

All three types of 440 steel resist corrosion well, with 440A the best and 440C the least of the three. SOG Seal 2000 knives use 440A steel, Randell uses 440B steel for their stainless knives. The 440C brand is ubiquitous as it is the best of all three! If your knife is marked "440", it is most likely the least expensive 440A steel - if the manufacturer used the more expensive 440C, they will certainly indicate this. The general feeling is that 440A steel (and similar steel) is good enough for everyday use, especially when it is properly hardened (there are many good reviews about the hardening of 440A steel by SOG). The 440B version can be called an intermediate option, and the 440C steel is the hardest of the 440s.

12S27(composition: C – 0.6%, Mn – 0.35%, Cr – 14.0%.) It is considered traditional Scandinavian and is used for the manufacture of Finnish “puukko” knives, Swedish “Mora Of Sweden” knives, as well as Norwegian knives . It is also traditionally known for its “pure composition” - i.e. the absence of any foreign impurities - sulfur and phosphorus.

Sandvik14C28N Medium-carbon, high-chromium stainless steel with the addition of molybdenum, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur, which has exceptional corrosion resistance, excellent strength and wear resistance. Quite common in the production of Swedish knives “Mora Of Sweden”.

1095 Used most often for non-folding knives (fixed ones). If we arrange the grades in order from 1095 to 1050, in general we can say that as the number decreases, the amount of carbon in the steel decreases, it holds the blade sharper worse and becomes more tough. Therefore, most often grades 1060 and 1050 are used for making swords. For knives, 1095 is considered the “standard” grade of carbon steel, not the most expensive and yet with good qualities. Also, this brand has sufficient rigidity and holds an edge very well, but it rusts easily. This is a simple grade of steel, containing, in addition to iron, one or two more elements - about 0.95 carbon and sometimes about 0.4% manganese.

9Cr13CoMoV Chinese-made stainless steel with a high cobalt content added to produce a more durable cutting edge. It has high corrosion resistance at a low price. High-speed steels alloyed with vanadium and cobalt have improved cutting properties. Cobalt increases heat resistance, magnetic properties, and increases impact resistance. The more cobalt in the alloy, the higher the bending strength and better the mechanical properties, but with a large amount of cobalt, the hardness and wear resistance of the alloy decreases. Of those used in knives, VG-10 and N690 steels contain cobalt in an amount of about 1.5%.

8Cr13MoV Chinese steel, typical of Spyderco's Byrd line of knives. This is a steel with a fairly high content of carbon, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum; it holds an edge well and at the same time is easy to sharpen.

8Cr14MoV Chinese steel, similar to the previous one, including in chemical composition. The presence of a greater amount of chromium in it than in 8Cr13MoV allows it to combine the same cutting and strength qualities with improved anti-corrosion protection.

TO popular steels, middle price category, include the following stamps:

3Cr13 Chinese stainless steel, which is a modified 440A steel, hardened to a hardness of approximately 57 HRC. Due to the increased carbon content, its cutting properties are superior to 420J2, but inferior to 420NS. It is used on mid-price knives from different manufacturers, however, quite rarely.

AUS-6 - AUS-8 - AUS-10 Japanese stainless steels are roughly comparable to 440A (AUS-6.65% carbon), 440B (AUS-8.75% carbon) and 440C (AUS-10, 1.1% carbon) respectively. The widespread use of AUS-8 steel has made it very popular and, although it does not hold the strength of ATS-34, many note its outstanding wear resistance. Also, some manufacturers label AUS-8 as AUS-8A, but there are no real differences. AUS-10 steel has a slightly higher carbon content, but contains less chromium, so it is slightly less corrosion-resistant, but harder. All of these steels contain up to a quarter percent of vanadium, which increases wear resistance. The composition of the most popular AUS-8 is as follows: C=0.75%, Mn=0.5%, Mo=0.2%, Cr=14%, Ni=0.5%; Si=1%, V=0.2%

95Х18 Domestic stainless steel is not bad, but there is a silver lining - it is quite capricious in hardening and processing. With proper heat treatment, it has high hardness, good flexibility and sufficient strength. A knife made of this material is not as easy to sharpen as a regular kitchen knife, but the blade will keep its edge well. With prolonged contact with moisture, and especially with salt, corrosion can occur. With all this, it is one of the best domestically produced steels, with which both large manufacturers and respected private craftsmen work. The imported analogue is steel 440C. Composition: C=1%; Cr=18%; Mn≤0.8%; Si≤0.8%; S≤0.025%; P≤0.03%

4116 High quality stainless steel, made in Germany at Thyssen Krupp. This steel is used in industries with high hygienic requirements (for the manufacture of medical equipment, this steel is an excellent choice of material for the manufacture of kitchen knives. The optimal percentage of carbon and chromium in this steel provides it with a high degree of corrosion resistance, as well as excellent mechanical strength and cutting durability Edge resistance in cutting tests exceeded that of blades made from 420 and 440 series stainless steels.Other alloying elements used in the manufacture of 4116 Krupp help increase the strength of the blades and allow them to be thinner without losing strength properties.Composition: С=0.45-0.55% Si<1%, Mn<%1, P<0,04%, S<0,015% Cr=15%, V=0.1-02%, Mo=0.5-0.8%

1055 The chemical composition and physical properties of 1055 carbon steel fall on the border between medium and high carbon steels, with a carbon content between 0.50%-0.60%, and a manganese content between 0.60%-0.90%. This carbon and manganese content makes it possible to achieve an alloy hardness between Rc 60-64, depending on the exact carbon content. The combination of a number of factors during production made it possible to make one of the most complex steels, while it contains enough martensite, without an excessive content of carbides. This steel is especially suitable for those jobs where strength and toughness are valued above all other qualities.

SK5 Japanese tool steel, equivalent to American 1080 steel, with carbon content between 0.75%-0.85% and manganese between 0.60%-0.90%. This steel can have a hardness of up to 65 Rc, and contains a mixture of carbon in martensites with some dissolved cementites. Increasing the cementite content in steel increases its resistance to abrasion and allows you to achieve an ideal balance between the high strength characteristics of the blade and a high degree of dullness of the cutting edge. Due to these characteristics, steels of this class are traditionally used for the manufacture of various hand tools, as well as for the manufacture of chisels and power saws in the woodworking industry. This steel has stood the test of time and has been used for many years in many countries.

We are gradually approaching the steels used on more expensive knives and limited editions.

Premium (top) steels:

VG-1 San Mai III "San Mai" means "three layers". This is a term used to describe the traditional laminated blades used for Japanese swords and daggers. The laminated structure of the blade is important because it allows strips of different grades of steel to be combined into one blade. A simple way to imagine this type of design is to imagine a sandwich: meat in the center, solid high-carbon steel, and pieces of bread on both sides - strips of lower-carbon steel. The cutting edge of the blade should be as hard as possible in order to hold an edge longer and cut and slash effectively, but if the entire blade were that hard, it could be damaged during combat or when working under lateral loads. To give the blade additional strength, flexibility and corrosion resistance, additional, “softer” steel linings are welded to it. Composition: C=0.95-1.05%; Cr=13-15%; Mo=0.2-0.4%; Ni=0.25%. Typically hardened to 58 - 61 HRC.

VG-10 It was specially developed by Takefu Special Steel Co., Ltd. (Japan) for the needs of the knife industry. Used in the production of knives of such Japanese brands as “Tojiro”, “Kasumi”, “Mcusta”, as well as in the production of some models of non-Japanese brands “Spyderco”, “Cold Steel”, “Camillus”, “FALLKNIVEN”, “Browning” . But blades for them, and even entire knives, as a rule, are made in Japan. The toughness of this steel is sufficient to maintain a cutting edge even when hardened to a hardness of 60-63 Rc. Composition: C=0.95-1.05%; Cr=14.5-15.5%; Co=1.3-1.5%; Mn=0.5%; Mo=0.9-1.2%.

A-2(AISI Type A2, UNS T30102 American tool steel for rolls, dies and punches, used in the manufacture of blades. Non-toxic, non-magnetic, non-hardening, corrosion-resistant steel. Easily weldable and does not become brittle. Composition: C = 1%, Mn=0.8%, Si=0.3%, Cr=5.25%, Mo=1.1%, V=0.2%.

ATS-34 and 154CM Some of the most modern high-tech stainless steels. 154CM is the original American steel; its outstanding performance makes it also quite expensive; it is not used in every knife. ATS-34 is a product of the Japanese corporation Hitachi and its performance is very close to 154CM. Steel of these grades is usually hardened to 60 HRc and at this hardness behaves stably, maintaining high rigidity, however, they are not as resistant to rust as steels of the 440 series. These steels can rightfully be considered one of the best today. Composition: C=1.05%, Cr=14%, Mn=0.5%, Mo=4%, Si=0.3%

S60V(440V) and S90V(420V) These two steels hold an edge perfectly (better than ATS-34). Both steels have a high vanadium content, making them incredibly wear-resistant, but their blades are difficult to sharpen. Spyderco produced limited edition knives made from S60V steel. At the same time, they heated it to only 55-56 Rc, so that with sufficient hardness, the blade would be easier to sharpen. S90V is a CPM steel similar to S60V, with less chromium and twice the vanadium, more wear-resistant and stronger than S60V. Composition of S60V: C=2.15%, Cr=17%, Va=5.5%, Mn=0.4%, Mo=1%, Si=0.4%. S90V: C=2.3%, Cr=14%, Va=9%, Mn=0.4%, Mo=1%, Si=0.4%.

H-1 Stainless steel, typical for Spyderco knives. Due to its unusual chemical composition, it has increased corrosion resistance, including in the sea, where the amount of salt is increased. It also boasts high cutting performance and the ability to hold an edge for a long time. However, it is slightly softer than AUS8 or 154CM steels. Steel is quite difficult to process, so it is used relatively rarely, most often in the production of professional knives for yachtsmen, sailors, divers, etc. Composition: C=0.15%, Cr=14-16%, Mn=2%, Mo=0.5- 1.5%, Ni=6-8%, P=0.4%, Si=3-4.5%, S=0.03%. 3G Swedish always laminated (3-layer) powder steel of the latest generation, one of the best in its class. The high carbon content (1.4%) gives it the hardness and rigidity necessary for a “knife” alloy, and additional impurities contribute to high corrosion resistance, good impact strength and wear resistance. Developed and used by Fallkniven. Central core composition (SGPS steel): C=1.4%, Cr=15%, V=2%, Mn=0.4%, Mo=2.8%, Si=0.5%, P=0.03%, S=0.03%. The linings are usually made of VG2 steel, its composition is almost the same as that of the core, but the hardness is much lower.

S30V(full name: CPM S30V) is a stainless martensitic powder steel that was developed by Dick Barber in collaboration with renowned knife maker Chris Reeve. During the manufacture of this steel, vanadium carbides are formed, the properties of which give the steel greater strength than the use of chromium carbides. In addition, vanadium carbides make it possible to achieve a more refined steel grain. This steel quickly gained popularity and is currently widely used in the manufacture of knives by many companies. C=1.45%; Cr=14%; Mo=2%; V=4%

CTS-BD30P produced by Carpenter Inc. is equivalent to S30V - the gold standard of the powder steel industry. It is recommended to harden the CTS-BD30P to 58–61 units. according to the Rockwell scale. Despite its considerable hardness, the CTS-BD30P blade is easy to edit. The cutting edge of the blade made of CTS-BD30P steel in terms of wear resistance (that is, the ability to hold an edge) exceeds 440C by 45%, and 154 CM by 30%, which is confirmed by an independent examination carried out by CATRA. In terms of impact strength, CTS-BD30P steel is four times more fracture resistant than the well-known 440Ci steel and 3.5 times stronger than 154CM. According to users, the steel still differs from the standard S30V for the better. C=1.45%; Cr=14%; Mo=2%; V=4%

CPM D2 Modern tool steel, sometimes called "semi-stainless". It has a fairly high chromium content (12%), but its amount is still not enough to classify this steel as stainless. Despite this, in terms of “corrosion resistance” it is far superior to any carbon steel. It also has high strength, which allows you to maintain a cutting edge for a long time. M4 and D2 steels can both be called CPM, which means “powder powder”. Initially, they are “rolled” steels, but in the knife industry only powder is used to obtain a more uniform composition of the steel. Typical composition: C=1.45-1.65%; Si=0.1-0.4% Cr=11-12.5%; Mo=0.4-0.6%; V=0.15-0.3%.

ZPD-189 Japanese powder steel of the highest category. Developed by Hitachi Metals in 1996. It combines extremely high hardness, which currently has almost no analogues among other steel grades, is corrosion resistant, but at the same time, it is afraid of lateral loads on the edge, as it can chip. This steel is used by only a few companies on the best models of knives in their range; it also surpasses all analogues in cost. Composition: C=2.9-3%; Si=0.35%; Cr=19-20.5%; Mo=0.9-1%; V=0.25-0.35%.

ZDP-247 High-carbon tool steel produced by Hitachi Metals Corporation (Japan), developed on the basis of amorphous metal alloy technology, used in the manufacture of knives. The composition of the steel is a trade secret of Hitachi Metals Corporation.

CPM-125V One of the hardest and most wear-resistant stainless steels. Contains a lot of vanadium carbides. Essentially, this is the American answer to the Japanese ZDP-189, but is not as fragile and does not rust as much as the M4. It is very difficult to process, so very little is produced from it. 25-50% wear resistant than S90V. For milling, grinding and sharpening of this steel, special machines are used that consume a large amount of abrasive. Composition: C=3.30% Mn=5% Cr=14% Ni=0.4% V=12% Mo=2.5% W=0.5% Si=0.5%.

CPM M4 Special high-speed tool steel containing large amounts of vanadium. This steel proves to be stronger and more wear-resistant than M2 and M3 in applications requiring easy and fast cutting. CPM M4 also comes in several grades, such as steel containing a high carbon content, which makes it better hardenable during heat treatment, and steel with a high sulfur content for improved machinability. Like all CPM steels, CPM M4 is created by Crucible Materials Corporation using its proprietary Crucible Particle Metallurgy technology, which achieves uniformity, strength and good machinability compared to steels obtained from traditional metallurgy. Composition: C=1.42%; Cr=4%; Mo=5.25%; V=4%; W=5.5%; Mn=0.3-0.7%; S=0.06-0.22%. This steel is highly corrosive in a humid environment, so it requires careful maintenance, or the blade must have an anti-corrosion coating.

CTS-BD1 Steel made by Carpenter. Very similar in properties to the popular 154CM, ATS-34 and GIN-1. Not a powder. Chemical composition: C=0.9% Mn=0.6% Si=0.37% Cr=15.75% Mo=0.3%, V=0.1%. The high chromium content provides good hardness and rust resistance.

S35VN Full title CPM-S35VN Martensitic stainless steel produced by Crucible Inc., a recognized leader in powder metallurgy. This steel is 15-20% stronger than CPM-S30V steel, but can be machined better. CPM-S35VN is distinguished by the presence of niobium in its composition, which makes the steel stronger, more wear-resistant and capable of maintaining an edge longer than most chrome-containing alloys, such as 440C and D2. Like CPM-S30V it has excellent corrosion resistance. The best properties are achieved when hardened to a hardness of 58-61 HRc. Composition: C=1.4%, Cr=14%, V=3%, Mo=2%, Nb=0.5%.

CPM-S110V High-alloy martensitic stainless tool steel produced by Crucible Industries (USA). CPM-S110V contains fairly large amounts of vanadium and niobium, which increase the strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the steel. Due to this composition, CPM-S110V steel has better corrosion resistance than 440C or CPM-S90V steel. Steel production technology provides a uniform distribution of carbon in CPM-S110V steel compared to other tool steels, which gives relatively good machinability and strength characteristics. Used for the production of parts and tools with increased wear resistance and corrosion resistance. 3% niobium was added to the steel composition: C=2.80% Co=2.50% Mo=2.25%; Cr=15.25%; Nb=3%; V=9%. Hardness from 58 to 61 HRc.

M390 If M390 steel is used to make a knife, the blade will definitely have increased corrosion resistance, since the steel contains a very high concentration of chromium. It is also worth noting that this steel is widely used in industry for the production of various drilling rigs and machines that perform the complex process of drilling hard materials. Blades made from this steel have ultra-high performance, excellent cutting ability and wear resistance due to its structure with a high concentration of vanadium and chromium carbides. The unique powder metallurgical manufacturing process promotes uniform distribution of carbide throughout the steel's remaining chemical balancing elements, making M390 steel very popular among users and knifemakers. M390 steel is used in surgical cutting instruments, scalpels, files, knives and devices that fundamentally require high performance and properties. Composition: C=1.9% Si=0.7% Mn=0.3% CR=20% Mo=1.10% V=4% W=0.6%.

CPM3V Powder steel developed by Crucible Materials Corporation is one of the strongest steels available. Crucible's CPM 3V steel is designed to provide the highest resistance to fracture and chipping among high-wear tool steels. The impact strength of CPM 3V is greater than A2, D2, Cru-Wear or CPM M4 and approaches the level of S7 and other impact steels. At the same time, it provides excellent wear resistance, high hardness and heat resistance. With a hardness of HRC 58-60, CPM 3V steel can replace tool steels where there are persistent problems with breakage and chipping. Composition: C– 0.83%, Mn– 0.39%, P– 0.17%, S– 0.005%, Si– 0.90%, Ni– 0.065%, Cr– 7.49%, V– 2 .61%, W-0.038%, Mo- 1.45%, Co- 0.045%, Cu- 0.053%. Hardness 60-61 HRc.

BG42 Bearing corrosion-resistant steel Lescalloy BG42 (AMS 5749), developed by the American company Timken Latrobe. Until recently, it was a popular material in the manufacture of knife blades of a number of designer and mass-produced models. It can be called without a doubt the best non-powder steel, but now it is becoming rare. Composition: C=1.15%, Mn=0.5%, Cr=4.5%, Si=0.3%, Mo=4%, V=1.2%. Hardness59-60HRc.

Cronidur 30 Highly nitrided, corrosion-resistant bearing steel developed by FAG (Germany). It is noted for its high plasticity. Composition: C=0.3%, N=0.42%, Cr=14.5%, Mo=1%, V=0.1%. Hardness 59-60 HRc.

Vanax This type of steel was originally produced by Bohler-Uddeholm for industrial needs, in conditions where there is a need to come into contact with an aggressive environment - salt water. Now such steel is used for the production of knives. Vanax is a low carbon, high nitrogen powder. There are two types of Vanax - 35 and 75. Vanax 75 has a very unusual composition: C=0.2%, N=4.2%, Si=0.3%, Mn=0.2%, Cr=21.2%, Mo=1.3%, V=9% . Nitrogen and vanadium form hard nitrides, which provide high stability and resistance to corrosion. Vanax is two and a half times stronger than 440C steel and will not rust at all.

Elmax is a universal stainless steel with a composition similar to M390: C=1.7% Si=0.8% Mn=0.3% CR=18% Mo=1.10% V=3%). This is one of the newest powder materials and has the best price-quality ratio. With a somewhat similar composition to S35VN and M390, it benefits in properties due to the many evenly distributed carbides. It practically does not rust (17-18% chromium) and is quite difficult to sharpen, but holds an edge very well. Currently used in Kershaw, Zero Tolerance and Microtech knives. According to Sal Glesser, this steel showed very good results in the Spyderco laboratory.

CTS-XHP Stainless steel made by Carpenter. It has a high content of carbon and chromium (composition: C=1.6% Cr=16% V=0.45% Mo=0.8% Ni=0.35% Mn=0.5% Si=0.4%). Very recently it began to be used in the knife industry, mainly on limited versions. The hardness is in the range of 62-64HRc, and in addition to hardness, it is distinguished by high wear resistance and good corrosion resistance. It is many times superior to S30V in durability, is at the level of D2 or ZDP-189 in hardness, but does not have the negative characteristics of the latter.

CTS-204P The steel is also made by Carpenter, as indicated by the CTS prefix. Has a much higher carbon and vanadium content than CTS-XHP (composition: C=2.2% Cr=13% V=9% Mo=1.3% Mn=0.5% Si=0.3%), which should theoretically make this a better steel, but is practically at approximately the same level in real tests. Both CTS-XHP and CTS-204P steels are among the best available today, but the prices for knives made from these steels are quite high.

Hitachi Blue Super Steel(Aogami Super Steel) Japanese alloy steel of high purity produced by Hitachi (Japan), popular in the production of professional chef knives, saws, and braids. Composition: C=1.40-1.50%, Si=0.10-0.20%, Mn=0.20-0.30%, Cr=0.30-0.50%, W=2.00-2.50%, Mo=0.30-0.50%, V=0.30-0.50% .

An important aspect in the manufacture of a knife blade is the heat treatment of the steel. Correct heat treatment, as written above, can impart sufficient hardness to inexpensive 420 steel and bring it to a higher level and, conversely, turn expensive premium steel into plasticine, which will quickly become dull when cutting vegetables into salad.

Materials taken from the site: http://x-gear.com.ua/pages/nozhevie-stali/

For many, the phrase “powder steel” has become a symbol of a high-tech, high-end knife. This is generally not surprising, since among the blade materials available on the market, powder steels have a good combination of RC retention, mechanical properties and, often, corrosion resistance.

The steel can be processed to a hardness of up to 66 HRc, due to which and the high content of the carbide phase (including high-hard MC carbides) it has high wear resistance with decent mechanics. Among the disadvantages are the complexity of maintenance, the tendency to decarburization and scaling, poor grindability, especially with thin abrasives. Recently, it has been gaining popularity on high-end designer knives.

1. CPM 154 Powder version of steel 154CM (ATS 34) and almost a complete analogue of the steel we use. It differs from “simple” 154 in better mechanics (higher strength and toughness) and slightly better grindability. One of the most popular steels for mid-range knives. In my opinion, the potential of this steel is revealed during maintenance for secondary hardness (62-63 HRc), which, unfortunately, most manufacturers do not do due to technological complexity and poorer corrosion resistance.

2. CPM S30V. One of my favorite steels. In fact, it has become a kind of “gold standard” for serial and designer knives of the middle and high class. Unfortunately, most manufacturers process it to a hardness of 58-60 HRc (based on an unskilled user and for technological reasons), at which it demonstrates average resistance Pk and cutting aggressiveness. In my opinion, the potential of this steel is fully revealed when it is treated to a hardness of 61-62HRc, at which it demonstrates a hardness resistance that is approximately 50% higher than at 59 HRc.

3. CPM S35VN. Restyled version of the “thirty”. A special feature of this steel is alloying with niobium, which is becoming a fashionable trend and provides slightly better mechanics. According to my feelings, the steel fully corresponds to CPM S30V and is in the same niche with it.

4. CPM S90V. At the moment, it is a veteran of the model range, but not inferior to its position. The steel contains primary vanadium carbides, which somewhat limits the mechanics, but theoretically has high wear resistance. In practice, it is limited to a noticeable extent by the maximum achievable hardness (often 59-60 HRc) at which the resistance of RC does not exceed S30V at 62 HRc.

5. CPM S125 (datasheet not available). Even more vanadium, even higher wear resistance and worse mechanics. However, according to my feelings, during normal use steel is no different from others. This steel is periodically used by some companies and craftsmen, often with low-hardness processing, which defeats the purpose of the idea.

6. CPM S110V. Leader of the model range. A carbide monster combining a huge amount of hard carbides with high hardness (up to HRc 64). A feature of the alloying is a very large amount of niobium (in my opinion, unnecessarily large, NbC eutectic is present in the steel structure) and the addition of cobalt, which increases the secondary hardness. Despite the high hardness and large amount of carbide phase, steel has good properties. characteristics. The resistance of the RC is at the level of leaders; among “stainless steel” only Vanax 75 can compete. Everything seemed fine. But not really. A special feature of this steel is its very non-aggressive cutting. That is, it is not bad for a “regular” knife, but something completely different is expected from a premium product (and steel). The problem is partially solved by thin geometry and special sharpening, but this is precisely what prevents us from calling 110 my favorite stainless steel.

Perhaps it’s worth remembering the CPM S60 (CPM 440V), with which it all began. The steel is no longer produced, but is sometimes still found on the market. In my opinion, the lack of hardness on most products prevents the potential of this steel from being realized. Currently, it is better to prefer S30-S35 or S90.

Now let's look at tool steels (for cold deformation)

1. CPM 3V. In terms of composition, it is a typical representative of the “8% Cr” family of die steels (not widely used in our country). One of my favorite steels, combining good resistance to corrosion resistance (with a hardness of 61-63 HRc), very good mechanics and corrosion resistance that is quite high for “non-stainless” steels. Quite popular on designer knives, often the potential of this steel turns out to be unrealized due to processing to low hardness (typically HRc 58, sometimes even 56..) in favor of American priorities in knife making and manufacturability. When processed to a hardness of 62-63, steel has a resistance Pk of approximately 50% of CPM 10V, at 58 - 10 times less...

2. CPM 10V. High vanadium die steel, powder version of A11 steel. Currently one of the leaders in retaining the Republic of Kazakhstan. Mechanics sufficient for reasonable operation, low corrosion resistance. It is found mainly on knives of individual craftsmen, where the priority is a long aggressive cut. In fact, it is some indicator of the master's level.

The remaining tool steels from Crucible have not found any widespread use due to low hardness (CPM 1V, CPM 9V) or low mechanical and technological properties (CPM 15V).

We will look at steel from other manufacturers later.

Crucible's powder steel, CPM S30V, is relatively new to the market. It was developed in 2001, and commercial knives with S30V blades appeared on the shelves only in 2010. S30V is produced using amorphous metal alloy technology, better known to knife lovers under the abbreviation CPM (Crucible Particle Metallurgy process). The same technology is used to produce other popular steel grades - CPM 440V (S60V), CPM 420V (S90V) and CPM 3V. CPM technology, despite the fact that it has become widely known only recently, has been used since the 70s.

Steel is a solid solution of carbon in iron. Since the carbon atoms in such a solution are introduced into the crystal lattice of the iron solvent, steel is also called an interstitial solid solution. In this case, although iron retains its crystal lattice, the introduction of a non-metal atom (carbon) leads to its serious deformation. Depending on the number of embedded atoms, the properties of the resulting iron modifications can differ significantly.

Today, in order to set high strength properties of a cutting tool, they are trying to make its microstructure as homogeneous as possible. But even having cleaned the steel as much as possible from impurities and inclusions by using methods such as electroslag, vacuum-arc and electron beam remelting, as well as achieving its homogeneity by melting, the manufacturer cannot count on high internal homogeneity of the finished product. And if we consider that alloy steels are now widely used, then the task of homogeneity becomes even more difficult.

CPM S30V steel consists of 13-18% chromium

The creation of such a fashionable stainless steel as CPM S30V requires the introduction of 13-18% chromium into the solution, which creates its own structure when the ingot is cooled. In high-alloy steels made without the use of CPM technology, processes of release and crystallization of impurities occur during cooling. This means that the steel cools slowly and there is a high probability of the formation of local "colonies" of carbides, separated from each other by areas depleted in carbides. It is these “carbide-free” areas that will be the “weak link” of the future blade and especially its cutting edge.

Thus, the more evenly the carbides are distributed throughout the entire volume of the steel, the more uniform it will be and, therefore, stronger. The faster the molten metal cools, the finer the crystalline structure. Regardless of the number of rolling cycles to which ordinary steel will be subjected, it is very difficult to radically improve its properties and “even out” the concentration of carbides in the microstructure. It is this process of separation and crystallization of impurities that complicates the process of producing high-quality steel using traditional technologies, and also negatively affects the further full use of knife industry items made from it.

Since only the atoms of the molten metal do not have a fixed position in space, the idea arose long ago to “freeze” (by very rapid cooling) the random arrangement of atoms characteristic of a liquid. In the early 60s of the 20th century, scientists found that when cooling a metal melt, the crystallization process can be prevented by increasing its speed to 106-108 degrees per second. The metals and alloys obtained in this way with a random arrangement of atoms began to be called amorphous metal alloys or metal glasses, by analogy that exists between the disordered structure of a metal alloy and inorganic glass.

Where to buy a knife made of CPM S30V steel in Moscow and the regions - current prices:

By the way, even in China there are decent manufacturers that make good knives with blades made of CPM S30V steel. A striking example is the Jufule brand. Although “brand” is a strong word. In any case, these are some replicas of European and American models, just under their own name. They are easy to find on Aliexpress. Here, for example, is a very cheap small folding case (less than 1000 rubles from the official seller). In contrast to it is the much more serious 10 cm “fixed” Halo V, but the price is already higher,

Martensitic stainless steel, combining strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance - this is all the words about S30V powder steel, which knife lovers know as CPM S30V steel. Since nyphomaniacs have already heard first-hand about Crucible Industries alloys, let’s move straight to the tastiest part.

An industry gem, S30V steel has a perfectly balanced chemical composition that promotes the formation of vanadium carbides. Compared to chromium carbides, vanadium carbides are much stronger and more effective at ensuring the wear resistance of the alloy, and due to their reliability and “survivability,” knives made from CPM S30V steel are popular among buyers, and, accordingly, S30V steel itself (and 420HC) is popular among knife manufacturers .

Steel CPM S30V - characteristics

We at the Arbaletika online store are 100% sure: for any knife fan, one of the most important parameters when choosing a new knife is the characteristics of the alloy. And that is why we carefully read every customer review about CPM S30V (steel) - the reviews state the following: S30V steel offers significantly improved strength characteristics compared to other high-hardness steels, and a knife made from S30V steel is significantly more resistant to corrosion than 440C steel. corrosion.

CPM S30V alloy composition:

• 1.45% - carbon;
• 14.00% - chrome;
• 4.00% - vanadium;
• 2.00% - molybdenum.

Physical characteristics:

• elastic modulus - 221 GPa;
• density - 7.47 g/cm³;
• thermal conductivity - 4.13 × 10⁻² cal/cm-s-°C.

Thermal expansion coefficient:

The manufacturer of CPM S30V in its data sheet states the following typical applications for its alloy:

1. Wear-resistant cutlery (knives).
2. Plastic injection and extrusion screws and dies.
3. Check valve components.
4. Equipment for granulation.
5. Wear components for food and chemical processing.

The above options for using the alloy indicate the following: yes, CPM S30V steel - the characteristics of this alloy confidently state that this is a truly powerful and reliable alloy. Obviously, it would be a great idea to buy knives made from S30V steel, because they are very resistant to chips and breaks, even if such knives are used under high load conditions - this is exactly what the CPM S30V alloy (steel) was created for. Reviews from happy customers say that this bold and damn well-founded statement applies to all of the following types of knives:

1. Folding knives (steel S30V).
2. Kitchen knives made of S30V steel.
3. Hunting knives made of S30V alloy.
4. Touring knives (steel S30V).

However, there are also plenty of hunting knives on the market - for them, manufacturers very often use this alloy, making blades from them. CPM S30V steel is excellent for large blades due to its increased transverse toughness. This means that you can be sure that the tip of a knife made of such an alloy will not break off, even if you are going to put a lot of pressure on it or use it as a can opener in conditions where such a need is due to the issue of survival.

On the other hand, small blades are no less common on the knife market. CPM S30V steel is a very homogeneous high-quality alloy, which is characterized by excellent dimensional stability, so the material for making knives that can be used without loss of quality in fairly extreme conditions, including temperature, is clear - S30V steel. Customer reviews confirm our opinion.

To summarize, we can say that CPM S30V steel is an excellent choice for both everyday use and extreme sports. We can note that we know many companies where knives made of S30V steel are used for commercial purposes, so for the B2B sphere, CPM S30V steel is a choice that has been bringing profit to more than one organization for years.

Where to buy S30V powder steel knives?

Knives made of S30V powder steel in Russia can be purchased in the Arbaletika online store. By placing an order right now, you can pick up your purchase at one of more than 250 delivery points in Russia, and if you want to receive your new purchase without leaving your home, we will send a courier to you in any city in the Russian Federation.

The order will be delivered to you as quickly as possible - we will send it to you within 24 hours from the moment you add the item to your cart. Steel S30V - you can buy knives made from it after receiving a preliminary consultation: our experts will answer all your questions.

Payment for your order can be made in five ways:

1. Cash.
2. By card.
3. Electronic currencies.
4. In Sberbank of Russia (by account).
5. Transfer from a legal entity.

You can choose any payment method convenient for you, and we will take care of the rest.

What are the guarantees for knives with S30V steel?

Because we want your purchase to be safe and you are completely satisfied with your purchase, we have made sure to give you the opportunity to purchase only original products that have undergone quality control and special selection.

Of course, that's not all. We are confident in our products, so the percentage of warranty returns in the Arbaletika online store tends to be in the area of ​​negative numbers, and that you had confidence in us, we provide a guarantee on all our products - up to a lifetime warranty.

If you change your mind about buying a knife, we will accept it from you within 14 days of purchase, so you can be confident in your purchase.

In addition, of course, we provide our customers with opportunities for service and repair.

And, of course, rest assured: all knives with S30V steel presented in our online store are structurally similar to weapons and are not weapons, so you will not need any special permissions to use them, and to confirm this we will send you a certificate - expert opinion that your knife is not a weapon.