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HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Lesson 2 Project of life safety teacher-organizer Pogrebnyak Sergei Fedorovich Nizhny Novgorod region, BorSlide 2
Lesson plan: Consequences of the October Revolution of 1917 on the state of the Russian armed forces. Armed Forces of the Soviet Union before the Second World War. Armed Forces of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War. Post-war state of the Armed Forces. Reform of the modern Russian Armed Forces.
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Working with the table Year of the reforms Leader of the reforms Main content of the reforms
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The October Revolution of 1917 destroyed the existing state structure of Russia and eliminated the armed forces. The Government of the Republic of Soviets had to create new armed forces in the first months, taking into account the new social structure of the country, external threats and material capabilities
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In the first months of Soviet power, its armed support was the Red Guard (armed detachments of workers), which by the beginning of 1918 numbered 460 thousand people. The small, poorly trained Red Guard could not resist the invasion of German troops. The threat of invasion by German troops forced the Soviet government to begin recruiting a standing army.
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On January 15, 1918, a decree was adopted on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and on January 29, 1918, on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet. The army and navy were created on a voluntary basis.
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In February 1918, the young Red Army and the sailors of the Baltic Fleet had to repel the onslaught of German troops. To commemorate the mass entry of volunteers into the Red Army to defend the Fatherland and the courageous resistance of the Red Army units to the German invaders, February 23 began to be celebrated as the Day of the Soviet Army and Navy, and since 1992 as the Day of Defenders of the Fatherland.
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The main content of the reforms: Formation of the Red Army and reform of the old army; Adoption in December 1917 of the Decree on the abolition of military ranks, titles, insignia and advantages. Commanders - up to the regiment commander - were elected at general meetings of units; Publication by the Council of People's Commissars in January 1918 of the Decree “On the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Army” according to the principles and recommendations from military committees, party and trade union organizations; The supreme governing body became the Council of People's Commissars, the body of direct control - the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs; In April 1918, recruitment into the Army moved from the principle of voluntariness to the principle of military service, from the election of commanders to their appointment. In May, universal conscription is introduced.
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The international situation during this period required constant strengthening and improvement of the armed forces. The Second World War was approaching. Under these conditions, the Soviet government took measures to strengthen the country's defense capability. The number of armed forces grew steadily: in 1935 - 930 thousand people, in 1938 - 1.5 million people and by the beginning of 1941 - 5.7 million people.
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Efforts were made to technically re-equip the armed forces. New types of military equipment and weapons were being developed. In 1937, the Navy (Navy) was separated from the Red Army. The country and its armed forces were preparing for war.
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The main content of the reforms: The creation in March 1938 of the Main Military Council of the Red Army and the Main Council of the Navy, which were in charge of issues of military development; The institution of military commissars was introduced, which existed until August 1940; Conscription now extended to everyone; The terms of service were increased, the conscription age was lowered, and the period of stay in the reserve was extended; All Armed Forces personnel were required to take a military oath; The responsibility for desertion and unauthorized absences from the unit increases.
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The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 was the greatest test of the ability of the USSR Armed Forces to defend the country's independence.
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During this period, the domestic military school put forward a number of talented military leaders (G.G. Zhukov, K.K. Rokosovsky, I.F. Batutin, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.S. Konev, etc.), who skillfully carried out military operations, leading to the defeat of a persistent and well-armed enemy.
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In May 1945, in the Berlin suburb of Karlhorst, the Act of Unconditional Surrender of the Forces of Nazi Germany was signed. The victory in the Great Patriotic War once again showed the inexhaustible capabilities of the Soviet people and their Armed Forces in defending their Fatherland.
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The main content of the reforms: Changing the system of organization of the high command, announcing the general mobilization of all men from 19 to 55 years of age; The structural organization of the armed forces has become more complex. The structure of the Armed Forces now included fronts, armies, corps, divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, platoons and squads; In 1942, the Infantry Combat Regulations were published. The division of military personnel into privates, sergeants, officers and generals is being introduced, new insignia have been introduced; The system of military tribunals became more complex and expanded, and the Main Logistics Directorate was established; A resolution was adopted obliging the republican, regional and district party committees to launch resistance (partisan movement) behind enemy lines.
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After the war, the improvement and strengthening of the Armed Forces continued in accordance with the forecast of the international situation and the policies pursued by the Soviet government. In the mid-50s, a radical transformation of the Soviet Armed Forces began, equipping them with nuclear missile weapons and other new types of weapons and military equipment.
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In 1969, a new branch of the USSR Armed Forces was created - the Strategic Missile Forces.
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The Armed Forces of the USSR included the following branches: Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces); Ground Forces (SV); Air Defense Forces (Air Defense); Air Force (VVS); Navy (Navy); Rear of the Armed Forces; Headquarters and Civil Defense Troops.
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The main content of the reforms: The highest leadership of the country's defense and the Armed Forces of the USSR was carried out by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the highest bodies of state power (the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR). Direct leadership of the USSR Armed Forces was exercised by the USSR Ministry of Defense. A new type of Armed Forces has appeared - the Strategic Missile Forces;
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After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation became the main successor to the Armed Forces of the USSR, and the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created.
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The construction of the RF Armed Forces was planned in three stages. The first one ended in 1992. During it, the decline in the level of combat readiness that began after the collapse of the USSR was stopped, approaches to the creation of groupings of troops and general-purpose forces were revised, and the formation of new ones began in connection with changed state borders
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The second stage of reforms took place from 1993 to 1995. During the war, the size of the Armed Forces was reduced by hundreds of thousands. During this stage, the government came to the most important conclusion that we cannot have strong groups of troops along the entire border. Therefore, the construction of the Armed Forces was based on the principle of mobile defense, the implementation of which made it possible to begin the formation of small but quite powerful forces, ready for use where a real threat to Russia’s security arises.
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The General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation carried out a whole range of measures for strategic and operational planning of the use of troops in new conditions. The Federal Program for the Development of Weapons and Military Equipment was adopted, and military legal reform and military education reform began. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On military construction in the Russian Federation,” the State Commission for military construction in the Russian Federation was created in 1995. She actively took up the work, but the work was not completed.
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The main priorities of modern army reforms are: optimization of the structure, combat strength and strength of the armed forces; qualitative improvement in the composition, training and support of the officer corps; raising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, training troops, strengthening law and order and military discipline; increasing the quality level of technical equipment of troops; creation of economical, rational systems for recruitment, training of military personnel, military education, military science and infrastructure; ensuring legal and social protection of military personnel, including those discharged from military service, and their families. 1941-1945 Test questions: What events (political, heroic, historical) from history and social studies lessons is the material we are considering related to? How do you assess military reforms from a modern perspective? Literature used Fundamentals of life safety: Textbook for students of 10th grades of general education institutions / A.T. Smirnov, B.I. Mishin, V.A. Vasnev - 5th ed., revised. - M., “Enlightenment, 2004. History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century: Textbook for 10th grade students of general education institutions. Basic level/ N.I. Pavlenko, I.L. Andreev, L.M. Lyashenko; edited by A.F. Kiseleva, N.I. Pavlenko. –– M.: Bustard, 2007. Fundamentals of life safety: 10th grade: lesson plans based on the textbook by A.T. Smirnova, B.I. Mishina, V.A. Vasneva / author-comp. V.A. Shkenev. – 2nd ed., stereotype. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2008 Slide 34
Internet links http://touring.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/009/001/241783838.jpg http://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/010/001/274051645.jpg http: //encspb.ru/image.php?file=big%2f2803995513.jpg http://stat11.privet.ru/lr/http://www.oboznik.ru/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/l1 -2.jpg http://www.rusrevolution.info/photos/civilwar/143.jpg http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/wiki/files/77/MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg http://files.gnews. net.ua/images/0/6/6363/show_6363.jpg http://ussrfleet.1939-45.ru/img/main.jpg http://www.newsprom.ru/photo/113499840971515.jpg http:/ /portal.etherway.ru/uploads/posts/2008-05/thumbs/1210282314_may_7500.jpg http://www.rkka.ru/uniform/images/arm_21_bw.jpg http://kaluga-city.by.ru/names /grazhd/1970-1979/zhukov/img.jpg http://www.screen.ru/school/hystory/rokosovskiy/Gallery/25.jpg http://flot.com/publications/books/shelf/germanyvsussr/images /179.jpg http://chron.eduhmao.ru/img_5_8_2_4.jpeg http://victory.rusarchives.ru/img/photos/364_big.jpg
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Internet links http://live4fun.ru/pictures/img_9538224_75_0.jpg http://www.ozerny.ru/pages/photo/rockets/002b.jpg http://www.ozerny.ru/pages/photo/rockets/ 004b.jpg http://www.foxmovies.ru/graphics/s/40/864_0.jpg http://images.izvestia.ru/77478.jpg http://makeyev.msk.ru/pub/msys/2006 /WMUS_Trident-C4_files/WMUS_Trident-C4_Launch_pic.jpg http://www.vpk-news.ru/pics/2006/153/10_02_02_big.jpg http://www.golf2club.com/forum/uploads/photo-4650.jpg http://naviny.by/media/2008.08_w5/PVO.jpg http://wizard-first.ucoz.ru/_nw/0/92761.jpg http://www.redstar.ru/2006/10/06_10 /12 http://en.www.lensart.ru/picturecontent-pid-ae29-et-46d60ae http://image.newsru.com/pict/id/large/48538_20001212215359.gif http://arhivgazet.ru/ ya_imgs/new5219604/10.jpg http://www.partia-nv.ru/photo/nr200309/3.jpg http://nvo.ng.ru/images/2007-04-27/14-4-1. jpg http://www.chas-daily.com/win/1998/01/21/v_43.jpg
Asbestovsko-Sukholozhsky branch
GBPOU "SOMK"
Theoretical lesson: “History of the creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation”
Tsykarev Anton Yurievich
Teacher
Lesson plan
- Organization of the armed forces of the Moscow state in the XIV-XV centuries;
2. Military reform of Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century;
4. Military reforms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, the creation of a mass army;
5. Creation of the Soviet Armed Forces, their structure and purpose;
6. Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main prerequisites for military reform;
1. Organization of the armed forces of the Moscow State
in the XIV-XV centuries
Throughout the history of the Russian state, Russian people constantly had to wage an armed struggle, defending their lands from foreign invaders. In the history of the country in the period from the 14th to the 17th centuries. There is almost no time when all the borders of the state would be peaceful and there would be no need to repel the enemy.
According to domestic historians, the Moscow state in the 16th century. could have an army of 150-200 thousand soldiers.
In the most serious and important campaigns, auxiliary units were added to the combat units - militia.
Militia consisted of townspeople and peasants who were poorly armed and unsuitable for combat. Militias were mainly used to guard convoys, build roads, and perform engineering work during sieges of enemy fortresses. In such campaigns, the total number of troops could be up to 300 thousand people.
The basis of the armed forces of the Moscow state during this period were noble formations. For military service, the nobles received land holdings with peasants (estates) from the Moscow sovereigns.
During the reviews, at which the readiness of the noble detachments for military operations was checked, each nobleman was obliged to appear at the review in full armor, having two horses - a fighting and a spare, and one or more armed servants.
In case of failure to appear at the review, being late for a campaign, arriving poorly equipped or without the required number of armed servants, a fine or reduction in the size of land ownership was imposed.
Review of service people
2.Military reform of Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century
The army of "archer archers"
The standing army in Russia dates back to the archers of Ivan IV the Terrible. Before this, there was no permanent army in Rus'. In the ancient Russian state, the army consisted of squads of the Grand Duke and local princes, as well as militia collected for the period of a campaign or war.
The unified Russian army was created in the form of a feudal local militia, which consisted mainly of mounted warriors. At the end of the 15th century, in connection with the spread of firearms, local infantry - squeakers - appeared.
However, the local cavalry and local infantry were not a permanent army. If necessary, they were required to be convened by decree of the sovereign.
After the second Kazan campaign, the failure of which was largely explained by the absence of a large number of foot troops in the Moscow army, Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in 1550 issued an imperial decree on the creation of a new army from “elected archers from arquebuses.” According to this decree, a detachment of Russian foot troops numbering 3 thousand people was established. It consisted of six “articles” (regiments) of 500 archers each. “Articles” were divided into Streltsy hundreds. The command staff was appointed from the “children of the boyars.”
The Streltsy army was recruited from townspeople and “free willing” people who were not subject to state taxes (taxes) and were essentially fit for lifelong military service. The Sagittarius received a salary (cash and grain) and land plots near cities.
Over time, the Streltsy regiments - “articles” - began to be called orders. 500-1000 people each. Orders were organizationally divided into hundreds, fifty and tens. The order was commanded by the Streltsy head (colonel), below him in military ranks were centurions, semi-centurions, and tens.
Streltsy army.
Miniature from the 17th century.
The Tsar-Autocrat controlled the Streletsky army through a specially created ministry - the Streletsky Prikaz.
The archers of each order had a distinctive uniform.
The archer's armament consisted of a smooth-bore hand-held arquebus (matchlock gun), a saber and a reed (battle axe). The latter was a kind of ax, had the shape of a crescent with pointed ends and was mounted on a long, about 1.5 meters, wooden handle.
Thus, the Streltsy army was recruited from the royal entourage, the free population. The Streltsy regiments were located in settlements. In peacetime, the Streltsy regiments were entrusted with garrison and border service. In wartime, the Streltsy army posed a serious threat to the enemy.
CONCLUSION
Muscovite Rus' began to transform into a centralized state, to protect the interests of which a state armed organization was required, i.e. standing army.
The military reforms of Ivan the Terrible were caused by the need to strengthen the Russian army and were aimed at:
- streamlining the system of recruitment and military service in the local army;
- organization of centralized command and control of the army;
- creation of a permanent Streltsy army;
- allocation of a “detail” (artillery) into an independent branch of the army;
- centralization of the supply system;
- the creation of a permanent guard service on the southern borders of the state, which was the prototype of the border troops.
By the end of the 17th century, the Russian army, despite some achievements in military development associated with the activities of Ivan IV, could not provide solutions to domestic and foreign policy problems.
At the end of the 17th and early years of the 18th century. Peter I began a radical reorganization of the armed forces. This period is generally considered to be the time of the creation of the regular Russian army.
In 1691, the first regular regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky - were formed as combatants.
Then two elected Moscow regiments - Gordon and Lefort - are equipped. The Streltsy army, created under Ivan the Terrible, is being liquidated.
What is the essence of the reforms of Peter I? First of all, the system of recruiting troops is changing - conscription is being introduced. The state forcibly annually recruited a certain number of recruits from the tax-paying classes of peasants and townspeople. The population belonging to the tax-paying classes had to annually supply
a certain number of recruits for military service (for example, 1 recruit from 20 households). The conscription age was 20 - 30 years, and the term of service was lifelong.
Particular attention was paid to the formation of the officer corps. It was staffed primarily by nobles. Military service for them began at the age of 15, and before receiving an officer rank they had to serve a certain period of time in the regiment. Under Peter I, educational institutions for the training of naval, artillery, engineering and other specialist officers were created for the first time in Russia.
In the army and navy a new system of military ranks is being introduced and the solid foundations of service, enshrined in the “Table of Ranks” of 1722.
A new organizational structure of the army and unified states were established. The armed forces consisted of a field army, garrison troops, land militia and irregular units. The field army included 2 guards, 5 grenadiers, 35 infantry, 33 dragoons and 1 artillery regiment.
Garrison troops were stationed in large cities to maintain internal order. They also served as reserve troops and reserves for field armies, training, training and supplying recruits.
The structure of the armed forces consisted of three types of troops: infantry, cavalry, artillery. The regiment became the main tactical unit in infantry and cavalry. During the period of hostilities, the regiments were consolidated into brigades, the latter into divisions.
The main branch of the military was the infantry. The cavalry accounted for 20-30 percent of the army. The role of artillery increased. The engineering troops were born.
CONCLUSION
The main content of the military reforms of Peter I:
- the creation of a regular army of infantry and cavalry regiments with a single headquarters, weapons and uniforms;
- conducting combat training according to the Military Regulations of 1716 and the Naval Regulations of 1720;
- formation of an army and navy from recruits (annually, from 500 souls of the tax-paying population, 1 recruit was fielded);
- training of officers from the nobility who began serving in the guards regiments;
- improvement of artillery.
At the beginning of the 18th century. In Russia, a permanent regular national army was created, consisting of three branches of the military - infantry, artillery, cavalry (reiters and dragoons) and navy. Officer and general ranks were introduced (in accordance with Peter the Great's table of ranks).
The growth of military power allowed our state to become a great power - Russian Empire.
4. Military reforms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, the creation of a mass army.
In the XVIII - early XIX centuries. Russian industry continues to develop rapidly. The high level of mining and production determined the good technical base of the army, which had high-quality weapons and powerful artillery.
During the period outlined above, the glory of Russian weapons thundered throughout the world. This was facilitated by the activities of such major commanders and thinkers as P. Rumyantsev. A. Suvorov, G. Potemkin, M. Kutuzov.
But since Russia entered the path of capitalist development later than other countries, it began to increasingly experience the influence of the crisis of the feudal-serf system. This was the reason for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War (1853 - 1856).
The recruiting method of recruiting troops, once advanced, no longer corresponded to the new methods of warfare. It was urgently necessary to introduce universal conscription, reduce service periods, and create trained reserves.
The initiator of military reforms was Minister of War D. Milyutin, a prominent scientist in the field of military history and statistics. During these reforms (1862 - 1874), all-class military service was introduced, technical re-equipment of the army and navy was carried out, and the system of military management, training and education was changed.
Since 1864 the entire territory of Russia was divided into 15 military districts. Each of them was simultaneously a military command and control body and a military administrative structure, concentrating in itself all the functions of local military leadership.
The law developed and introduced in 1874 declared that the defense of the throne and the Fatherland is the sacred duty of every Russian subject and that the male population, regardless of class, is subject to military service. According to this law The entire male population of the country, upon reaching 20 years of age, was subject to conscription into the army with a service period of 6 years.
At the beginning of the 20th century, reforms began to be carried out in the Russian army. In 1908, the Combat Infantry Regulations were issued. In 1912, the Field Service Charter and Manual for field artillery operations in battle were introduced.
Russia entered the First World War in August 1914, having the largest army in the world - 1.4 million people. But in military-industrial terms, the country was clearly not sufficiently prepared for war. There were victories, and there were failures.
Thus, after the heavy defeat of the troops of the North-Western Front in East Prussia (August 1914), it was possible to achieve major success on the South-Western Front in the Battle of Galicia with the Austro-Hungarians. The troops of the Caucasian Front won a number of victories in the winter and spring of 1916. But the summer offensive of 1916 on the Southwestern Front under the command of General A. Brusilov (Brusilovsky breakthrough) turned out to be especially successful.
Attack
German infantry
Russian soldier
World War 1
Progress of the war in 1915-16
- In 1916, Germany again struck at France. The main events unfolded near Verdun. This battle lasted six months. France turned to Russia for help and, by decision of the General Staff, General Brusilov launched an offensive on the Southwestern Front.
- As a result of the Brusilov breakthrough, the Russian army advanced 340 km, and the Germans had to save the allies by removing a number of units from near Verdun. But Brusilov's success was not supported on other fronts and he retreated.
Brusilovsky breakthrough
Conclusion
In the 70s of the XIX century. The government of Alexander II is carrying out a reorganization of the army (“Milyutin reforms”), the main content of which was, thanks to the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the transition from conscription to all-class, universal military service, which made it possible to create a massive, national army. All men over 20 years of age were subject to conscription. The army was rearmed and weapon systems were replaced.
5. Creation of the Soviet Armed Forces, their structure and purpose.
After the October Revolution of 1917 g. Russia came out of the war. The old Russian army ceased to exist, and the Bolsheviks were faced with the task of building a new army. January 15 (28), 1918 A decree on the organization of the Red Army was signed.
The Red Guard detachments were taken as the starting base for the construction of the armed forces of the Soviet Republic. The main emphasis in the formation of units and formations was on volunteers and compulsory military training of all workers (Vseobuch). And only from July 1918. compulsory conscription into the army began.
In the spring of 1919, the size of the Red Army reached 1.4 million people, by the end of the civil war - 5.5 million.
However, the country's economy, destroyed by the war, did not allow maintaining such an army. Therefore, demobilization began in 1920 and by 1924 the armed forces were reduced to 562 thousand people. After the end of the Civil War and the creation of the USSR in September 1925, the first union law on military service for citizens of the Soviet Union was adopted.
He established the personnel and police foundations for military development in the country and determined the organizational structure of the Armed Forces in peacetime. On the eve of the Second World War (09/01/1939), a new Union Law “On General Military Duty” was adopted, which removed the previously existing class restrictions in military service and consolidated the personnel principle of the development of the USSR Armed Forces. military service in the ranks of the Armed Forces was an honorable duty, and the defense of the Fatherland was declared the sacred duty of every citizen of the country.
Militarists of all stripes tested the Red Army's strength more than once. So , V In 1938, in the Far East, the Japanese military staged a provocation in the area of Lake Khasan, and in 1939 - on the Khalkhin Gol River (in Mongolia). The aggressors were defeated. Brilliant operations to destroy them were carried out on Khasan by corps commander G. Stern, and on Khalkhin Gol by corps commander G. Zhukov.
The Great Patriotic War, which began on June 22, 1941, was a severe test for our people and their Armed Forces. It was the largest armed conflict in the history of mankind.
The course of the war is well known. It lasted 1418 days and nights and ended with complete Victory over German fascism and its satellites.
The historical truth is that the main role in achieving Victory over Nazi Germany belongs to our country and the Soviet Armed Forces. Over the course of almost four years of war, they defeated 607 divisions of the fascist bloc and inflicted on the enemy two-thirds of all its personnel losses.
After the war, the improvement and strengthening of the Armed Forces continued in accordance with the forecast of the international situation and the policies pursued by the Soviet government. In the mid-50s. a radical transformation of the Soviet Armed Forces began, equipping them with nuclear missile weapons and other new types of weapons and military equipment.
In 1960, a new branch of the USSR Armed Forces was created - the Strategic Missile Forces.
The Armed Forces of the USSR included the following types: Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces), Ground Forces (SV), Air Defense Forces (Air Defense), Air Force (Air Force), Navy (Navy). The armed forces included the rear of the Armed Forces, headquarters and civil defense troops.
The highest leadership of the country's defense and the Armed Forces of the USSR was carried out by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the highest bodies of state power (the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Council of Ministers of the USSR).
CONCLUSION
After the liquidation of the Russian Empire and the collapse of its army as a result of the October Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government appealed to the people to voluntarily join the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) of the RSFSR. And although the voluntary principle of recruiting the Red Army lasted only from February to the summer of 1918, it ensured the formation of the Armed Forces of Soviet Russia.
On May 28, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution on compulsory military service for all citizens of Soviet Russia.
After the Civil War and the creation of the USSR, in September 1925, the first union law on military service for citizens of the Soviet Union was adopted.
On September 1, 1939, a new union law “On universal military service” was adopted. Universal conscription became law, military service became an honorable duty, and defense of the Fatherland became the sacred duty of every citizen of the country.
6. Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the main prerequisites for military reform.
Based on the interests of the Russian Federation, in the name of its security and preservation of defense capability, a decree was signed on the creation of the Russian Armed Forces.
Of course, it is hardly correct to calculate the entire history of the Russian army only since 1992. After all, the army of the new Russia relies on the experience of both the pre-revolutionary Russian army and the Soviet army.
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 05/07/1992 N 466 "On the creation of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"
Conclusion
The structure of the state, the political system, and government policies change, but the task of protecting the Fatherland always remains paramount, therefore the Armed Forces must always meet their purpose - protecting the country from external aggression.
CONTROL QUESTIONS
- How was the organization of the armed forces of the Moscow state built in the 15th – 17th centuries?
- Name the most famous military reforms carried out in Russia.
- What was the military reform of Ivan the Terrible?
- For what purpose was the reform carried out under Peter 1?
- What were the reasons for military reforms in Russia in the second half of the 19th century?
- Prepare a message on one of the topics: “Military reforms of Peter 1, the creation of a regular army and its features”, “Military reforms in Russia after the defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856)”, “Creation of the Soviet Armed Forces, their structure”.
History is a powerful factor in the education of conscious patriotism.
To belittle your history and forget it means to spit on the graves of your ancestors who fought for their native land...
V. Pikul
Kulikovo Field, Poltava Field, Borodino - covered with the glory of Russian weapons, which gave birth to freedom and power of our country. All of them have become majestic memorials to history.
At all times, the Russian people came out as a single friendly family to expel the greedy conquerors who came to our land, and were staunch defenders of their native home - the Russian land.
The development and formation of the Russian Armed Forces is inextricably linked with the history of the Russian state.
For many years, the Russian people constantly had to wage armed struggle, defending their lands from foreign invaders. In the period from the XIV to the XVII centuries. There is practically not a single year of peace when the borders of the Russian state would be calm and there would be no need to repel the enemy. Therefore, the state was in constant readiness for war, and its structure met this requirement
“Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword.
This is where the Russian land stood and will stand.”
Alexander Nevskiy
HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Lesson plan:
- Organization of the armed forces of the Moscow state in the XIV-XV centuries.
- Military reform of Ivan the Terrible in the middle of the 16th century.
- Military reform of Peter I in the first quarter of the 18th century, the creation of a regular army and navy.
- Military reforms of 1860-1870 under the leadership of Minister of War D.Yu. Milyutin, their features.
- Military reforms of 1905-912 and their features.
Working with a table
Working on definitions
MILITARY REFORM OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE
1550 – 1571 G.G.
The origins of the military organization in our Fatherland go back to the reign of Ivan III the Great (1462-1505), who began the massive distribution of land plots and estates to the servants of the princely court, as well as free people, subject to their service, that is, marked the beginning of the formation serviceman nobility.
The efforts of Ivan III to create a strong military organization of the Russian state were continued by Ivan IV, who created one of the largest armies in Europe - 250-300 thousand people (about 3% of the population of Rus').
In the period from 1550 to 1571. Ivan the Terrible carried out military reforms, which began with a decree of October 3, 1550 on the division of lands around Moscow by 1000 landowners who occupied key command positions in the army.
Main content:
- creation of the Streltsy army.
Local army(noble cavalry, which formed the main branch of the Russian army in the 15th-17th centuries) had the character of a militia.
Organizationally, it was divided into hundreds. All owners of estates and estates fit for service, according to the Code of Service of 1556, went on a campaign with their horses, supplies and weapons and fielded 1 armed warrior for every 50 acres of land that belonged to them. Reorganized by Peter I in 1701 into regular regiments of dragoons.
Streltsy army- the first standing army in the Russian state of the mid-16th - early 18th centuries. It was staffed by the free urban and rural non-taxable (tax-free) population, was armed with arquebuses and reeds, and was governed by governors. Organizationally, it consisted of “devices” (detachments), then orders (500-1000 people each), and from 1681 - regiments, and was under the jurisdiction of the Streletsky Order.
In the 80s of the 17th century it was reorganized in the image of the “new order” regiments. Disbanded by decree of Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century.
1ST QUARTER
The regular Russian army was created under Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century. Its creation was facilitated by the defeat of Russian troops in 1700 near Narva in a battle with the Swedish army. Streltsy regiments and noble cavalry showed their complete helplessness. The Russian army lost more than 6 thousand people and all artillery near Narva.
Peter I introduced a new army recruitment system. It began to be carried out on the principle of recruitment, when 10-20 peasant households, by lot, supplied one person for lifelong military service. The introduction of conscription allowed Peter I to significantly increase the number of standing troops. The officer corps of the Russian army consisted of nobles; for them, public service was mandatory and lifelong. To receive an officer rank, a nobleman had to serve as a soldier in the Guards regiments - Preobrazhensky or Semenovsky.
In terms of organization, armament, and combat training, the reforms of Peter I brought the Russian army to one of the first places in Europe.
Main content:
- introduction of recruitment;
- creation of a regular army;
- military training;
- creation of the Russian fleet.
MILITARY REFORM
1860-70'S
Transformation in the Russian armed forces under the leadership of Minister of War D. A. Milyutin. They had the goal of creating a mass army and eliminating the military backwardness of Russia, revealed in the Crimean War of 1853-56.
In 1874, a new Charter on military service was approved.
From that time on, army recruitment was abolished in Russia and universal military service was introduced, which extended to the male population of all classes and estates who had reached the age of 21. The total service life was set at 15 years: 6 years of which were spent in active military service, and 9 years in reserve. Particular attention was paid to improving the professional training of officers. Literacy among soldiers was recognized as essential, so teaching them to read and write became mandatory.
Main content:
- professional training;
- literacy training for soldiers;
- rearmament of the army.
D. A. Milyutin recalled:
“My most notorious enemies had to admit that never before had the Russian army arrived at the theater of war so well prepared and equipped.”
Military-judicial reforms of 1860-1870 contributed to the strengthening of the Russian army.
MILITARY REFORM
1905-1912'S
After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the government of Nicholas II took measures to revive the combat power of the Russian armed forces. This was forced by the difficult international situation.
The First World War was approaching, which began on July 19, 1914. Germany declared war on Russia, and after it, France. Within days of this, the main European states entered the war. The First World War became another heroic and at the same time tragic page for the history of Russia and its armed forces.
Main content:
- service life has been reduced;
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Year of reforms |
Head of ongoing reforms |
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Ivan groznyj |
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YES. Milyutin |
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Nicholas II |
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Working with a table
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Definition |
Correct answer |
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A nobleman obliged to perform military service for life was called... |
SERVANT |
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Auxiliary units consisting of peasants who were poorly armed and unsuitable for combat were called... |
MILITA |
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Infantry armed with arquebuses and reeds |
SAGITTARIUS |
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An armed army consisting of noble cavalry was called ... army |
LOCAL |
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A regiment of soldiers consisting of Russian people, in which the officers were foreigners in Russian service, was called a regiment ... formation |
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A man from a peasant household sent for lifelong military service was subjected to... recruitment |
RECRUIT |
Definitions. Right answers
Check yourself!
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noble formations regular army streltsy |
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Ivan III Peter I Ivan the Terrible Pavel I |
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Ivan the Terrible Peter 1 Catherine II Ivan III |
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Defeat in the Crimean War Civil Wars Victory in the Russian-Turkish War Russo-Japanese War |
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1918 1904 1874 |
Right answers
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The basis of the armed forces of the Moscow state in the 16th century were: |
noble formations regular army archers cavalry |
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The first permanent units of the Streltsy were formed during: |
Ivan III Peter I Ivan the Terrible Pavel I |
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The first regular army was created under: |
Ivan the Terrible Peter 1 Catherine II Ivan III |
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The main reason for the military reform carried out in the 60-70s. XIX century: |
Defeat in the Crimean War Civil Wars Victory in the Russian-Turkish War Russo-Japanese War |
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Date of introduction of universal military service in Russia: |
1918 1904 1874 |
Over the past 3,400 years, there have been only 250 years of peaceful life on earth. During this time, 15,000 wars occurred. Unfortunately, this situation does not change at the present stage. Humanity still resolves controversial issues using force and is in no hurry to disarm. Therefore, our state needs the army. But what it will be like depends, among other things, on you and me.
GOU NPO "PU No. 16"
Topic: “History of creation
Armed Forces
Russian Federation"
Origins of origin in our Fatherland
military organization go into the period
reign of Ivan III the Great (14621505),
who began mass distribution
land plots and estates for servants
princely court, as well as free
people, subject to their service,
those. laid the foundation for the formation
serving nobility.
The regular Russian army was created
under Peter I in the period from 1701 to 1711
The impetus to accelerate its creation
caused the defeat of Russian troops in
1700 near Narva from the Swedish army.
With the creation of the army, Peter I the Great introduced
new troop recruitment system
principle of recruitment, when 1020
peasant households by lot
supplied one person per
lifelong military service.
During this period on the Baltic Sea
a navy is being created. Introduced
constant training of regiments for tactics
battle. Troops were withdrawn to summer camps
for conducting bilateral combat
exercises. Creation of a regular army,
organization of her combat training
increased the combat power of the Russian army.
All this determined Russia's victory in
Northern War (1700-1721)
Since that time in Russia they have been abolished
recruitment into the army and introduced
universal conscription, which
extended to the male population
of all classes and estates, reaching
age 21 years. Total service life
installed for 15 years, of which 6 years
accounted for active military service
service, and 9 years - to remain in the reserve.
transformations in the army was her
rearmament. For use by the infantry
In 1891, a store was adopted
rifled five-shot Mosin rifle
An important part
caliber 7.62 mm. For service
artillery began to receive steel from
rifled barrel guns that had
longer firing range.
In the second half of the 19th century in Russia there was
transition from sailing to
steam armored fleet. By the end
century Russia had 107 combat
steam ships.
Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878
became a serious test
effectiveness of ongoing reforms and
ended in victory for the Russian army.
The October Revolution of 1917 destroyed
existing government system
Russia and liquidated its armed forces.
To the Government of the Republic of Soviets
had to create new ones in the first months
armed forces - Red Guard -
armed groups of workers. Red
the guard was created on voluntary
started in March 1917 under the leadership
Bolsheviks, by the beginning of 1918 it
there were 460 thousand people. January 15
1918 a decree was adopted on the creation
WorkerPeasant Red Army
(RKKA), and on January 29, 1918 - about the organization
Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet.
The army and navy were created on voluntary
beginnings.
The international situation required
constant strengthening and
improvement of the armed forces.
World War II was approaching. In these
conditions of the Soviet government
took measures to strengthen
defense capability of the country. Number
armed forces has steadily increased: in
1935 - 930 thousand, in 1938 1.5 million and so on
early 1941 – 5.7 million people.
