Harmful insects cause enormous damage to the forest. There are more than a million species in the world, and in the forests of our country there are about 50 thousand.

Forest pests.

Silkworm caterpillars attack almost all trees and eat their foliage. The forest is also damaged by the larvae of moths and leaf rollers, pine cutworms, goldentail butterflies, and various moths.

The tops of pine trees affected by bark beetles appear trimmed. Flat bugs suck the sap of young pine trees.

Many insects damage tree roots. The cockchafer is especially dangerous. It multiplies quickly and is difficult to control. Usually it is shaken off the trees during the day, on which it sits motionless until the evening, and destroyed. The larvae of the cockchafer live in the ground and harm the roots of trees there, so the soil in the nursery must be dug up before sowing the seeds. They also resort to treating the soil with pesticides.

Diptera gall midges disfigure the shoots of young trees, forming swellings on them. Aphids and scale insects suck juices from the tissues of trees and plants.

Some mushrooms, especially honey fungus, also harm trees. The tinder fungus that settles on tree trunks is very dangerous. Its mycelium, once inside the trunk, destroys the wood and causes rot.

To combat numerous forest pests, first of all, measures are taken to prevent the mass reproduction of insects: they remove windfalls, dead wood, residues from tree felling, and remove the bark from temporarily left felled trees and stumps.

Very good methods of pest control are biological. After all, insects have many enemies. These include birds. A family of tits destroys about 4 thousand caterpillars over the summer, and two redstarts - 7.5 thousand. During the period of feeding their chicks, the blue tit destroys 24 million insect eggs. Small birds eat an amount of food per day almost equal to their own weight. While destroying pests, birds at the same time feed the forests with their droppings. It is necessary to help useful birds settle in the forest, worry about their safety, preserve berry bushes and undergrowth for them so that small birds can build nests there and hatch chicks, not cut down spreading trees with hollows, hang birdhouses, nest boxes, and feed our feathered friends in winter.

Moles, hedgehogs, shrews, and bats exterminate harmful insects. Ants - forest nurses - bring great benefits. 2–5 anthills per 1 hectare of forest are enough to rest assured that it is in good condition. Very useful insects are predators: riders, harvesters, ground beetles, praying mantises, spiders, beauty beetles, wasps, flies, cows, etc., which eat harmful insects.

Chemicals are also used to control harmful insects, most often chlorophos. But they are used in cases where for some reason it is impossible to use biological control agents and the forest is threatened with death.

If trees are infected with tinder fungi, then it is necessary to cut off and burn the fruiting bodies of the fungi, or better yet, bury them in the ground to a depth of at least 25 cm.

Damaged areas on trees are covered with waterproof putty or oil paint. Hollows infected with fungi are cleaned of rot and their walls are disinfected with a weak solution of copper sulfate (100 g of sulfate per 3.5 liters of water). Then the hollows are filled with clay or cement and compared from the outside with the surface of the trunk.

If there are weevil beetles near young coniferous trees, then trapping ditches are dug around the area and the weevils crawling there are destroyed. Drying and twisted shoots of young trees, damaged by them, are cut off and burned. Branches with nests of spider mites should also be cut and destroyed.

The forest has an equally dangerous enemy - fire. Thousands of hectares of forests are destroyed by forest fires. Therefore, fire in the forest must be handled carefully.

Schoolchildren - members of school forestries and green patrols - help adults protect the forest from pests and diseases.

Forest pests include organisms that have a detrimental effect on the organs, parts, and tissues of shrubs, trees, and grasses, which entails disruption of the normal development of plants: decreased fruiting, growth retardation, death of branches and crowns, and death.

Vegetation is damaged by vertebrates (rodents, lagomorphs), some types of mites, and microorganisms. But mainly it suffers from the activity of numerous varieties of insects.

Classification of insect pests

Taking into account the choice of food plant, feeding method, localization on organs and the nature of the damage caused, forest insect pests can be divided into several groups. Those that attack healthy plants are called primary, and those that are sick and weakened by primary insects are called secondary.

There are a great many insects that feed on leaves or needles. As a rule, damage is caused by caterpillars of Lepidoptera (butterflies), larvae of representatives of the order Hymenoptera (sawflies), leaf beetles and other insects. Young larvae eat away the soft tissue of needles and leaves, and as they get older, they reach buds, thick leaves and even shoots.

Leaf-gnawing insects are characterized by an open lifestyle, high fertility, clustering of eggs, and the ability to migrate by crawling or flying. During outbreaks of mass reproduction, colonies of insects heavily eat up the crowns of trees, causing subsequent drying out of the trees. In a relatively short time, pests can spread over hundreds of hectares, causing irreparable damage to plants.

The trunks are home to many insect pests belonging to the following orders:

• Coleoptera (borer beetles, bark beetles, weevils, longhorned beetles);
• Hymenoptera (horntails, xyphidrias);
• Lepidoptera (glass butterflies, wood borers).

These pests usually develop under the bark layer and in the wood of branches and trunks. The larvae gnaw holes of various configurations in dense tissues, characteristic of each type of insect, which contributes to the drying out of branches or the entire tree and damage to woody tissues.

Damage from stem pests can be either minor or significant. Bark beetles destroy the bark and create a surface wormhole. Longhorned beetles and some species of borers get to the sapwood, resulting in a shallow wormhole. But wood borers and longhorned beetles penetrate deeply, thereby significantly depreciating the value of the wood. These insects are secondary pests. They do not occupy healthy trees: they settle on apparently healthy, but weakened, freshly cut or dead wood.

This group of pests includes arthropods that live in the soil. Of particular danger are the larvae of lamellar beetles, wireworms (), darkling beetles (false wireworms) and other insects that live and lay eggs in the soil.

Root pests come to the surface only for mating or additional feeding. The larvae actively make tunnels underground, bumping into roots and eating them. Soil-dwelling pests are polyphagous. This is the main danger from their life activity. Young plantings are especially affected by them.

The group of pests of fruits and seeds includes various types of butterflies (moths), flies , mosquitoes, beetles. They feed on the tissues of plant reproductive organs - flower buds, fruits, seeds, cones. The peculiarities of the reproduction and development of these insects are determined by the specifics of their distribution.

As a rule, forest plantings that have entered the active fruiting period are attacked by these pests. Pests of this category cause enormous damage to the forest area, destroying up to 50% (and sometimes 100%) of seeds. Damage to the generative organs of plants prevents the regeneration of tree species. The hidden way of life, as well as the fragmentation of populations, makes it difficult to monitor their numbers and, accordingly, fight them.

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The number of pests is monitored by specialists from the forest protection service and forestry departments under the guidance of forest pathologist engineers.

Supervision over the condition of forests is divided into general and special. The first is carried out in order to timely identify the unfavorable state of plantings and nurseries associated with the appearance of pests. This mission is carried out by forest guards under the guidance of forest rangers.

Special supervision is carried out by the forest protection service.

Forest protection measures perform the function of preventing outbreaks of mass spread of pests. They consist of observing and ensuring sanitary standards for the exploitation of forests, carrying out supervisory measures for the timely identification of lesions, and implementing quarantine procedures to eliminate pest colonies.

There are several ways to combat harmful insects. The use of insecticides, changes in the flora and fauna of the ecosystem, the use of physical devices and mechanical structures, preventive measures. All of this, taken together or individually, will help rid forests of pests.

The biological method is characterized by the following activities:

The use of the biological method does not pollute the environment and does not have a negative impact on the forest biocenosis or directly on humans. Slow the impact pays off in the long-term control of pest population increases.

The chemical method involves the use of insecticides. The preparations are applied to the pest or its habitat (soil, wood, leaves). The advantage of this method is large coverage of the treated area and speed of impact. The effectiveness of the chemical method increases with the use of modern pollinators and the use of aircraft (fine-droplet aerial spraying). The disadvantages of the technique include the negative impact of pesticides on beneficial forest fauna and humans.

The destruction of pests manually, using mechanical devices or physical means is the basis of the physical-mechanical method. The following measures are most effective:

The integrated method of forest pest control includes a combination of biological and chemical agents. At the same time, a stable number of insects is maintained at a low level.

None of the existing methods is universal. It is also impossible to completely get rid of forest pests.

Consequences of pest activity

Increasing pest populations have a detrimental effect on work results forestry. Reducing the volume of wood suitable for sale – economic consequences. But the massive death of trees can lead to undesirable changes in the forest fauna. A decrease in the number of mammals and birds living in the forest zone, the disappearance of some species of beneficial insects, and the spread of fungal and viral diseases of trees can have irreversible consequences for the ecosystem.

Pests are an integral part of the forest ecosystem. Under natural conditions, their activities do not have harmful consequences and do not entail the destruction of forest vegetation. However, insects prevent humans from rationally using forest resources, which forces them to closely monitor the condition of plantings, identifying and destroying pest outbreaks.

Federal Agency for Education

Fraternal Pulp and Paper College

In the discipline Forestry

Forest pests

FOREST PESTS

Forest pests are organisms that damage various parts, organs and tissues of trees and shrubs. As a result, the growth and fruiting of plants is reduced, renewal and growth are disrupted, they die and damage, especially wood, occurs. The vast majority of forest pests belong to the class of insects; some species of ticks and vertebrates, especially rodents and lagomorphs, are less harmful. Being part of the forest fauna, pests organically enter the forest community. In virgin (natural) forests, their activity does not lead to any destructive consequences and does not harm the existence and regeneration of forest vegetation. But forest pests prevent humans from rationally using the forest, which is why they are also called forest pests. In each ecological and economic group there are mass species that periodically reproduce in huge numbers over a large area and cause significant harm; species of limited distribution that form local foci of mass reproduction; species capable of causing damage, but not potentially harmful in a given area under existing conditions. According to the nature of damage to forests by pests, they can be divided into two groups: focal (concentrated, concentrated) and diffuse (scattered, scattered) damage. In turn, each of these groups is divided into large-scale and local damage according to the degree of territorial distribution.

The vast majority of tree pests are insects. Depending on the habitat and nature of nutrition, the nature of the damage caused, forest pests are divided into specialized groups - pests of foliage and needles (pine- and leaf-eating (primary)), attacking healthy plants; stem (secondary), attacking weakened trees; root, or soil-dwelling; pests of fruits and seeds.

PESTS OF FOLIAGE AND NEEDLES

Needle- and leaf-eating pests are especially diverse and numerous; include representatives of various orders of forest insects that feed on leaves (needles). Foliage and needles are damaged mainly by butterfly larvae (caterpillars), less commonly by sawfly larvae, and in isolated cases by beetles (from the family of leaf beetles) and some other insects. In the larval and adult stages they lead an open lifestyle (only some in the larval phase live inside the leaves), so they are directly influenced by a variety of climatic factors. Some needle- and leaf-eating insects (butterflies, sawflies, weavers) are characterized by large fluctuations in numbers; for others (leaf beetles, elephant beetles, blister beetles, etc.) - more moderate; they form foci mainly in young plantings, parks and shelterbelts. Under favorable conditions, forest pests periodically produce outbreaks of mass reproduction. Each outbreak usually takes 7 generations of pests and consists of 4 phases: initial (the number of the pest increases slightly), increasing numbers (pest foci are formed), the outbreak itself (forest pests appear en masse and heavily eat up the tree crowns), crisis (the outbreak subsides). During an outbreak of mass reproduction, needle- and leaf-eating insects in a relatively short time are able to spread over hundreds of thousands of hectares and cause severe damage to forests, causing loss of growth, severe weakening and subsequent drying out of trees or entire stands. Tree species tolerate crown eating in different ways. The most sensitive to this damage are dark coniferous species - fir, cedar pine and spruce, in which the loss of 70 - 80% of needles leads to the inevitable death of the tree. Scots pine, as a rule, safely tolerates a single complete eating, and larch - twice. Hardwoods are much more resistant.

The reasons for the outbreaks of leaf- and needle-eating insects are still not entirely clear. Needle-eating insects usually do more damage to a somewhat weakened tree stand; this has not yet been proven for leaf-eating insects. Outbreaks or at least increases in the number of many tree pests (for example, gypsy moth, pine cutworm, pine moth, pine sawfly) repeat at intervals of 10 - 12 years and are strictly confined to certain phases of the 11-year cycle of solar activity, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is up to still unknown. In terms of their effect on plants, sucking insects - aphids, coccids, psyllids, etc. - are in many ways similar to leaf-eating pests.

In the pre-war years, in a number of regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Kugarchinsky, Buraevsky, etc.), the caterpillars of this pest, having destroyed the foliage of trees, moved to grain fields. Over the last century, outbreaks of its numbers have been observed at least 10 times. In 1961, over 250 thousand hectares of plantings in the republic were damaged by the gypsy moth. A strong outbreak in the number of this species was also noted in the late 70s. The butterfly flies in July-August. Eggs laid in the butt part can withstand frosts down to 60 o. WITH

Gypsy moth

Among these pests, the most dangerous is the Siberian silkworm (Siberian cocoon moth), a butterfly of the cocoon moth family. This is a large butterfly (females have a wingspan of 60-80 mm, males have a wingspan of 40-60 mm), the color of which varies from light brown to black. Found from the Urals to Primorye. The female lays eggs (200-800 in a clutch) on pine needles, branches and tree trunks. After 2-3 weeks, caterpillars up to 7 cm long appear, feeding on pine needles and overwintering under the forest floor. In the spring they climb into the crown and eat old needles, and in the fall they go back to wintering. In the spring of the third year, the caterpillars feed on the Siberian cocoon moth most intensively and pupate in a cocoon in June. After a month, butterflies emerge from the pupa. Outbreaks of mass reproduction occur after 2-3 dry years and last 7-10 years. Outbreaks occur in forests thinned by logging and fires.

STEM PESTS (XYLOPHAGES)

Stem pests are very numerous and belong to the orders of beetles (mainly bark beetles, longhorned beetles, borers, weevils), hymenoptera (horntails) and butterflies (wood borers, glass beetles). Borers, grinders, etc. are of less importance. As a rule, they lead a hidden lifestyle, only adult insects live openly (in bark beetles, they spend most of their lives inside tissues). They develop under the bark and in the wood of the trunk and branches, gnawing passages in the phloem, cambium and living layers of sapwood (often having a shape characteristic of each species), often causing trees to dry out or lead part of it (branch, top) to die. Many make deep passages in the trunks, depreciating the value of the wood. Such insects pose a formidable danger to forests affected by drought, flooding, fires, gas or dust emissions, leaf-eating pests and other unfavorable factors. Pseudobark beetles, borers, grinders and some other beetles are of incomparably less importance. Mass reproduction depends on the viability of trees, plantings and their sanitary condition. The most important feature of stem pests is that, as a rule, they do not settle on healthy trees. Their species can inhabit either weakened, but still living, often apparently healthy trees, or dying or freshly dead trees (including freshly cut ones), or old dead wood. In plantations with poor sanitary conditions or located near areas of mass reproduction of secondary pests, even completely healthy trees are often colonized by them.

Stem pests are very dangerous for artificial forest plantations and plantings in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, which often suffer from a lack of moisture. Control measures are predominantly preventive: forestry measures that increase the biological stability of plantations (creation of mixed crops with undergrowth, selection of species in accordance with local climatic and soil conditions, resistant to diseases and pests, correct choice of felling system, compliance with sanitary rules, etc.), timely cleaning of felling areas from

Every living thing can get sick, and trees are no exception. Their health can be compromised for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is a variety of pests. Sometimes they attack an already weakened tree, sometimes they choose a completely healthy one. Worst of all, pests easily attack one tree after another, and it is not always possible to detect an infestation in time. How to check the condition of each tree in a huge forest? Very often the disease is detected when a significant area has already been affected.

How does mass infection occur and how to determine it?

In order for mass infection to begin, several factors most often need to coincide. Firstly, without pests there will be no infection. Some of them must be present in the forest. These can be a variety of butterflies and beetles, as well as fly larvae, caterpillars and many other tiny animals. The second necessary condition is a favorable situation for the active uncontrolled reproduction of pests. Good weather, a lack or complete absence of natural enemies, the presence of a large amount of food and some other factors will certainly provoke a massive infestation of forests by pests.

So, the existence of favorable conditions is essentially the first stage of infection. Then, once in a favorable environment, the pests actively reproduce. This is the second stage of mass infection. There are more and more of them. On average, this period can last up to three years.

When the pests become really numerous, the second period begins, accompanied by severe damage to the forest. It represents an outbreak of infection as such. This state of affairs rarely lasts longer than two years. In the end, an excessive number of pests leads to the fact that they do not have enough food, diseases are spread among them, and more and more predators appear, whose natural prey they are. This period also lasts about a year or two.

To determine whether a forest area is experiencing massive pest damage, special criteria are used, both qualitative and quantitative.

As for the quantitative criteria, they are as follows:

1. The degree of infestation, also known as absolute infestation, is the number of pests in an area equal to one tree or one square meter of soil.
2. The reproduction rate is determined by comparing the number of pests in different periods, for example, last year and the year before. To find out, you need to calculate what the ratio of the more recent degree of population to the older one is.
3. The outbreak growth rate is intended to show how quickly the danger is growing. To determine it, a certain period before the outbreak is compared with the period after it. When calculating the growth rate of an outbreak, one should calculate the ratio of the degree of population during the period during the outbreak to the degree of population in the period before it.

Forest pests in faces

The pine cutworm is an inconspicuous-looking butterfly, brown with white spots, but its caterpillars are elegant - dark green, with snow-white longitudinal stripes. The females lay eggs on the branches, from which caterpillars emerge, diligently gnawing first the young ones, and then all the needles. This can destroy the tree or weaken it. In the latter case, it may be attacked by other pests, for example, longhorned beetles. Natural enemies of pine cutworms are birds that feed on caterpillars.

There are many types of longhorned beetles. Let's take black pine as an example. These are rather elegant black beetles with very long antennae that devour the bark of branches and occasionally pine needles. To lay eggs, they prefer to choose trees that have been weakened in some way. The larvae, once born, are, as a rule, quite capable of finishing them off.

The blue borer, a beautiful dark blue beetle with a tint of black or green, also infects pine trees, preferring weakened ones, and lays its eggs in cracks in the bark. The four-spot borer, a pleasant-looking brownish-golden bug, behaves in exactly the same way.

How to fight forest pests?

Nowadays, there are several methods of pest control, and each of them is necessary in its own way.

To prevent mass infections, there is a forestry method. It consists of carrying out a number of preventive measures that are highly likely to prevent infection. If the seedlings are healthy, the ecological situation is stable, and monitoring is constant, it will be more difficult for pests to infest the area.

The physical and mechanical method of control consists in the timely destruction of pests using, so to speak, brute force. A good example is harvesting pitch-infected pine cones before the larvae develop into beetles.

The biological control method requires a competent approach, but the difficulties are often worth it. It allows you to force nature itself to fight pests. For example, natural enemies of a particular pest are taken and they are given the opportunity to hunt properly. Of course, ideally, these natural enemies should already live on the site, but the population may be insufficient or even absent. If there are a sufficient number of such animals, they should be protected as much as possible so as not to encounter mass infection due to the lack of predators. You can also purposefully infect pests with various diseases, for example, the marsupial fungus can destroy most of the population of nun silkworm caterpillars.

The most dangerous and radical method of pest control is chemical. It should be resorted to only in extreme cases, when the infection is so great that other methods no longer help. The affected areas are treated with pest-killing substances. Unfortunately, they, as a rule, kill not only pests and have an extremely bad effect on the environmental situation.

The forest is an invaluable wealth, a place of life for animals, birds and other living creatures. However, like any living organism, it is not protected from factors such as diseases and insect pests of the forest, which can cause significant damage. Trees can become sick and die as a result of damage from forest pests and diseases.

Forest diseases are caused by fungi (for example, chaga mushroom on birch), viruses and bacteria. Pathogens can enter the tree through cuts, broken branches, and cracks in the bark. If a large area of ​​bark is damaged by water and fungal spores, the wood begins to rot, and this leads to the death of the tree.

Forest pests are insects, mites, some species of rodents and lagomorphs that damage various parts, tissues, and organs of trees and shrubs. Such actions cause significant harm to vegetation: reduction in plant growth and fruiting, disruption of the process of renewal and growth, premature death and damage to wood.

The most common forest pests are insects. In accordance with their habitat, the nature of their feeding, as well as the nature of the damage caused, insect pests can be divided into the following groups:

• Pests of foliage and needles (needles and leaf-eating (primary) attacking healthy plants);
• Stem (secondary), attacking weakened trees;
• Root or soil-dwelling;
• Pests of fruits and seeds;

Let's look at what pests and forest diseases exist:

Pests of foliage and needles

This species is particularly diverse and numerous; it includes representatives of various orders of forest insects that feed on leaves and needles. Periodic outbreaks of mass reproduction occur under special favorable conditions. Each such outbreak lasts seven generations of pests and is divided into four phases:

1. Initial (the number of pests increases at a slight pace);
2. Increasing numbers (pest foci are forming);
3. Outbreak (pests in maximum numbers cause enormous damage);
4. Crisis (extinction of outbreak);

During an outbreak, forest pests - beetles - multiply en masse and quickly spread over vast territories (thousands of hectares of forest), so the damage caused can amount to entire stands.

Pest of Scots pine. Young larvae gnaw the needles on the sides, leaving the middle untouched, this leads to drying out, yellowing and curling of the needles.

During massive outbreaks of sawfly reproduction, it is capable of damaging pine plantations over vast areas.

Control measures: To destroy younger instar larvae, plantings are sprayed with insecticides.

Pine moth

Damages Scots pine. The harm is caused by moth caterpillars that feed on needles and, as they grow, eat the entire pine needles. Damaged trees become weakened, exhausted, and can be damaged by secondary pests.

Control measures: Pollination of pine plantations with special preparations (organophosphorus or pyrethroid compounds).

Pine cocoon moth

Harmful to Scots pine and sometimes to other coniferous trees.

Young needles serve as food for caterpillars of the first instars; they eat the sides and top of the needles; older caterpillars gnaw conifer needles along their entire length. Eating needles means weakening for the tree, and as a result, infestation with beetles and pests.

Control measures: insectivorous birds (cuckoos, jays, orioles) are attracted to the plantings; in case of large numbers, spring treatments of the forest litter with biological products and insecticides are carried out.

Gypsy moth

Pest of most deciduous trees.

Caterpillars most often damage fruit trees, from which they migrate to oak, linden, hornbeam and many other species. Massive outbreaks of reproduction often occur in oak plantations. Trees can recover from damage, but if there is a drought during a critical period, both individual oak trees and huge oak stands die.

Control measures: treatment of deciduous plantings with insecticides.

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Stem pests

Wood pests belonging to this group are quite numerous: beetles, hymenoptera and butterflies. Forest trunk pests live and develop under the bark, damage the wood of the trunk and branches, and gnaw tunnels in the living layers. Such actions lead to complete drying out of trees or partial death (of branches and tops).

Forests affected by drought, flooding and fires are at risk, so the mass reproduction of pests directly depends on the viability and sanitary condition of plants, trees and plantings. Forest pests that attack trunks, as a rule, do not colonize healthy trees; they mainly attack weakened trees that are dying, freshly dead or old dead wood.

The fight against stem pests is carried out mainly by preventive measures: mixed crops are created, breeds are selected according to local climatic and soil conditions, which are more resistant to pests and diseases; compliance with the felling system and sanitary rules.

Today it is already widely widespread method of medicinal chemical means of controlling pests and diseases of trees using injections.

Bark beetle typographer

Beetles mainly live on lying, diseased and weakened trees. During mass reproduction, healthy trees are also colonized. For additional nutrition, young beetles eat away at the bast of the tree. The bark beetle makes winding passages in the trunk. One generation of beetles develops over the course of a year.

Fluffy polygraph

A beetle from the bark beetle family most often inhabits isolated spruce trees with smooth, medium-thick bark; they settle densely along the entire length. Young beetles, pupae and larvae overwinter in the bark of trees. Depending on the climate zone, it develops in two to three generations per season.

Longhorn beetles

An extensive family of beetles: Tetropium beetles, black coniferous longhorned beetles;

Pests: oak, beech, hornbeam, walnut, less commonly linden.

Most species of longhorned beetles are oligophagous (they feed on plants close to each other); coniferous species infect some species, and deciduous species - others.

Additional food for young beetles is pollen from flowers, the succulent bark of young shoots, foliage or tree sap. To search for food they fly to plants. They are active at night.

Longhorned beetles usually settle in old trees with thick trunks; sometimes they choose oak stumps for housing.

Protection measures: To combat longhorned beetles, insectivorous birds, especially woodpeckers, are attracted to plantings.

Oak variegated longhorned beetles

They damage oak, hornbeam, pear, and less often chestnut, beech and other deciduous trees.

They colonize in harvested wood, logging residues and stumps. They prefer to live in sparse and well-lit plantings; They primarily settle in weakened and drying trees.

Control measures: a selection of green trees is used, monitoring the timely removal of harvested wood; Insecticides are used in areas of mass breeding.

Root pests

Root pests include a large number of insects. Forest pests mainly damage the roots of the larvae of these insects ( May beetles, wireworms, darkling beetles), as well as some other species living in the soil. Adult insects, developing in the soil, come to the surface to mate and search for additional food. After a while, the females burrow into the ground, lay eggs and die. Most root pests cause significant damage in nurseries and young plantings.

Pests of seeds, fruits and cones

This group of pests includes insects (butterflies and moths, flies, mosquitoes, weevils), some species of animals that feed on tree cones and fruits, thereby preventing the regeneration of tree species.

The fight against such pests is difficult due to the fact that most of them lead a hidden lifestyle inside fruits and seeds.

Tree diseases

It should be noted that some tree species are resistant to certain diseases. Immunity to the disease is based on the fact that the pathogen cannot reproduce and infect a tree with a certain chemical composition of foliage and wood. However, the main factor is the age and condition of the tree, as well as the activity of the pathogen.

Disease-affected trees can be identified by their appearance:

• The foliage has characteristic curling, swelling and folds;
• The shoots are twisted and growths appear on them;
• Shoots and branches are located crowded;
• Discharge from wounds and cracks: gum discharge (coniferous trees), gum discharge (stone fruit trees);

In this article we learned about the most common forest pests and diseases. These problems are dealt with by specialist phytopathologists and entomologists who are engaged in preserving the forest as an invaluable wealth for future generations.

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• pain during or after exercise;
• inflammation in the joints and swelling;
• causeless and sometimes unbearable aching pain in the joints...

Now answer the question: are you satisfied with this? Can such pain be tolerated? How much money have you already wasted on ineffective treatment? That's right - it's time to end this! Do you agree? That is why we decided to publish an exclusive interview with Professor Dikul, in which he revealed the secrets of getting rid of joint pain, arthritis and arthrosis.

This is interesting - is the typograph bark beetle the most dangerous forest pest?