Slide 4

What were the advantages of the king in the fight against large feudal lords?

• Firstly, the Royal Domain of Ile-de-France is small, but well located: in the center of the country, at the intersection of land and river routes (both the Seine and the Loire); this is where the most important city- Paris
• Secondly, thanks to the coronation ceremony, the king was considered God's anointed
• The rivalry of large feudal lords among themselves prevents them from uniting against the king; the king can use their fight to his advantage

Slide 5

What forces of society were the king’s natural allies in the struggle to strengthen his power?

Support of royal power in France in the struggle for the unification of the country

• Townspeople
• Small and medium knights
• Clergy
• Peasants

Slide 6

Slide 7

Capetian politics in the 12th–early 14th centuries

• He led to the obedience of rebellious vassals, both in his domain and outside it, mainly in the northern regions of France near his domain. He suppressed the encroachments of secular lords on the property of the Church by armed means. Built fortresses, stormed castles
• As a result of his marriage to Alienor, he annexed Aquitaine to the domain, but after the divorce he lost it. Almost did not increase the domain, but managed to maintain the position of the Capetians in the conditions of a sharp strengthening of the Plantagenets
• Taking advantage of the fact that the English king did not fulfill his vassal obligations for the French possessions, he achieved his condemnation by the court of peers and by force annexed vast territories to the domain: Normandy, lands along the lower Loire, thereby sharply weakening his main rivals - the Plantagenets. Fortified Paris with a new wall
• Annexed the County of Toulouse in the south of France as a result of the Albigensian Wars

Slide 8

England and France in the 11th–early 14th centuries

Slide 9

Louis IX Saint 1226-1270

1. The country's Paris Parliament created the Supreme Judicial Body

3. “40 days” rule postponing war between feudal lords on unannexed lands

4. Introduced a monetary system for the entire country

Contributed to the further process of unification of the country

Slide 10

Victories and defeats of Philip IV the Fair 1285-1314

1. Annexed the kingdom of Navarre and Champagne to the domain
2. Confirmed the vassalage of the Duchy of Aquitaine to France
3. Convened the first Estates General (1302)
4. He defeated the Pope in the confrontation, marking the beginning of the period of the Avignon Captivity of the Popes

1. Defeated in the fight for Flanders
2. Needing money:
   • Eliminated the Templar Order, taking possession of its wealth;
   • Expelled the Jews from the kingdom, confiscating their property;
   • He resorted to defacement of coins, earning the nickname “king counterfeiter”
   • Despite this, he left behind a huge public debt

Slide 11

Convocation of the Estates General - 1302

In 1302, Philip IV convened the Estates General to support the fight against the pope. They represented 3 classes: clergy, nobility, townspeople. They sat separately, in their own separate chamber, and each class had only one vote.

• What circumstances contributed to the formation of the class monarchy in France at the beginning of the 14th century?

§ 15.1. How and why France united around the king

In the 11th century, France experienced a period of feudal fragmentation. In the 12th century, royal power achieved its first successes in unifying the country. This meant that the king's power had to become strong throughout the country, as well as in the royal domain. And for this it was necessary to break the ties of feudal ties and annex the former fiefs to the domain. This could be achieved in several ways. The king could marry the heiress of the feud, could buy it from his vassal (if he wanted it). If the king's vassal died without leaving an heir, his fief also returned to the king. The fief could be taken away from a vassal by force if he did not fulfill his vassal obligations. But for this, the peers - “equals” of the guilty anointing vassal - had to agree with the king’s opinion, and they, fearing the strengthening of power over the kingdom, the king, preferred not to do this. Finally, the fief could be taken away from a person condemned by the church.

Anointing for the kingdom. Miniature

Compared to the large feudal lords, the king had two important advantages. Firstly, his domain, Ile-de-France, was advantageously located in the center of the country, at the intersection of land and river routes. The most important city in the country, Paris, was located here. Secondly, thanks to the coronation ceremony, the king was considered God's anointed.

Coronation of Philip II Augustus. Miniature. Describe the coronation ceremony of Philip II Augustus.

The rite of coronation of French kings, that is, their solemn enthronement, took place in the cathedral of the city of Reims. Known from the Old Testament, the anointing for the kingdom endowed the king with divine grace. The head of the French church, the Archbishop of Reims, prayed and applied the sacred fragrant oil of myrrh to the king’s forehead, arms, chest and back. The king swore to rule justly and mercifully, to protect the world, to protect the church. Then the anointed one of God was crowned and given the signs of royal dignity: a scepter and a staff, symbolizing the justice of the monarch; the king's entourage held a sword and knightly spurs. From now on, the king's power became sacred. Connected with this is the spread among the people of the belief in the ability of kings to cure certain diseases with one touch of their hands.

Palace of the French Kings. Miniature. Explain why the palace of the French kings was built as a fortress.

Whether the king would be able to take advantage of his opportunities or whether his power would remain sacred but powerless depended on the balance of forces. Having united, the large feudal lords, of course, could impose their will on the king. This has happened more than once in France, and in other countries. However, as a rule, they competed with each other, and a skillful ruler could use their enmity to his advantage. In addition, the monarch had strong allies who were no less interested in strengthening royal power and unifying the country. Firstly, this is part of the vassals of his vassals, that is, small and medium-sized feudal lords, who often suffered from the tyranny of their lords and sought protection from royal power. Secondly, the townspeople turned out to be natural and reliable allies of royal power. Thirdly, the unification of the country was supported by the church, which also suffered from the tyranny of the lords.

What were the results of the Crusades for Europeans? It was not possible to retain Christian shrines. Numerous casualties. Knowledge about Muslims and trade relations expanded.

For Muslims? Casualties, destruction, loss of cultural monuments. Knowledge about Christians and trade relations expanded.

For Byzantium? The intervention of the crusaders in the internal political struggle in Byzantium, which led to the catastrophic events of 1204. She suffered a severe blow and the capital was destroyed. The enmity between the Catholic West and Orthodox Byzantium intensified.

Marry the heiress of the fief Redeem the fief from your vassal (if he agrees) Inherit the fief from your vassal if he dies without heirs Take the fief from the vassal by force in case of failure to fulfill vassal obligations (if the peers agree)

The royal domain of Ile-de-France is small, but well located: in the center of the country, at the intersection of land and river routes (both the Seine and the Loire); here the most important city is Paris. Thanks to the coronation ceremony, the king was considered God's anointed. The rivalry of large feudal lords among themselves prevents them from uniting against the king; the king can use their fight to his advantage

Some of the vassals of his vassals, i.e. small and medium-sized feudal lords Townspeople Church

Let's remember which dynasty ruled in France? Capetians. What task did they face in the 12th century? Increasing the royal domain, strengthening one's own power.

Louis 7 married the heiress of the Duchy of Aquitaine, Alienore. Thanks to this, the king's domain increased several times. But the marriage was unsuccessful, the king divorced and lost his rights to Aquitaine. Alienora married a second time to Henry II Plantagenet, the most dangerous rival of the Capetians. On his mother's side he was the heir to the English crown and Normandy, and from his father he inherited part of the French lands (Anjou). Now he received Aquitaine from his wife, and thus he owned half the lands of France. So, let's write about Louis 7.

The situation changed under Philip 2 Augustus. What do we already know about him? Participated in the crusade. With who? With Richard the Lionheart. After Richard's death, his brother John (John) became king of England. Philip 2 accused him of not fulfilling his vassal obligations for French lands. He achieved the conviction of John by the court of peers and began the war. He managed to capture Normandy and lands along the lower Loire. Thus, the Plantagenets lost their rights to most of the French lands, and John was nicknamed Landless. Let's write about Philip.

Philip's son Louis 8 had his eye on the territory of the County of Toulouse. Its owner was condemned by the Church as a heretic. On this basis, Louis took the fief from him and annexed it to his domain. Let's write it down.

Thus, the domain of the French kings increased several times, and now the task of strengthening royal power came to the fore.

This task was skillfully handled by one of the most famous and beloved French kings, Louis the 9th Saint. Saint - because he was canonized, i.e. canonized. He was very pious, merciful, patronized the Church, and in addition, personally led the 7th and 8th crusades. Although they were unsuccessful, and in the last of them he died after contracting the plague.

Louis did a lot for his country. He introduced a uniform procedure for administration, court, and tax collection for the entire country. Louis was famous for his justice; even other kings turned to his court. He changed the kingdom's judicial system. The most important cases were withdrawn from the seigneurial courts and transferred to the royal one. Those. in judicial reforms, Saint Louis encroached on what the feudal lords had long considered their inalienable right. In addition, he firmly forbade nobles to resolve disputes with weapons. Those. prohibited hostilities between feudal lords. Of course, even the king was unable to completely prohibit internecine wars. But Louis introduced a mandatory legal norm: at least 40 days had to pass between the quarrel and the start of the war. During this time, any of the warring parties could go to court and seek support from the king. As a result, there was much less strife in France. Let's write it down.

The son of Louis, Philip 3, was not particularly famous for anything, he was a weak-willed monarch, we will skip him and move on to another Philip - Philip 4 the Handsome. He continued to increase the royal domain, primarily through the county of Champagne, which he received as a result of his marriage. Champagne, famous throughout Europe for its famous champagne fairs, was the richest center of trade, and this was supposed to significantly improve the financial situation of the kingdom.

But this did not help, the king needed money all the time. To resolve this issue, Philip spoiled the coin, i.e. reduced the content of precious metal in it, for which he was nicknamed the counterfeiter king. In addition, he collected taxes wherever possible. Philip even taxed the Catholic Church. This caused a conflict between the king and Pope Boniface 8. After the death of Boniface, Philip ensured that the council of cardinals of the church elect a Frenchman as the new pope. Pope Clement V, soon after his election, was forced to leave Rome, the original seat of the throne of the Catholic Church. Influenced Philip the Handsome the new pope moved the Roman throne to the French city of Avignon. Thus began one of the most humiliating pages in the history of the Catholic Church - the Avignon captivity of the popes (1309-1377), a time when they were under the strong influence of the French kings.

Philip the Fair made another decisive attempt to improve the position of the state treasury. With the full support of the pope, who from now on depended in everything on the royal will, he began an attack on the rich treasury of the Knights Templar. By that time, the Templars were widely engaged in lending activities. During the Crusades, the order acquired untold wealth, which it skillfully managed. Among the debtors of the Templars was Philip the Handsome. The debt was so great that forgiveness was out of the question. This is what destroyed the Templars.

The residence of the Grand Master of the Order, the Temple Temple, was located in Paris. Philip and the pope accused the leadership of the order of witchcraft and relations with the devil. All the supreme leaders of the Templars were arrested (including those who were not in Paris in those days) and brought to the royal court. Under severe torture, the Templars confessed to crimes against God and the King of France. The order's property was completely confiscated, the Templar leaders were burned, and the order was dissolved. So, let's write about Philip.

In 1302, he convened a council of representatives of all classes of free Frenchmen. This meeting was called the Estates General. Having gathered representatives of the nobility, clergy and free urban population, Philip brought his dispute with the pope to their court. The people supported their king. This was the first time in European history when the ruler of a country officially addressed all his subjects with a request to resolve an issue of national importance. Subsequently, during the years of his reign, Philip convened the Estates General twice more to approve new taxes. Philip's idea of ​​a popular assembly approving one or another royal decision was to the liking of the French kings. Successors Philip the Handsome repeatedly resorted to the “voice of the people.”

So, the Estates General is a body in which representatives of the three classes discussed the state of affairs in the kingdom and approved the taxes proposed by the king. Each class sat separately and had one vote. So, who, as a rule, remained in the minority? Townspeople.

In France, a class monarchy arose - a state in which royal power was based on representatives of the classes.

, France, Capetians

Target: consider the reasons for the strengthening of royal power; show the features of the Capetian policy; characterize the features of the class monarchy.

Tasks:

• educational – study of terms, dates;
• developmental – formation of competencies through independent work with a source (autonomization - independent search for information, information - obtaining new knowledge, communicative - work in pairs)
• educational – the ability to listen, express one’s point of view, instilling a sense of patriotism for one’s native country, using the example of the history of France.

Plan:

1. How and why France united around the king.
2. The difficult path to the triumph of the Capetians.
3. Holy King.
4. Victories and defeats of Philip IV the Fair.
5. The emergence of the Estates General.

Equipment: map “History of France in the XI-XIV centuries,” computer and projector, each desk is pre-assigned its own individual number.

During the classes:

The topic of the lesson is announced . (Annex 1) (1 slide)

The lesson begins with posing a problem.

Teacher: Guys, look carefully at the map and tell me what information you can glean by examining the map?

Approximate student answers: many kingdoms, territories marked different colors and etc.

We draw a joint conclusion: Thus, France as a country was not united, it was fragmented into many possessions.

Teacher:(slide 2) Why do you think France needs to unite? Why does the state need to be united? What does the unity of the state give to its subjects?

Approximate answers: for protection, so that enemies do not attack, to protect themselves from them, the state will be strong, the unity of the people will help to come to the aid of each other, to the aid of their Motherland.

Lesson problem: What does the unification and strong power of the king give to the state?

1. Teacher: And now, working through the textbook yourself, you will find answers to one big question: How and why France united around the king. The guys are given a task. The work will be done in pairs, sitting at specially designated desk numbers. During the group performance, all other students who are not performing write down answers in their notebooks.

(slide 3) Desks numbered 1 examine paragraph 1 §15 p.147-148 With with a simple pencil in their hands and are looking for an answer to the question: What opportunities did the king have to increase his domain?

1. Marry a feudal heiress;
2. Buy the fief from your vassal (if he agrees);
3. Inherit a fief from your vassal if he died without heirs;
4. To take away a fief from a vassal by force in case of failure to fulfill vassal obligations;
5. Take away a fief by force if the owner is condemned by the Church and deprived of the knighthood and all fiefs for violating Christian norms or as a heretic.

(Slide 4) Desks numbered 1 with a simple pencil in their hands and looking for an answer to the question: What advantages did the king have in the fight against the feudal lords?

Firstly, the Royal Domain of Ile-de-France is small, but well located: in the center of the country, at the intersection of land and river routes (both the Seine and the Loire); the most important city is located here - Paris, 2. Secondly, thanks to the coronation ceremony, the king was considered the anointed of God, 3. The rivalry of large feudal lords among themselves prevents their unification against the king; the king can use their struggle to his advantage.

(Slide 5) Desks numbered 3 analyze paragraph 3 §15 p.149-150 with a simple pencil in their hands and are looking for an answer to the question: What forces of society were the king’s natural allies in the struggle to strengthen his power? (slide 4). The support of the Capetian dynasty were the middle and small nobles, suffering from the tyranny of the dukes and counts. Small feudal lords sought protection from the king from the wrath of dependent peasants, who often rose up to fight. A new class - the townspeople - became the king's faithful ally. (townspeople, small and medium-sized knights, clergy, peasants).

As the groups speak, the “correct” answers appear on the slide following their answers.

2.Teacher: Now we are starting to study questions 2, 3 and 4: The difficult path to the triumph of the Capetians, and also consider the policies of kings Louis IX the Saint and Philip IV the Fair.

In 987, the Capetian Dynasty was established in France. We write down the reign dates of the kings in our notebook (slide 6)

Desk numbers 1,2,3,4 examine the policies of the kings who participated in the unification of France. (slide7). What did they do? Either a table is compiled (Appendix 2), or cluster (Appendix 3) (RKMChP technology).

As the groups perform (slide 8), there is a historical map on which you can trace the dynamics of the annexation and loss of territories.

Desks numbered 5 and 6 (given to stronger students) are dismantled

Desk 5 – What did Louis do?IX Saint? Textbook pp. 152-153. (slide 9) Don’t forget to write down the years of your reign.

1. Created the highest judicial body - the Parisian Parliament.
2. He prohibited wars between feudal lords - on the territory of the royal domain.
3. The “40 days” rule is a postponement of war between feudal lords in unannexed lands.
4. Introduced a unified monetary system for the entire country.

Thus, all his actions contributed to the further process of centralization of the country.

Desk 6 – Victories (positive) and defeats (negative) in Philip's reignIV Beautiful textbook pp. 153-154. (slide10) Do not forget to write down the dates of the reigns of the kings. Pros:

1. He annexed the kingdom of Navarre and the county of Champagne to the domain.
2. Confirmed the vassal dependence of the Duchy of Aquitaine on France.
3. Convened the first Estates General - 1302.
4. He defeated the pope in the confrontation, marking the beginning of the period of the Avignon captivity of the popes.

Minuses:

1. He was defeated in the fight for Flanders.
2. Needing money:
   • liquidated the Templar Order, taking possession of its wealth;
   • expelled the Jews from the kingdom, confiscating their property;
   • resorted to defacement of coins, earning the nickname “king counterfeiter”
   • left behind a large national debt.

1. Estates General – 1302 – writing in a notebook (slide 11)

In the 13th century, royal power increased significantly in France.

In 1302, Philip IV convened the Estates General to support the fight against the pope. They represented 3 classes: clergy, nobility, townspeople. They sat separately, in their own separate chamber, and each class had only one vote.

Thus, at the beginning of the 14th century, an estate monarchy arose in France - a state in which royal power was based on a meeting of representatives of the estates.

Let's return to the problem (slide 12). What does the unification and strong power of the king give to the state and residents?

Reflection(slide 13).

• The lesson attracted me because...
• It was a discovery for me that...
• Did we manage to solve the problem posed at the beginning of the lesson?

Homework(slide 14) §15 – read, retell.

Give a detailed answer to the question:

What does the unification and strong power of the king give to the state and the inhabitants of the country?

Goodbye! (Slide 15)

We study France's long path to the unity of its lands and territories. After Charlemagne - the Capetian period, and then the reign of Louis VI and Philip II. What problems did the rulers encounter along the way?

Beginning of Capetian rule

After Charlemagne's empire disintegrated into many separate lands in the 9th century, the emperor's descendants retained ownership of a small kingdom called France. Every year, the Carolingian dynasty gradually lost the territory of the kingdom under the pressure of the Normans.

In 987, the last ruler of the Carolingian dynasty died. Power passed to the new king Hugh Capet. At that time, the territory of France was negligible; it consisted of the suburbs of Paris and Orleans. The first Capetians managed to significantly expand the territory of the kingdom.

Two centuries later, France was a powerful kingdom centered on the Ile-de-France. The reason for the fruitful rule of the Capetians was a wise and thoughtful policy; the ruling king, during his lifetime, transferred power to his son in order to further suppress a possible struggle for the throne, which would have a negative impact on the political and economic state of the state.

Reign of Louis VI

King Louis VI, first of all, understood that to expand the kingdom, strong support was needed within the state. He broke the tradition of appointing representatives of the aristocracy to senior positions. Instead, he surrounded himself with loyal and wise people from the lower strata of the population.

In 1066, France had a serious enemy in the person of the former vassal Henry I, who, thanks to an advantageous marriage and the expansion of his dynasty, became king of England. At the same time, he became the sole ruler of the historical territories of the French kingdom of Aquitaine, Anjou, and Normandy.

This greatly complicated the foreign policy situation for Louis VI. If it seemed quite possible to recapture the northern regions from a vassal, then entering into a military conflict with powerful England was at least unwise.

Reign of Philip II - reunification of lands

When Philip II became king of France in 1180, foreign policy changed dramatically. The fifteen-year-old boy showed cunning political calculations that were very uncharacteristic for his age.

He concluded a truce with Henry II and even managed to become the closest friend of the royal family. Philip waited for many years for England to have a weak point. And it soon appeared.

In 1199, John the Landless became king of England. Taking advantage of John's soft-heartedness, Philip was able to take Anjou, Normandy and a number of northern lands from England in four years. In order to annex the province of Lagendoc under the French crown, the king, with the support of the Pope, organized a crusade to these lands under the auspices of the fight against heretics and their sects, which were very widespread there.

Possessed by religious fanaticism and immense greed, the French troops completely defeated Lagendoc. The province was categorically ceded to France. At the beginning of the 13th century, France, which began its journey from a small province, emerged as a powerful country and cultural center Europe.