Intuitive understanding does not require language, but: language does not exist without understanding

Intuitive understanding does not require language, but:

On a unified understanding of natural language and the language of musical texts from the perspective of a probabilistic model of meanings

On a unified understanding of natural language and the language of musical texts from the perspective of a probabilistic model of meanings. Is the probabilistic model of meanings (PMS) based on the idea of ​​a continuum? elementary semantic elements over which a weight function p(?) is specified, which

In addition to internal features, which are predominantly potential in nature, a literary norm is also characterized by its external, social properties.

Commitment and awareness are important and at the same time historically conditioned features of the language norm, and the degree of expression of these features varies for different language idioms. The external (social) side of the norm is most clearly manifested in the fact of conscious normalization, which is considered by many linguists as a specific feature of a literary norm, distinguishing it from the norms of other “forms of existence” of language.

When accepting this thesis, one must, however, keep two points in mind: 1) the presence of more or less conscious selection and regulation distinguishes the norms of a literary language from the norms of other forms of language existence (dialect, everyday spoken language); 2) strengthening of the processes of conscious selection, which is expressed in the codification of norms and other organized and purposeful forms of social influence on language (the activities of various language societies, the publication of special literature on “speech culture”), is a specific feature of the literary language of the national period.

Normalization processes represent the unity of spontaneous selection and conscious codification of phenomena included in the norm. It is this combination of spontaneous and regulated processes that ensures the identification at a certain stage of language development of a certain set of “exemplary” implementations of the language system, that is, it ultimately leads to the establishment of a literary norm. As the literary language develops, the role of purposeful selection apparently increases, and the forms of conscious influence gradually become more diverse and scientifically based.

However, the conscious assessment and consolidation of norms in most cases is apparently preceded by spontaneous processes of selection of linguistic phenomena included in the literary norm. Thus, according to B. Gavranka, codification processes only reinforce from the outside the stability of norms achieved in the very functioning of the language. G.V. Stepanov adheres to the same point of view: defining the general content of normalization processes as “the choice of one of the possibilities of implementation provided by the language system,” he argues that “an objective norm... always precedes the element of assessment, i.e. axiological normal."

Considering the normalization of a literary language as a combination of spontaneous and conscious selection and postulating the primacy of the spontaneous selection of “normative” implementations, it should be noted at the same time the selective attitude of normalization processes in general to usage. If for non-standard natural (“organic”) idioms the norm is practically based on some “averaged” collective usage, then for an emerging national literary language the divergence between the norm and the usage—especially in the early stages of development—may turn out to be quite significant.

During the period of its formation, a literary norm usually relies on only a certain part of the custom, limited by certain territorial, social and functional frameworks. This means that the basis of literary norms is the language of a certain territory of the country, the language of certain strata of society and certain types and forms of communication. However, this selective attitude of the standard of the literary language to the usage is manifested not only in its reliance on only a certain part of the usage.

Ultimately, a norm is a complex set of linguistic means combined in a literary language as a result of various selection processes, and in this sense it always - to a greater or lesser extent - deviates from the original usage.

Assessing the comparative role of spontaneous and conscious selection occurring in the process of normalization of individual literary languages, it can be argued that the more complex the historical conditions for the formation of literary norms, the more complex the conscious efforts of society. For example, conscious selection is enhanced in cases where the norm of a literary language combines the features of different dialects or different literary variants. A similar situation is observed in literary languages ​​with an initial heterogeneous base, as well as in languages ​​where the primary homogeneous base undergoes certain transformations in the process of development of the literary language, which also lead to the unification in the literary norm of phenomena of different dialectal origins.

No less difficult for normalization processes is the situation when the literary language appears in the form of two (or more) standardized variants, between which there may be greater or lesser differences (cf., for example, the situation in Albania). In these cases, society's efforts can be aimed at bringing the two norms closer together through various language reforms, although their success is relative and does not usually lead to the complete and rapid elimination of existing differences.

The purposefulness and consciousness of normalization are very clear in cases where there are significant differences between the norms of written and spoken language (cf. the situations in Italy or the Czech Republic) and there is a need for their two-way convergence.

The role of conscious normalization of language in the formation of norms for the literary languages ​​of those nations that take shape under socialism is also very significant. Under these conditions, the codification of norms takes place on the broadest social basis and with the active and conscious participation of native speakers.

Finally, we can mention one more situation in which the conscious side of normalization processes also intensifies. A similar situation was observed, for example, in Germany, where until the end of the 19th century. there was no uniform pronunciation norm that had developed naturally. This led to the creation of a special normative orthoepic manual by T. Zibs, developed as a result of a conscious agreement between scientists, writers and actors.

The basis of codification and the scope of application of the literary pronunciation developed in this way was initially extremely narrow, it was limited to the theatrical stage, and therefore literary pronunciation was designated here for a long time as Bühnenaussprache, i.e. “stage” pronunciation.

Phenomena associated with the conscious normalization of language are often united under the general concept of codification of literary norms. Such a broad understanding of codification is characteristic, for example, of linguists of the Prague school.

Without being able to dwell in detail on the various aspects of codification, we will try to characterize at least the main content, as well as some forms of codification processes.

The most general content of codification can apparently be considered the selection and consolidation of an inventory of formal linguistic means of various types (spelling, phonetic, grammatical, lexical), as well as an explicit clarification of the conditions for their use. An important point codification processes is at the same time fixing the distribution and use of various kinds of variant implementations in the language.

In the process of conscious codification of norms, three closely interrelated aspects can be distinguished: assessment, selection and consolidation of implementations included in the norm. The main types of assessment of linguistic phenomena include: distinguishing between correct and incorrect (from the point of view of literary norms) implementations; an indication of a more or less common form (lexeme, construction) from among the variant implementations; an indication of the different spheres of use of linguistic phenomena related to the norm, or the different conditions of their use.

The accuracy of codification and its compliance with the objective norm largely depend on the linguistic instinct of normalizers, being reflected at the same time in the system of marks used to characterize the corresponding phenomena in normative dictionaries and grammars.

It seems to us that the fact that the object of codification almost never completely coincides completely with the total volume of linguistic phenomena included in the literary norm seems to us to be very significant for assessing the conscious normalization of language.

The relatively narrow scope of linguistic features that are the object of codification appears especially clearly if we take into account the historical dismemberment and non-simultaneity of codification of phenomena related to different aspects of language. Relatively late in time and not always clearly codified, for example, most syntactic phenomena, as well as the distribution of variant implementations associated with the functional and stylistic distinctions of the literary language.

The number of non-codifiable or weakly codifiable phenomena also includes the frequency of use of individual word forms of lexemes and syntactic structures. Only in some cases in normative manuals and dictionaries provide frequency characteristics, as a rule, they are reduced to general and rather inaccurate instructions such as “productive”, “unproductive”, “more often”, “less often”, etc. This circumstance should be attributed to the complexity of the exact characteristics of normative phenomena , and due to the imperfection and approximateness of some forms of codification, which in some cases leads to incorrect or inaccurate recording of normative phenomena.

The reason for “false” codification may be the subjectivity of assessments, the insufficiency or inaccuracy of statistical data, the desire of normalizers to artificially align forms “by analogy,” a narrow understanding of the social, territorial and functional basis of norms, as well as an incorrect assessment of the historical trends in the development of the language.

Facts of this kind are observed in the history of various literary languages. So, for example, in Germany in the first half of the 18th century, I. Gottsched advocated the preservation of three forms zwen - zwo - zwei, reflecting the generic differentiation of the corresponding numeral, which had already disappeared from use (note that these forms were isolated in the German language system, since for other numerals such differentiation did not exist). The consolidation of these forms in grammars delayed their disappearance for some time, although this circumstance does not have a significant impact on the final result of the process.

However, in some conditions, the conservation of archaic forms in the process of codification of the literary norm can delay their disappearance for a long time, cf., for example, the long-term preservation of the system of three genders in the written form of the Dutch language.

The artificial maintenance of archaic forms is sometimes caused by the desire for paradigmatic uniformity of forms, which in some cases contradicts the real historical development of the language (cf., for example, for the German language, the verb form 2 literal units kummt, found back in the 18th century, by analogy with stußt, or such forms as gehet, stehet, which were supported for a long time by normalizers, despite the clear tendency to reduce their use, observed already in the 18th century).

The other side of this phenomenon is associated with an incorrect assessment of new phenomena developing in the language and also with a too narrow understanding by individual normalizers of the territorial, social or functional basis of the literary norm. Such, for example, is the fight against the so-called “nominal style” of the German language, based in part on ignoring the development trends that are observed in business language and the language of science.

Note that the tendency towards widespread nominal constructions (for example, such as Russian, to protest; German Abschied nehmen 'to say goodbye') is characteristic not only of the German language, but also of a number of other European languages. Thus, for the Czech language it was once noted by V. Mathesius, who at the same time emphasized the predominant use of nominal constructions in certain areas of written communication.

The codification of literary norms must certainly be based on the study of the language of different functional varieties and take into account the existing differences in the use of individual linguistic phenomena included in the literary norm. Recently, this question, which is being actively developed in domestic linguistics, is posed on the material of the “culture of speech” of different languages.

The success of the conscious normalization of language thus depends on the observance of a number of conditions, most clearly formulated by the Prague people. These include the following points: 1) normalization should help stabilize the literary language without violating its structural features; 2) normalization should not deepen the differences between spoken and written language; 3) normalization should preserve variations and should not eliminate functional and stylistic differences.

To this characteristic, apparently, only one thing can be added: in the process of conscious normalization (i.e., codification of norms) of a literary language, the features of the normalization of phenomena belonging to different subsystems of the language should be taken into account.

Defining the role of codification processes for different aspects of the literary language system, V. Mathesius wrote: “Linguistic theory intervenes primarily in the norm of spelling, to a lesser extent... in its phonetics, morphology, syntax, and least of all in its structure and vocabulary.” At the same time, from his point of view, the fight against archaisms, as well as the maintenance of variants expressing functional differences, remains important for all levels of linguistic implementation. This last aspect is especially important for syntactic and lexical phenomena, where the number of parallel constructions and lexemes fixed by the norm of the literary language is usually especially significant.

For spelling, which is a product of “pure convention,” codification processes play the greatest role. They largely form the orthographic system itself, bringing it into line with the phonological and phonetic systems. However, a moment of spontaneity still occurs during the normalization of spelling: it can be attributed to historical tradition, which in a certain way complicates and slows down the effect of codification. Due to the need to maintain the continuity of the written tradition, complete “optimization” of spelling rules is almost always possible, which explains the existence of a number of exceptions, as well as the preservation of a certain number of variant spellings that violate the regularity and simplicity of the spelling system.

Serebrennikov B.A. General linguistics - M., 1970.

TOPIC 1. LANGUAGE NORMS

Exercise 1. Formulate a definition of literary language and name its characteristics. Compare your definition with existing ones:

1) “A normalized language that serves the diverse cultural needs of the people, a language fiction, journalistic works, periodicals, radio, theater, science, government agencies, schools, etc.” ( D.E. Rosenthal);

2) “It represents a form of social (sociocultural) existence of the national language, accepted by its speakers as exemplary.” ( IN AND. Maksimov);

3) “The modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as the language from A.S. Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. It is constantly changing and therefore needs to be rationed.” ( E.N. Shiryaev);

4) "This codified subsystem; it is characterized by a more or less stable norm, uniform and generally binding for all speakers of a literary language, and this norm is purposefully
cultivated" ( Belikov V.I., L.P. Krysin)

Based on these definitions of a norm, list its main features. Write them down. What other signs could you name?

Answer: Literary language is a normalized, generally accepted language system, which is characterized by certain specifics: it has certain norms in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Subject to change and covers all areas of human activity. Signs: 1: presence of stable rules. 2: stability of the structure 3: multifunctionality (use in various fields of activity) 4: communicative expediency 5: availability of oral and written speech.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks in the table. Determine the relationships between linguistic units:

Exercise 3. Name the basic units of language and give them a definition. Determine which language level the speech errors in the sentences belong to:

A. Phonetic. (sounds, stress) B. Lexical. B. Morphological. (declensions, numerals)

G. Syntactic

1. According to Pechorin’s stories, noble society is filled with hypocrisy, malice, and lying BBB. 2. Regarding artistic means, used by Pushkin to recreate the impression of authenticity of the depicted reality. The story is a memoir. YYY 3. Anna Sergeevna was the kind of person who allowed VVV.4 to express her opinion in front of him. This is a free novel from all the framework and norms of literary style.BBB 5. The timbre of our life far exceeds the timbre of the life of our ancestors.BBB 6. True artists of words create grandiose epic canvases on the pages of their works.BBB 7. Looking at him, an image of rudeness and negligence. 8. The president himself came to the opening of the German language center. AAA 9. Events take place in the village that turned the hero’s entire worldview upside down. BBB 10. Initially, it was not conceived as a single composition, but was created and published in parts. BBB

Answer: Basic units of language:

1) phoneme- the smallest unit of language and speech, having form but not content; serves to identify or distinguish words and morphemes.

2) morpheme- a non-independent unit of language, a significant part of a word, having both form and content.

3) word (lexeme)- a central independent unit of language that has a form, as well as unity of lexical and grammatical meanings.

4) offer- the basic syntactic unit of language, which is a means of forming, expressing and communicating thoughts, as well as a means of transmitting emotions and expression of will.

Exercise 4. In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, enter the types of norms in the table:

Exercise 5. Determine which norms are violated in the sentences:

1. Onegin belongs to the category of people of noble society. 2. He achieved such results by presenting the novel to us in the form of notes from Grinev’s diary. 3. Pecherin indulges in passion with the wild Bella. 4. The author is trying to guide readers into a slightly different direction. 6. As MK has written more than once, the current pyramid of Russian power is tailored to Putin. 7. Guest worker Ira Filippova, who came from Ukraine to work concert numbers in one of the many St. Petersburg tents. 8. Apparently at these speeds, matter will cease to be itself and disintegrate. 9. It was also surprising that the multi-colored threads with which the image was embroidered had not faded or lost their strength for more than five centuries. 10. In the language of actors, “number” meant the ability to sing, act, tell, improvise, imitate someone. 11. In Novosibirsk State Technical University The People's Faculty has been operating since 2002.

Exercise 6. Determine which subsystem of the language is represented in the texts and by what linguistic means.

1) - And they will. Look, how are the Basques... Suddenly God will give them wealth. That's a lot! Evo! - says Jigsaw, pointing his hand at the large house.

Perhaps. Are we going to live together?

Otherwise, we’ll call Matryona.

I would like to ask...

Pila became sad. Now it seemed to him that he had no relatives at all, except for Sysoika, and the guys disappeared. It's a pity!

At the market he bought three loaves of bread and a liver. Sysoiko was carrying bread. I drank liver. They again approached the bishop's fence.

Let’s go there,” said Sysoiko.

AND! Gee, that's where everyone is going.

And there are the barge haulers.

They won’t let us in, they’ll put us in prison.

However, they entered the fence, climbed onto the porch and wanted to enter the church. They were driven out again... They went to the barges.

Move! devils!.. - the pilot shouted at them.

The barge was already sailing. Pila, Sysoika and three other barge haulers were put on shitik.

Are the guys here? Peel asked the pilot on the barge.

Wait for your guys!

Why did you leave them?

Yes, they stayed in the church, they didn’t find it... What a disaster!

Paulie, this is the first time they've been staring there!

(Reshetnikov F.M. Between people)

2. The morning that day was sunny, brilliant, but cool - the relative proximity of the South Pole made itself felt. A fresh wind was blowing, and snow-white cirrus clouds rushed across the sky, presenting graceful fantastic patterns. Swaying smoothly, our clipper flew with the full wind under the topsails into one reef, under the foresail and mainsail, running away from a passing wave.

Shutikov stood on the main-channel, secured with a hemp belt, and learned to throw a boat, having recently replaced another sailor. Proshka was also close to him. He was cleaning the weapon and stopped from time to time, admiring Shutikov, how he, having made many circles of the lot-line (the rope on which the lot is attached), deftly throws it back, like a lasso, and then, when the rope stretches out, again with quick, deft movements selects her..

Suddenly a desperate cry was heard from the quarterdeck:

Man overboard!

(Stanyukovich K.M. Man overboard)

3. What a warm spell,” Aunt Dunya remarked when I came home with lake water in two buckets, “the “netniks” don’t like the big sun, except for “joke”, and round dance girls in the water.” I already knew that “netchiks” are absent, absentees, but the presence of “netchiks” constantly has to be reckoned with: these are various kinds of undead, evil spirits, benevolently playful or insidious, harmful. (Akhmadulina B. Despair. Diary)

4. An exhausted young man, who looked to be about seventeen years old, in patent leather boots, a Hungarian jacket with a tourniquet and a new cap on the back of his head, knocking the bottom of a vodka glass on the table, convincingly proved something to a small, disheveled man:

Listen, you...

So what are you listening to? What are you listening to? We worked together, and half of ourselves...

It’s half and half!.. You’re a backer, I’m a screener, you’re a shoveler, and I’m a tank... There are two red ones in a shovel!..

The tank is walking half a hundred, probably the anchor...

Fail, I went beyond the quad...

Fill it up!

Pra-word! To die!

Where are they?

Lived! Here are the patent leather skates, here is the cap... Not a penny in your pocket!

Look, Oska, what a creep has crawled in!

The drunken young man looked at me, and I heard him whisper:

Aren't you a frog?

You imagine all the Frogs... No! It's just a shaky trick.

(Vl. Gilyarovsky. Moscow and Muscovites)

D/Z: Prepare answers to the questions:

1. What is meant by language codification?

2. What norms are called codified?

3. What is the danger of establishing only rigid, unshakable norms?

4. Give examples of historical variability in norms.

5. What is the main task of speech culture.

1. Tradition and written recording. Language is generally traditional in nature. Each new generation improves the literary language, takes from the speech of older generations those means of expression, which are most consistent with new socio-cultural tasks and conditions of speech communication. This is facilitated by fixation in texts(written, partly oral).

In compositional speech structure texts, the principles of the internal organization of linguistic elements and methods of their use in connection with tasks of this text, depending on the functional purpose style, to which the text belongs.

Traditionality contributes to the formation of known types of tests, known methods organization of speech means of a given literary language.

2. General obligatory norms and their codification.

Within the framework of a literary language, all its units and all functional spheres (book and colloquial speech) are subject to a system of norms.

3. Functioning within the literary language colloquial speeches along with book speech.

The interaction of these two main functional and stylistic spheres of the literary language ensures its socio-cultural purpose: to be means of communication native speakers of the literary language, the main means of expressing national culture.

4. Branched multifunctional style system. The functional-style stratification of the literary language is determined by social need specialize linguistic means, organize them in a special way in order to ensure verbal communication of native speakers of a literary language in each sphere of human activity. Functional varieties of literary language are realized in written and oral form.

6. Literary language is inherent flexible stability. Without it, the exchange of cultural values ​​between generations of speakers of a given language is impossible. The stability of the literary language is ensured by:

1) maintaining stylistic traditions through written texts;

2) by the action of generally binding codified norms, which serve as a reliable regulator of the synchronous existence and development of the literary language.

The stability of the Russian language is also facilitated by its unity, integrity, and the absence of local variants.

Structure literary language

SRLYa consists of two systems, each of which is deeply unique and different from each other. Each of these systems is single, integral, self-sufficient, united by its own laws, but nevertheless they are two subsystems of one system. These two systems are the codified literary language (CLL) and the colloquial language (SL). RL is uncodified; there are no dictionaries, reference books, or textbooks for it. It is acquired only through direct communication between cultural people, because RL is one of the two systems that make up a literary (i.e. cultural) language, therefore its speakers are the same people who speak CFL. The main difference between RY and KLY is the informal relationship between speakers. In RY, the norms are not as strictly regulated as in KL; they allow for a larger number of options.

CODIFICATION OF LANGUAGE

Literary language is a cultural phenomenon that has always been very fragile and vulnerable, they require protection and care. And society consciously cares about the preservation of the language. Conscious care for language is called codification of language. Codification - means ordering, bringing into unity, into a system, a holistic, consistent set (code). In language codification – also bringing into unity, into order, rejection of everything alien to the literary language and acceptance of everything that enriches it.

Codification tools are dictionaries, language reference books, textbooks for high school, scientific linguistic research that sets the norm. This is also an example of people who have an impeccable command of Russian speech (talented writers, scientists, journalists, artists, announcers); works - artistic, scientific, journalistic - that have high social and cultural authority.

Language norm

Language norm- these are the rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means generally accepted in the linguistic practice of educated people , and writing(spelling rules).

The linguistic norm develops historically, determined, on the one hand, by the characteristics of the national language, and on the other, by the development of society and its culture.

The norm is stable for a certain period and at the same time dynamic - changeable over time. Being quite stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of language, which is in constant development. The variation that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.

In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms:

1) orthoepic (pronunciation), related to the sound side of literary speech, its pronunciation;

2) morphological related to the rules of formation of grammatical forms of words;

3) syntactic, related to the rules for the use of phrases and syntactic structures;

4) lexical, related to the rules of word usage, selection and use of the most appropriate lexical units.

The language norm has the following features:

1) sustainability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time;

2) widespread and universally binding compliance with normative rules (regulations) as complementary aspects of “control” of the elements of speech;

4) cultural and aesthetic perception(evaluation) of language and its facts; the norm enshrines all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of humanity;

5) dynamic character(changeability), due to the development of the entire language system, realized in living speech;

6) the possibility of linguistic “pluralism”(coexistence of several options recognized as normative) as a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and mobility, subjective (author) and objective (language), literary and non-literary (vernacular, dialects).

A norm can be imperative, i.e. strictly mandatory, and optional, i.e. not strictly mandatory. Imperative the norm does not allow variation in the expression of a linguistic unit, regulating only one way of expressing it. Violation of this norm is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, errors in declension or conjugation, determining the gender of a word, etc.). Dispositive the norm allows for variation, regulating several ways of expressing a linguistic unit (for example, cottage cheese And cottage cheese etc.).

Normativity, i.e. following the norms of the literary language in the process of communication is rightly considered the basis, the foundation of speech culture.

OPTION OF LITERARY NORM

Being quite stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of language, which is in constant development. The variation that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.

As noted , y the stability of norms is relative, because some of them are slowly but continuously changing under the influence colloquial speech. Changes in language entail the emergence options some norms. This means that the same grammatical meaning, the same human thought can be expressed differently.

The norm fluctuates and changes as a result of interaction different styles, interaction between systems of language and vernacular, literary language and dialects, interaction between new and old.

These vibrations create variant norms. Mass prevalence variant, its regular use and interaction with similar examples of literary language gradually turns the variant into the norm. There are three main degrees of the “norm-variant” relationship:

1) the norm is mandatory, but the option is prohibited;

2) the norm is mandatory, and the option is acceptable, although not desirable;

3) the norm and the option are equal.

Variation in the use of the same linguistic unit is often a reflection of the transitional stage from an outdated norm to a new one. Variants, modifications or variations of a given linguistic unit can coexist with its main type.

There are equal and unequal versions of literary norms. In case of inequality of options, the main one is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech. A variant whose use is limited to any one style is recognized as secondary, non-main.

According to the linguistic types of units, the following options are distinguished:

1) pronunciation (bakery-buloshnaya), otherwise-otherwise;

2) inflectional (tractors-tractors, in on the shop floor, hectare-hectares);

3) word-forming (cutting-cutting, stuffing-stuffing);

4) syntactic (ride the tram - ride the tram, wait for the plane - wait for the plane;

5) lexical (import-import, export-export, movie-film).

Norma, being general language, requires an active attitude. The outstanding philologist L.V. Shcherba regards variations and deviations from the norm as the highest criterion in assessing the culture of speech: “When a person’s sense of the norm is cultivated, then he begins to feel all the charm of justified deviations from it.”

Therefore, in order to deviate from the norm, you need to know it, you need to understand why acceptable retreat, for example:

people on horseback instead of horses.

The process of fixing a norm, i.e., introducing certain rules for the use of linguistic means into dictionaries and reference books, is called codification. The language system has a level structure, depending on the level of the language, different types of norms and, accordingly, types of dictionaries are distinguished: norms of pronunciation and stress are recorded in spelling and accentological dictionaries, norms of word usage - in explanatory and phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, etc. ., morphological and syntactic norms - in special reference books and grammars.

Let's name some dictionaries and reference books that have authority in society:

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., (1972).

2. Gorbachevich K. S. Word variation and language norm. M., (1978).

3. Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Experience of a frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants. M., (1976).

Criteria for codifying a norm

It should also be noted that codification is a long, labor-intensive process, which in the modern economic situation becomes even more complex, so dictionaries often do not have time to reflect changes in the modern language system and some cases that require clarification remain without interpretation by specialists (for example, in modern dictionaries the actively used word trunking was not included, the meaning of which we have to determine ourselves, relying on the media).

Letting you replace the intuitive representations of language with fixed ones

Creating conditions for teaching

Integrity of language, based on norms

Communication aspect speech culture: main categories of the science of speech influence.

The culture of speech is also realized in the communicative aspect, as a person must be able to communicate competently, influence other people both in written and oral form and achieve set goals.

Communic aspect:

The rule for constructing an influential text (features of verbal communication)

Rules of nonverbal communication (gestures, facial expressions, appearance)

Types of audience, for example speech influence on a cat

Conjugates with functional stylistics, the cat is another section of stylistics

Rules and principles of conflict-free communication (ethical aspect of speech)

Communication laws

Verbal communication requirements:

Brevity (10 min, adherence to regulations)

Logicality of the text (firstly, secondly)

Compliance with speech norms

Expressiveness of speech (use of tropes and figures)

Clarity of the main idea

Simplicity of presentation (adapted to the audience)

The center of the scientific term of speech influence is the term “communicat position”. Communicative position is the degree of influence of the interlocutors in the communication process. Absolute positions are those that cannot be changed, subject to social conditions (age, gender, social status), relative ones can be strengthened, weakened and protected.

Ways to non-verbally strengthen a position (non-verbal communication)

Audience - divide it into 3 sectors, pretend that it is covered

One-on-one - not in the eyes, on the forehead or eye, do not do locks (closed poses), show wrists

Strengthens the position by reducing space, barriers weaken communication

Hugo Grice is one of the main theorists of communication theory, explaining the basic laws logically. The principle of cooperation - any communication, consciously or unconsciously - is the principle of mutual benefit and mutual assistance of interlocutors.

Gricean Maxims (for effective communication):

Completeness of information (as much as needed for the purpose)

Maximum of information quality (reliability: you can’t lie, you can’t give unverified information)

Maximum of relevance (stay on topic)

Maxima-manner (to express oneself clearly)

The communicative aspect of speech culture: communicative laws.

Communication laws change over time. They are nationally specific. They are irregular (there are situations when they are not observed). The key law is the law of mirror development of communication: interlocutors in the process of communication repeat topics, gestures, facial expressions and other features of non-verbal communication to each other.

The law of dependence of the result of communication on the expended communicative efforts (the more you invest in communication, the greater the result)

The law of progressive impatience of listeners (the attention of listeners fades, time in people’s eyes increases); It is worth distracting from the topic, leaving the most interesting things for when the listeners are tired.

The law of the decline in audience intelligence as its number increases

The law of attraction of criticism (usually people who stand out cause criticism) - the other side - black PR in show business

The law of primary rejection of a new idea