GAS SUPPLY FOR BOILER INSTALLATIONS

Natural gas is supplied to consumers from the production site through gas pipelines. Gas pipelines from main gas pipelines and gas distribution stations (GDS) to consumers are divided into distribution inlets and in-plant gas pipelines, including gas pipelines to boiler plants. Gas distribution pipelines serve to supply gas to the inlets of individual enterprises or groups of buildings. Inlets are gas pipelines connecting gas distribution pipelines with gas pipelines located on the territory of enterprises and boiler plants.
Based on gas pressure, gas pipelines are divided into gas pipelines low pressure- up to 0.005 MPa; average pressure - from 0.005 to 0.3 MPa; high pressure- from 0.3 to 1.2 MPa.
Purified from mechanical impurities, odorized and reduced to a pressure of 0.6-1.2 MPa, gas from the gas distribution system is sent through gas distribution pipelines to local gas control points (GRP) or gas control units (GRU) of enterprises or boiler plants, in which the gas pressure is reduced and maintained constant in the range from 0.005 to 0.3 MPa.
To device gas networks requirements are regulated by the Safety Rules in the Gas Industry.
Overhead gas pipelines can be laid along the outer walls of buildings and along separate columns, subject to compliance with the rules fire safety. The hydraulic fracturing unit or gas distribution unit must be located close to the main gas consumer. To reduce noise from gas reduction, hydraulic fracturing and gas distribution units are usually located in separate room. The hydraulic fracturing and gas control room is equipped with ventilation, heating and lighting devices. Lighting must be explosion-proof. The temperature in the GRP and GRU rooms should not be lower than +5°C.
In Fig. Figure 27.3 shows a diagram of a hydraulic fracturing station located in a separate room. Bandwidth Hydraulic fracturing is determined by the performance of pressure regulators. A safety guard is installed at the hydraulic fracturing stop valve, pressure regulator, hair filter, diaphragms for measuring gas flow, measuring instruments, shut-off valves gas pipelines. In Fig. 27.4 shows a diagram of gas pipelines natural gas within the boiler room.

Rve. 27.3. Gas control point diagram:
1, 6, 8 - gate valves; 2- filter for cleaning; 3 - flow meter diaphragm; 4- safety shut-off valve; 5 - pressure regulator; 7 - valve

Gas pipelines to boilers are laid in the form of dead-end branches from the main line. To quickly stop the gas supply on a gas pipeline, an electrically driven shut-off device is used. Gas pipelines are equipped with a candle that removes gas when the gas pipelines are purged into the atmosphere.
In cases where blast furnace and coke oven gas are used for boilers, the gas supply system is not fundamentally different from that described above. For boiler installations of industrial enterprises that receive purified blast furnace or coke oven gas from a common plant gas pipeline, an individual hydraulic fracturing unit must be provided in which throttling and maintaining a constant gas pressure are carried out.

The test “Gas pipelines and gas boiler room equipment” is used to test the knowledge of gas boiler room operators. Triggering of PSK and SZK in technological scheme GRP (GRU) is not acceptable. Check yours urgently professional competence and demand in the labor market.

KNOWLEDGE TEST QUESTIONS

1. Select correct option answer from those proposed. The end of purging the gas pipeline with gas is determined by:

a) purge time, which must be specified in the production instructions;

c) purging time and oxygen content in the gas, which should not exceed 1%;

d) the mood of the person responsible for the safe operation of the boiler.

2. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. The safety relief valve (PSV) in the technological scheme of the hydraulic fracturing (GRU) is installed on the line:

a) bypass; b) working; c) main.

3. Choose the most correct answer option from those proposed. Gas control point GRP (GRU) is designed for:

a) reducing the gas inlet pressure to a given output (working) pressure;

b) gas flow measurements;

c) to reduce the gas inlet pressure to a given output (working) pressure and maintain it constant regardless of changes in inlet pressure and gas consumption;

d) control of inlet and outlet pressure and gas temperature, as well as for its purification.

4. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. The diameter of the safety pipeline is:

a) not less than 25 mm; b) any; c) not less than 20 mm.

5. Choose the correct answer from the options provided. A gas pipeline with a gas pressure of 200 mbar is a gas pipeline:

a) low pressure; b) average pressure; c) high pressure.

6. Choose the correct answer from those given. Ventilation of the firebox is carried out in order to exclude:

a) torch separation; b) the torch slips into the burner; c) the possibility of an explosion.

TEST QUESTIONS TO ASSESS ABILITIES AND SKILLS

7. Name it. The main elements of the boiler room gas supply scheme are as follows:

Schematic diagram of the boiler room gas supply

1 –; 2 –; 3 –; 4 –; 5 –; 6 –; 7 –; 8 –; 9 –.

8. Name it. The main elements of the boiler gas supply scheme are as follows:

Schematic diagram of the boiler gas supply

1 –; 2 –; 3 –; 4 –; 5 –; 6 –; 7 –; 8 –; 9 –; 10 –; 11 –; 12 –.

TEST QUESTIONS TO ASSESS READINESS TO ACT

9. Set the correct sequence. The procedure for testing the shut-off device (SD) in front of the burner and on the boiler purge plug for the boiler gas supply circuit diagram is as follows:

	a) close the locking device on the lower side	1st
	b) open the shut-off valve
	c) if the gas pressure does not drop, then assume that the shut-off devices in front of the burner and on the purge plug are gas-tight
	d) record the pressure on the pressure gauge in front of the burner
	e) open the locking device on the lower side
	f) close the tap on the purge gas pipeline

10. Match. The main elements of the gas control point diagram are as follows:

Schematic diagram of a gas control point

	a) purge gas pipeline
	b) gate valve at the inlet
	c) pressure gauge
	d) bypass line
	e) impulse line SCP
	e) valve on the bypass line
	g) pressure regulator
	h) gate valve at the outlet
	i) flow meter
	j) safety relief valve (PSV)
	l) safety shut-off valve (SCV)
	m) filter

Dear friend! You will find the answers to this test in the Set of test tasks for the boiler room operator or in the Boiler Room Operator Training Manual. These information materials are paid. It is advisable to have them in your personal library. Questions and recommendations can be left at. See you in touch!

Best regards, Grigory Volodin

PREFACE

“Gas is safe only with technically competent operation

gas boiler room equipment.

The operator's training manual provides basic information about a hot water boiler house operating on gaseous (liquid) fuel, and examines the schematic diagrams of boiler houses and heat supply systems industrial facilities. The manual also includes:

• basic information from heat engineering, hydraulics, aerodynamics is presented;
• provides information about energy fuels and the organization of their combustion;
• issues of water preparation for hot water boilers and heating networks are covered;
• the design of hot water boilers and auxiliary equipment of gasified boiler houses was considered;
• Gas supply diagrams for boiler houses are presented;
• a description of a number of control and measuring instruments and automatic control and safety automation circuits is given;
• great attention is paid to the operation of boiler units and auxiliary equipment;
• issues on preventing accidents of boilers and auxiliary equipment, providing first aid to victims of an accident were considered;
• provides basic information on organizing the efficient use of heat energy resources.

This operator’s training manual is intended for retraining, training in related professions and advanced training of gas boiler house operators, and can also be useful: for students and students in the specialty “Heat and Gas Supply” and operational dispatch personnel when organizing a dispatch service for the operation of automated boiler houses. To a greater extent, the material is presented for hot water boiler houses with a capacity of up to 5 Gcal with gas-tube boilers of the “Turboterm” type.

Preface	2
Introduction	5
CHAPTER 1. Schematic diagrams of boiler houses and heat supply systems	8
1.3. Methods for connecting consumers to the heating network 1.4. Temperature chart quality regulation heating load 1.5. Piezometric graph
CHAPTER 2. Basic information from thermal engineering, hydraulics and aerodynamics	18
2.1. The concept of coolant and its parameters 2.2. Water, water vapor and their properties 2.3. The main methods of heat transfer: radiation, thermal conductivity, convection. Heat transfer coefficient, factors influencing it
CHAPTER 3. Properties energy fuel and its combustion	24
3.1. general characteristics energy fuel 3.2. Combustion of gaseous and liquid (diesel) fuels 3.3. Gas burner devices 3.4. Conditions for stable operation of burners 3.5. Requirements of the “Rules for Device and safe operation steam and hot water boilers" to burner devices
CHAPTER 4. Water treatment and water chemical regimes of the boiler unit and heating networks	39
4.1. Quality standards for nutritional, replenishing and network water 4.2. Physico-chemical characteristics of natural water 4.3. Corrosion of boiler heating surfaces 4.4. Water treatment methods and schemes 4.5. Deaeration of softened water 4.6. Complex-metric (trilometric) method for determining water hardness 4.7. Malfunctions in the operation of water treatment equipment and methods for eliminating them 4.8. Graphic interpretation of the sodium cationization process
CHAPTER 5. Construction of steam and hot water boilers. Auxiliary equipment boiler room	49
5.1. Design and principle of operation of steam and hot water boilers 5.2. Steel water-heating fire-tube-smoke boilers for burning gaseous fuels 5.3. Air supply and combustion product removal schemes 5.4. Boiler valves (shut-off, control, safety) 5.5. Auxiliary equipment for steam and hot water boilers 5.6. Set of steam and hot water boilers 5.7. Internal and external cleaning of heating surfaces of steam and hot water boilers, water economizers 5.8. Instrumentation and boiler safety automation
CHAPTER 6. Gas pipelines and gas equipment of boiler houses	69
6.1. Classification of gas pipelines by purpose and pressure 6.2. Gas supply schemes for boiler houses 6.3. Gas control points of hydraulic fracturing (GRU), purpose and main elements 6.4. Operation of gas control points of gas fracturing stations (GRU) of boiler houses 6.5. Requirements of the “Safety Rules in the Gas Industry”
CHAPTER 7. Boiler room automation	85
7.1. Automatic measurements and control 7.2. Automatic (technological) alarm 7.3. Automatic control 7.4. Automatic regulation hot water boilers 7.5. Automatic protection 7.6. Control kit KSU-1-G
CHAPTER 8. Operation of boiler plants	103
8.1. Operator work organization 8.2. Operational diagram of pipelines of a transportable boiler house 8.3. Operating schedule for a Turbotherm type hot water boiler equipped with a Weishaupt type burner 8.4. Operating instructions for a transportable boiler room (TC) with “Turboterm” type boilers 8.5. Requirement of the “Rules for the design and safe operation of steam and hot water boilers”
CHAPTER 9. Accidents in boiler rooms. Actions of personnel to prevent boiler accidents	124
9.1. General provisions. Causes of accidents in boiler rooms 9.2. Operator action in emergency situations 9.3. Gas hazardous work. Work according to the permit and approved instructions 9.4. Fire safety requirement 9.5. Individual protection means 9.6.Providing first aid to victims of an accident
CHAPTER 10. Organization of efficient use of heat and power resources	140
10.1. Heat balance and boiler efficiency. Boiler operating map 10.2. Fuel consumption rationing 10.3. Determination of the cost of generated (supplied) heat
Bibliography	144

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INTRODUCTION

Modern boiler technology of small and medium productivity is developing in the following directions:

• increasing energy efficiency by comprehensively reducing heat losses and making the most of the energy potential of fuel;
• reducing the size of the boiler unit due to intensification of the fuel combustion process and heat exchange in the firebox and heating surfaces;
• reduction of harmful toxic emissions (CO, NOx, SOv);
• increasing the reliability of the boiler unit.

New combustion technology is implemented, for example, in boilers with pulsating combustion. The combustion chamber of such a boiler is sound system with a high degree of flue gas turbulization. IN combustion chamber Boilers with pulsating combustion do not have burners, and therefore no torch. The supply of gas and air is carried out intermittently at a frequency of approximately 50 times per second through special pulsating valves, and the combustion process occurs throughout the entire combustion volume. When fuel is burned in the furnace, the pressure increases, the rate of combustion products increases, which leads to a significant intensification of the heat exchange process, the possibility of reducing the size and weight of the boiler, and the absence of the need for bulky and expensive chimneys. The operation of such boilers is characterized by low CO and N0 x emissions. Coefficient useful action There are 96 such boilers %.

A vacuum water heating boiler from the Japanese company Takuma is a sealed container filled with a certain amount of well-purified water. The boiler firebox is a fire tube located below the liquid level. Above the water level in the steam space, two heat exchangers are installed, one of which is included in the heating circuit, and the other operates in the hot water supply system. Thanks to a small vacuum automatically maintained inside the boiler, the water boils in it at a temperature below 100 o C. Having evaporated, it condenses on the heat exchangers and then flows back. Purified water is not discharged anywhere from the unit, and it is not difficult to provide the required amount. Thus, the problem of chemical preparation of boiler water, the quality of which is an indispensable condition for reliable and long-term operation of the boiler unit, was eliminated.

Heating boilers from the American company Teledyne Laars are water-tube installations with a horizontal heat exchanger made of finned copper pipes. A feature of such boilers, called hydronic, is the ability to use them with untreated network water. These boilers provide high speed water flow through the heat exchanger (more than 2 m/s). Thus, if water causes corrosion of equipment, the resulting particles will be deposited anywhere but in the boiler heat exchanger. If you use hard water, fast flow will reduce or prevent scale formation. The need for high speed led the developers to the decision to minimize the volume of the water part of the boiler. Otherwise, you need a circulation pump that is too powerful, consuming a large number of electricity. Lately on Russian market products of a large number of foreign companies and joint foreign and Russian enterprises appeared, developing a wide variety of boiler equipment.

Fig.1. Water heating boiler of the Unitat brand of the international company LOOS

1 – burner; 2 – door; 3 – peeping contest; 4 – thermal insulation; 5 – gas-pipe heating surface; 6 – hatch into the water space of the boiler; 7- flame tube (furnace); 8 – pipe for supplying water to the boiler; 9 – outlet pipe hot water; 10 – exhaust gas duct; 11 – viewing window; 12 – drainage pipeline; 13 – support frame

Modern hot water and steam boilers of low and medium power are often made with fire tube or fire gas tube. These boilers are different high efficiency, low emissions of toxic gases, compactness, high degree of automation, ease of operation and reliability. In Fig. Figure 1 shows a combined fire-gas-tube water-heating boiler of the Unimat brand of the international company LOOS. The boiler has a firebox made in the form of a flame tube 7, washed from the sides with water. At the front end of the flame tube there is a hinged door 2 with two-layer thermal insulation 4. A burner 1 is installed in the door. Combustion products from the flame tube enter the convective gas-tube surface 5, in which they make a two-pass movement, and then leave the boiler through the gas duct 10. Water is supplied to the boiler through pipe 8, and hot water is discharged through pipe 9. The outer surfaces of the boiler have thermal insulation 4. To observe the torch, a peephole is installed in the door 3. Inspection of the condition of the outer part of the gas-tube surface can be done through hatch 6, and the end part of the body - through inspection window 11. A drainage pipeline 12 is provided to drain water from the boiler. The boiler is installed on a support frame 13.

In order to assess the efficient use of energy resources and reduce consumer costs for fuel and energy supply, the Law “On Energy Saving” provides for energy surveys. Based on the results of these surveys, measures are being developed to improve the heat and power facilities of the enterprise. These activities are as follows:

• replacement of thermal power equipment (boilers) with more modern ones;
• hydraulic calculation of the heating network;
• adjustment of hydraulic modes of heat consumption facilities;
• regulation of heat consumption;
• elimination of defects in enclosing structures and introduction of energy-efficient structures;
• retraining, advanced training and financial incentives for personnel for the effective use of fuel and energy resources.

For enterprises that have their own heat sources, the training of qualified boiler room operators is necessary. Persons who are trained, certified and have a certificate for the right to service boilers may be allowed to service boilers. This operator's training manual is precisely used to solve these problems.

CHAPTER 1. PRINCIPAL DIAGRAMS OF BOILERS AND HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS

1.1. Fundamental thermal diagram hot water boiler house running on gas fuel

In Fig. Figure 1.1 shows a schematic thermal diagram of a hot water boiler house operating on a closed hot water supply system. The main advantage of this scheme is the relatively low productivity of the water treatment plant and make-up pumps, the disadvantage is the increased cost of equipment for hot water supply subscriber units (the need to install heat exchangers, in which heat is transferred from network water to water used for hot water supply). Hot water boilers They operate reliably only when maintaining a constant flow of water passing through them within specified limits, regardless of fluctuations in the consumer’s heat load. Therefore, the thermal circuits of hot water boiler houses provide for regulation of the supply of thermal energy to the network according to quality graphics, i.e. by changing the temperature of the water leaving the boiler.

To ensure the calculated water temperature at the entrance to the heating network, the scheme provides for the possibility of mixing the required amount of return network water (G per) to the water leaving the boilers through the bypass line. To eliminate low-temperature corrosion of the tail heating surfaces of the boiler to the return network water at its temperature of less than 60 ° C when operating on natural gas and less than 70-90 ° C when operating on low- and high-sulfur fuel oil, hot water leaving the boiler is mixed using a recirculation pump to return network water.

Figure 1.1. Schematic thermal diagram of the boiler room. Single-circuit, dependent with recirculation pumps

1 – hot water boiler; 2-5 - network, recirculation, raw and make-up water pumps; 6- make-up water tank; 7, 8 – heaters of raw and chemically purified water; 9, 11 – make-up water and vapor coolers; 10 – deaerator; 12 – installation chemical cleaning water.

Fig.1.2. Schematic thermal diagram of the boiler room. Double-circuit, dependent with hydraulic adapter

1 – hot water boiler; 2-boiler circulation pump; 3- network heating pump; 4- network ventilation pump; 5-DHW pump of the internal circuit; 6- DHW circulation pump; 7-water-water DHW heater; 8-dirt filter; 9-reagent water treatment; 10-hydraulic adapter; 11-membrane tank.

1.2. Schematic diagrams of heating networks. Open and closed heating network

Water heating systems are divided into closed and open. IN closed systems The water circulating in the heating network is used only as a coolant, but is not taken from the network. IN open systems ah, the water circulating in the heating network is used as a coolant and is partially or completely taken from the network for hot water supply and technological purposes.

The main advantages and disadvantages of closed water heating systems:

• stable quality of hot water supplied to subscriber installations, not different from the quality tap water;
• ease of sanitary control of local hot water supply installations and control of the density of the heating system;

• complexity of equipment and operation of hot water supply user inputs;
• corrosion of local hot water supply installations due to the entry of non-deaerated tap water into them;
• scale formation in water-water heaters and pipelines of local hot water supply installations during tap water with increased carbonate (temporary) hardness (Fc ≥ 5 mEq/kg);
• With a certain quality of tap water, in closed heating systems it is necessary to take measures to increase the anti-corrosion resistance of local hot water supply installations or to install special devices at customer inputs for deoxygenation or stabilization of tap water and for protection against contamination.

The main advantages and disadvantages of open water heating systems:

• the possibility of using low-potential (at temperatures below 30-40 o C) industrial thermal resources for hot water supply;
• simplifying and reducing the cost of subscriber inputs and increasing the durability of local hot water supply installations;
• the possibility of using single-pipe lines for transit heat;

• increasing complexity and cost of station equipment due to the need to construct water treatment plants and make-up devices designed to compensate for water costs for hot water supply;
• water treatment must ensure clarification, softening, deaeration and bacteriological treatment of water;
• instability of the water supplied to the water supply, according to sanitary indicators;
• complication of sanitary control over the heat supply system;
• complication of control of the tightness of the heat supply system.

1.3. Temperature graph of high-quality heating load regulation

There are four methods for regulating the heating load: qualitative, quantitative, qualitative-quantitative and intermittent (bypass). Qualitative regulation consists of regulating heat supply by changing the temperature of hot water while maintaining a constant quantity (flow) of water; quantitative - in the regulation of heat supply by changing the water flow rate at a constant temperature at the inlet adjustable installation; qualitative-quantitative - in regulating heat supply by simultaneously changing water flow and temperature; intermittent, or, as it is commonly called, regulation by passes - in the regulation of heat supply by periodically disconnecting heating installations from the heating network. Temperature graph for high-quality regulation of heat supply for heating systems equipped with convective-radiative heating devices and connected to the heating network via elevator scheme, is calculated based on the formulas:

T 3 = t vn.r + 0.5 (T 3p – T 2p) * (t vn.r – t n)/ (t vn.r – t n.r)+ 0.5 * (T 3p + T 2p -2 * t vn.p) * [ (t vn.r – t n)/ (t vn.r – t n.r)] 0.8 . T 2 = T 3 -(T 3p – T 2p) * (t int.r – t n)/ (t int.r – t n.r). Т 1 = (1+ u) * Т 3 – u * Т 2

where T 1 is the temperature of the network water in the supply line (hot water), o C; T 2 – temperature of water entering the heating network from the heating system (return water), o C; T 3 – temperature of water entering heating system, o C; t n – outside air temperature, o C; t in – internal air temperature, o C; u – mixing coefficient; the same designations with the index “p” refer to the design conditions. For heating systems equipped with convective-radiative heating devices and connected directly to the heating network, without an elevator, u = 0 and T 3 = T 1 should be taken. The temperature graph of qualitative regulation of heat load for the city of Tomsk is shown in Fig. 1.3.

Regardless of the adopted central control method, the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network must not be lower than the level determined by the hot water supply conditions: for closed heating systems - not lower than 70 o C, for open heating systems - not lower than 60 o C. Water temperature in the supply pipeline on the graph looks like a broken line. At low temperatures tn< t н.и (где t н.и – outside temperature, corresponding to the break in the temperature graph) T 1 is determined according to the laws of the accepted method of central regulation. When t n > t n.i, the water temperature in the supply pipeline is constant (T 1 = T 1i = const), and heating installations can be regulated either quantitatively or intermittently (local skips). The number of hours of daily operation of heating installations (systems) at this range of outside air temperatures is determined by the formula:

n = 24 * (t vn.r – t n) / (t vn.r – t n.i)

Example: Determining temperatures T 1 and T 2 to construct a temperature graph

T 1 = T 3 = 20 + 0.5 (95- 70) * (20 – (-11) / (20 – (-40) + 0.5 (95+ 70 -2 * 20) * [(20 – (-11) / (20 – (-40)] 0.8 = 63.1 o C. T 2 = 63.1 – (95-70) * (95-70) * (20 – (-11) = 49.7 o C

Example: Determining the number of hours of daily operation of heating installations (systems) at the outside air temperature range t n > t n.i. The outside air temperature is t n = -5 o C. In this case, the heating installation should operate daily

n = 24 * (20 – (-5) / (20 – (-11) = 19.4 hours/day.

1.4. Piezometric graph of a heating network

Pressures at various points of the heating supply system are determined using water pressure graphs (piezometric graphs), which take into account the mutual influence of various factors:

• geodetic profile of the heating main;
• network pressure losses;
• height of the heat consumption system, etc.

The hydraulic operating modes of the heating network are divided into dynamic (when the coolant circulates) and static (when the coolant is at rest). In static mode, the pressure in the system is set 5 m above the highest water position in it and is depicted by a horizontal line. Line static head one for supply and return pipelines. The pressures in both pipelines are equalized, since the pipelines are connected using heat consumption systems and mixing jumpers in elevator units. The pressure lines in dynamic mode for the supply and return pipelines are different. The slopes of the pressure lines are always directed along the flow of the coolant and characterize the pressure losses in the pipelines, determined for each section according to hydraulic calculation heating network pipelines. The position of the piezometric graph is selected based on the following conditions:

• the pressure at any point in the return line should not be higher than the permissible operating pressure in the local systems. (no more than 6 kgf/cm 2);
• the pressure in the return pipeline should ensure that the upper appliances of local heating systems are flooded;
• the pressure in the return line, in order to avoid the formation of a vacuum, should not be lower than 5-10 m.w.c.;
• suction side pressure network pump should not be lower than 5 m.water column;
• the pressure at any point in the supply pipeline must be higher than the boiling pressure at the maximum (design) temperature of the coolant;
• the available pressure at the end point of the network must be equal to or greater than the calculated pressure loss at the subscriber input for the calculated coolant flow.

In most cases, when moving the piezometer up or down, it is not possible to install such hydraulic mode, in which all connected local heating systems could be connected according to the simplest dependent scheme. In this case, you should focus on installing at the consumer inputs, first of all, pressure regulators, pumps on the jumper, on the return or supply input lines, or choose connection according to independent scheme with the installation of heating water-water heaters (boilers) at consumers. The piezometric graph of the heating network operation is shown in Fig. 1.4 CHECK QUESTIONS AND TASKS:

1. Name the main measures to improve the thermal power system. What are you doing in this direction?
2. List the main elements of the heat supply system. Define open and closed heating networks, name the advantages and disadvantages of these networks.
3. Write down on a separate sheet the main equipment of your boiler room and its characteristics.
4. What kind of heating networks do you know by design? What temperature schedule does your heating network follow?
5. For what purpose does it serve temperature graph? How is the break point of a temperature graph determined?
6. For what purpose does it serve piezometric graph? What role do elevators, if you have them, play in thermal units?
7. On a separate sheet, list the operating features of each element of the heat supply system (boiler, heating network, heat consumer). Always take these features into account in your work! Tutorial operator, together with a set of test tasks, should become a reference book for an operator who respects his work.

A set of educational and methodological materials for the Boiler House Operator costs 760 RUR.He tested in training centers when training boiler room operators, the reviews are the best, both from students and teachers of Special Technologies. BUY

Gas supply to boiler plants is carried out by supplying natural gas to consumers from the production site through main gas pipelines. Gas pipelines from main gas pipelines and gas distribution stations (GDS) to consumers are divided into distribution inlets and in-plant gas pipelines, including gas pipelines to boiler plants. Gas distribution pipelines serve to supply gas to the inlets of individual enterprises or groups of buildings. Inlets are gas pipelines connecting gas distribution pipelines with gas pipelines located on the territory of enterprises and boiler plants.

Based on gas pressure, gas pipelines are divided into low pressure gas pipelines - up to 0.005 MPa; medium pressure - from 0.005 to 0.3 MPa; high pressure - from 0.3 to 1.2 MPa.

Purified from mechanical impurities, odorized and reduced to a pressure of 0.6-1.2 MPa, gas from the gas distribution system is sent through gas distribution pipelines to local gas control points (GRP) or gas control units (GRU) of enterprises or boiler plants, in which the gas pressure is reduced and maintained constant in the range from 0.005 to 0.3 MPa. The installation of gas networks is subject to requirements regulated by the Safety Rules in the gas industry.

Gas supply to boiler plants is mainly represented by above-ground gas pipelines. They can be laid on the external walls of buildings and on free-standing columns, subject to fire safety regulations. The hydraulic fracturing unit or gas distribution unit must be located close to the main gas consumer. To reduce noise from gas reduction, hydraulic fracturing and gas distribution units are usually located in a separate room. The hydraulic fracturing and gas control room is equipped with ventilation, heating and lighting devices. Lighting must be explosion-proof. The temperature in the GRP and GRU rooms should not be lower than +5°C.

In Fig. Figure 27.3 shows a diagram of a hydraulic fracturing station located in a separate room. The throughput capacity of hydraulic fracturing is determined by the performance of pressure regulators. A safety shut-off valve, a pressure regulator, a hair filter, diaphragms for measuring gas flow, measuring instruments, and shut-off valves for gas pipelines are installed at the hydraulic fracturing unit.

In Fig. Figure 27.4 shows the gas supply of boiler plants. Gas pipelines to boilers are laid in the form of dead-end branches from the main line. To quickly stop the gas supply on a gas pipeline, an electrically driven shut-off device is used. Gas pipelines are equipped with a candle that removes gas when the gas pipelines are purged into the atmosphere.

In cases where blast furnace and coke gas are used for boilers, the gas supply system for boiler plants is not fundamentally different from that described above. For boiler installations of industrial enterprises that receive purified blast furnace or coke oven gas from a common plant gas pipeline, an individual hydraulic fracturing unit must be provided in which throttling and maintaining a constant gas pressure are carried out.

Page 1

Gas supply to boiler houses equipped with special gas boilers, is carried out according to the same circuit diagrams, which are given for boiler houses being converted from solid and liquid fuels to gaseous ones.

Gas supply to boiler houses should, as a rule, be made from group tank units with artificial evaporation of the liquid phase. Installations with natural evaporation of liquid can be used as a rare exception for boiler houses with low heat load. The placement of installations must comply with the instructions given in paragraph 4 of Chapter I.

If the gas supply to a boiler room or workshop is from a city gas pipeline, then a meter is installed at the inlet to record gas flow, which must have valves or taps at the inlet and outlet and a bypass gas pipeline to operate when the meter fails. Valves or taps on the gas bypass pipeline are closed and sealed during normal operation. When supplied with gas from medium or high pressure city gas pipelines, the meter is located after the GRU. In cases where an enterprise has a general point for measuring gas consumption, workshops and boiler rooms often install additional meters or other devices to measure gas consumption for a given workshop, boiler room or unit.

The gas supply project for the boiler room at the stage of working drawings must be agreed upon with the technical department of Gorgaz and registered with the local inspection of the Gosgortekhnadzor of the RSFSR. Project approval is valid for 18 months. If work on the installation of gas equipment has not begun within this period, then the project is subject to re-approval and registration. After commissioning, the facility is subject to constant supervision by the local body of Gosgortekhnadzor.

The source of gas supply to the boiler room for production commissioning works Mobile liquefied gas tank trucks of various capacities can serve. Connection to the fitting (with a shut-off device) at the high-pressure vapor phase input into the GRU (evaporation compartment) from the vapor phase fitting of the tank truck is carried out using rubber-fabric hoses (according to GOST 8318 - 57) type B (petrol-resistant) for a working pressure of 15 kg / cm2 , previously tested to double operating pressure.

The gas supply system of the boiler room must be made in accordance with the Safety Rules in the gas sector of the USSR State Technical Supervision Committee and the SNiP of the USSR State Construction Committee. The gas supply system of an industrial boiler house consists of in-plant gas pipelines, a gas control point (GRP) or gas control unit (GRU), an in-shop gas pipeline and gas pipelines within a steam generator or hot water boiler.

The gas supply project for the boiler room at the stage of working drawings must be agreed upon with the technical department of Gorgaz and registered with the local inspection of the Gosgortekhnadzor of the RSFSR. Project approval is valid for 18 months. If during this period work on the installation of gas equipment has not begun, the project is subject to re-approval and registration. After commissioning, the local body of Gosgortekhnadzor establishes constant supervision over the facility.

When designing the gas supply to boiler houses, the question must be resolved from which networks - low or medium (high) pressure - they will be supplied with gas.

In addition, to supply gas to boiler houses, the necessary pipelines are installed, shut-off, control and safety valves and instrumentation are installed.

Part installation work for gas supply of boiler houses: installations includes: processing of documentation and drawing up a work schedule; complete set of equipment and materials; preparing the facility for installation; assembly and installation gas equipment: testing, adjustment and commissioning gas system boiler room This entire range of work is carried out by specialized organizations with trained personnel. The task of the customer’s representative and regulatory authorities is to supervise the performance and quality of work, coordinate and resolve issues that arise during construction.

The thermostat 6 is thus a regulator of the boiler room gas supply mode in the range between two gas pressure limit values. It is configured according to heating schedule by changing the compression of the safety bellows PS, due to which the movement of the valve associated with the working bellows PC changes. The internal cavities of the bellows, thermal cylinders and impulse tubes (capillaries) are filled with kerosene, the specific volume of which depends on temperature.

The choice of the boiler room gas pipeline system is made by the design organization when developing a gas supply project for the boiler room or the entire enterprise. When choosing a gas pipeline system, the following factors are taken into account: the number of boiler units, the power of each unit, the number of standard sizes of boilers, the calculated heating capacity of the entire boiler room, the seasonality of the boiler room, the gas pressure at the inlet to the boiler room and in front of the burners, the number and type gas burners, the presence of automatic regulation and safety, the location of the gas control point and the gas flow measurement point, as well as the location of the boiler room in the complex of other premises of the enterprise.

During installation work, significant deviations from safety rules and the existing gas supply project for the boiler room are sometimes allowed. If deviations in any component are discovered after the work has been completed, then the equipment cannot be accepted for operation.

On the territory of the production zone it is allowed to place a closed railside warehouse for cylinders, on the territory of the auxiliary zone - a service for operating the gas industry and an evaporation plant intended for gas supply to the boiler room.