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This led to the need to install throttle washers on all boiler coils, similar to what was done in boilers with multiple forced circulation, as well as the use of intermediate collectors installed on individual sections of heating surfaces. The installation of throttle washers, changing the hydraulic resistance of the turns (see Chapter XVI), makes it possible, by selecting the appropriate sections for the passage of water, to ensure equalization of its flow rates across individual turns.

Throttle washers can be installed on the supply or return heat pipes or on both heat pipes. When installing throttle washers at the inlet of the heating system, they should be installed: on the supply pipeline - with significant pressure in it, on the return pipeline - with insignificant pressure in it in order to create backwater in the heating system. It is not recommended to install throttle washers with a diameter of less than 2-5 mm.

After a five-minute purge, valves 2, bis and 5 are closed and the pressure in the supercharger housing begins to rise to the pressure in the manifold. Thanks to the installation of a throttle washer with a diameter of 20 mm after tap 4, the pressure smoothly equalizes within 3 minutes. In this case, it is necessary to monitor the operation and temperature of the supercharger and the turbine speed.

This is achieved by increasing the resistance of the economizer section, for which it increases almost proportionally to the square of the flow rate. The resistance is increased by installing throttle washers at the inlet of each steam-forming pipe or by reducing the diameter of the economizer pipes, obtaining a stepped coil.

The individual branches are then calculated. Equalization is carried out by installing throttle washers or a piece of pipe of a smaller diameter.

Circulation circuits are made from both horizontal and vertical pipes with upward and downward movements, and individual circuits may be of unequal length. However, their resistance by installing throttle washers of appropriate diameters is selected so that it corresponds to the heat perception of the circuit.

Acting as throttle washers, the latter make the hydrodynamic characteristics stable. In this case, there is no need to install throttle washers. To reduce the thermal spread, the internal diameter of the evaporator pipes is chosen to be relatively large (50 mm), which makes it possible to design screens with a small tape width.

The boilers of the new series are designed for operating conditions at an initial gas temperature of up to 650 C. Uniform circulation of water between parallel coils is achieved by installing equalizing throttle washers with a diameter of 8 mm. If necessary, boiler factories manufacture additional pre-connected evaporation sections, and in this case waste heat boilers, when working together with evaporative cooling, can be used at an initial gas temperature of up to 850 C. The operation of the pre-connected sections has been tested on boilers of the KU-80 and KUU-80 types and has shown quite satisfactory results.

The obtained critical dimensions of the throttle washers are comparable with the experimental data available in the literature. Based on materials from L.K. Ramzin, we find that for SPPN-200/35, when installing dm8 mm throttle washers, the oscillations did not stop, but at c.

For boilers with a pressure of more than 0 8 MPa (8 kgf / cm2), at least two shut-off devices, or one shut-off and one regulating, must be installed on each blow-off, drainage pipeline, as well as water (steam) sampling pipeline. For boilers with a pressure of more than 10 MPa (100 kgf/cm2), the installation of throttle washers is also allowed on these pipelines. To purify the superheater chambers, it is allowed to install one shut-off valve. The nominal diameter of the purge pipelines and the fittings installed on them must be no less. MPa (140 kgf/cm2) and not less than 10 mm for boilers with a pressure of 14 MPa (140 kgf/cm2) or more.

For boilers with a pressure of more than 0 8 MPa (8 kgf / cm2), at least two shut-off devices, or one shut-off and one regulating, must be installed on each blow-off, drainage pipeline, as well as water (steam) sampling pipeline. For boilers with a pressure of more than 10 MPa (100 kgf/cm2), the installation of throttle washers is also allowed on these pipelines. To purify the superheater chambers, it is allowed to install one shut-off valve. The nominal diameter of the purge pipelines and the fittings installed on them must be at least 20 mm for boilers with a pressure of up to 14 MPa (140 kgf/cm2) and at least 10 mm for boilers with a pressure of 14 MPa (140 kgf/cm2) or more.

A device that is a disk with a hole inserted into a pipe to locally increase hydraulic resistance to the flow of liquid, steam or gas. Applicable in steam boilers, heat exchangers and other devices for equalizing flow through parallel-connected pipes, as well as for eliminating pressure pulsations in pipeline systems of piston compressors and pumps, etc. With special processing of the edge, it can be used as a measuring diaphragm.

see also

Notes

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See what “Throttle washer” is in other dictionaries:

throttle washer- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Topics of energy in general EN throttle orificeorifice plug ...

throttle washer at the entrance to the pipe- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Topics of energy in general EN entrance orifice ... Technical Translator's Guide

adjusting throttle washer- - [Ya.N.Luginsky, M.S.Fezi Zhilinskaya, Yu.S.Kabirov. English-Russian dictionary of electrical engineering and power engineering, Moscow, 1999] Topics of electrical engineering, basic concepts EN control orifice ... Technical Translator's Guide

throttle [flow] washer- throttle [flow meter] diaphragm - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general Synonyms throttle [flow meter] diaphragm EN orifice gageorifice gauge ... Technical Translator's Guide

A disk with a hole inserted into the pipe to locally increase hydraulic power. resistance to the flow of liquid, steam or gas. It is used in steam boilers, heat exchangers and other devices to equalize flow along parallel pipes, and... ... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

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In every part of the Russian Federation there is a need to heat a dacha in winter. Everyone knows that heat sources always increase in price. It is impossible to imagine the existence of someone living in Russian Federation without heating the cottage. Every resident wants to figure out how to improve the heating complex of their dacha. This web portal presents many different home heating systems that use completely unique principles for generating heat. It is recommended to install the listed heat production complexes independently or in combination.

Calculation of throttling washers - Coursework, section Construction, Heating and ventilation of a residential building Calculation of throttling washers. After the Hydraulic Calculation is Performed.

Calculation of throttling washers. After performing the hydraulic calculation, the risers and half rings are linked.

We link the half rings 5.4 If it is impossible to link the pressure losses, we provide for the installation of throttle washer diaphragms according to formula 5.6. Examples of drawing up a design diagram for the heating system pipeline of the 1st floor plan at elevation. 0.000 typical floor plan at elevation. 3,000 of the basement plan at elevation-2,200 are given in Appendices E, G, I, K. 45 Table 5.2 - Statement of hydraulic calculation of the heating system account. Q, W G, kg h l, m mm R, Pa V, m s Rl, Pa.m Z, Pa. P, Pa P, Pa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 13 14 1 St.2 2 St.3 3 45 6 Selection of equipment thermal unit The main purpose of the TP thermal unit when centralized heating group central heating station, individual - ITP, local MTP is the transformation of the coolant parameters of the heating pressure network. Pa, and temperature. C to the parameters required for heating systems t1. Heating systems of buildings should be connected to heating networks - directly when the hydraulic and temperature conditions heating network and local system - through the elevator, if it is necessary to reduce the water temperature in the heating system and the available pressure in front of the elevator is sufficient for its operation - through mixing pumps, if it is necessary to reduce the water temperature in the heating system and the available pressure is insufficient for the operation of the elevator, as well as when implementation automatic regulation systems. 6.1 Substation of the heating system with dependent connection, with a water-jet elevator and per-facade regulation The heating substation with per-facade regulation ensures adjustment thermal regime heating of the building facade depending on the deviation of the room air temperature, changes in the outside air temperature, the amount of solar radiation on the outer wall and the influence of infiltration.

Due to regulation, they increase comfortable conditions in heated rooms and provides a reduction in heat consumption for heating from 4 to 15. Regulation of heat transfer heating devices on facades A and D is produced by changing the amount of coolant.

What is the temperature controller type RTK-2216-DP used for? having a resistance sensor.

Internal temperature sensors are placed on each facade and installed on the first tvn, C, and on the upper tvv, C, floors on the inner wall at a height of 1.5 m from the floor. Outdoor air temperature sensors tн, С, on each facade are installed at a height of at least 2 m from the ground with a protective casing from solar radiation.

Sensors tvn and tvv regulate the deficit or excess of heat and give a command to the temperature controllers at each phase. In this case, the passage opens or closes and, accordingly, the coolant flow is redistributed depending on the heat demand of both facades. The total coolant flow at the inlet remains constant, which ensures the hydraulic and thermal stability of the heating system and heating networks.

For façade regulation, depending on the connection diagram, a pump or a pump can be used as a mixing device. water jet elevator.

The main equipment of the heating unit is Appendix L. water-jet elevator. heat meter. sump. hand pump. input fittings. drain fittings. air outlet fittings. control and measuring instruments. 6.2

Source: http://allrefs.net/c43/1pjb2/p11/

Hydraulic calculation of steam pipelines is carried out using the specific friction loss method [see. formulas (4.8) and (4.9)] or the reduced length method [formulas (4.11), (4.12) and (4.13)].

Auxiliary tables for hydraulic calculation of steam pipelines using the method of specific friction losses are similar in structure to the table in Appendix IX. Table for calculating steam pipelines low pressure is given in Appendix XVII, and the pg values ​​are given in Appendix XVIII.

The values ​​of local resistance coefficients are taken according to Appendices V and VI.

The pressure loss in local resistances is approximately assumed to be 35% of total losses(see table 4.2).

To overcome resistances not taken into account by the calculation, a margin of 10% of the design pressure is left.

Pressure linkage in interconnected parts of the system is carried out taking into account pressure losses only for those areas that are not common to these parts. The difference in pressure loss in interconnected areas should not exceed 25%.

The steam pressure in the boiler for low-pressure steam heating systems depends on the length I of the steam line from the boiler to the most distant riser and is taken as follows:

If it is impossible to balance pressure losses in interconnected parts of the system, throttling washers are used, installation options for which are shown in Fig. 11.6. If necessary, install one washer on the riser for all heating devices of a given riser or on branches to the devices, if the difference in pressure loss between the devices of the riser in question exceeds 300 Pa.

The diameter of the throttling washer (mm) is determined by the formula

Solution. We select the calculated direction according to the areas with a higher load along the path to the heating device furthest from the boiler and designate them with numbers from / to 7. Data on the loads (kW) on the areas and their lengths are entered into the calculation form, where we also note the local resistances available on areas.

Based on the value of Rud = 65 Pa/m, we determine the diameter of the steam pipelines, the speed of steam movement and the actual values ​​of R from the loads of the sections in Appendix XVII. The values ​​of the local resistance coefficients are taken according to Appendices V and VI, and the values ​​of rd - according to Appendix XVIII. We summarize the calculation data in table. 11.2.

As a result of the calculation, a pressure loss in the calculated direction of 3384 Pa was obtained. Taking into account the required pressure in front of the device and a 10% margin for unaccounted losses, the steam pressure in the boiler should be

The remaining sections of the heating system branch under consideration are calculated in a similar way.

The diameters of the condensate lines shown in Fig. 11.7, selected in accordance with the data in Appendix XIX.

The same calculation method is used for open-loop low-pressure steam heating systems.

The selection of the required heating area of ​​heating devices with the coolant “saturated steam” is determined by density heat flow per 1 ecm according to the formula

The number of elements is determined similarly for other devices.