Field Marshals of Russia. Portraits of the highest officials of the Russian Empire. Field Marshals during the reign of Peter III

Boris Petrovich's youth as a representative of the noble nobility was no different from his peers: at the age of 13, he was granted a position as a steward, accompanied Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on trips to monasteries and villages near Moscow, and stood with a bell at the throne at ceremonial receptions. The position of steward ensured closeness to the throne and opened up broad prospects for promotion in ranks and positions. In 1679, Sheremetev began military service. He was appointed comrade voivode in the Great Regiment, and two years later - voivode of one of the ranks. In 1682, with the accession to the throne of Tsars Ivan and Peter Alekseevich, Sheremetev was granted a boyar status.

In 1686, the embassy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth arrived in Moscow to conclude a peace treaty. Boyar Sheremetev was also among the four members of the Russian embassy. Under the terms of the agreement, Kyiv, Smolensk, Left Bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye and Seversk land with Chernigov and Starodub were finally assigned to Russia. The treaty also served as the basis for the Russian-Polish alliance in the Northern War. As a reward for the successful conclusion of the “Eternal Peace”, Boris Petrovich was awarded a silver cup, a satin caftan and 4 thousand rubles. In the summer of the same year, Sheremetev went with the Russian embassy to Poland to ratify the treaty, and then to Vienna to conclude a military alliance against the Turks. However, the Austrian Emperor Leopold I decided not to burden himself with allied obligations; the negotiations did not lead to the desired results.

After his return, Boris Petrovich is appointed governor of Belgorod. In 1688, he took part in the Crimean campaign of Prince V.V. Golitsyn. However, the future field marshal's first combat experience was unsuccessful. In the battles in the Black and Green Valleys, the detachment under his command was crushed by the Tatars.

In the struggle for power between Peter and Sophia, Sheremetev took Peter's side, but for many years he was not called to court, remaining the Belgorod governor. In the first Azov campaign of 1695, he participated in a theater of military operations remote from Azov, commanding troops that were supposed to divert Turkey's attention from the main direction of the Russian offensive. Peter I instructed Sheremetev to form a 120,000-strong army, which was supposed to go to the lower reaches of the Dnieper and fetter the actions of the Crimean Tatars. In the first year of the war, after a long siege, four fortified fortifications surrendered to Sheremetev. Turkish cities(including Kizy-Kermen on the Dnieper). However, he did not reach Crimea and returned with troops to Ukraine, although almost the entire Tatar army was near Azov at that time. With the end of the Azov campaigns in 1696, Sheremetev returned to Belgorod.

In 1697, the Great Embassy headed by Peter I went to Europe. Sheremetev was also part of the embassy. From the king he received messages to Emperor Leopold I, Pope Innocent XII, the Doge of Venice and the Grand Master of the Order of Malta. The purpose of the visits was to conclude an anti-Turkish alliance, but it was not successful. At the same time, Boris Petrovich was given high honors. So, the Master of the Order placed the Maltese Commander's Cross on him, thereby accepting him as a knight. In the history of Russia, this was the first time a foreign order was awarded to a Russian.

By the end of the 17th century. Sweden achieved significant power. The Western powers, rightly fearing her aggressive aspirations, willingly entered into an alliance against her. In addition to Russia, the anti-Swedish alliance included Denmark and Saxony. This balance of power meant a sharp turn in Russian foreign policy - instead of a struggle for access to the Black Sea, there was a struggle for the Baltic coast and for the return of lands seized by Sweden at the beginning of the 17th century. In the summer of 1699, the Northern Alliance was concluded in Moscow.

The main theater of military operations was to be Ingria (the coast of the Gulf of Finland). The primary task was to capture the Narva fortress (Old Russian Rugodev) and the entire course of the Narova River. Boris Petrovich is entrusted with the formation of regiments of the noble militia. In September 1700, with a 6,000-strong detachment of noble cavalry, Sheremetev reached Wesenberg, but without engaging in battle, he retreated to the main Russian forces near Narva. The Swedish king Charles XII with a 30,000-strong army approached the fortress in November. On November 19, the Swedes launched an offensive. Their attack was unexpected for the Russians. At the very beginning of the battle, foreigners who were in Russian service went over to the enemy’s side. Only the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments stubbornly held out for several hours. Sheremetev's cavalry was crushed by the Swedes. In the battle of Narva, the Russian army lost up to 6 thousand people and 145 guns. Swedes' losses amounted to 2 thousand people.

After this battle, Charles XII directed all his efforts against Saxony, considering it his main enemy (Denmark was withdrawn from the war at the beginning of 1700). The corps of General V.A. was left in the Baltic states. Schlippenbach, who was entrusted with the defense of the border regions, as well as the capture of Gdov, Pechory, and in the future Pskov and Novgorod. The Swedish king had a low opinion of the combat effectiveness of the Russian regiments and did not consider it necessary to hold them against them. a large number of troops.

In June 1701, Boris Petrovich was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian troops in the Baltic states. The king ordered him, without getting involved in major battles, to send cavalry detachments to areas occupied by the enemy in order to destroy the food and fodder of the Swedes, and to train the troops to fight a trained enemy. In November 1701, a campaign to Livonia was announced. And already in December, troops under the command of Sheremetev won their first victory over the Swedes at Erestfera. Against Schlippenbach's 7,000-strong detachment, 10,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry with 16 guns acted. Initially, the battle was not entirely successful for the Russians, since only dragoons took part in it. Finding themselves without the support of infantry and artillery, which did not arrive in time to the battlefield, the dragoon regiments were scattered by enemy grapeshot. However, the approaching infantry and artillery dramatically changed the course of the battle. After a 5-hour battle, the Swedes began to flee. In the hands of the Russians there were 150 prisoners, 16 guns, as well as provisions and fodder. Assessing the significance of this victory, the tsar wrote: “We have reached the point where we can defeat the Swedes; so far we have fought two against one, but soon we will begin to defeat them with equal numbers.”

For this victory, Sheremetev was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called with a gold chain and diamonds and was elevated to the rank of Field Marshal. In June 1702, he defeated the main forces of Schlippenbach at Hummelshof. As at Erestfer, the Swedish cavalry, unable to withstand the pressure, fled, disrupting the ranks of its own infantry, dooming it to destruction. The field marshal’s success is again noted by Peter: “We are extremely grateful for your efforts.” In the same year, the fortresses of Marienburg and Noteburg (Old Russian Oreshek) were taken, and the next year Nyenschanz, Yamburg and others were taken. Livonia and Ingria were completely in the hands of the Russians. In Estland, Wesenberg was taken by storm, and then (in 1704) Dorpat. The Tsar deservedly recognized Boris Petrovich as the first winner of the Swedes.

In the summer of 1705, an uprising broke out in the south of Russia, in Astrakhan, led by Streltsy, who were mostly sent there after Streltsy riots in Moscow and other cities. Sheremetev is sent to suppress the uprising. In March 1706, his troops approached the city. After the bombing of Astrakhan, the archers surrendered. “For which your labor,” the king wrote, “the Lord God will pay you, and we will not leave you.” Sheremetev was the first in Russia to be awarded the title of count, received 2,400 households and 7 thousand rubles.

At the end of 1706, Boris Petrovich again took command of the troops operating against the Swedes. The tactics of the Russians, who were expecting a Swedish invasion, boiled down to the following: without accepting a general battle, retreat deep into Russia, acting on the flanks and behind the enemy’s rear. By this time, Charles XII had managed to deprive Augustus II of the Polish crown and place it on his protege Stanislav Leszczynski, as well as force Augustus to break allied relations with Russia. In December 1707, Charles left Saxony. The Russian army of up to 60 thousand people, the command of which the tsar entrusted to Sheremetev, was retreating to the east.

From the beginning of April 1709, the attention of Charles XII was focused on Poltava. The capture of this fortress made it possible to stabilize communications with the Crimea and Poland, where significant Swedish forces were located. And besides, the king would have a road from the south to Moscow. The Tsar ordered Boris Petrovich to move to Poltava to unite with A.D.’s troops located there. Menshikov and thereby deprive the Swedes of the opportunity to defeat the Russian troops piecemeal. At the end of May, Sheremetev arrived near Poltava and immediately assumed the duties of commander-in-chief. But during the battle he was commander-in-chief only formally, while the king led all actions. While touring the troops before the battle, Peter turned to Sheremetev: “Mr. Field Marshal! I entrust you with my army and I hope that in commanding it you will act in accordance with the instructions given to you...”. Sheremetev did not take an active part in the battle, but the tsar was pleased with the actions of the field marshal: Boris Petrovich was first on the award list of senior officers.

In July, he, at the head of infantry and a small detachment of cavalry, was sent by the tsar to the Baltic states. The immediate task is to capture Riga, under whose walls the troops arrived in October. The Tsar instructed Sheremetev to take Riga not by storm, but by siege, believing that victory would be achieved at the cost of minimal losses. But the raging plague epidemic claimed the lives of almost 10 thousand Russian soldiers. Nevertheless, the bombing of the city did not stop. The capitulation of Riga was signed on July 4, 1710.

In December 1710, Turkey declared war on Russia, and Peter ordered the troops located in the Baltic states to move south. A poorly prepared campaign, a lack of food and inconsistency in the actions of the Russian command put the army in a difficult situation. Russian regiments were surrounded in the area of the river. Prut many times outnumbered the Turkish-Tatar troops. However, the Turks did not impose a general battle on the Russians, and on July 12 a peace was signed, according to which Azov was returned to Turkey. As a guarantee of fulfillment of Russia's obligations, Chancellor P.P. remained hostage to the Turks. Shafirov and son B.P. Sheremeteva Mikhail.

Upon returning from the Prut campaign, Boris Petrovich commanded troops in Ukraine and Poland. In 1714, the Tsar sent Sheremetev to Pomerania. Gradually, the tsar began to lose confidence in the field marshal, suspecting him of sympathy for Tsarevich Alexei. 127 people signed the death sentence for Peter’s son. Sheremetev's signature was missing.

In December 1716 he was relieved of command of the army. The field marshal asked the king to give him a position more suitable for his age. Peter wanted to appoint him governor-general of the lands in Estland, Livonia and Ingria. But the appointment did not take place: on February 17, 1719, Boris Petrovich died.

Author - Bo4kaMeda. This is a quote from this post

Brought up in battles, in the midst of harsh weather | Portraits of field marshals of the Russian army
Russian Army
You are immortal forever, O Russian giants,
Trained in battle in the midst of harsh weather!
A. S. Pushkin, “Memories in Tsarskoe Selo”
“In their gigantic thousand-year work, the creators of Russia relied on three great pillars - the spiritual power of the Orthodox Church, the creative genius of the Russian People and the valor of the Russian Army.”
Anton Antonovich Kersnovsky

His Serene Highness Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1850

In combat and combat, the soldier wins, but it is known that a mass of even perfectly trained fighters is worth little if it does not have a worthy commander. Russia, having shown the world an amazing type of ordinary soldier, whose fighting and moral qualities have become a legend, has also given birth to many first-class military leaders. The battles carried out by Alexander Menshikov and Pyotr Lassi, Pyotr Saltykov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Ivan Paskevich and Joseph Gurko, entered the annals of military art, they were studied and are being studied in military academies around the world.
Field Marshal - the highest military rank in Russia from 1700 to 1917. (The Generalissimo was outside the system of officer ranks. Therefore, the highest military rank was actually field marshal general.) According to the “Table of Ranks” of Peter I, this is an army rank of the first class, corresponding to admiral general in the navy, chancellor and actual privy councilor of the first class in the civilian service. In the military regulations, Peter retained the rank of generalissimo, but he himself did not assign it to anyone, since “this rank only belongs to crowned heads and great sovereign princes, and especially to the one whose army is. In his non-existence, he gives command over the entire army to his field marshal general.”

His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (the same one whose wife Pushkin molested). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1856

His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1929

Count Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky (a native of Prussia in Russian service). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1729.

His Serene Highness Prince Peter Christianovich Wittgenstein (Ludwig Adolf Peter zu Sein-Wittgenstein). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1826

Prince Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1814

1812 - His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov of Smolensk. Promoted to field marshal general 4 days after the battle of Borodino.

Count Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin. A courtier and a very mediocre commander, whom Catherine II favored for his zeal in enthroning her. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1797.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov.

Count Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev - Field Marshal General of the Fleet (this strange rank, awarded in 1796, was invented for him by Paul I in order not to give the rank of admiral general). He was more of a courtier than a military man.

Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

Prince Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1794. Five years later, in 1799, he received the title of generalissimo.

His Serene Highness Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1784

Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1773

Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev.

Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1770

Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1769

Count Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky, the last hetman of the Zaporozhye Army from 1750 to 1764. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1764

Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin. In 1744-1758 - State Chancellor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762.

Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin.

Duke Peter August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck. Quite a “career” general in Russian service. Governor-General of St. Petersburg from 1761 to 1762. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762

Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (Mosaic portrait, workshop of M.V. Lomonosov). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761

Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov

Count Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761

Stepan Fedorovich Apraksin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Count Alexey Grigorievich Razumovsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Count Alexander Borisovich Buturlin. Better known as the Moscow mayor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Pyotr Petrovich Lassi. An Irishman in Russian service. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1736.

Pyotr Petrovich Lassi.

Count Burchard Christopher Minich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1732.

Count Burchard Christopher Minich.

Prince Ivan Yuryevich Trubetskoy. The last boyar in Russian history. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1728.

History of public administration in Russia Vasily Ivanovich Shchepetev

Generalissimos and Field Marshals of Russia

No.. Title – Full Name – Year of awarding the title

Generalissimos

1. Prince - Alexander Danilovich Menshikov - 1727

2. Prince – Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Luneburg – 1740

3. Prince - Alexander Vasilyevich of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky - 1799

Field Marshals

1. Count – Fedor Alekseevich Golovin – 1700

2. Duke – Karl Eugene de Croix – 1700

3. Count – Boris Petrovich Sheremetev – 1701

4. Prince – Alexander Danilovich Menshikov – 1709

5. Prince - Anikita Ivanovich Repnin - 1724

6. Prince - Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn - 1725

7. Count – Jan Sapieha – 1726

8. Count – Yakov Vilimovich Bruce – 1726

9. Prince – Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgoruky – 1728

10. Prince - Ivan Yuryevich Trubetskoy - 1728

11. Count – Burchard Christopher Minich – 1732

12. Count – Pyotr Petrovich Lassi – 1736

13. Prince – Louis Wilhelm of Hesse-Homburg – 1742

14. Count – Kirill Grigorievich Razumovsky – 1750

15. Prince - Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy - 1756

16. Count – Alexander Borisovich Buturlin – 1756

17. Count – Alexey Grigorievich Razumovsky – 1756

18. Stepan Fedorovich Apraksin – 1756

19. Count – Pyotr Semenovich Saltykov – 1759

20. Count – Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov – 1761

21. Count – Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov – 1761

22. Prince – Peter August Friedrich of Holstein-Beck – 1762

23. Duke – Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Schleswig – 1762

24. Count – Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin – 1762

25. Prince - Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn - 1769

26. Count – Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky – 1770

27. Count – Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev – 1773

28. Landgrave – Ludwig IX of Hesse-Darmstadt – 1773

29. Duke – Karl Ludwig of Holstein-Beck – 1773

30. Prince - Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky - 1784

31. Prince - Alexander Vasilyevich of Italy, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky - 1794

32. Prince - Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov - 1796

33. Prince - Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin - 1796

34. Count – Ivan Grigorievich Chernyshev – 1796

35. Count – Ivan Petrovich Saltykov – 1796

36. Count – Ivan Karpovich Elmt – 1797

37. Count – Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin – 1797

38. Count – Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky – 1797

39. Duke - Victor Francis de Broglie - 1797

40. Prince - Alexander Alexandrovich Prozorovsky - 1807

41. Count – Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich – 1807

42. Prince - Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov Smolensky - 1812

43. Prince - Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly - 1814

44. Duke - Arthur Wellesley Wellington - 1818

45. Prince – Peter Christianovich Wittgenstein – 1826

46. Prince – Fabian Wilhelmovich Osten-Sacken – 1826

47. Count – Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky – 1829

48. Prince – Ivan Fedorovich Warsaw, Count Paskevich-Erivan – 1829

49. Count – Radetz Joseph von Radetzky – 1836

50. Prince - Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky - 1843

51. Prince - Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov - 1855

52. Prince - Alexander Ivanovich Baryatinsky - 1859

53. Archduke – Albrecht of Austria – 1863

54. Count – Fedor Fedorovich Berg – 1865

55. Count – Helmut Karl Bernhard von Moltke – 1871

56. Crown Prince of Germany – Friedrich Wilhelm – 1872

57. Grand Duke - Nikolai Nikolaevich Sr. - 1878

58. Grand Duke - Mikhail Nikolaevich - 1878

59. King of Montenegro – Nicholas I – 1878

60. Joseph Vladimirovich Gurko – 1894

61. Count – Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutin – 1898

62. King of Romania – Charles! – 1912

Field Marshal Lieutenant General

1. Baron - Georg Venedikt Ogilvie - 1702

2. Goltz – 1707

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3. Development of public administration in Rus' in the XIV–XV centuries.
The beginning of the unification of Rus' under the rule of the Moscow princes
Review questions
Chapter IV Public administration Russia at the end of the XV-XVI centuries.
1. Prerequisites for the creation of centralized government:
Local government
City government
Church administration
Creation of a unified legal and judicial system
Attributes of statehood
3. Public administration in Russia in the 16th century.
Social structure of the Moscow state in the 16th century.
Elena Glinskaya and boyar rule
Reign of Ivan IV the Terrible
Boyar Duma
Orders
Zemsky Sobor
Local government
Military Administration
Relations between state and church
Development of legislation
4. Concepts for the development of centralized public administration in Russia in the 15th–16th centuries.
Review questions
Chapter V State administration of Russia in the 17th century.
Boyar Duma
Zemsky Sobors
Orders
Local government
Public administration of Russia during the Time of Troubles
Zemsky Sobor 1613
The significance of the Council Code of 1649 for public administration
Church governance and schism in Russian Orthodox Church
The influence of changes in public administration on social relations in the 17th century.
Changes in title and rituals of authority
Review questions
1. Public administration in Russia in the first half of the 18th century. Peter I
Supreme authorities and management
Changes in the judicial system
Local government reform
City government reform
The influence of public administration on public relations under Peter I
2. Public administration in Russia in the second quarter of the 18th century.
Causes of palace coups. Power struggle
The growth of the privileges of the nobility and the strengthening of serfdom
Society and power under Catherine II. The policy of "enlightened absolutism"
Central government reform
“Establishment of the provinces of the Russian Empire” (regional reform of 1775)
Noble self-government
City government
Development of the legislative system
4. Management in the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th century.
Paul I. Changes in public administration
State and Church
Results of the transformations of the 18th century.
Review questions
Chapter VII Public administration of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century.
1. Russian society in the first half of the 19th century.
State Council
Senate
Ministries
Synod
3. Public administration of the Russian Empire under Nicholas I
Russian bureaucracy under Nicholas I
Local and provincial government
Police Department
Estate institutions. Financial and administrative bodies
Peasant management
Strengthening the nobility
Censorship and control over education
Decembrist ideas about government
Codification of laws and reform of the judicial system
Administration of annexed territories
Review questions
Peasant reform
Public Administration Reform
Zemstvo (1864) and city (1870) reforms
Judicial reform of 1864
Reform of the army and military administration
Education reform
Financial reforms
Peasant governing bodies
Results of reforms
2. State administration of Russia during the reign of Alexander III
Urban counter-reform
Education Policy
Relation to the nobility
Managing the country's economy
Changes in zemstvo administration
Trends in legal development
Review questions
1. Public administration under Nicholas II
Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
Changes in the management of the Russian economy. S. Yu. Witte
Public administration
The formation of a multi-party system in Russia and the idea of government
I State Duma
II State Duma
Third June Monarchy. III State Duma
IV State Duma
The significance of the Stolypin agrarian reform (1906–1910) for public administration
Changes in government during the First World War
2. Public administration of Russia during the revolutions of 1917
Formation of new authorities. The emergence of dual power in Russia
Public administration of Russia after the February Revolution
Changes in the government system
Review questions
1. Creation of the Soviet state. Formation and development of Soviet public administration
II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Creation of a new government apparatus
constituent Assembly
III (unification) Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies
The first transformations of Soviet power
State and Church
The formation of a one-party system in Russia
The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 is the first Constitution of the Soviet state. Creation of the State Administration Apparatus
The system of government bodies during the Civil War
State governance during the period of the policy of “war communism”
Creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
The formation of the Soviet judicial system
Emergency bodies of state power
Creation of the Soviet police
2. The system of government of the Soviet state in 1920–1941.
Public administration during the NEP period
Formation of the regime of Stalin's personal power
Education USSR
Constitution of the USSR 1924 Formation of government bodies
Changes in public administration during the period of the abolition of NEP
Public administration during the period of collectivization and industrialization of the country
Military command reform
Changes in the judicial system 1922–1926
Reorganization of emergency bodies of state power (VChK-GPU-OGPU) and police
Development of the legal system
Soviet totalitarian regime in the 30s. XX century
Changes in public administration since the 1936 Constitution
Reform of military construction and management
Reforming the management of the courts, the prosecutor's office and state security
Features of the reorganization of the management of emergency authorities (1941–1945)
(1941–1945)
1. Crisis of power and the first attempt to reform the totalitarian state mechanism of the USSR (1945 - early 60s of the XX century)
Supreme authorities
Public Administration Reforms
Reform of command and control of the armed forces
Features of the development of state security bodies
Post-war development of Soviet legislation
2. Russian public administration in the mid-60s - the first half of the 80s. XX century
Personalization of power and the social structure of Soviet society
Constitution of the USSR 1977 Changes in public administration
Reform of command and control of the armed forces
Codification of legislation
3. Yu. V. Andropov. Attempts to reform public administration. K. U. Chernenko
Review questions
Crisis of public administration. Collapse of the USSR and creation of the CIS
Foreign Policy Directorate 1985–1991
2. Russian public administration at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century.
Judicial power in Russia
Constitution of Russia 1993 Approval of institutions of state power
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Public administration in the Russian state
Grand Dukes, Tsars, Emperors, Premiers, General Secretaries, Presidents
The main political parties in Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries.
Russia and the West in the 19th – early 20th centuries.
Population of the Russian state
Territory of the Russian Empire
Government bodies authorities. State and political figures of the 20th century.
Governing bodies and leaders of the Soviet state (October 1917 – December 1991)
Continuity of Russian statehood
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Generalissimos and Field Marshals of Russia
Capitals and residences of Russia
Church authority Primates of the Russian Church
Literature

Field Marshal General (German) Feldmarschall ) - in the Russian army the second most senior (after generalissimo) military rank (according to old terminology - military rank).

Borrowed from Europe, it was introduced by Peter the Great in 1699 instead of the existing position of the Chief Governor of the Big Regiment (the Army was called the Big Regiment at that time). The Military Charter of 1716 stated: “Field Marshal General or Anchief is the commanding chief general in the army. His order and command should be respected by everyone, since the entire army and the real intention were handed over to him from their sovereign.”

For more than 200 years (from the date of its establishment until its abolition in 1917 old system ranks and ranks) there were 63 field marshals in Russia, including two lieutenant general field marshals.

B. P. Sheremetyev (1701), A. D. Menshikov (1709), P. S. Saltykov (1759), P. A. Rumyantsev (1770), A. V. Suvorov (1759), M. I. Golenishchev -Kutuzov (1812), M. B. Barclay de Tolly (1814), I. I. Dibich (1829), I. F. Paskevich (1929), M. S. Vorontsov (1856), A. I. Baryatinsky (1859), Grand Dukes Nikolai Nikolaevich and Mikhail Nikolaevich (1878) received the title for outstanding victories in wars.

Other field marshals were awarded this rank for repeated defeat of the enemy, courage, and also out of respect for the glory they acquired in Europe: , For example : A. I. Repnin (1724), M. M. Golitsyn (1725), Ya. V. Bruce (1726), Minikh (1732), Lassi (1736), A. M. Golitsyn (1769), G. A Potemkin (1784), N.V. Repnin (1796), M.F. Kamensky (1797), A.A. Prozorovsky (1807), I.V. Gudovich (1807), P.H. Wittgenstein (1826) , F.V. Saken (1826), F.F. Berg (1865), I.V. Gurko (1894).

Rank of Field Marshal for long-term military and civil service was assigned: F. A. Golovin (1700), V. V. Dolgoruky (1728), I. Yu. Trubetskoy (1728), N. Yu. Trubetskoy (1756), A. B. Buturlin (1756), S. F. Apraskin (1756), A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1762), Z. G. Chernyshev (1773), N. I. Saltykov (1796), I. K. Elmp (1797), V. P. Musin-Pushkin ( 1797), P. M. Volkonsky (1850), D. A. Milyutin (1898).

It should be noted that A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who had the highest civilian rank of chancellor and was not even listed in the military lists, was elevated to field marshal general by Empress Catherine II, N. Yu. Trubetskoy was known more as a prosecutor general than a commander , and I. G. Chernyshev, who did not serve in the ground forces, was elevated by Pavel the First to the rank of Field Marshal General of the Navy “provided, however, that he is not an admiral general.”

Honorary title of Field Marshal were awarded due to their high birthPrince of Hesse-Gomborg, Duke Karl-Ludwig of Holstein-Beck (only called Russian Field Marshal General, never served in Russian service ), Prince Peter of Holstein-Beck, Duke George-Ludwig of Holstein-Schleswig (uncle of Emperor Peter III), Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (father of Grand Duchess Natalya Alekseevna, first wife of Paul the First), Archduke Albrecht of Austria, Crown Prince of Germany Friedrich Wilhelm.

Some field marshals, who received this title thanks to court connections, were simply darlings of fate. This Y. Sapega (1726), K. G. Razumovsky (1750), A. G. Razumovsky (1756), A. I. and P. I. Shuvalov (1761).

Among the field marshals were also: Duke of Croix , notorious in the battle of Narva (he was in Russian service for only 2.5 months ); Duke of Broglio (renamed Field Marshal General by Paul the First from Marshal of France), like Croix, he remained in Russian service for a very short time. Were not in active Russian service, but foreigners were awarded the rank of Field Marshal in recognition of their European fame and loud military glory – Duke of Wellington, Radetzky and Moltke . Two foreigners – Ogilvius And Goltz - were accepted into the Russian service by Peter the Great as field marshal-lieutenant generals, but with the provision of primacy over full generals.

He bore the rank of Field Marshal King Nicholas the First of Montenegro.

I wonder how many Russian emperors awarded the rank of field marshal general? According to very rough calculations, the following picture emerges:

Peter the Great - 8 times; Catherine the First – 2; Peter the Second – 2; Anna Ioannovna – 3; Elizaveta Petrovna – 8; Peter the Third – 1; Catherine the Second – 7; Pavel the First – 5; Alexander the First – 7; Nicholas the First - 5; Alexander II – 5; Alexander the Third – 1; Nicholas II -2.

Bantysh-Kamensky D. N. “Biographies of Russian generalissimos and field marshals. Reprint. Ed. 1840, M., 1991.

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