There are goals and features of balancing. Hydraulic balancing of the heating system itself is a hydraulic balancing aimed at redistributing heat throughout the entire closed heating system.

Poor operating efficiency heating system often caused by improper distribution of the coolant itself in the system. Hydraulic balancing of the heating system aims to check the installation of balancing valves and the correctness of their installation, to find and eliminate the most basic problems of the heating system.

When the coolant flow is insufficient, the room temperature does not warm up enough, and when the coolant is overused, the air is heated selectively. Modern device heating systems allows you to satisfy the requirements of the most demanding homeowners.

Practice shows that systems do not always work efficiently and flawlessly; for this reason, uncomfortable climatic conditions are created in the premises.

Balancing tasks

The main goal of balancing is redistribution over closed areas, directing heat to places where it is deficient. This procedure is relevant and appropriate in premises of any size, including private houses, country dachas. Reconstructing an old heating system is difficult and expensive, so in such a situation, clients often wonder how to balance the heating system.

This procedure is carried out in accordance with the state energy saving program; as a result of balancing, the consumption of coolants is significantly reduced, and monetary costs for heating are reduced.

Problems with the heating system

There are many problems that arise during the operation of the heating system:

• The presence of air that interferes with or blocks the circulation of coolant through the system. Sometimes customers replace circulation pumps with samples that have greater power.
• Failure of equipment components.
• Clogged filters.

Modern buildings and structures require reconstruction of heating systems, since the hydraulic balancing of heating systems is usually disturbed, which entails an increase in heating costs.

The sooner the heating system is balanced, the faster the heating process of a building or room will normalize.

Problems with the operation of the heating system can only be eliminated with the involvement of specialists, since it is the professionals who will be able to create the correct distribution of heat transfer from the coolant.

How is hydraulic balancing of a heating system performed?

If the system consists of one pipe, then this procedure is simple and quick. In this case, a special device is used; it is the balancing valve in the heating system that allows the heat to be distributed evenly and as rationally as possible.

Balancing involves additional installation balancing valves, which need to be installed in a place where there will be 5 meters of pipe on both sides of them. When the valve is installed after the circulation pump, the distance before and after the valve must be > 10 m.

If this condition will be violated, it will be impossible to make precise adjustments due to the intensity of the vortex flows.

The diameter of the pipeline must also match the size of the balancing valve.

To maximize the effectiveness of balancing, it is recommended to divide it into separate components, which can be autonomous devices or a group of them. A balancing valve is installed at the inlet of individual modules, allowing the operation of each module to be adjusted. This approach will be appropriate if it is necessary to obtain different levels of heat transfer from heating devices in different rooms.

The balancing procedure allows you to consume a minimum of energy and achieve maximum utility. This work should be carried out only by highly qualified specialists.

Which was subject to balancing, saves energy up to 6%, protects environment from large volumes of emissions into the atmosphere carbon dioxide, protects the room from noise and overheating.

In conditions of total economy utilities hydraulic balancing is relevant, in demand and necessary.

Heating systems of almost all configurations require balancing, with the only exception being the Tichelman loop wiring. We'll look at three possible ways carry out balancing, tell you about the advantages, disadvantages and appropriateness of each method, and give practical recommendations.

What is the essence of balancing?

Hydraulic heating systems are rightfully considered the most complex. Their effective operation is possible only if there is a deep understanding of physical processes hidden from visual observation. The joint operation of all devices should ensure that the maximum amount of heat is absorbed by the coolant and distributed evenly across all heating devices of each circuit.

The operating mode of each hydraulic system is based on the relationship of two reverse proportional quantities: hydraulic resistance and throughput. It is they who determine the coolant flow in each node and part of the system, and therefore the amount of thermal energy supplied to the radiators. In general, the calculation of flow rate for each individual radiator reflects a high degree of unevenness: the further the heating device is removed from thermal unit, the higher the influence of the hydrodynamic resistance of pipes and branches; accordingly, the coolant circulates at a lower speed.

The task of balancing a heating system is to ensure that the flow in each part of the system will have approximately the same intensity, even with temporary changes in operating modes. Careful balancing allows us to achieve a state where individual adjustment of the thermostatic heads does not significantly affect other elements of the system. At the same time, the very possibility of balancing should be provided for at the design and installation stage, because to set up the system, both special fittings and technical data for the boiler room equipment are required. In particular, it is mandatory to install shut-off valves, commonly called throttles, on each radiator.

Features of working with different types of wiring

Single-pipe heating systems lend themselves to balancing adjustment most easily. This is all thanks to the fact that the total flow through the radiator and the connecting bypass is always the same and does not depend on the throughput of the installed fittings. Therefore, in systems like “Leningradka” the work is carried out not so much on balancing the flow, but on the equation of the amount of heat released by the coolant in the radiators. Simply put, the main goal of balancing in this case is to ensure that water flows to the most distant radiator at a sufficiently high temperature.

In two-pipe dead-end systems, a slightly different principle applies. Each radiator of the system is a kind of shunt, the hydraulic resistance of which is lower than that of the rest of the group located further along the flow direction. Because of this, a significant part of the coolant flows through the shunt back to the thermal unit, while the circulation further through the system has a much lower intensity. In such heating systems, it is necessary to work on equalizing the flow in each radiator by changing the throughput of the fittings.

Double-pipe associated systems heating systems do not require balancing at all, but at the same time they have a relatively high material consumption. This is the beauty of the Tichelman loop: the path that the coolant takes in the circuit of each radiator is approximately the same, due to which the equivalence of the flow at each point of the system is automatically maintained. The situation is similar with beam systems heating and water heated floors: flow alignment is carried out on a common manifold using float flow meters.

Computational modeling

The most constructive and correct adjustment method is by constructing a calculation model of the hydraulic heating system. This can be done in software such as Danfoss CO and Valtec.PRG, or in paid products such as AutoSnab 3D. You should not be afraid of paid software: as you will see later, its cost cannot be compared with the costs of special automatic balancing devices, while the design design of the hydraulic system will provide a complete picture of the system, its operating modes and the physical processes occurring at each point .

Balancing using software calculations is carried out by constructing an exact virtual copy of the heating system. In different working environments, the modeling mechanism proceeds with some differences, however, all programs of this kind have a friendly and user-friendly interface. It is very important that the construction is carried out truly accurately: indicating each fitting, fitting element, turns and branches present in the real system. Here are the initial data you will need:

• Boiler specifications: power, efficiency, pressure-flow curve, operating pressure.
• information about the circulation pump: flow rate and pressure;
• coolant type;
• material and nominal diameter of pipes, ambient temperature;
• technical information about all shut-off and control valves, local resistance coefficients (KMR) of each element;
• passport data for shut-off valves, the dependence of their capacity on pressure drop and degree of opening.

After building a system model, all work comes down to ensuring equal coolant flow on each radiator. For this purpose, they artificially lower throughput shut-off valves on those radiators and circuits where there is a significant increase in flow compared to others. When virtual balancing is completed, Kvs - throughput coefficients - are written out for each radiator. Using a table or graph from the valve data sheet, the required number of revolutions of the adjusting rod is determined, after which this data is used to balance the real system in situ.

Empirical method

Of course, it is possible to adjust the heating system with up to ten radiators without preliminary calculations. However, this method is quite labor intensive and takes a lot of time. Among other things, with such balancing it is not possible to provide for changes in flow rate during operation of the thermostatic heads, which greatly reduces the accuracy of balancing.

The manual balancing algorithm is simple; first you need to shut off absolutely all radiators in the system. This is done in order to equalize the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet of the heating unit as closely as possible. This whole process takes about an hour, and you need to install circulation pump on maximum speed and make sure there is no air jams in system.

The next step is full discovery shut-off valve on the most distant radiator (often this valve is not installed at all on the last radiator). After 10-15 minutes, the heating temperature of the outer radiator is measured; it will be used as a reference during further balancing.

Next, you need to slightly open the shut-off valve on the penultimate radiator. The degree of opening should be such that heating occurs to the reference temperature and at the same time the heating temperature on the last radiator does not decrease. The line is very thin, and the work is greatly complicated by the inertia of the radiators: after each change in the position of the valve stem on an aluminum radiator, you must wait at least 15 minutes, on a cast iron one - about 30-40 minutes. This is the whole point of manual balancing: moving from the most distant radiator to the very first in the chain, it is necessary to reduce the throughput, ensuring that the same temperature is maintained on each heating device. The adjustment must be carried out very subtly and carefully, because a sharp increase in the flow in the middle of the circuit will lead to a drop in temperature in its remote part, so it will be necessary to spend another 15-20 minutes to return the system to its original state.

Automatic debugging

There is a kind of golden mean between the two methods described above. Special equipment for automatic balancing hydraulic systems heating allows you to configure with very high accuracy and in a fairly short time. Currently the main technical solution For such purposes, the Grundfos ALPHA 3 “smart” pump, equipped with a removable transmitter, as well as a proprietary application for mobile devices, is considered. average price a set of equipment is about $300.

What is the essence of the idea? The pump has a built-in flow meter and can exchange data with a smartphone or tablet, where all information is processed. The application works as a guide: it guides the user step by step and indicates what manipulations need to be carried out on different parts of the heating system. At the same time, individual rooms with a specified number of heating devices are saved in the application database, it is possible to select different types radiators, indicate their power, required heating standards and other data.

The process is extremely simple and fully demonstrates the algorithm of the program. After pairing with the transmitter and preparing for operation, all radiators are disconnected from the system; this is necessary to measure zero flow. After this, the shut-off valves on each radiator are opened completely in turn. In this case, the flow meter in the pump notes changes in the flow and determines the maximum throughput of each heating device. After all radiators are entered into the program database, they are individually adjusted.

The shut-off valve on radiators is adjusted in real time. The application has a sound indication for the ability to work in hard-to-reach places. Balancing requires fine adjustment of the shut-off rod to a position at which the current flow rate in the system is equal to the value recommended by the program. Upon completion of work with each radiator, the application generates a report that includes all heating devices in the system and the coolant consumption in them. After balancing, the ALPHA 3 pump can be removed and replaced with another with similar performance parameters.

Heating costs for private residential buildings, especially with large area, significantly hit the pockets of even wealthy people. In order to save money, many owners install adjustable systems heating. However, even with this decision, sometimes the amount in heating bills decreases slightly or does not change at all. This is a sure sign that the system is not working correctly. When the coolant flow is not optimally distributed, the fuel consumption in the boiler remains high and the pump consumes a large number of electricity. To really reduce costs, you will need to adjust, or, as experts say, balance the heating system.

Correct balancing as a way to save on heating

The house should be warm

The need to regulate heating systems was first discussed in Denmark 40 years ago, after a tenants' revolt. People didn't want to rent the end rooms in low-rise buildings, since in these rooms it was colder than in others, and for heat they had to pay the same as those who lived close to the in-house boiler or the entrance to the heating plant. The reason for the lack of heating was that the coolant, moving through one pipe through the entire building, cooled as the rooms warmed up. And, despite the small area of ​​the townhouses (from 150 to 300 sq. m), the heat simply did not reach the remote rooms. Measurements showed the difference between the initial and corner rooms about 10 degrees. Then the engineers proposed replacing one pipe, which ran sequentially through all the radiators, with two, suitable for each battery. The first was to supply coolant, and the second was to remove the waste liquid. The pipes are called “supply” and “return”. This solution really made it possible to independently regulate the supply of coolant to the batteries, flexibly adjusting the heating of the rooms.

The idea of ​​​​creating two-pipe systems was quickly picked up by private homeowners, since such solutions provided another significant advantage - small size radiators. It has become easier to integrate batteries into the interior and “hide” them from prying eyes. Another question is how a larger number of pipes affected the cost of installation. “In fact, there is no fundamental difference in terms of benefits between the installation of one- and two-pipe systems. Installing the first one will cost less by a maximum of 10%, explains Sergei Orlov, a specialist in the installation of heating and water supply systems. — So, to implement a system with “supply” and “return”, radiators with a smaller number of sections and pipes of smaller diameter are suitable, while the user overpays for radiators and larger pipes installed in a single-pipe system. And thanks to the minimal pressure loss due to the distribution of coolant temperature in each branch, it is possible to select a low-power circulation pump.”

To benefit from all the advantages of a two-pipe system, including flexible setup temperature regime in each room, hydraulic balancing will be required. “Correct and competent settings will allow you to create in all rooms optimal microclimate, and also save from 7 to 20% of fuel consumed,” comments Ekaterina Semyonova, engineer of the Department household equipment, "GRUNDFOS", Russia."

What homeowners need to know about balancing heating systems

At first glance, it seems that there is nothing complicated in setting it up. The temperature in the rooms can be adjusted without special measuring instruments, independently, guided by subjective sensations: make it warmer in some places, cooler in others. But often the result does not live up to expectations, since the average user does not take into account the laws of hydraulics: an increase in the flow area of ​​the balancing valve of one radiator will lead to a decrease in flow on another radiator. And here it is important to catch that same balance.

“In an unbalanced heating system, in order to warm all the rooms in the house, the circulation pump has to work with increased load, which accelerates its wear and sometimes causes noise in the pipes. In such cases, you will have to forget about thermal comfort, as well as savings, says Maxim Nemkov, head of the installation department of the World of Comfort Samara company, which provides design, installation and maintenance services utility networks. — As practice shows, it is undesirable to install a heating system yourself - the likelihood of errors is too high. These, for example, include the selection of boilers and pumps with unreasonable reserves due to the unaccounted heat capacity of the rooms. Professionals do not allow such inaccuracies in their work.”

To minimize risks, the homeowner must have the necessary information and constantly monitor the work of the installers. So, if the master assures that designing the heating system and setting up the equipment in accordance with the engineer’s calculations is quite enough, then it is better to contact another company. Real conditions always differ from theoretical ones: for example, methods for calculating heat losses do not take into account the specific features of the building, which results in deviations of the required coolant temperature from the design values. This is an ordinary situation, but if left unattended, the system will not work correctly.

The balancing itself can be done in two ways. “Classic” implies the presence of a heating system design, according to which, by tightening the balancing valves, the required design flow through each radiator is adjusted. But having a project completed without errors is not a common occurrence these days. And the real system may differ from the calculated one. In case project documentation no, they resort to the “emergency” method. In such cases it is used Digital Thermometer, measuring temperature on any surface. With its help, the same temperature is set at the outlet of all heating devices through balancing valves. "To the general disadvantages existing methods This may include the lack of a universal approach and large time costs. On average, balancing takes about one working day, it is carried out by at least two people,” Anatoly Korsun, a professional installer, shares his experience. It is clear that such time expenditure is not profitable for a team of specialists, therefore, in an effort to work on as many objects as possible, they make ridiculous mistakes. And as a result, the balancing accuracy suffers, which eliminates the savings, for the sake of which, in fact, everything was started.

Artificial intelligence wins the fight for the right settings

So far, the picture that emerges is not very clear: and you want to save money - a fifth of your utility costs are on heating! - and there are too many subtleties. Even if everything is done correctly, the result, alas, is not guaranteed. “Usually balancing is carried out before the heating season, but in severe frosts it turns out that the rooms have different thermal protection, which the owner, as it turned out, forgot to warn about. The homeowner, at his own discretion, increases the coolant flow in cold rooms, after which all work on setting up the system goes down the drain,” says Sergey Orlov (installer).

To correct this drawback, special computer programs calculations of heating systems, which, unlike manual methods, take into account the vast majority of factors. They determine the required coolant flow with high accuracy. All that remains is to set the recommended adjustments of the balancing valves. It is clear that for this method of balancing it is necessary to have the skill of using such calculation programs, as well as to have special balancing valves with calibration in the system. If balancing valves without special calibration were installed in the system, when setting up these valves it will be necessary to measure the flow rate with special flow meters in order to achieve the calculated flow rates in each radiator. All this coupled with the need for special shut-off valves or special measuring equipment makes the procedure very difficult for “beginners”.

But with the development of wireless communications and the transition from push-button mobile phones to smartphones, the computer balancing method has become simpler and more accessible: no special training is required. The engineers of the GRUNDFOS Concern were the first to implement it: they offered the market the ALPHA3 circulation pump with the ALPHA Reader communication module and developed the GRUNDFOS GO Balance application for smart phones and tablet computers.

According to homeowners who have tried the new product, balancing can now be done independently and with high accuracy. The whole process takes about an hour (for houses up to 200 sq. m.) and is carried out in several stages. First you need to install a new pump in the system and equip it with a communication module. Then you should download, install and launch the free application in close proximity to the communication module so that the smartphone and the pump “find” each other. Then all you have to do is follow simple and clear instructions: the program will ask you to enter information about existing system and measure the exact coolant flow on each radiator. After entering necessary information the utility will calculate the required consumption for each battery, and two values ​​will appear on the screen: current and recommended. All that remains is to adjust the balancing valve until it matches real consumption with the calculated one.

“The need for such a tool has been long overdue, and GRUNDFOS specialists were the first and only ones to offer such a solution. Even before the start of sales of the new product, pre-orders were placed for the entire upcoming supply of ALPHA3 and Alpha Reader, says Ekaterina Semyonova (GRUNDFOS). — And this is not surprising, because, as I noted earlier, a well-functioning system allows you to save up to 20% of fuel (gas, coal, firewood). In addition, the GRUNDFOS ALPHA3 series pumps themselves are characterized by low energy consumption: they are 87% more economical than conventional units, for which they are recognized as the most energy-efficient in their class.”

Mobile technologies are the engine of progress. They help us not only cope with quite ordinary household issues, but also save money. And who knows, perhaps in the future engineers will delight homeowners with even more intelligent solutions.

Lebedev N.I.
IMI International
Technical Director

Balancing heating systems is one of the tasks performed during the implementation of the World Bank project on transmission
housing stock in the cities of Orenburg, Cherepovets, Petrazavodsk, Ryazan, Vladimir, Volkhov.
In the city of Orenburg, the risers were washed and STAD balancing valves were installed, produced by a Swedish company

Valves produced by the Swedish company t.a.c. To adjust the pump pressure and total flow in the system in heating point
STAF flanged balancing valves were installed on the return line of the heating system.

The modernization project included replacing the elevator with a mixing unit, which included a control valve,
pump, check valve on the jumper and a STAF flanged balancing valve on the return line upstream of the jumper.

The work on fittings installation and balancing was carried out by the Orenburg company Istok. One of the main problems during balancing was the lack of exact flow rates for the risers; only the general one was known
project cost per house, since these houses were built a long time ago and the possibility of residents replacing radiators was not excluded.
In order to solve this problem, a technique was proposed that takes into account measurements of return water temperatures and subsequent
adjustment of expenses.

Let's consider the results of balancing using the example of a residential building at Orenburg, st. Polygonnaya 2 built in 1982.
The house has 9 floors, 2 entrances, 72 apartments. The heating system is single-pipe with U-shaped risers, with closing
areas near heating devices. The house has domestic steel panel radiators.
The measurements were carried out on 02.23.01 at an outside air temperature of -5 C. According to the CHP schedule, the temperature of the supplied water was 78.6 C,
the mixed water temperature should be 62.8 C, the return water temperature 49.2 C. The design flow per house is 12300 m3/h.
Balancing a house with 29 risers took one working day.

Table 1 shows the input and output parameters of the coolant measured at the heating point.

Table 1.

In (Table 2) the results of measuring flow rates on balancing valves with the control valve closed and open are given,
settings of balancing valves, pressure drops across them and return water temperatures. One was installed on two wings
common balancing valve STAD to facilitate and speed up the adjustment process.

Table 2

Analysis of the balancing results allows us to draw the following conclusions:

It was possible to set the costs for almost all risers, so that the return water temperature was in the range of 49+/-3 C,
those. 46 - 52 C
- Riser 29 needs to be cleaned, as there is an under-consumption of water and, as a result, a low temperature of the return water.
The low pressure drop across the balancing valve of 3.36 kPa does not allow the flow to be increased significantly by simply
valve opening
- Riser 26 can be easily adjusted by reducing the setting of the balancing valve and, accordingly, the flow rate, which was done on
place
- Risers 17 and 7 also need to be washed
- Riser 13 may also prove problematic over time, since the pressure drop across the valve is only 0.82 kPa and it is also
better rinse
- The balancing valve DN 20 on riser 19 has a minimum setting of 0.5. There is no way to reduce consumption
possible, it is necessary to install a valve with DN 15
- The temperature in the house seems too high, you can reduce the temperature of the supplied coolant

As a result of balancing:

The temperature throughout the building was equalized, which allowed the automation to carry out quality regulation
- Residents’ complaints about underheating in apartments have been eliminated
- Total consumption per house was - 10921 m3/h, instead of the design - 12300 m3/h, i.e. almost 20% less. Decrease
coolant temperature will lead to further energy savings
- The pump speed has been set to second. Before balancing, the pump worked at third speed, which caused complaints
residents of the lower floors to noise. In addition, the energy consumption of the pump was reduced and its service life increased - problematic risers were identified and recommendations were given for their elimination

The article describes in detail about balancing the heating system in a private house, as well as about balancing the heating system multi-storey building

How to balance a heating system in a private home

After installing a water heating system or after flushing and replacing the coolant, it requires adjustment, or, in technical terms, balancing. This procedure must also be performed if radiators have been changed or additional sections have been added to them. This article is dedicated to those homeowners who want to tackle this issue on their own. Its purpose is to suggest how to balance the heating system in a private home.

Why do balancing?

Any heating system, regardless of its type, must ensure that the calculated volume of coolant is delivered to the radiators so that they, in turn, can properly heat the room. Moreover, each radiator should receive exactly as much hot water as needed. In no case less and, preferably, no more. However, everyone knows that more water will always follow the path of least resistance.

A “differentiated” approach to heating is considered optimal. In this case, you can divide the premises into several zones (circuits), allocate a separate small pump for each and, using a zone controller, configure control based on sensor readings. In this case, it will be necessary to slightly redesign the pipelines, but at a relatively low cost of polymer or metal-plastic pipes the cost of rework will be low.

Modern electronic thermostats are more economical than models traditional design. So, room thermostats Danfoss with chronoproportional control function controls the frequency and duration of boiler switching on within each operating cycle. Thanks to them, it is possible to increase the efficiency of using condensing boilers by 5-10%, that is, reduce fuel consumption.

SAVINGS IN RUBLES

Let's assume that to heat a house with an area of ​​100 m2 you need 10 kW of power. We can assume that the combustion of 1 m3 of gas will give the required 10 kW, therefore, every hour we will burn 1 m3 of gas, and in six months heating season Approximately 4320 m 3 of gas will fly out into the pipe, costing about 26 thousand rubles. (at the rate of 6 rubles per 1 m 3). If we can save 15-20% of fuel, then in this case the savings will be 4-5 thousand rubles. per season.

Another option for saving gas (or another type of fuel) is to equip the boiler with weather-sensitive automation, which is capable of changing the heating mode (and fuel consumption) depending on the outside temperature. The equipment set includes street and room temperature, control unit (controller), servos three way valves pumping and mixing unit.

The automation can be installed on an existing boiler, but please note that not all models support the installation of sensors. For example, outdated technology is unlikely to be automated. However, almost everything modern devices well-known manufacturers - Ariston, Bosch, Buderus, Viessmann - support work with automation.

Thus, mechanical on/off thermostats provide certain savings and comfort, but they can never compare with electronic sensors, with the help of which the boiler analyzes the dynamics of temperature changes and easily adapts even to “non-standard” situations (for example, when there is a party in the house or all rooms are ventilated ). Most price electronic devices is about 5-10% of the cost of the boiler itself, while they can significantly, by 15-20%, reduce gas consumption.

Balancing the heating system of a multi-storey building

Types of connections

As mentioned above, according to the type of system connection apartment building There are single-pipe and double-pipe.

The single-pipe heating system of an apartment building has a huge number of disadvantages, the most significant of which is considered to be large heat loss along the way. In such a heating system for an apartment building, the design of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into apartment radiators on the lower floors and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, having cooled down considerably, continues its way upstairs. Hence the frequent complaints from residents of upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widespread in construction. Basic distinctive feature Such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

One pipe (supply) transports the coolant from the heating boiler to the heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to remove already cooled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of a two-pipe heating system in an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly at the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the first floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies constant circulation of the coolant, is usually installed in low-rise buildings over a long distance (for example, in production workshops or warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

A vertical two-pipe heating system for an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The undeniable advantage of such a network is that there are practically no air jams in it.

Disadvantages of a one-pipe system

The disadvantages include the fact that with such a system it is impossible to take into account the heat consumption in each apartment. And, therefore, make an individual calculation of payment for the actual consumption of thermal energy. In addition, with such a system it is difficult to maintain the same air temperature in all living areas of the building.

This is why other systems are used apartment heating, which are designed differently and provide for the installation of heat energy meters in each apartment.

Currently, there are various apartment heating systems. However, so far they are installed in multi-storey buildings extremely rarely. This is due to a number of reasons. In particular, due to the fact that such systems have low hydraulic and thermal stability.

Most often, in multi-storey residential buildings, so-called central heating is used.

The coolant for such heating is supplied to the housing construction from the city thermal power plant.

In recent years, in the construction of new residential buildings, it has been used heating system. With this method individual heating, the boiler room is installed directly in the basement or attic high-rise buildings. In turn, heating systems are divided into open and closed. The first provide for the division of hot water supply for residents for heating and other needs, and in the other - only for heating.

Features of a single-pipe system

A single-pipe heating system for a private house involves the sequential passage of coolant through all the radiators that are in the system.

In this case, water or other liquid flowing along the line gives off part of its heat to the first radiator, which helps reduce the temperature of the coolant.

One-pipe heating of a private house is bad because the heating temperature of the last one in the radiator circuit is much lower than the first one. This drawback can be eliminated quite easily. To do this, it is necessary to consistently increase the number of sections in the batteries. Moreover, the further the radiator is from the starting point of the line, the more sections it should contain. This is one of the main disadvantages that single-pipe heating has.

Single-pipe connection of heating radiators is a rather complex and time-consuming process, in which it is very important to make correct calculations of the number of sections. Single pipe heating system two-story house and single-pipe heating system one-story house inherently quite different. Currently, a horizontal single-pipe heating system and a vertical single-pipe heating system are used. Schemes are also created that take into account forced or natural circulation of fluid through the system. Not suitable for all cases natural circulation

, but sometimes it’s better to use it.

If you implement a one-pipe heating system yourself, then you must always remember that the bypass, as well as all independent elements of the system, must be able to be closed by valves. This is done so that if they fail, subsequent replacement or repairs can be made without any problems.

Horizontal single-pipe heating system

This single-pipe heating scheme for a private house involves use in one-story structures. Only here can it be realized. It is also sometimes called the Leningradka single-pipe heating system. The connection diagram for a single-pipe heating system in this case is very simple.

The line is laid either above the floor or in the structure of the floor itself. In this case, it is imperative to reduce the heat transfer of the line, and for this the system must be insulated. It is better to install all pipes in this system at a certain angle, and radiators can be mounted at the same level.

Sometimes a horizontal single-pipe system is installed in private two-story houses. A single-pipe heating scheme for a two-story house is somewhat more complicated than in a one-story structure. Here, an additional riser is introduced into the system, which supplies liquid to the second floor. If there is such a possibility, then the riser needs to be embedded up to the first radiator, which is located on the first floor.

In this system, temperature control can be done floor by floor. A single-pipe heating system for a multi-storey building can be made according to the same principle, but you must always remember that heat loss in this situation cannot be avoided. The upper floors will always be much colder than the lower floors.

Two-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings

Heating systems multi-storey buildings there are the following types:

• vertical: single-pipe, double-pipe;
• horizontal: with two-pipe vertical risers and one-pipe horizontal apartment circuits, with two-pipe vertical risers and two-pipe horizontal apartment circuits.

The vertical type of system means that several vertical risers pass through an apartment from several rooms, at least one per room. In this case, apartment-by-apartment metering of consumed heat is impossible. Schemes of such systems are shown in the figure below.

1. Schemes of vertical systems of multi-storey buildings. a) single-pipe, b) double-pipe.

The horizontal type involves vertical risers on staircases with individual two-pipe inputs into apartments, allowing the installation of apartment heat meters, which are structurally part of the apartment heat control and metering unit (KURU), located inside or outside the apartment.

After entering the apartment, heating pipes can go around its perimeter or be laid radially from front door. For a perimeter horizontal scheme, pipes and fittings of different diameters will be needed, which increases the cost. The calculation of such a system is quite complicated. For the radial installation option, pipes and fittings of the same standard size are needed, for example, DN 15 or 20 mm.

The calculation of such a scheme is easily done manually. The disadvantage is the need to pass all the pipes through the front door opening. Both horizontal two-pipe circuits are shown in the figure below.

2. Two-pipe horizontal apartment systems. a) perimeter scheme, b) radial scheme

ADVANTAGES OF AN INDIVIDUAL HEATING SYSTEM IN AN APARTMENT BUILDING

• The installation of a heating system in an apartment building allows utility companies to reduce tariffs for the services provided. In addition to financial savings, the consumer himself will be able to increase or decrease the temperature for heating the room at the time he needs. Thus, adjusting the heating system of an autonomous apartment building is effective way set the optimal temperature.

Economic indicators when using apartment and centralized heating

• Individual heating of residential premises allows developers to slightly reduce costs when commissioning a property. square meters. This is due to the fact that builders incur large costs when laying communications. In addition, the heating device in apartment building autonomous type allows developers to develop new territories remote from populated centers with all the infrastructure;

• The fact of significant savings in the natural gas on which it operates has been proven in-house system heating an apartment building. Compared to a method such as heating an apartment with electricity, natural gas is economical.

• Using autonomous system heating, it becomes possible to minimize heat waste on the way to the consumer. There is no need to additionally insulate the heating mains through which the hot water into consumer apartments, and balancing the heating system of a multi-story building is easy and relatively quick;

A double-circuit boiler not only heats the apartment but also provides hot water supply

• For those who are rarely in their apartments, optimal solution there is insulation of the external surfaces of the room, which will allow long time retain heat and avoid structural damage due to moisture;

• Special attention can be paid to the ventilation system. When setting up the heating system of an apartment building and, in particular, gas-powered equipment, it is important to understand that decomposition products must be removed efficiently. New buildings have everything the necessary conditions to implement the plan. Mounted here modern systems ventilation and cleaning. Thus, flushing the heating system of an apartment building will be carried out without problems, since the design already provides for it. To install autonomous heating for an apartment in an apartment building, it is important to coordinate everything with city managers and be sure to provide a design for the placement of the equipment.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper wiring?

When installing the lower distribution, the supply line is laid in ground floor or basement, and the return line (the so-called “return”) is even lower.

To remove excess air when using bottom wiring, an upper air line is required. To ensure uniform distribution of coolant throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

Upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this wiring method, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the heating system. The main advantage of the top wiring is high pressure in supply lines.

Thank you for the information provided, websites: kotel.guru, kak-svoimi-rukami.com, strojdvor.ru, ruslanbelov.ru