Drilling artesian wells for water, as a rule, is produced by a rotary method, when the rock cutting tool (cone bit) rotates due to the torque transmitted by the drill rods from the rotator, which in turn is driven by the drilling rig engine. Recently, URB 2A-2 drilling rigs based on ZIL 131 and URAL have become most widespread for these purposes. Both a main engine and a separate deck engine can be used as a drilling rig engine.

Drilling with flushing

At with flushing The rock being destroyed is washed to the surface with the help of liquid. The liquid is pumped through the drill pipes directly to the bottom hole. Having passed through the pipes down to the bit, this liquid washes out the destroyed rock and lifts it along the well to the surface, where this liquid flows by gravity into the settling tank. From the sump through a hose, this liquid is again pumped into the pipes and through the pipes to the bottom, thereby circulating this liquid.

When drilling into unstable rocks, a clay solution is used as a flushing fluid. If the well section begins with clay layers, the clay solution is obtained naturally. If it is impossible to form a clay solution naturally, the clay solution is mixed from special clay (bentonite), it is possible to add large quantity cement. The clay solution also performs another important function - due to hydrostatic pressure keeps the well walls from collapsing. The clay solution holds the well walls well when passing through clay and sand layers. When passing through hard rocks such as limestone, water is used as the washing solution.

By the type of washed-out clay solution, the drilling master sees which rocks are currently destroying the bit and records this in the drill log.

When the tool reaches the limestone, the well is lined with pipes and flushed. Limestone is a natural reservoir of water, which fills pores, caverns and cracks, thus forming a huge system of cracks. Next, the limestone is drilled with a bit of a smaller diameter using clean water as a flushing fluid. If layers of clay or sand lenses are encountered, the drilling master decides to cover these sections of the wellbore with a casing pipe of a smaller diameter.

There are also solid limestones, sometimes silicified, in which, for obvious reasons, there are no cracks and, as a result, water. But sooner or later the tool reaches the desired limestone layers.

When the absorption of the flushing liquid begins, its quantity is replenished with the help of imported water, which is brought by water trucks. Based on the degree of absorption of the drilling fluid, the drilling master determines the expected flow rate of the well, that is, its productivity. When this absorption reaches the required values, the driller beats the water level in the well and, if necessary, lines the limestone shaft with a casing pipe of a smaller diameter.

When pumping a well, the dynamic water level in the well is determined and the flow rate of the well is calculated.

After all this, you have a hydraulic structure ready for operation on your site.

Now all that remains is to equip the well with a caisson, install water supply equipment and enjoy your own water intake unit to the fullest.

An undeveloped plot was purchased without any communications. There are power lines and gas pipelines nearby, but there is no central water supply. The question arises about individual water supply. Without a constant supply of water it will not be possible to create comfortable conditions for living, caring for plantings and doing farming. To obtain clean drinking water, you need to know what kind of water it is. O water well drilling technology is suitable for your site.

We will present you with several technologies that differ in the equipment used, the method of destruction and extraction of rocks, so that you can have an idea of ​​how long it will take to penetrate the shaft, how it will be done and with what installation.

Auger

This type of drilling is the most affordable and in a simple way extraction of clean water from underground rock layers. The screw (auger) rotates and bites into the ground. Screw technology limited by the ability to drill in soft and dry soils. When the shaft height is less than 10 m, drilling fluid is not used. However, it is impossible to drill a well with an auger in quicksand and rocks.

During drilling, the rock is destroyed at the bottom by an auger and transported to the wellhead. This drilling technology is used for well diameters from 6 cm to 80 cm and a depth of up to 50 m. Sometimes work can be carried out to a depth of up to 100 m. During the lifting of the drill, the walls of the well are well secured. To prevent the walls from collapsing, the casing pipe is immediately immersed behind the auger.

Advantages:

• Installation mobility.
• Simple organization of drilling operations.

Flaws:

• Limitation of drilling depth.
• Cannot be used for drilling in rocks, viscous clays, quicksand, or quicksand.

Rotary

Rotary technology for drilling water wells is a continuous rotational movement of the bit, working as a destructive tool, and the use of a clay solution to flush out rock from the wellbore. Self-propelled units are used for drilling using this technology. Rotary drilling can break up rocks with properly calculated loads and drill collars. To flush out soil from the borehole, a mud pump constantly pumps a solution into the drill pipe.

You can use backflushing by feeding the clay solution into the annular cavity. In this case, the destroyed rock is washed out through the pipe, which makes it possible to reach the aquifer faster and better.

The price of rotary drilling is slightly higher than the price of auger drilling, but it will take less time to extract drinking water.

Advantages of the rotary method:

• High penetration rate.
• Reduced prices for work by saving casing pipes.

Flaws:

• It is almost impossible to take samples of the aquifer without casing the well and first lowering it.
• The need to insulate the circulation system in cold weather.
• The use of large amounts of clay and water, which contaminates the limestone formations.

Note! The greater the depth of the aquifer, the cleaner the water will flow to your site.

Shock-rope

Drilling with the percussion-rope method is the longest, most labor-intensive and oldest method of drilling, but at the same time remains one of the highest quality well construction technologies. The rock is destroyed by the impact of a heavy projectile dropped sharply from a height. After each blow, the crushed rock is removed from the bailer.

The installation consists of a glass, a winch, a cable, a block or a tripod of a hammer bailer. A glass is a pipe pointed at one end. Using a winch, the glass is lifted above the face and sharply lowered. As it falls, it crashes into a layer of rock and picks up a small amount of it inside. In order to overcome the resistance of the soil layer as best as possible and penetrate into it, a special impact rod is used. When the bar hits the end of the glass, it is filled with rock.

A bailer works in exactly the same way. For hard rock layers, a drill bit is used that can crush or crumble the rock.

Advantages of the shock-rope method:

• There is no need to use clay solution to wash out rock from the well.
• The driller will learn about the opening of the aquifer almost immediately.
• Duration of well operation.

Flaws:

• High price level.
• The process is very labor intensive.
• The need to cover all quicksand and aquifers with a casing pipe.

Manual

With limited space, the most efficient and practical option drilling a well is considered manual drilling. For work, a hand drill, adapter rods, drill cleaning tools and handles are used. The diameter of the drill can be from 10 cm to 30 cm. The technology of manually drilling water wells is usually used for a hole depth of 10 m. To continue drilling further, you need to put in a lot of physical effort.

Note! If you provide well development with a winch, block and hanging device, the depth of the wellbore will increase significantly. With the manual method, two people can drill a 10 m hole in two working days.

Advantages of the method:

• Low price level.
• Repair work is carried out easily and quickly.
• Use of small-sized equipment.
• Heavy equipment that can cause damage to the plot is not used.
• Possibility of drilling wells in hard-to-reach places.
• Easy and fast organization of work.
• Drilling is carried out in a short time.

Flaws:

• Inability to reach deep aquifers with small-sized equipment.
• There may not always be water suitable for drinking in the surface layers.
• Drilling can only be carried out in soils of medium hardness and soft rocks.

You have become familiar with the basic technologies for drilling water wells and now you can choose what is most suitable for your site. If you only need process water, it is best to apply technology manual drilling. For deeper wells, it is better to use one of the first three technologies presented.

Do-it-yourself water well is a real way provide water plot within a private house, thereby building a reliable water supply for the future in a suburban area where there is no centralized water supply.

Arrangement of such a water source requires significant financial and labor costs. Drilling will require special tools and equipment, but proper organization Everything can be done independently and reliably.

In order to equip your own water well, you need find the desired water layer, determine the depth of its occurrence and drill a channel (wellbore) in the ground that enters this productive layer. The main drilling methods are discussed below.

Screw method

For such drilling it is used drill (auger) in the form of a rod with a cutter at the end and blades, located along a helical line. Garden or fishing augers can be considered elementary augers.

The essence of the technology is in screwing the tool into the ground by rotating it and removing the earth as it is lifted. The process can be carried out manually or mechanically way. You can drill a well manually using an auger to a depth of 8-10 m.

This technique is considered the simplest and most accessible, but it can only be used if there is sufficiently soft or loose soil. It cannot be used in the presence of quicksand and rocky outcrops. For harder soil or deeper drilling, it is necessary to mechanization of tool rotation. As the bore deepens, the auger is screwed to a section of drill pipe (string).

Hydrodrilling (hydrodynamic drilling)

Technology based on the combination of traditional drill and hydraulic action.

In this case, drilling fluid is constantly supplied under pressure to the drilling zone, which:

• helps destroy the earth;
• washes away drilled soil, bringing it to the surface;
• cools the drilling tool;
• aligns the walls of the entire trunk as it moves.

It consists of water, weighted with clay, and is fed into the well using a pump. Wells are usually made using hydraulic drilling depth 30-50 m, but in principle, it is possible to drill a shaft deeper than 200 m. To increase the drilling depth, a drill string is assembled from rods - pipes 1.3-2 m long, with a diameter of 45-75 mm.

Pneumatic drilling (pneumatic percussion drilling)

Refers to shock-rotational technologies. With this technique, rock destruction occurs by impact with a pneumatic tool (pneumatic hammer), while the entire drill string is given a rotational movement.

For air drilling hard rocks are not scary, and problems arise in clayey, viscous soils that quickly clog the tool. The depth of the wells being drilled is small - up to 50 m (usually 15-25 m). Important advantage– high penetration rate.

Diamond tool

The most effective, but very expensive way of drilling wells is considered core drilling using diamond bits. Such drilling rigs are capable of drilling at very high speeds in soil of any hardness. The main disadvantages are the small diameter of the trunk (up to 15-17 cm) and the cost of penetration up to 500-700 rubles per 1 m.

Turbine technology

The method is based on the longitudinal advance of the drill bit, the rotational movement of which is provided by a turbodrill. All this is located on a submersible column, which is expanded with rods as the shaft deepens.

The main element, the turbodrill, is a motor that plunges into the bottomhole zone, i.e. does not rotate the entire drill string. Drilling can be provided by low-speed (120-300 rpm) and high-speed (450-600 rpm) engines, and they are driven by hydrodynamic force created by the fluid flow acting on the engine blades.

Electric drill

This technology is not fundamentally different from turbine drilling. IN in this case instead of a turbodrill with blades into the face area electric motor submerses asynchronous type . The use of an electric drive allows you to abandon the drill string in the form of pipes and lower the electric drill on a cable rope.

The main disadvantage is decreased performance cable in downhole conditions with frequent tripping operations.

Screw engines

These are modern, improved drives that are lowered into the bottomhole zone. They are voluminous rotary hydraulic installations. Their rotation is ensured by drilling fluid, and their efficiency is increased by the use of low and high pressure chambers.

Important. The choice of drilling method depends on the depth of the productive water formation, the characteristics of the soil and the presence of difficult areas in the drilling area, as well as the planned flow rate of the well and the availability of equipment and financial capabilities.

How are wells drilled for water supply?

Any well designed to lift water from a deep water layer to the surface. Its operating principle is based on arranging a trunk in the form of a pipeline by installing a casing (pipe) so that the bottomhole part with a filter rough cleaning found itself inside a water source, while the lift of the liquid is ensured by a submersible or surface type pump.

Thus, water penetrates through the holes in the bottom of the column and is forced up the wellbore to the surface.

Kinds

Taking into account design features and depth, the following types of water wells are distinguished:

1. Abyssinian well (tube well). It is constructed by driving a pipe into the ground, and therefore the depth is no more than 6-10 m. The water rises from the uppermost layer (groundwater) and is significantly polluted. It can be used for technical purposes or for drinking, but only after boiling.
2. Well on sand. She drills to the depths 14-25 m, which allows you to use any drilling method. Usually it is lined with a pipe with a diameter of 12-20 cm. The flow rate of such a well is small and it is intended for small farms. Used in work centrifugal pump, mounted on the surface.
3. Artesian well drills to the lower, productive water layer at depth more than 50 m. The water in it is absolutely clean and is used for drinking. Lifting from it can only be done using a submersible pump.

Functional units

Any well, regardless of depth and type, has the following functional areas and nodes:

1. Bottomhole area or water intake. This is the lower part of the well, which is located in the water layer. Here, through the perforation, water enters the casing. Required element – filter.
2. Casing (pipe) or suction line. Its task is to provide a sealed channel for water from the bottomhole zone to the entrance to the pump (pump water intake), which must supplied check valve to prevent backflow of water.
3. Pump. It ensures the rise of water, for which it creates a certain pressure.
4. Hydraulic accumulator or storage tank . This node is responsible for protecting equipment from water hammer, ensuring water reserves and creating required pressure in the water pipeline.
5. Pressure switch and control equipment.
6. Well head. This is the upper, above-ground part of the well, protecting it from contamination from above, freezing and distribution of raised water.

Equipment

To install a water well, you need the following supplies and equipment:

1. Pump. It is selected taking into account the depth and productivity of the well, the size of the casing, and the length of the water main. When the shaft depth is up to 10-12 m, a surface, centrifugal pump of the required power is most often used. For deep wells, a submersible pump is used. It requires a support cable, a safety cable and a submersible electrical cable.
2. Pumping station with the system automatic control process. It must have monitoring devices and overload protection devices.
3. Hydropneumotank. It is designed to maintain stable system pressure and optimize pump operation. A constant water level in it is maintained using a level switch. The dimensions of the tank depend on the power of the equipment and the flow rate of the well. The volume can vary widely from 20-30 to 1000 liters. Containers with a volume of about 100-150 liters are considered optimal.
4. Caisson. The well head can be equipped different ways, but the most popular is the caisson, which is a metal box (tank) that seals the wellhead. It is mounted with a small depth (up to 1-1.2 m) and has dimensions sufficient to accommodate connecting equipment and an operating person.
5. Communications. Cable, wire to ensure reliable power supply and water pipes from the caisson to the points of water consumption.

note

The upper part of the well and the water supply system are located in the zone of soil freezing, and therefore they must be reliably insulated.

Installation sequence

The submersible pump is mounted in the following sequence:

• installation of a check valve (if it is not included in the pump kit);
• fastening on a cable and connecting the cable;
• immersing the pump to the required depth;
• installation and connection of a hydraulic accumulator (hydropneumatic tank);
• connection and adjustment of the control and monitoring system;
• installation and connection of fine filters;
• connection to points of consumption (heating equipment, mixers, etc.).

Downhole device diagram

A standard deep well device with a submersible pump has the following basic design:

• perforated water intake casing pipe with sump;
• coarse water filter;
• submersible pump with check valve and water intake;
• a conduit or pipe (hose) for raising water connected to a pump;
• waterproof cable for power supply to the pump;
• borehole or extended top of wellbore;
• head, caisson;
• shut-off equipment (ball valve);
• control devices, pressure gauge (up to 8-10 bar);
• pumping mechanism with ball valve.

The well operation scheme is quite standard:

1. Water under the pressure of the formation seeps into the settling tank and accumulates in it.
2. When the pump is turned on, water rises along the casing, enters the pump water intake and is directed up the water pipeline.
3. In the caisson, water is directed to a hydraulic accumulator, where a certain supply is created, after which it enters the water supply system.

How is a well constructed?

When a productive formation, a water-bearing reservoir, is reached during the drilling process, the stage of constructing a water well begins. First, the lower filter column is lowered into the shaft, which is a pipe with a perforated tip, a settling chamber and a filter made of several meshes that prevent the penetration of large fractions of impurities.

Next, the entire casing is installed, and the gap between it and the ground is filled with sand and fine crushed stone. Simultaneously with filling the mixture, the well is pumped by supplying water and sealing the mouth.

After cleaning the bottom, a submersible pump with a connected water pipeline with a diameter of 25-50 mm is lowered on a cable, depending on the flow rate of the well. The casing and wellhead protection are secured to the head. A shut-off valve is installed in the outlet system. The connection between the water conduit and the water pipeline is made in the caisson.

Well is enough complex hydraulic structure, but with its proper arrangement, a reliable private water supply appears. All operations, starting with drilling a shaft, can be carried out with your own hands, but for this you must follow all the recommendations of specialists and use standard equipment.

Useful videos

The cheapest and easiest to manufacture hydraulic drill and its test when drilling an aquifer well:

How to drill with your own hands from sheet metal, look:

The same well, purpose and device:

Methods and options for cleaning a household well from siltation with your own hands:

Before drilling, it is important to make sure that the water reservoir is sufficiently productive, for which professional geological research is required.

The decision to build your own water intake facility on the site is justified by several reasons, including:

• absence centralized water supply;
• the desire to have a source of water with increased quality without treatment with chlorinating compounds;
• there is a great need for water for watering the garden - at current prices for life-giving moisture from water supply network, running a household plot becomes an expensive pleasure, sometimes simply unprofitable.

Regardless of whether the work will be carried out by a third party or independently, the technology for drilling water wells should be as familiar as possible. This will help to avoid deception by performers and unnecessary costs for the implementation of the plan.

The choice of method depends on several factors:

1. Availability of water on site. To a first approximation, this can be determined by observations of environment, there are a number of signs indicating its presence or absence. You can also make several experiments with different objects to get an answer to this question.
2. Characteristics of soil composition typical for a given area, which determines the choice of drilling method. Such data can be obtained from a local hydrogeological organization, where you also need to clarify your own forecast estimates for the presence of water in the area.
3. Depth of upper-water (sand) layers and assessment of the depth of artesian (limestone) aquifers.

If such data is available, we can conclude that it is preferable to use one or another drilling technology.

Varieties of methods for passing well bores

Rotary drilling

Fig.3. Rotary well drilling tool

Typically used in oil exploration drilling. Recently, with an increase in the need for wells, it is also used in the construction of water intakes.

A feature of the method is its high energy consumption and its applicability on heavy or especially heavy soils with the inclusion of rock formations, as well as on solid limestone.

When rotating, the rotor destroys the rock, which is carried to the surface by the washing solution. It also contains cement. As a result, part of the site will be hopelessly damaged. In addition, upon completion of work, such a well requires long-term flushing with clean water to remove cement, which is part of the solution, from the pores of the rock.

For a small suburban area, such technology seems undesirable.

Hydraulic drilling

This is the easiest drilling technology. During the work, the soil inside is washed away, which sinks under its own weight. Only at the beginning of the process, when the casing is still light, do you have to resort to turning it with a special wrench.

Fig.4. Drilling with soil erosion under pressure

To implement this method you will need:

• two pumps, one of them capable of supplying liquid under a pressure of at least 6 atm, the second - for pumping waste water back into the tank, corresponding to the performance;
• tank; capacity depends on the planned size and depth of the well and is calculated from the ratio:

V = Robs 2 (cm) x 3.14x H(cm), Where

V – tank volume,

R – internal radius of the casing,

3.14 – PI number.

So, for a well with a diameter of 273 mm (the maximum possible diameter of the wellbore using this drilling method), the internal diameter of the casing will be 260 mm (radius 13 cm), the estimated well depth is 15 meters (15,000 cm), the required tank volume will be:

13 2 x 3.14 x 1500 = 756000 (cm 3) = 756 (liters).

Considering that it is impossible to work if there is no water in the tank, we assume the required tank capacity is 2 cubic meters. This expense will not become a burden, since proper use of the site involves the use of an intermediate heating tank in the garden watering system.

• hydraulic monitor - hose with metal pipe at the end. The outlet hole of which should be about 20 mm.

The process runs as follows:

1. Drilling is carried out with a garden drill, the diameter of which is 30 - 40 mm larger than the diameter of the casing pipe. The depth of the preliminary hole is about 1.5 meters.
2. Installing the first section of casing into the drilled hole.
3. The hydraulic monitor is inserted into the casing hole and water is supplied under pressure. In this case, the casing pipe must be rotated around its axis, promoting its subsidence as the soil is washed away.
4. As the shaft deepens, flushing is periodically paused to install the next section of casing.
5. Water is pumped out as it accumulates, discharging the liquid back into the tank.

The disadvantage of this method is its applicability only on sandy and sandy loam soils, and there is also a limitation on the depth of the well. As a rule, they are no deeper than 12 - 15 meters, in rare cases they reach 20.

Impact method

Impact technology is one of the most ancient methods used back in ancient China. It consists of the following:

1. A pit with a depth of about 1.5 meters and dimensions of 1.5 - 1.5 meters is torn off.
2. Drilling is being carried out to install the first section of casing pipe up to 2 meters deep.
3. A drilling rig is installed - a tripod with a height of at least 3 meters. The height of the drilling rig depends on the length of the casing sections; their maximum size is 6 meters.

Rice. 5. Homemade percussion drilling rig

The impact part, suspended on a cable from a winch, is inserted into the hole in the casing and released into free fall. When it hits the ground, it actively destroys it and it, in crushed form, gets inside the impact part (made from a pipe). The end of the striker has teeth cut and set apart like on a saw.

There is a valve installed inside the striker that allows loose soil to enter, but prevents it from spilling out during the next ascent. When passing through wet clay layers, a hammer is used without additional devices (a glass); the wet clay holds well in it due to adhesion to the walls. After traveling a distance of about a meter, the firing pin must be removed from the barrel and its cavity cleaned.

In the arsenal of professional drillers, the number of modifications of impactors reaches 10 types or more. Various designs are used to pass through soils with different properties. Thus, a wide selection of tools allows you to pass through almost any soil, except for rocks. The quality of the wells remains the highest. Therefore, although not productive, impact punching technology remains the most popular.

Auger drilling

This technology for drilling a well under water is becoming increasingly popular due to its high productivity and ease of implementation.

In essence, this is drilling with a rotating tool, in which the cutting part destroys the soil in the direction of movement, and the spiral auger carries it out. About 40–50% of the soil is brought to the surface, the rest is used to compact the walls. Thus, it is possible to drill without simultaneously casing the walls. The casing is lowered into the hole after drilling is completed.

Fig.6. Auger drill

This method has certain disadvantages that do not allow it to be used on sandy and other loose soils, as well as a limitation on the depth of the tables to 50 meters. Further deepening is carried out with periodic removal of the working tool for cleaning.

Drilling is done using a wide variety of equipment, and often done manually for wells to high water. Thus, the industry has mastered and produced various miniature drilling rigs, with the help of which boreholes are drilled to a depth of up to 50 meters in light and medium-heavy soils, excluding sandy ones.

Such equipment is actively used for the construction of water intakes in suburban areas, there is often no need to purchase it, but can be rented.

At the same time, powerful artesian wells with high flow rates are produced using equally powerful drilling rigs.

Fig.7. Drilling rig for industrial drilling

Perforation drilling

It is made by driving the “spear” with a headstock or a barbell. It is used, as a rule, for equipping Abyssinian wells with hand pump for pumping out water. The limited diameter of the well allows the work to be completed independently and in a short period of time.

In addition to the described methods, which are the most popular in practice, many techniques are used that combine the features of various methods.

The most effective and economical design for extracting groundwater is a borehole. This great alternative centralized water supply for agricultural, gardening or country house.

There are different ways to construct a water well. Let's look at the main drilling technologies and focus on general recommendations to create your own autonomous source of drinking water.

Choosing the type of water well

Drilling a water well is a rather labor-intensive process that requires the performer to have certain knowledge and skills. Depending on the geological characteristics of the soil and the expected water needs, it is necessary to select the optimal type of well and technology for its construction.

There are several types of well shafts:

1. filterless (artesian);
2. filter (sand wells);
3. wells.

Drilling artesian wells on water is carried out to porous limestone, the depth of which is more than 150 meters. An artesian well can provide several country houses uninterrupted water supply all year round(water does not freeze in such faces). The period of operation of a filterless artesian well reaches 50 years.

Water well drilling depth filter type(on sand) is 15-30 meters. The sand well device is a buried pipe, at the end of which there is a filter that screens out large sand fractions. Such a well is enough for a small country house or summer cottage.

The advantages of a sand well include:

• ease of drilling;
• low cost of well development.

Disadvantages of sand filter wells:

• low productivity (about 1 m3 per hour);
• service life - up to 10 years;
• high probability of siltation;
• penetration of surface and ground water into the bottom hole.

Tube (Abyssinian) well has a depth of 8-12 meters, is constructed using concrete factory rings. If there is a good spring on the site, the well quickly fills and accumulates water (average capacity - 2 m3 of water).

When choosing a wellbore design, you need to take into account the expected water needs and the regularity of its consumption. For a summer cottage with a seasonal stay, a filter shaft is suitable, but to provide water to a large private house, you need to equip an artesian well - the most reliable option for autonomous water supply.

Drilling water wells: reviews and tips for choosing the type of well

Methods of drilling water wells: technology, advantages and disadvantages of the method

Drilling methods can be classified according to two main criteria.

1. According to the mechanisms used:
   • manual drilling;
   • mechanical drilling.
2. According to the operating principle of the drilling tool:
   • impact method;
   • rotational method;
   • shock-rotational.

Let's look at the most popular methods of drilling water wells.

Manual method of drilling wells

You can drill a well manually, the depth of which will not exceed 25 meters. Drilling is carried out until the waterproof layer is reached.

For manual drilling of water wells, the following equipment is used:

If the well depth is shallow, the drill string can be controlled manually. Drilling rods can be made from pipes, connecting them with threads or veneer. The drill head is attached to the end of the lower rod.

All technological process Manual drilling of a well can be divided into several stages:

To completely purify water, it is usually enough to pump out 2-3 buckets of dirty groundwater. For this you can use a submersible pump

Manual drilling has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the method include:

• low cost of work;
• invariability of the structure of the passable soil.

Disadvantages of this method:

• limited drilling depth;
• small well yield due to the small diameter of the structure;
• The service life of a “manual” well is from 2 to 10 years (depending on operating conditions).

Rotary method: reverse and forward flushing

The rotary drilling method is the most common method for constructing deep water wells.

The rotational method involves the use of special installations. Water wells are drilled using the following equipment:

Drilling rigs are equipped with a special pipe, in the cavities of which there is a rotating shaft with a bit. Due to the hydraulic installation, an impact is created on the bit. The soil from the well is washed out with drilling fluid.

There are two technologies for drilling wells with water:

Direct flush. The fluid is supplied through the wellbore in the direction from top to bottom. The solution, washing out the rock, exits through the annulus to the outside.

The advantages of the rotary direct flushing method include:

• universality of the method (you can create a well of any depth);
• large well yield due to the large drilling diameter.

The disadvantage of direct flushing is the erosion of the aquifer.

Backwash. The drilling fluid flows by gravity into the annulus. Subsequently, the solution is pumped out using a pump.

The advantage of drilling a well with water pressure with reverse flushing is that the maximum opening of the aquifer ensures the maximum flow rate of the well.

The main disadvantage of this method is its high cost. The work requires the use of sophisticated equipment and qualified specialists.

Drilling wells with water: video

Percussion-rope drilling

With the percussion-rope method of drilling a well for water, soil breakdown is achieved by dropping a heavy tool (driving glass) from the tower.

When drilling on your own, you can use a homemade drilling rig and additional tools(downhole glass, rope, equipment for extracting soil).

Sequence of percussion-rope drilling:

To drill deep wells using the percussion-rope method, it is necessary to use special installations: UKS-22M2, UGB-1VS, UGB-50.

Auger method of well construction

The main working tool for auger drilling is the classic Archimedean screw (auger). Blades are welded to the drill rod, which bring the rock to the surface with rotational movements.

The auger method is suitable for drilling shallow wells (no more than 10 meters)

To implement this method, small-sized, easily transportable drilling rigs are used.

Advantages of the auger drilling method:

• the cost-effectiveness and effectiveness of the method when drilling small wells (up to 50 meters) on sandy-clayey soils;
• availability of the method;
• soil layers are not washed away.

Disadvantages of the auger method for constructing water wells:

• Suitable only for sandy soil;
• If during the work the auger hits a stone, the process will have to be stopped and drilling started in another place.

Core drilling method

The core method is rarely used for drilling water wells. More often it is used as a method of engineering-geological and hydrogeological research.

When drilling, equipment (ZiF 650, ZiF 1200) with an annular carbide or diamond bit is used. During the drilling process, through the cavity of the crown, it is possible to extract a column of rock and determine the presence of certain natural resources.

When drilling using the core method, annular destruction occurs and subsequent washout of soil occurs.

Advantages of the core method:

• high speed of well construction;
• the ability to drill very hard soil;
• Drilling rigs are compact and can be used in hard-to-reach areas.

Disadvantages of the core method:

• quick grinding of the working crown;
• the small cross-section (about 150 mm) does not allow the use of powerful submersible pumps.

Regardless of the drilling method, a water well must meet certain requirements:

• the aquifer must be disclosed qualitatively with minimal resistance of the near-filter zones;
• content metal elements in design - minimal;
• if different aquifers are not exploited together, then they must be isolated from each other;
• possibility of carrying out repair work;
• well reliability.

Drilling a water well is a complex technological process, the competent implementation of which will be the key to an uninterrupted supply of high-quality water throughout the entire life of the well.