The desire to acquire their own source of water for many owners of suburban areas is quite logical and natural. The only stumbling block in resolving this issue is determining what is better - a well or a well?

Builders who provide well-digging services are ready to present a sea of ​​arguments, confirming that the well is an ingenious invention that will serve well for five decades. The masters who specialize in drilling wells convince us that the well is the best option hydraulic structure.

Each of these two methods of water extraction has its pros and cons, the main ones of which we will consider in the article.

The well is a hydraulic structure in the form of a vertically dug cavity up to 30 meters deep and a shaft diameter of over 70 centimeters, the walls of which are reinforced with reinforced concrete rings.

In the ground layers there are several aquifers located at different depths. The upper one, referred to as the perched water, is located 2-3 meters from the surface. Its water is quite turbid and dirty, as it is fed by drainage and storm water that penetrates the soil and man-made sediments.

Water extracted from this layer is used to water plants. Groundwater lies slightly deeper in sandy aquifers. Water is obtained from them when constructing a drinking well.

The main difference between a mine well and a well is depth: if a well buried 30 meters into the ground is considered deep, then for a well this is rather the minimum mark

There can be several aquifers in the ground, and they alternate with impermeable layers. To extract water from the first and second sandy horizons, Abyssinian wells are built - small-diameter wells, which during installation are not drilled, but pierce the soil layers with an inch rod, like a needle.

A well is considered to be a specially equipped vertical channel equipped with pipes with a diameter of up to 110 mm, which is intended for the extraction of drinking water from an interstratal aquifer.

At a depth of 200 meters and below there are limestone layers called artesian. They contain larger reserves of water than the same sand layers.

The key difference between an artesian well is that it produces water that lies between two dense layers. Since the price of such a hydraulic structure directly depends on the depth of the structure, and its productivity is tens of times greater than the needs of one family, artesian wells are most often installed collectively: one per street or for an entire village.

Rich in minerals beneficial to human health, artesian water is naturally pure, since it is perfectly protected by the thickness of the waterproof column from Wastewater and precipitation

Comparative cost of water intake

For many owners, the question of choosing which is better, a well or a well, is far from idle. After all, it is he who determines the cost of construction and maintenance of water production facilities.

When calculating the estimated cost of water intake, a number of parameters should be taken into account:

• excavation work based on each linear meter in depth;
• volume of materials to strengthen the walls of the penetration;
• frequency of maintenance of the structure.

As calculations show, at the cost of costs, including all installation work and maintenance of the erected structure, a well is cheaper. Due to the low cost of excavation work, which can be performed without the use of heavy special equipment, many summer residents, gardeners and villagers can afford to install a well.

A summary table for comparing the estimated estimated cost allows you to choose the best option for yourself: install a well or drill a well

The estimated cost of completing a well varies from 30 to 40 thousand rubles. It includes:

1. Installation of a bottom filter (4-5 thousand rubles).
2. Filtration gravel filling (1-1.5 thousand rubles).
3. External house for the head (from 7 thousand rubles).
4. Submersible pump with installation (15 + 7 = 22 thousand rubles).

Construction of a well without taking into account the laying of communications from the point of water intake to the points of consumption will cost about 100 thousand rubles. The cost depends on the time of year, drilling depth and equipment used.

The well package includes many components, including a pump, caisson, control devices and a hydraulic accumulator, the cost of which amounts to tens of thousands of rubles

The price of a pump for a mine well is also much cheaper in comparison with the pumping equipment required when constructing a well.

Frequency of preventative cleaning

Preventative well maintenance activities are carried out annually. The price is this annual sanitization, carried out through the efforts of craftsmen specializing in this field, is about 6 thousand rubles.

The condition of the water in the well must be constantly monitored by checking its organoleptic and chemical indicators in environmental services laboratories

When carrying out a major cleaning of the walls from siltation, which is carried out once every five years, you will have to spend another 7 thousand rubles. If it is necessary to replace the bottom filter, the cost of the work doubles.

In this regard, well cleaning is cheaper. With proper arrangement of a well, maintenance of a hydraulic structure is reduced only to monitoring the operation of the system, since it does not require annual cleaning.

Preventative cleaning of the system is performed every five years. The cost of the service, depending on the depth of the structure, varies from 6 to 50 thousand rubles. Water purification is carried out by installing filters. It is easy to care for the filter elements of the structure: they only need to be cleaned and changed as needed.

Features of installation of structures

In construction technologies and requirements for the placement of mine and tube wells There are also a number of significant differences that influence the choice of the type of water source for arranging country estates.

When constructing a well, it is important to maintain a distance from buried septic tanks, sewer lines and surface pollutants. Taking into account current sanitary standards, it must be at least 50 meters from cesspools, toilets and livestock yards located on the site.

Maintaining a distance between structures will avoid accidental release of household waste and sewage into water extracted from a well.

By choosing a place to drill a sand well, this distance can be reduced to 30 meters without worrying that contaminated domestic wastewater surface water will flow to the water intake point. The closed design of the structure, the walls of which are made of durable moisture-resistant concrete rings, helps prevent the penetration of contaminated water and debris into its cavities.

The requirements for the construction of an artesian well are more stringent. Industrial enterprises and other sources of chemical contamination must be removed at a distance of more than 300 meters from the well location. The distance to garbage dumps, burial grounds and centralized sewerage must be at least 200 meters. Houses and outbuildings must be removed at least 30 meters.

The need to obtain permission and construction timeframes

When constructing a well from the first aquifer to the depth of the aeration zone, which is 20 meters, no permits are required. You can determine the horizon of the aquifer experimentally, or by submitting an application for the issuance of geological information for your area to the territorial fund.

When planning to drill a well for the extraction of deep water, the horizon of which exceeds 20 meters, before starting work it is necessary to obtain a package of permits. To obtain the right to drill an artesian well and use water extracted from the subsoil, a project is developed that describes:

• what rocks does the well intersect;
• at what depth are the filters located;
• Is cementation of pipes provided and to what depth?

A license is issued only for wells intended for the selection of artesian water. Along with the license, the owner of the well receives an agreement, thereby obliging himself to submit reports to statistics and pay taxes to the tax authorities.

When drawing up a project, water supply diagrams are developed, and also calculations are made of flow rate, impact on groundwater and calculation of sanitary protection zones

The well passport attached to the documents will display all the necessary characteristics:

• well location coordinates;
• immersion depth;
• dynamic and piezometric levels;
• sizes of casing pipes used;
• performance of the structure.

The process of drilling a well will take less time than carrying out procedures for approving the project in various authorities. On average, it takes from one to two days to set up a sand well and a hydraulic structure of the “needle” type. Drilling an Abyssinian well can also be done on our own, using a manual method using an auger drill with a diameter of 150 mm.

To drill an artesian well, it is better to involve professionals, concluding an agreement with them to carry out the work. After all, any deviation of the trunk from the vertical during the installation process may result in the need to redo the work again.

When installing a well, there is no need to obtain building permits. According to Article 19 of the Subsoil Law, it is allowed to build underground structures with a depth of no more than 5 meters on a private plot.

The well shaft is a more complex structure with a depth of 5 to 30 meters, the construction of which will require at least a week

The complexity of the well shaft is that it has a large number of structural parts. For example: when constructing the walls of a concrete shaft of a structure 30 meters deep, 33 reinforced concrete rings will be required, with a product height of 90 centimeters, and the same number of joints to connect them. For comparison: when constructing wells, pipes are used, the length of which is 2.06 meters. Therefore, and joining seams they have less.

The only thing is that after the construction of the well, it is advisable to register the material object officially by adding it to the site plan. The BTI does not impose any sanctions on unauthorized construction of a well. The technical plan of the site is the only official document on which the well will be indicated.

Operational period of structures

The service life of a well is from 30 to 50 years. The average stable operation of well-type hydraulic structures is:

• “Abyssinian needle” – from 5 to 7 years;
• sand well – up to 15 years;
• artesian over 50 years.

The service life of both types of hydraulic structures depends on the quality of the system arrangement, regularity Maintenance, soil structure of the area and chemical composition produced water.

Visualize comparative analysis the operational period of each of the above water intake sources will be helped by a diagram

Volume and quality of produced water

A significant parameter when choosing between a well and a well is also the maximum volume of water “extracted” from the source. Some people mistakenly believe that there is much less water in a well than in a well, arguing that the well has a much larger cross-sectional area than the same well. Actually this is not true.

Features of water intake from a well

Due to the fact that the well is filled only with waters of Quaternary sediments, the amount of inflows of the hydraulic structure is limited to 0.5 cubic meters per hour. This volume is enough to maintain a small plot with a house. But when arranging a large area, including the cost of watering green spaces, filling a swimming pool and other household needs, this amount will clearly be small. And, as practice shows, the volume of water in a well is restored very slowly, in some cases up to several hours.

If you focus on water quality, then the well wins in this regard. When constructing a well, it is impossible to ensure complete waterproofing of the structure, since it is necessary to create conditions for natural inflow through the bottom.

Leaks in the walls of the structure may result in the aquifer mixing with groundwater during operation of the water intake.

Although the water produced from a well will not have the taste of “rust” and chlorine, most likely after heavy rain or flood, it will still contain impurities of groundwater.

Specifics of water intake from a well

Spring water has always been considered the cleanest and healthiest. Due to the fact that the well collects drinking water at great depths, it does not mix with upland melt and flood waters. And even after heavy rains, the water extracted from the well does not become cloudy.

The water in the well is quickly replenished. The average amount of inflows for well-type hydraulic structures is:

• “needle” – 0.5 cubic meters/hour;
• sand well – 1.5 cubic meters/hour;
• artesian – 5 cubic meters/hour.

High inflow is typical only for aquifers located as deep as possible from the surface. The aquifer reserve is practically inexhaustible. Complete drying of the well is impossible even with regular use structures using a powerful pump.

Water purified from impurities is extracted from well-type installations located on limestone or sandy aquifer, which are placed between water-resistant layers

It is worth noting that some well owners complain that the water produced by this method has a slightly metallic taste. But this effect is observed when pipes made of low-quality metal are used during the installation of the structure.

The priority of choosing a well is easily explained by the high tightness of the structure, which is achieved due to a tight fit casing pipe to the body of the structure. This allows you to prevent mixing of groundwater and the aquifer.

In addition, well-type water intakes are equipped with reliable filtration systems, thanks to which a high degree of purification is achieved. Through a narrow neck closed with a lid at the top, insects and small amphibians cannot penetrate into the well, which during the process of decay can release toxic substances, thereby promoting the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Tips for builders on choosing the optimal water source:

To summarize, it is worth noting that it is better to equip a mine well on summer cottages, intended for seasonal living, provided that the water is located only a few meters from the ground level. With low water consumption, which is mainly spent on household needs and watering plants, excess moisture will accumulate in the mine.

In addition, by installing a well in your dacha, you will always be able to raise water from the depths manually, which is so important in conditions of frequent power outages. When developing areas intended for year-round living, where the water depth is quite large, you should still prefer to drill a well. You will have to spend money on its arrangement at first, but in the process of constant operation of the structure the cost is fully recouped.

IN apartment buildings water supply is carried out using centralized system, but the owners country house or a dacha you have to solve the issue on your own, and the choice here is small - a well or a well. What is the difference between these two systems, and what are their pros and cons?

Water for drinking, household use and watering is taken from the ground, but not everyone knows at what depth it lies and what its properties are. All aquifers can be divided into:

1. Verkhovodka

Verkhodka is the uppermost layer, which consists of precipitation, which is why its level and fullness directly depends on the weather - during the rainy season there is plenty of water, but during drought it simply disappears. In addition, the most polluted water collects in this horizon, having absorbed fertilizers, chemicals and waste decomposition products; it is not recommended to drink it, it is only suitable for irrigation.

1. Groundwater

Groundwater - an aquifer located between two waterproof layers, contains purified, filtered water, its depth ranges from 10 to 40 meters.

1. Artesian waters

Artesian waters are deep layers of water-saturated soils, which, due to the pressure of overlying rocks, are under pressure and can gush out when drilled. The water in them is reliably protected from contamination by layers of soil, which makes it ideal for drinking. But such horizons lie at a depth of more than 40 meters, which complicates drilling.

Types of structures

To obtain water, you can use the following structures:

Well

Well - made mainly of ready-made concrete rings connected to each other by sealed rubber gaskets. There are two ways to make a well. In the first, a small hole is dug into which three rings are laid one on top of the other, after which a person climbs into the middle and begins to gradually dig up the soil from under the lower edges so that the structure gradually lowers, thus, several more rings are laid on top to obtain enough water depth.

The second option involves digging a large pit into which a structure of the desired depth is immediately placed, and the remaining space is filled with crushed stone or other filter materials.

Needle or well Abyssinian well

Needle or well Abyssinian well is a shallow thin well, its depth does not exceed 12 meters. The design received its name “needle” due to an unusual construction method - the hole for the well is made using a thin pipe with a needle-sharp end. The water in it is protected from high water and debris, but a pump is required for use. A similar design can be made indoors - a barn, a cellar.

Sand well

Sandy well - performed on sandy soils, has a depth of up to 30 meters, which reduces the cost of drilling, but the service life does not exceed 10-15 years even with ideal care.

Artesian well

The artesian well has a depth of more than 30 meters, which increases the price of its production, but the water in it is clean and always available, and creating a structure for 2-3 neighboring dachas will help reduce costs.

Well or well: comparison by parameters

To objectively evaluate the pros and cons of these structures and determine whether a well or a well is more suitable for use, it is worth considering their features according to several criteria:

Price

It differs little, since accounting is carried out per linear meter of the structure, although an artesian well will be much more expensive.

Time to make

In general, few people care about this factor, but sometimes it is simply necessary to urgently supply water to a site, and then it is better to choose a well, because the labor costs when creating a well and a well are disproportionate. For example, to create a well 10 meters deep you will need at least 5 days of painstaking work, while a well of the same depth can be drilled in just a few hours.

Preparatory stage

Before building a well, you should conduct a thorough hydrogeological survey, study maps and determine the optimal location, because if you don’t know, you can end up on a sandy, rocky or swampy layer, and then it will be impossible to dig a hole without the use of special equipment. In the case of a well, everything is much simpler - for different soils Different drills and drilling rigs are used.

Soil and climate type

Soil type - a well can be dug only in relatively soft soils - clay, loam, sandy loam, but if crystalline rocks are found in the thickness, then making a well becomes impossible. But a well can be drilled in any rock, they just use harder drills and reinforced installations. Yes, and in a sandy area there will be problems with a well - this type of soil floats, it is difficult to dig and go deeper, but drilling does not cause problems.

Climate type - in temperate climate with normal moisture there is no difference whether you drill a well or a well - there will be water both there and there. But in arid areas, water can leave the well, drying up, but in the well it will, at least little by little, collect large area, accumulating in quantities sufficient for the needs of residents. Therefore, in areas with a dry climate, a well is much better.

Constant availability of water

In this case, none of the designs can be better - it is a matter of luck. Water can remain in this horizon for centuries, or it can leave in a month due to a well drilled nearby, construction, or soil shifts.

Siltation and care

Both wells and boreholes become clogged, they are cleaned in approximately the same way - using a machine with a powerful pump, it pumps out dirty water and pumps in a clean one until the source is completely cleansed. In the case of a well, the cleaning process can be carried out independently by scooping up the water with buckets, replacing the filter layer of crushed stone and sand, then you can save on ordering equipment. But if you can’t do the procedure yourself, then hiring a person to do this work will be many times more expensive than using a pump.

Care - the well must be carefully monitored, the filter layer must be cleaned, disinfected twice a year, the walls must be cleaned and washed, which takes a lot of time and effort. But otherwise, it may silt up, the water will lose quality or disappear altogether. In contrast, a well with a filter may not be touched at all for many years.

Exploitation

Both designs can operate in either manual or automatic mode. Let's look at it separately. You can get water from a well in the old fashioned way - tie a bucket to a chain of sufficient length, lower the container on it to the bottom, collect water and pull it up using a rotating shaft, then pour the water into another container and repeat the process again. Or you can drill a hole in the well rings and insert a pipe there to connect submersible pump or pumping station, creating a system for automatically supplying water upstairs, and, if desired, to any point in the house and yard.

The well can be used in manual mode using a hand-held device - such devices Soviet times were installed in all cities. It is enough just to press the lever with a little effort - and water will flow from the tap; the pumping speed is many times greater than when removing a bucket from a well. And in automatic mode, it is enough to connect a pump or station to the well hole to quickly supply water to the kitchen, bath at home, or for watering the garden. So in this regard, a well is undoubtedly better.

Placement

It is simply impossible to build a well on the territory of the house; it must be placed in free space. But you can drill a well and later build a garage, cellar, shed or utility corners of the house on top, which allows you to always have water at hand and not think about the need to insulate the structure. And the delivery of water to the required areas of the building is greatly facilitated; the need for an insulated trench disappears by itself.

On the other hand, a well can be dug in any corner of the site, and for drilling it is necessary to install equipment measuring 6 by 6 meters above the future well, which is sometimes simply impossible due to the built-up area.

If the well has a depth of less than 4-5 meters, then there can be no talk about the purity of the water - this is a continuous high water into which all the filth from the neighbors' drainage pits will flow, because they are only slightly shallower. But even if the depth is quite decent, this is not a guarantee of safety from the penetration of harmful substances from the soil surface. After all, water from the high water moves to the sides and, meeting the structure, involuntarily seeps down the walls, getting into the underlying layers, and if, in addition, the well was dug using pit technology and surrounded by crushed stone, then this significantly increases the chances of contamination.

And do not forget about the possibility of external debris entering through the top hole of the container - leaves, fruits and even animals can fall into the well if you do not constantly cover the structure with a lid. The well is completely protected from debris, and it is not afraid of high water - its small diameter is not an obstacle to the movement of surface water, so this option is again better for a country house.

By the way, according to sanitary standards, the quality of water must be checked regularly, regardless of the initial indicators, because the aquifer changes its properties, and various impurities and pollutants can penetrate into it. Therefore, the water in a country house well should be checked every three months, and in a well - only once a year.

Fillability and service life

With significant water consumption, the well may become empty, because its filling rarely exceeds 200 liters per hour, which is not enough for a full-fledged stay big family and watering the garden. A new replenishment will take a good couple of hours, but in a deep well, especially an artesian one, there is always water, regardless of its use.

With proper construction, a well can last at most 20-30 years, and a high-quality well can last for more than half a century, which means that for a carefree future it is better to choose it when arranging a summer house or private house.

A well can be used without electricity using a good old bucket; water can be obtained from a well using hand-held devices, but this only applies to shallow structures. But an artesian well without electricity is simply useless, there is only one way left - to purchase the simplest generator for lighting the house and water supply, but this is an extra expense.

Having weighed all the described pros and cons, each owner of a private home must decide for himself which version of the device he needs. Both the well and the borehole have their undeniable advantages, but to summarize, a well is simpler, cheaper, more convenient and easier to maintain for water supply to a home, but on a site in arid regions you should definitely dig a traditional well - only it can guarantee the constant availability of water.

Water supply is one of the factors of comfortable living. Centralized communications are most often present in houses with a large number of apartments, but private buildings will have to be equipped independently. Of the options that exist for water supply to areas outside the city, we most often choose between sources such as a well or a well. You should know that these 2 options have some fundamental differences. Question in in this case not only in cost. Hence the question arises. What would be better suited for a private house: well or borehole?

Where will the water for the water supply come from?

Before thinking about the source of water supply, it would not hurt to find out what kind of water this source can supply. Aquifers can be divided into 3 types:

Verkhovodka. The layer is closest to the earth's surface. The maximum burial depth will be 4 meters.

Its fullness will depend on precipitation, and it will have its maximum length during the period of snow melting in the spring.

A complete absence of water or a minimum level may be in autumn-winter period time. This water can only be used for irrigation. During the construction of a good well or well, this layer must be isolated in order to avoid it getting into drinking water.

1. Groundwater. They are located lower than the perched water. They are an unchanging aquifer. Consequently, the water level in the well will be the same as in the rock. Saturation of the aquifer soil layer occurs due to the filtration of precipitation, river water and other aquifers through the soil. The depth of this aquifer can reach 10, and in some cases even 40 m.
2. Artesian waters. They are located between layers and are under pressure. During drilling of artesian wells, water rises higher than the aquifer, and in some cases it can gush out. Artesian waters can be protected from pollution by impermeable layers. Due to this, they are the most suitable water to use. However, in order to obtain such water, you will need to go deeper than 40 meters.

It is worth understanding that the lower the aquifer is, the cleaner the water will be.

The depth of each aquifer varies in different areas.

For individual water supply, you can build several options:

• Abyssinian well;
• ordinary well;
• filter well;
• artesian well.

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A well is the cheapest option for arranging a water supply.

A well is the simplest design for water supply. Depth similar structure can vary from 5 to 15 m. This will depend on the depth of the aquifer. The construction of such a structure is the cheapest option for arranging water supply. However, its water quality depends on climatic conditions and proper construction.

• relative cheapness of construction;
• accessibility and ease of use;
• water supply can be carried out uninterruptedly;
• there are no problems with removing an item that was accidentally dropped;
• given that correct operation and timely cleaning can last up to 50 years.

• possibility of contamination by perched water;
• the entry of various foreign objects into the water, which can lead to the activation of microbes and bacteria;
• the need for constant water withdrawal to avoid siltation;
• requires regular disinfection and cleaning;
• small volume of supplied water.

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Needle well, or Abyssinian well, at the dacha

It is worth knowing that in fact the Abyssinian well is a well that has a depth of 4 to 12 m. From of this building you can get the same water as from an ordinary well. The only difference is the construction method, in which the pipe, which has a sharp end, is driven manually into the ground to the required depth.

Water from an Abyssinian well is cleaner, since foreign objects and water cannot enter the structure. However, such a structure cannot be installed everywhere. In addition, you will need to purchase a self-priming pump.

• construction will not take large quantity time;
• it is possible to equip a well in the basement or in some other room;
• the tightness of the structure will prevent foreign objects from entering the water;
• With rare exceptions, water from an Abyssinian well can be consumed without purification at all;
• fairly high productivity;
• service life in favorable conditions can reach 30 years;
• it is possible to restore a well after it fails due to a clogged filter.

It is worth noting that an Abyssinian well, which is equipped in a basement or other room, does not need to be insulated for the winter.

Disadvantages of this design:

• the construction of an Abyssinian well, due to the geological features of the area, cannot be carried out everywhere, but only on loose and soft soils;
• the water layer must be at least 8 m deep, because the self-priming pump that is used to extract water is not capable of lifting it from a greater depth;
• without reducing the pressure, it is not possible to connect several water points;
• Due to the threat of siltation, there is a need to constantly use the well.

The next option would be a sand filter well.

Its depth will not exceed 30 meters. Drilling such a well can be much cheaper than an artesian one, but it can last a maximum of 15 years. This is provided that all work is carried out exclusively by professionals.

Advantages of this design:

• drilling can be done in one day;
• in order to equip a well, it is necessary to use only small-sized equipment;
• minimum iron content in water.

Disadvantages of this design:

• a strong decrease in water yield is possible in winter;
• the construction of several such wells in the neighborhood can lead to a decrease in the aquifer;
• In order to prevent siltation, you will need to use the well regularly.

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Artesian well in the country - expensive, but reliable

The depth of such a well is more than 30 m. Drilling an artesian well can be quite expensive. In addition, the pressure under which the water will be is not always sufficient, so it is better to use a pump, but this will entail additional costs of money.

Despite this, the durability and water quality of such a structure are an undeniable advantage. To reduce the cost of money, it is better to drill one well for several residential buildings.

Advantages of this design:

• high productivity due to the high water yield of limestone;
• uninterrupted water supply does not depend on the time of year;
• the ability to connect several water points without reducing pressure. This makes it possible to use the same well for several owners;
• surface water pollution is eliminated;
• Regularity of use is not important;
• The lifespan of an artesian well can be approximately 50 years.

If the water in an artesian well is under high pressure, it can gush out.

Disadvantages of this design:

• high cost of constructing this structure;
• the saturation of water with minerals and iron may be too high;
• the need for permits for drilling a well.

Using groundwater without appropriate permits is fraught with penalties.

It's worth knowing that right choice must be done based on the required volume of water. The saturation of the well will depend on the climate and season. On average, the maximum that can be extracted from such a structure in one hour is 200 liters. If this quantity is sufficient, you can get by with a well. In order to provide yourself with an uninterrupted water supply in the required quantity, it is better to drill a well. However, it should be borne in mind that a sand well needs constant use, otherwise silting and failure of the structure may occur.

Many people living in the private sector strive to equip a water source on their estate.

After all, a good and high-quality source of water is the key to comfortable living in the house.

This could be a well or a borehole.

The choice is determined by several factors: the geological features of the site, the required debit, and the financial capabilities of the owner.

First, it is necessary to mention what kind of water exists under the surface of the earth. Its quality and volume depend on this.

1. Verkhodka is the layer of water that is least buried. It is usually less than 3-4 meters away. The water supply is replenished when the snow melts or when there is heavy rain. Water contains contaminants from the surface of the earth. Such a source is suitable at best for agricultural and technical needs. During the dry season it dries out.
2. Groundwater is located deeper than the perched water and is limited from below by the first impermeable layer. They are most often used for wells and shallow wells. This underground source is fed by filtering water from the surface, so the liquid is not always suitable for drinking and requires periodic chemical and microbiological analysis.
3. Interformational waters are protected by rock on both sides almost along the entire length, so such a source is better protected from external influence. The depth at which these underground waters are located exceeds 10 meters. Both wells and boreholes can be installed on this horizon. The water is usually slightly mineralized, cleaner, from a microbiological point of view, than groundwater and perched water
4. Artesian waters- This is a type of interlayer type. The aquifer usually extends below 100 m and is enclosed between layers of rock and is a pressure source. When a waterproof roof is opened, water rises up the column and often flows like a fountain above the surface of the earth. This is a high-debit source, which is often characterized by high mineralization. However, in terms of microbiological composition it is ideal.

Thus, waters at different depths differ from each other in their composition. Another important feature is the productivity of the well and well. This characteristic determines not only the suitability of the source for providing water to a home, but also the required performance of water-lifting equipment.

In most cases, a well is more productive than a well. The last maximum per hour can produce 0.5 m 3 of water. The productivity of a gerbil is on average 1 m3. The most abundant water is the artesian, it can be used to supply water to an entire village.

Wells and wells differ in other properties.

Well as an inexpensive but reliable source

For water supply to a small private house, preference is given to a well, the depth of which depends on the location of the vein. But it is not profitable to resort to this method of extracting underground water if you have to go deeper than 15 meters.

You can use high water if well water is needed only for watering the garden. But you need to take into account that in dry times you may be deprived of water.

By the way, exactly the driest time of the year is preferable for arranging a well source. It is usually advised to carry out the whole process in the fall, then the earth is better suited for digging, and you will be able to get to the lower vein, which contains clean water for a long time.

Installation is carried out usually according to the following scheme.

1. Purchase the required number of rings. This value depends on the depth of the structure. To determine the level of the aquifer, it is better to contact geologists. A simpler, but less reliable option is to talk to neighbors who already have a well.
2. At the chosen location install the first ring.
3. The soil is removed inside the ring. They also dig from the outside to make it possible to level the column and seal it.
4. The rings gradually fall down under their own weight.
5. The next element is placed on top, connecting with the previous one. All joints must be sealed, since water will only have to come from below from the aquifer.
6. A hole is pre-made in the penultimate ring for connecting the outlet pipeline if you plan to supply water directly to the house using a pump.
7. After reaching the aquifer equip a bottom pebble filter.
8. A clay castle is made around the ring on top, the head of the well must have at least a lid. You can build a stylized house.

Installation of the well is quite simple, but labor-intensive. Operating the source is not difficult either. There are 2 options for raising water:

• it is possible to install pumping equipment, both surface and deep, depending on the depth of the mine;
• using the old-fashioned method - a reel with a bucket or a “crane”.

Periodically, the well needs to be pumped and the bottom filter cleaned. Sometimes it is necessary to deepen the mine.

Negative qualities of a well are:

• small debit;
• high probability of water contamination from outside, including microbiological agents;
• in case of installation errors may enter well water and dirty water;
• the well takes up more space on the surface than a well.

However, despite all the disadvantages, the well also has a number of positive qualities:

• low price arrangement;
• availability of materials and tools;
• ease of maintenance(cleaning and replacing pumping equipment);
• possibility of manual water lifting in the absence of electricity.

Wells - expensive, but high quality and convenient

Compared to a well the well is more technologically advanced and has several advantages:

• greater productivity;
• closedness of the source from external influences;
• less occupied area.

Otherwise, the characteristics of the well depend on its type.

Abyssinian well

“Abyssinka” is actually not a well, but a needle well. Its last name is associated with its form. The well has an inch shaft, which tapers downwards, where it eventually turns into a filter and a pointed tip.

Water lifting equipment is installed at the top. This can be an electric or manual pump.

The arrangement of such a source can be carried out with my own hands . The process involves clogging a mine and gradually building it up until it reaches the aquifer. The depth of such a source does not exceed 12 m, which is due to the capabilities of the surface pump.

The Abyssinian well has several advantages:

• simplicity and low installation price;
• possibility of arrangement inside the house V basement, as well as transfer to another place in case of siltation;
• good performance, allowing to provide small house water;
• ability to work without electricity with a hand pump.

To the negative characteristics needle wells include:

• impossibility of driving in rocky soils;
• depth limitation(the water surface should not be lower than 8 m).

Filter well

If the aquifer is located at a depth of 10 to 50 m in the sand layer, then a filter or sand well is installed. It consists of several elements:

• casing pipe, which simultaneously plays the role of water supply;
• bottom filter;
• submersible pump;
• head.

You can arrange such a source yourself, but it is better to trust the professionals. This is especially true for pump installation.

Source performance suitable for small house . But a sand well has several negative qualities:

• reduction in debit in the case of using the same aquifer with a neighbor;
• the need for annual filter cleaning and year-round operation;
• service life does not exceed 15 years.

Artesian well

"Artesian" is the most debiting well. The water in it is maximally protected from negative impact external environment. But this does not mean that the quality of the liquid meets the standards. Water treatment is often necessary in the form of softening, iron removal and demanganization, which requires additional costs and allocation of space for installing filters.

Another disadvantage is the need to obtain permits for drilling, which, by the way, cannot be done on our own, since we have to go very deep.

That's why this source is also the most expensive. In addition, the well, namely pumping equipment annual maintenance required.

Sometimes it is the artesian well that is the best option. For example, for big houses. You can connect a whole group of houses, while the costs of drilling and arrangement are significantly reduced. Moreover, this source will last a long time.

Price issue

The cost of the well is the lowest. One reinforced concrete ring estimated at approximately 1.5 thousand rubles excluding delivery. Usually you need about 10 pieces. You also need to add the price of waterproofing. If you plan to lift the water manually, then the price of the pump is added, which is about 10 thousand rubles.

A ready-made kit for an Abessinian well without water-lifting equipment will cost 5-10 thousand rubles, depending on the depth. You can prepare all the elements yourself, which will slightly reduce the cost. A turnkey needle well is estimated at approximately 25-30 thousand rubles.

The main costs when installing a sand well are:

• drilling, which is determined by the type of soil and is estimated at approximately 1.5 thousand rubles per linear meter;
• submersible pump, which can cost 10,000 rubles or more.

A turnkey filter well costs approximately 200 thousand rubles

For drilling each linear meter of an artesian well you will have to pay an average of 2.5 thousand rubles, and you will have to go 100 meters or more deep.

It is expensive to obtain permits and licensing, which can amount to 300 thousand rubles.

Thus the final the price of an artesian can exceed 500 thousand rubles.

When installing communications in a private house or outbuilding, for example, a bathhouse, garage, barn, connection to the central networks of municipal water pipelines is rarely chosen as a source. This is understandable - in the event of a breakdown on the pipe route, you have to endure inconvenience, and in some areas the supply is irregular, maintenance and use of the system is expensive, and in some places there is no possibility of connecting to the central channel at all. For private use, boreholes or wells are used. They are installed on the farm’s territory and provide consumers with water in the required quantity. But which is better: a well or a borehole? Let's look at the pros and cons of the systems and how they are designed.

Sources: what are they?

The first step is to determine at what level the usable water is located. There are 3 main types of underground sources.

1. Verkhodka is the layer closest to the surface of the earth, located at a depth of no more than 4 meters. Filling occurs as precipitation falls; it is especially rich during the period of snow melting and river floods. The obvious disadvantage of this layer is its contamination - the thickness of the soil is not sufficient to purify the water, so it is not suitable for drinking, but is quite suitable for irrigation. Therefore, a well in a country house can be of small depth, this is enough for economic use.
2. Groundwater is the middle layer, located at a depth below 10 meters. Due to the thick layer of soil, sediments and river water undergo a sufficient degree of purification. This water can be used for food and household purposes.
3. The artesian spring is located between layers of impenetrable rocks below 40 meters and is under pressure. When drilling wells, water rises above the level of the layers containing it; it is the cleanest and most suitable for use.

Depending on the availability of one or another source on the site, as well as based on the needs, they choose which is better - a well or a borehole.

Mine well

Most old way extraction of water for the farm. This is an ordinary classic well, it has the simplest design and provides access to top and groundwater. It is advisable to install it to a depth of up to 15 meters.

How to make a well with your own hands?

The following procedure must be followed:

1. Mechanically or manually dig a hole to the desired level.
2. The walls of the well are arranged with special concrete rings. The seams at their joints must be carefully sealed so that foreign objects and living creatures living in the upper layers of the soil do not penetrate into the water.
3. The bottom of the well is covered with gravel of various fractions up to 30 cm thick - it will filter the water coming from below from large impurities.
4. The last stage is the construction of a canopy that protects the water from external contaminants. This can be a simple lid or a design with a door.

The undoubted advantage that such a well has is the price. This is the cheapest structure capable of providing water to a subsidiary farm. The cost of concrete rings depends on their size and ranges from 1500-5000 rubles. The price of lifting the soil and installing walls also depends on the size of the shaft and the complexity of the process, on average 1800-3000 rubles/ring. If you decide to carry out the installation yourself, then you only need to spend money on concrete elements, which is very profitable.

In the presence of electrical source From such a well you can pump water using a pump. Otherwise, mining is done only with a bucket by hand.

Abyssinian well

It is a driven pipe up to 15 meters long with a diameter of 1 inch. A filter is installed at the tip, and a pump is installed at the ground part. In essence, this is a water well, only very compact. Allows installation anywhere - on site or indoors. Limitation: hard soils. The advantages include tightness: when accessing groundwater, the ingress of polluting perched water is excluded. The disadvantages are the impossibility of constant use due to the threat of silting (cleaning is required).

The depth of the well must be at least 12 meters - it is from this level that the pump can lift water.

An Abyssinian well can be a source of water supply for a home: it supplies relatively clean water suitable for drinking and household use.

Features of the design of simple structures

Any well in the country can be installed all year round, even in winter. The top layer of soil freezes shallowly; it can be warmed up by lighting a fire. In the spring, during the period of snowmelt and floods, excavation and installation can only be carried out if you know the level of the source in other periods. There is a risk of making a mistake with the depth due to the saturated water content. Fluctuations in levels are within 1-2 meters. Optimal time development - autumn and winter.

Where to install and how to make a well? When solving this issue, be guided by common sense. Water layers are located evenly in the depths of the soil; strong differences practically do not occur, so the location is determined by convenience.

If the year turns out to be dry and the water has receded, you can always increase the depth by adding a concrete ring of smaller diameter and height.

Hygiene

Wells should be cleaned regularly or as they become dirty. If you notice a change in the smell or color of the water, it means it’s time to clean the source.

First of all, find the possible reason:

• water entered the well from the upper, dirtier layers;
• for some reason, cracks appeared in the walls or the seams depressurized and contaminants penetrated through them;
• accumulation of debris and dust on the surface of the water due to the unprotected top of the shaft;
• rare use of the well.

Preventative cleaning of wells should be carried out after winter period when the snow melted. This will reduce the likelihood of re-contamination by melt and flood waters. Cleaning can be done either independently or using the services of specialists.

Water well

A modern method of extracting water to meet the needs of the home and household. It is a pipe deeply buried to the lower layers with installed filters and a pump.

There are 2 types of wells:

1. On sand (up to 30 meters, less often - up to 80 meters).
2. On limestone (artesian, below 30 meters).

The advantages of both options include:

• high quality of produced water;
• a large supply that can satisfy all household needs.

Main disadvantages:

• in comparison with wells they have a higher cost of the device;
• If the lifting pump fails, it is impossible to manually obtain water.

Filter well

This has access to the lower layers of groundwater, cleaner waters. Wells are drilled to sand layers that provide filtration at the production level. Usually the depth reaches 30 meters, with the exception of in some areas - up to 80 meters.

The well is a submerged pipe with a diameter of up to 133 mm. It is advisable to entrust the deepening to professionals, then the installation will last a long time - up to 30 years.

The cost of drilling a well for sand is on average 2000-3000 rubles per meter, taking into account the material.

Pros of use:

• quick installation in 1 day using oversized equipment;
• does not require permission for installation or licensing;
• medium power pumps can be used;
• contains an optimal level of iron and other impurities that are not harmful to health.

Flaws:

• the threat of siltation requires periodic cleaning;
• if there are similar installations in neighboring areas, a decrease in the amount of produced water and pressure, respectively;
• V winter time a decline in water is possible due to lack of replenishment of the source.

Artesian well

Provides the purest water from the deepest springs. Well pipes have a diameter of up to 324 mm. Deepening is carried out using special equipment to a depth of up to 240 m (depending on the geological conditions of the area), reaching impenetrable limestone layers, due to which high-quality water purification and protection occurs. Accordingly, the cost of installing a well is high, so it is often installed on several houses or yards.

Advantages:

• there is no contamination with sludge, therefore no cleaning is required;
• high productivity (up to 5000 cubic meters per hour);
• service life - over 50 years with proper installation;
• the amount of water does not depend on the time of year and the number of connected farms;
• The possibility of surface contamination is completely excluded.

Flaws:

• the main one is the high cost of installing the source (depending on the depth, pipe diameter, complexity of insertion: from 2000 to 3500 rubles/meter);
• a permit is required to develop a well (bureaucratic processes may take several months) with further payment of a tax for the use of the resource;
• risk of high mineralization of water, which will require additional purification.

Features of well construction

In order for a water extraction installation to serve for a long time and reliably, you need to take a responsible approach to its installation and choice of material.

For drilling wells, seamless steel pipes no seams. It is better not to use galvanized ones - over time they will pollute the water with particles and compounds harmful to the body.

The ideal option is to install plastic pipes inside steel. They are not subject to corrosion and other changes during operation. A “multilayer” water well will last longer without the need for repairs, it is easier to clean, and the quality of the water supplied from it is higher. But its device will cost much more (3000-6000 rubles/meter).

Water quality control

At home, it is almost impossible to determine the composition of the liquid. Especially if we are dealing with a recently installed source.

It is recommended to collect water 3-4 weeks after installing a well or borehole. Then it acquires a permanent, stable composition. Based on the results of the analysis, you can select the best way purification, which will ensure safe consumption for various needs. These may be special installations for well shafts or filters for local use.

Making a choice

Which is better - a well or a borehole - is not an entirely correct question. They are used for different purposes and for extracting water from different layers of the earth. If you need a source for irrigation, it is optimal to install a shallow shaft well on the site. The price of his device is the most affordable, you can dig it yourself, then the savings will be maximum.

Drilling wells will cost more, but the quality of the water they produce is much higher. They can be used to supply water to an entire house through a system of pipes and taps. It is important here that a reliable pump and cleaning installation is installed if necessary.

An Abyssinian well can also provide a house with water, but in small volumes, since the pump power is relatively small, and the production of water by the system will not provide high pressure.

Which is better - a well or a borehole, depends on the geological conditions, financial capabilities and needs of a particular farm.