During the construction of urban high-rise buildings and industrial facilities, basis flat roof usually becomes reinforced concrete slab. But for private houses, especially frame and wooden ones, such a choice is most often unacceptable. In this case, a flat roof is constructed according to wooden beams. Its main advantage is its light weight, which reduces the load on the walls and foundation.

The installation of such a roof is simpler and cheaper than using heavy reinforced concrete slabs. But the functionality is the same. Therefore, this option of a flat roof is often chosen by those who want to build it with their own hands.

The main share of such roofs falls on private houses and cottages, whose owners value futuristic style, convenience and practicality. Also - for covering verandas, terraces, balconies, garages. As a rule, all these buildings are wooden or frame, requiring a lightweight roof structure. But this is not a mandatory rule. The wall material can be anything - brick, aerated concrete, foam concrete, etc. In this case, wooden beams often crash into the mauerlat - a wooden beam that runs along the perimeter of the walls and is connected to them using anchor bolts or hairpins.

Flat roofing is especially attractive to developers because its horizontal surface can be used as a usable area. Moreover, this is possible even for a roof with wooden beams at its base.

Of course, you shouldn’t use the freed up meters for a parking lot, swimming pool or tennis court. Still, such projects require a more monumental foundation. But wooden beams can easily support an open terrace, observation deck, or home greenhouse. The main thing is to make the calculation correctly and not skimp on the thickness of the lumber.

Types of flat roofs on beams

On wooden floors You can build the following types of flat roofs:

• unexploited;
• exploited;
• inversion

That is, all possible types - without restrictions.

Unused roof – ordinary, completed with a waterproofing finishing coating. It is intended solely to protect the premises from conditions environment and does not set itself other goals. It is forbidden to use it as a place of rest, move in large groups, or install terrace furniture and flowerpots. The covering of such a roof is designed for the fact that 1-2 people will periodically climb onto it, solely for maintenance of the structure.

Operable roof- already more interesting and more complex. In addition to its direct protective functions, such a roof plays the role of additional usable space for the homeowner. The design pie ends not with waterproofing (prone to damage), but with a protective coating - paving stones, decking, wooden flooring, paving slabs, turf layer, crushed stone or gravel.

Inversion roof– inverted roofing, a qualitatively different option. It can be either exploited or unexploited. Its peculiarity is the inverted order of placing layers in the pie. If in a conventional roof the waterproofing is laid on top of the insulation, then in an inversion roof the opposite is true. The waterproofing lies under the insulation, and the vapor barrier is completely excluded from the structure of the cake. Due to this, the waterproofing is protected from the street environment and its service life is increased.

However, under the influence of unfavorable street conditions turns out to be insulation, so the choice of this type of insulation in inversion roofs is limited. Only EPS (extruded polystyrene foam) and nothing more! This material has virtually zero water absorption, high density and strength. On top of the EPS in inversion roofs is loaded with washed gravel, paving stones, paving slabs or a turf layer.

An interesting option for exploited roofs (including inversion ones) is green roof. It can also be supported on wooden beams. The pie of such a roof ends with a soil layer on which plants are planted. There are other elements that are not used for other types of roofs: a drainage layer (gravel, expanded clay, crushed pumice or geomats), a filtration layer (geotextile).

Flat roof frame on a wooden base

The frame of the described roofs is made of wooden beams laid like an interfloor ceiling. Full-size timber lumber or composite lumber (laminated veneer lumber) can be used. Often beams are made from boards with a section of 100x150 mm.

The beams are laid with support on the walls, similar to interfloor ceilings. If the building is wooden or frame, then the beams rest on the upper crown of logs or top harness. If it is brick or block, then on a pre-fixed Mauerlat. A timber with a cross section of 150x150 mm or 150x100 mm is usually used as a Mauerlat. It is mounted on the upper chord of the walls using anchors or studs. To protect the wooden Mauerlat from the wall material, 1-2 layers of waterproofing (roofing felt) are laid between them.

Cuts are made on the beams under the Mauerlat, they are laid and secured with metal corners or nails. The pitch between the beams is maintained at 50-120 mm (depending on the calculated load).

When installing beams, it is important to ensure a roof slope of 1-6°. Despite the fact that the roof is called flat, it is not absolutely horizontal. A slight slope is necessary to ensure that water moves towards the drain and thus prevents it from stagnating.

You can create the required slope in the following ways:

1. Immediately lay the beams with the desired slope. Then, if a horizontal ceiling is supposed to be installed under the roof in the room, it is made suspended or sewn onto a horizontal sheathing.
2. Lay the beams horizontally, and nail wooden plates of different heights to them to maintain the required angle.
3. Lay the beams horizontally, and form the angle using different thicknesses of thermal insulation laid on top of the frame.
4. Use beams with unequal allowance in height.

Most often, the first option is used, that is, the beams are immediately laid with a slope. The easiest way to do this is to fasten along the top load-bearing wall a strong purlin made of timber or boards that will lift the frame (beams) on one side. Instead of a transverse purlin, you can also install short radial beams extending from the central double diagonal beam.

Flat roof pie: what's inside?

A flat roof pie on a wooden frame can have a different structure. There are many design options, many of them are posted on the Internet. And they will all work!

Option 1. Roof with insulation over beams

Flat roof insulation layers can be laid on top of the beams. For example, a proven working option (classic roofing with insulation):

• floor beams;
• vapor barrier;
• waterproofing material – polymer membrane.

When using both EPS insulation and PVC membrane, a separating layer (geotextile, fiberglass) must be laid between them. The fact is that these two materials are incompatible and when they come into direct contact, the PVC is destroyed.

The polymer membrane is fixed to the insulation mechanically or loaded with ballast. Crushed stone or gravel (for all types of roofs), paving stones (for maintained roofs), and soil (for green maintained roofs) are used as ballast. However, when choosing ballast, you should soberly assess the reliability wooden frame, its maximum load.

If the final coating is to use a weld-on waterproofing or an EPDM membrane with adhesive fixation, a change is made to the scheme discussed above. It consists in laying sheets of plywood, OSB or DSP between the insulation and waterproofing.

This results in the following diagram:

• floor beams;
• lathing (if necessary);
• continuous cladding made of plywood, CBPB, OSB;
• vapor barrier;
• insulation – EPPS, mineral wool;
• plywood sheets, OSB, DSP;
• waterproofing material.

Installation of a built-up roof traditionally requires the use of gas burner, therefore, according to existing fire standards, it is unacceptable on wooden structures. Therefore, they act as follows. The first layer of waterproofing is nailed or glued to a wooden base, and the second layer is fused, as it should be. It is also convenient to use euroroofing felt with a special adhesive base, for which cold installation without heating with a torch is recommended.

Installation membrane roofing on a wooden base is shown in the video:

Option #2. Roof with interbeam insulation

Another principle of assembling a flat roof pie is associated with laying insulation in the space between the beams. This option is more convenient than the first if EPDM membranes with adhesive fixation or fused roofing are used as waterproofing.

The following roofing pie scheme is often used:

• floor beams;
• vapor barrier (between beams);
• insulation (between beams);
• lathing (if necessary);
• continuous cladding made of plywood, CBPB, OSB;
• waterproofing.

In principle, a similar system is used in the formation of classic pitched roofs.

Option #3. Roof with internal insulation

In this case, sheets of plywood, OSB or DSP are sewn onto the supporting structure (beams), and waterproofing is laid over them. The remaining insulating layers of the roofing pie are sewn on the side of the room.

A rough ceiling (made of boards or sheet materials) is fixed to the beams; planks are screwed to it, perpendicular to the load-bearing beams, in increments of 40 cm. Polystyrene foam boards are placed between the planks, gluing them to mastic or glue. A vapor barrier film is sewn to the insulating layer. Cover the insulation cake with a finished ceiling.

When constructing an inversion roof, you can use the following diagram (from bottom to top):

• beams;
• continuous sheathing;
• waterproofing;
• separating layer (when using PVC membrane as waterproofing);
• EPPS insulation;
• separating layer – geotextile;
• ballast, paving slabs, decking, etc.

The principle of inversion roofing is often used to install green roofs. For example, you can do this:

What topcoat should I use?

The wooden base of a flat roof, along with its advantages, also has features with a minus sign. This is an increased fire hazard and low load-bearing capacity (compared to reinforced concrete slabs).

To waterproof such a roof, it is advisable to use materials that do not require hot installation. Ideally, polymer membranes. When choosing built-up bitumen-polymer coatings (from the Euroroofing felt series), the first layer of material is installed mechanically, and the second - by fusing. In order to minimize the possibility of fire in structures during installation, it is recommended to use non-combustible CBPB boards as continuous cladding (on which the waterproofing is laid).

When constructing serviceable and ballasted roofs, you should also remember that excessive load on a wooden base can be fatal. Therefore, if the load-bearing capacity of the beams used is small, lightweight materials should be selected for the finishing coating - decking, deck boards, rubber paving slabs (rubber mats), etc.

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely to the arrangement of roofs. The technical result of the invention is to increase the operational reliability of the roof. In a monolithic roof - a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed 2 laid on the base 1 of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer 3, when applied covered with quartz sand 4, which performs the function of a vapor barrier layer, the waterproofing layer 5 is made in the form of a waterproofing membrane pouring from polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand stretching (elongation) at break of at least 200%. The load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand at least 100% by weight of the binder. In the finishing top layer 7, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof, while all polymer layers are made in a seamless monolithic design. 5 salary f-ly, 4 ill.

Drawings for RF patent 2441121

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely to the arrangement of roofs or protective coverings of various structures for operational purposes, such as parking lots, sports facilities, residential buildings, leisure centers, shopping and exhibition halls, etc.

Modern selection of thermal insulation, waterproofing and finishing materials allows you to operate the roof practically without any serious technical barriers and to include these materials in projects when designing new cottages and estates. Such exploitable roof solutions save space and are also attractive architectural element design.

The installation of a serviceable roof is a complex engineering task that requires compliance with a number of requirements for modern high-tech roofing coverings.

A known roof for a building with a flat roof is made multilayer, consisting of a waterproofing layer located on the surface of the base of the roof, a heat-insulating layer of tightly packed rubber crumbs, a layer of polymer material, a porous layer, which is a hardened binder made of a polymer material with a filler in the form of rubber crumb placed in it, all layers, except for the heat-sound-insulating and waterproofing layers, are laid using the pouring technology method with the possibility of ensuring their interconnection through the polymer material and the formation of a monolithic coating structure roofing (RF patent No. 58577, published November 27, 2006).

The disadvantages of the analogue are associated with the high degree of deformability of the structure, which uses elastic polymer materials filled with rubber crumbs. For any heat and sound insulating layer a necessary condition ensuring thermophysical characteristics is the invariability of its geometric shapes, since any changes (deformations) change the density of the thermal insulation layer and its porosity, and, consequently, the thermal conductivity characteristics towards deterioration. In addition, the roofing technology used in the analogue creates heterogeneity of the structure in the heat-insulating layer, since after pouring polymer material over this layer, in its upper part the entire porous space is filled with polymer material, and thus it becomes divided into two parts: the lower - porous and top with filled pores of the self-leveling layer material. In this case, the porous (upper finishing) layer is also filled with rubber crumbs and polymer material, only initially mixed with it in the bulk layer. Such a structure, heterogeneous in properties, but connected into a monolith during the period of sharp daily temperature fluctuations in winter period, for example, in St. Petersburg, where normal daily differences are from -10 to +10°C, increases the likelihood of a dew point appearing inside the structure, with all the ensuing negative consequences.

The low resistance of elastic polymer structures to piercing and cutting loads requires the creation of a protective layer, for example, from gravel or crushed stone, which is unacceptable for a heat insulating layer. In addition, any other loads on the roof (pedestrian traffic, mechanical loads, including transport, snow), due to its deformability, can change the geometric parameters, including the specified slopes, which will lead to the formation of water accumulation places randomly located on the roof ( puddles), which turn into ice in winter. For these reasons, the operation of such a roof is impossible.

A traditional flat exploitable roof is known, consisting of a vapor barrier layer, rigid insulation, a slope-forming layer and screed, a waterproofing layer consisting, for example, of a welded roll material or a polymer roll membrane, connected to each other by welded seams, a protective layer, including a geotextile a layer to protect against spillage of gravel with sharp edges; for example, granite gravel is used as drainage, and a top layer consisting, for example, of paving slabs(SNiP II-26-76. Roofs. Appendix II, type P-9, p. 14).

The disadvantages of the prototype are that although such a roof protects the waterproofing layer from the fall of heavy and sharp objects, improves fire-fighting properties due to the protective layer of granite gravel and paving slabs, however, this type of roof is not intended for use as an operational roof with the corresponding loads and functional purposes, for example, parking lots, traffic and parking of vehicles and cleaning equipment, recreational areas and terraces, ramps and overpasses, galleries, cafes, sports grounds.

An inversion roof is known, consisting of a concrete floor slab with a slope arranged on it, on top of which there is a reinforced screed made of a cement-sand mixture, primed with bitumen primer TECHNONICOL No. 1, a roofing carpet made of two layers of hydro insulating material, lower from Technoelastmost B or Technoelast-Fix, upper from Technoelastmost B or Technoelast-Green, which is covered with a layer of needle-punched geotextile TechnoNikol, a layer of thermal insulation located on top of waterproofing layers and performing the function of protecting the building from moisture entering it, a drainage layer for removing moisture arranged according to the upper surface of heat-insulating slabs, with insulation laid on it, on which a drainage layer of granite gravel is applied, on top of which a reinforced screed is laid, before laying which the previous surface is covered with glassine or roofing felt, forming a separating layer, on which the top layer is applied - asphalt concrete (Guide to design and installation of serviceable roofs using bitumen-polymer materials from the TechnoNIKOL company, M., 2005, section 3, subsection 3.1. Inversion serviceable structure used for moving or parking vehicles).

By the largest number similar characteristics and the result achieved when using this technical solution chosen as a prototype of the claimed invention.

The disadvantages of the prototype are the overloading of the structure due to the slope-forming (under the waterproofing layer) and protective (above the heat-insulating layer or in its absence above the waterproofing layer) screeds, as well as the upper operating layer leads to high loads on the load-bearing slab, to remove which it is necessary to carry out additional expensive measures to increase the bearing capacity of the foundation. If the continuity of the waterproofing layer is broken (leaks occur) and if it is necessary to carry out repair work, for example, dismantling the top layer of an inversion roof, the reuse of which, like the screed above the thermal insulation layer, is impossible, as a result of which a new screed is required, which is an expensive operation. Due to the multi-layer structure of the roof, which involves draining water from several intermediate layers, even with slight deformations of one of them, the risk of leaks increases due to movements in transition zones (joints) and along multi-level drainage funnels, which requires frequent repairs with partial dismantling the roof in drainage areas.

The technical result to be achieved by the claimed invention is to increase the efficiency and expand the types of operation of the roof, optimize and reduce the cost of its design and increase reliability during operation.

To achieve the specified technical result in a monolithic roof - a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed laid on the base of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer, when applied filled with quartz sand, performing the function of a vapor barrier layer, the waterproofing layer is made in the form of a poured waterproofing membrane made of polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the supporting high-strength layer is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand of at least than 100% by weight of the binder, and in the finishing top layer, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof - a protective coating, while all polymer layers are made on a slope-forming concrete screed in a seamless monolithic design.

In addition, the declared decision has optional features that characterize its special cases, namely:

To protect the slope-forming concrete screed from cracking and ensure the strength of the base under the polymer layers, it is made of concrete with a strength of at least M250 (B20), a thickness in its lower part of at least 40-50 mm, and a thickness of at least 0.75t over the entire area, where t is the thickness of the slope-forming concrete screed, with cards with a pitch L of no more than 6 × 6 m, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints filled with polymer material of a monolithic roofing-protective coating are cut;

The expansion joint of a slope-forming concrete screed is made of a waterproofing key installed in the lower part of the joint, on top of which the entire space is filled with elastic polymer material, so that waterproofing membrane and the deformation layer worked together without an intermediate primer layer, laid only along concrete base slope-forming concrete screed and vertical surfaces of expansion joints and junctions of the screed to the walls (parapets);

At the junctions, the waterproofing membrane is placed on the walls (parapets), while the composition of the polymer material includes thixotropic additives, and the load-bearing highly filled layer of polymer material is made in the form of a plinth with a height h of at least 10-15 cm, the space between the slope-forming concrete screed and the parapet is filled elastic polymer material;

To relieve stress concentrations on the polymer layer, the sharp corners of the slope-forming concrete screed in expansion joints and junctions are cut at an angle of 45°;

When using a monolithic roof - a protective coating in temperate climatic zones or with minor temperature changes that do not cause significant temperature deformations in the screed, the waterproofing membrane can be applied only in places of possible structural movements of the load-bearing elements of the building, adjacent to the walls of the parapets or expansion joints, and the load-bearing high-strength roofing layer is applied directly to the primer layer.

The distinctive features of the proposed device from the one mentioned above, which is closest to it, are the implementation of a waterproofing layer in the form of a poured waterproofing membrane from polymer materials of increased elasticity that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the implementation of a high-strength load-bearing layer from a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics, filled with quartz sand at least 100% by weight of the binder, making the finishing top layer polymer and making all polymer layers in a seamless monolithic design.

Due to the presence of these features in the proposed monolithic roofing - a protective coating for operational purposes, the solidity and seamlessness of the coating is preserved, since the use of a material of the same origin, but with different characteristics(brands) allows, with a small roof thickness, to meet the requirements for operating roofs. In this case, the multilayer structure works as a single monolithic structure with different characteristics and functional purposes of the layers, but high adhesive and mechanical interlayer strength, water resistance, for example, vapor barrier - primer layer, waterproofing - elastic layer, load-bearing - high-strength layer, top - protective and finishing top -layer. Making layers of polymer materials makes it possible to regulate (improve, if necessary, existing brands) various characteristics of layers, the introduction of special additives into the polymer composition, for example, thixotropic additives - for application to vertical surfaces, fire retardant additives - to increase fire resistance classes, etc.

Filling compensation temperature-shrinkage (and expansion joints and junctions with walls (parapets)) with an elastic polymer composition of a waterproofing membrane improves the performance characteristics of a slope-forming concrete screed by creating a protective damping layer that ensures unloading of this screed from extreme temperature-shrinkage deformations, preventing its destruction, and increases reliability waterproofing membrane while ensuring the continuity of the waterproof layer, since the main volume of deformation loads is “damped” in the seams, creating a “reserve of strength” for the main waterproofing layer of the proposed roof.

All layers of a monolithic roofing - protective coating are completely waterproof, both individually and in a monolith. Accordingly, the collection and drainage of water into drainage funnels is carried out only from the surface of the proposed roof and does not require multi-tiering.

The multi-layer nature of such a roof makes it possible to redistribute loads between layers, creating a kind of “reserve” of strength, which, when one layer is destroyed, does not entail the immediate destruction of the next one. In the proposed invention, due to the created rigid adhesive bonds between the layers of the polymer coating, the possibility of water penetration under the polymer layer is excluded. Possible destruction, for example, disruption of the continuity of the waterproofing membrane, will be limited only to a local area, which is easily identified visually and does not require dismantling the entire roofing carpet.

The use of colored quartz sand in the load-bearing high-strength layer makes this roof decorative. And if necessary, you can create drawings using a combination of different colors of sand. Drawings (areas of different colors) are made using separate cards according to templates and do not violate the continuity (water resistance) of the load-bearing high-strength layer. Another option design solution It may be possible to lay a film with photo drawings on the supporting layer and cover it with a transparent finishing layer. In addition, the finishing layer itself can be colored (pigmented).

The minimum thickness of the waterproofing membrane, and therefore the loads transferred to the base, create significant reserves for the installation of additional operational structures on it, for example, sports fields, fountains, mini-pools, flower beds, a helipad, without strengthening the existing load-bearing elements of the building structure.

The high degree of resistance to temperature deformations and the small thickness of the roof make it possible to install heating systems on a slope-forming concrete screed, without deteriorating the characteristics of the roof carpet, ensuring the absence of frozen and snow-covered areas during periods of negative temperatures.

The proposed monolithic roofing - protective covering operational purposes is illustrated by the drawings presented in Fig.1-5.

Figure 1 shows a section of a monolithic roof - a protective coating.

Figure 2 shows cutting of expansion temperature-shrinkage joints.

Figure 3 is a cross-section of the junction of a monolithic roof-protective covering with an expansion joint.

Figure 4 is a section of the junction of the monolithic roof-protective covering to the walls (parapets).

Monolithic roof- a protective coating for operational purposes consists of a roof base 1, for example, a load-bearing floor slab, a slope-forming concrete screed 2, a vapor barrier layer of a primer polymer 3, quartz sand 4, a waterproofing membrane made of an elastic polymer material 5, a load-bearing high-strength layer 6 made of a similar polymer binder origin with lower deformation characteristics and filled with quartz sand 4, finishing top layer 7, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 filled with polymer material 9, expansion joints of the screed 10 and the base slab 11, abutment 14 of the upper part of the concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12, baseboards 13, waterproofing dowels 15.

Monolithic roofing - a protective coating for operational purposes works as follows (Fig. 3).

A slope-forming concrete screed 2 with a concrete strength of at least M250 (B20) and a thickness in its lower part at the drainage funnels of at least 40-50 mm is laid on the base of the proposed roof - a protective covering consisting of a load-bearing slab 1 of the floor. Expansion joints 10 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 are combined with expansion joints of the load-bearing slab 1 of the floor. In places where expansion joints 10 are installed and where 14 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 is connected to the wall (parapet) 12 (Fig. 4), removable formwork is installed. Next (Fig. 2), after laying the concrete in the slope-forming concrete screed, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 are cut over the entire area to a depth of at least 0.75t with 2 cards with a pitch L of no more than 6×6 m and filled with polymer material 9. The sharp corners of the slope-forming screed The concrete screed 2 in the upper part of the expansion joints 10 and the junctions with the walls (parapets) 12 are cut at an angle of 45° (Fig. 3, 4). After preparing the base of the roof 1, removing the removable formwork, grinding and removing dust from the slope-forming concrete screed 2, a primer layer 3 is applied from a polymer material, for example methyl methacrylate, which has not only the characteristics required for the operation of a monolithic waterproofing roof, but also technological advantages compared to other polymer materials ( rapid, within 1-2 hours, strength gain); to increase the adhesion of the primer with the overlying layers, quartz sand is sprinkled evenly over its surface 4. Along with applying a vapor barrier layer of primer polymer 3, 9 expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 are also filled with polymer material. In the lower part of expansion joints 10 and junctions 14 in the slope-forming concrete In screed 2, waterproofing dowels 15 are installed.

On the thus prepared primer layer (polymer) 3, at least 1.5-3.0 mm thick, a waterproofing layer in the form of a waterproofing membrane made of an elastic polymer material 5 with high deformation characteristics is applied over the screed using the pouring method, for example acrylic compositions Nanten DC 225 or Nanten Matacryl modified urethane coating with high adhesion to acrylics.

Before applying a layer of waterproofing membrane, these compositions fill the expansion joints 10 and the junction 14 of the inner part of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12, and in the places where the upper part of this screed 2 adjoins the walls (parapets) 12, the waterproofing membrane is smoothly filled with a slight increase in thickness the corner part is placed on the walls (parapets) 12. This allows the expansion joints 10 to withstand various loads during operation (compression, bending and tensile deformations, etc.), i.e. perform the functions inherent in a load-bearing structural element, while simultaneously protecting the slope-forming concrete screed 2 and acting as a stress compensator from the occurrence of extreme stresses that can cause its destruction.

Similarly, expansion temperature-shrinkable joints 8, made to relieve stress in concrete and prevent it from operating under extreme (destructive) deformation loads, when filled with a polymer composition, actually glue the sections cut into cards, on the one hand, they create additional strength reserves for the action of extreme loads, and on the other hand, they create a monolithic base on the slope-forming concrete screed 2, along which the load from external (vertical) loads associated with the operation of the proposed roof is evenly distributed. Thus, filling the deformation 10 and expansion temperature-shrinkage 8 joints in this roof with polymer materials provides for the creation of rigid adhesive bonds between the polymer and concrete in the seams, giving a new quality to the slope-forming concrete screed 2, which works as monolithic slab(structure) made of concrete and polymer, which allows you to evenly redistribute all emerging loads (stresses) on it, significantly increasing the operational reliability of this roof base.

Next, a load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is applied to the waterproofing membrane with a thickness of at least 2-6 mm, made of a polymer binder, for example Nanten DC 205 acrylic varnish, which has less tensile strength (elongation) but greater compressive strength, filled with quartz sand 4 with a mass of not less than 100% by weight of the binder. At the junction 14 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12, the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is made in the form of a plinth 13 with a height h of 10-15 cm.

In climatic zones where temperature fluctuations during the day are large, for example in St. Petersburg, it is advisable to mix Nanten 225 and Nanten 205 in a ratio of 50:50, which will significantly increase the deformation characteristics of the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 without changing its compressive strength. And the size of the quartz sand fraction 4 is selected depending on the thickness of the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 and is no more than 1/3 of its thickness. The use of colored quartz sand expands the possibilities decorative design the proposed monolithic roof - a protective coating, without compromising its characteristics and is selected based on the selected architectural solutions on this roof - a protective coating.

On top of the supporting high-strength layer 6 by painting or pouring, depending on the thickness of the layer, a finishing top layer 7 of acrylic coating, for example Nanten 305 varnish, which must be highly durable and UV resistant. The thickness of the coating, color, and when filling the high-strength load-bearing layer with colored quartz sand, its colorlessness, degree of roughness and other decorative and geometric parameters of the finishing top layer 7 are selected based on the actual operating conditions of the proposed roofing-protective coating.

Rigid adhesive bonds between the layers completely prevent the penetration of water into the interlayer space. In the event of a violation of the continuity of the waterproofing membrane 5 in the proposed roofing - protective coating, the destruction can be local and easily detected, and repairs are carried out within several hours without dismantling most layers.

Therefore, the creation of a single monolithic, rigidly bonded, multilayer homogeneous polymer structure, on the one hand, makes it possible to redistribute the loads transferred to it, and on the other hand, due to the individual properties of each layer together with other roof elements (deformation 10 and compensation temperature-shrinkage 8 seams, abutments 14) assume the maximum loads for this particular area: in the lower layer - tensile deformations, in the upper part - compressive stresses. In the event of failure or destruction of one layer, this does not entail the immediate destruction of others, since stress relief occurs only in the destroyed layer, and the rest remain completely waterproof. Those. The multi-layer roofing actually creates several levels of protection for the structure and localizes possible violations of the continuity of the waterproofing. And the presence of a waterproofing key 15 prevents the flow of water from the roof into the underlying premises of the building in the event of destruction of the entire multi-layer structure.

Absence of technological operations associated with the use of fire (for example, the mandatory use of a burner for fusing roll materials on traditional roofs), significantly increases fire safety the proposed roof - a protective coating both during its construction and during repairs.

Thus, the proposed roofing - protective coating for operational purposes makes it possible to increase the reliability of the roofing - covering during its operation and its efficiency due to the multi-layer coating, giving a new quality to the slope-forming concrete screed, as the main load-bearing element of the roof, located in a rigid adhesive bond with the polymer coating, eliminate water tightness localize violations of the continuity of waterproofing as a whole, create additional reserves for the strength of the load-bearing base of the roof.

CLAIM

1. Monolithic roofing is a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed laid on the base of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer, when applied covered with quartz sand, performing the function of a vapor barrier layer, characterized in that the waterproofing layer is made in the form of a waterproofing membrane poured from polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the supporting high-strength layer is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand not less than 100% by weight of the binder, and in the finishing top layer, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof - a protective coating, while all polymer layers are made on a slope-forming concrete screed in a seamless monolithic design.

2. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that to protect the slope-forming concrete screed from cracking and ensure the strength of the base under the polymer layers, it is made of concrete with a strength of at least M250 (B20), with a thickness in the lower part of at least 40 -50 mm, and over the entire area with a thickness of at least 0.75t, where t is the thickness of the slope-forming concrete screed, while compensation temperature-shrinkage joints filled with polymer material of the monolithic roof - protective coating are cut with cards with a step L of no more than 6 × 6 m .

3. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that the expansion joint of the slope-forming concrete screed is made of a waterproofing key installed in the lower part of the seam, on top of which the entire space is filled with an elastic polymer material, so that the waterproofing membrane and the expansion layer worked together without an intermediate primer layer, laid only on the concrete base of the slope-forming concrete screed and the vertical surfaces of expansion joints and junctions of the screed to the walls (parapets).

4. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that at the junctions the waterproofing membrane is placed on the walls (parapets), while the composition of the polymer material includes thixotropic additives, and the load-bearing high-strength layer of polymer material is made in the form of a plinth with a height h not less than 10-15 cm, the space between the slope-forming concrete screed and the parapet is filled with elastic polymer material.

5. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that to relieve stress concentrations on the polymer layer, the sharp corners of the slope-forming concrete screed in expansion joints and junctions are cut at an angle of 45°.

6. Monolithic roofing - protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that when using a monolithic roofing - protective coating in temperate climatic zones or with minor temperature changes that do not cause significant temperature deformations in the screed, the waterproofing membrane can be applied only in places where possible structural movements of the load-bearing elements of the building, abutments to the walls of parapets or expansion joints, and the load-bearing high-strength layer of the monolithic roof - the protective coating is applied directly to the primer layer.

Kaftanchikovo is a village in the Tomsk district of the Tomsk region, the administrative center of the Zarechny rural settlement. Population 1323 people. The village is located on the left bank of the Tom, 15 km from Tomsk, near the village there is the M53 highway. In the 16th century, several groups of Tatars led by Prince Toyan lived on the Tom River. Prince Toyan submitted a petition to Tsar Boris Godunov, in which, on behalf of the “Tomsk residents,” he asked to build a fortress in the lower reaches of the Tom River and accept the Tomsk Tatars into Russian citizenship. To which Boris Godunov gave his consent and in 1604 a detachment was formed to build a Russian fortress. In the summer of 1604 the fortress was built. Subsequently, the population of Tomsk grew. Russian peasant farmers settled here. In 1626, there were already 531 families living. Residents had to be supplied with bread; in 1605, the first grain crops appeared, people started agriculture. The villages of the Zarechny rural settlement are one of the oldest at the mouth of the Tom River, which arose in the period 1627 to 1630. The location for the villages was chosen well: close...

By itself, a well-insulated roof truss made of wooden blocks cannot create the cozy atmosphere that arises under monolithic roof. Reason: roof elements made of porous concrete or brick have not only thermal insulation properties- they accumulate heat. Thus, a monolithic roof is a good alternative to traditional wooden beams.

The most expensive part construction work The construction of a monolithic roof falls on the stage preceding the laying of the slabs. While in a timber beam truss support the worst-case scenario can be padded and the gable walls take their final shape later, in a monolithic roof there is hardly any room for correction at a later date. Therefore, when constructing the supports of a monolithic roof, you need to do the work very pedantically. Already determining the right angles of the horizontal projection requires a lot of effort. But if the building is characterized by sloping corners and balconies, then it is necessary to recheck the angles of the roof and the position of the ridge crest repeatedly and with mathematical precision.

It is best to pull the cords in the plane of the support of the slabs. Each block is first fitted dry and the line of curvature of the supports is marked. Cutting blocks is very easy and simple, especially if you build from porous concrete and have a band saw at your disposal.

If a reinforced concrete ring anchor is needed to support the slabs, the work can be difficult, since the connecting reinforcement is removed from the support, which then must fit accurately into the gaps between the slabs. In this case, the cooperation of a construction expert is recommended. The formwork for the ring anchor is made from thin blocks on the side. Then the reinforcement of the ring anchor is coupled with the connecting reinforcement and poured with concrete. Pre-wet the masonry walls. Advice: the static will calculate whether to build the support with masonry or make it concrete.

With a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary

Once the monolithic roof slab supports are in place, you lay the precast blocks with two helpers and a construction consultant from the monolithic roof supplier. Within a few hours the roof is covered.

Roof slabs consist of reinforced porous concrete or reinforced brick elements, which have full load-bearing capacity already upon delivery. Therefore, with a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary.

Typically, monolithic roof slabs made of porous concrete lie on the gable walls and load-bearing internal walls. Any roof slope and almost any span are feasible. But for production reasons, precast blocks can only have a maximum length of 6 m. If large spans are to be spanned, then reinforced concrete beams and steel I-beams are required, which you are already familiar with from porous concrete slabs (page 57). While reinforced concrete beams under the roof, like large lintels, cross the room and are visible, steel supports can be built into the plane of the slab and later completely invisible. In this way, monolithic roof structures are manufactured for almost every plan.

In a monolithic roof, you can also build windows into the roof plane. In any case, this is only done with a custom made steel frame. Such a steel building part in most cases rests on the side walls and serves as a reliable support for those roof slabs that were disconnected to construct a window in the roof plane. The larger the window needs to be, the more expensive the frame will cost.

Tip: windows in the roof plane can be made from a steel frame near load-bearing internal walls running parallel to the gable, if the disconnected roof slabs respectively have at least two supports (on the gable and on interior wall). The roof slabs are then laid as cantilever slabs (similar to balcony slabs, page 60), without the need for a steel frame. A self-build consultant can help you with detailed planning.

The support of the monolithic roof is being prepared: lay the blocks dry and mark the roof slope.

The sawn block is placed, as usual, on a thin layer of mortar.

Now prefabricated monolithic roofing blocks are delivered to the top by truck crane.

The easiest way to cover large purlins is with I-beams.

Custom steel frames allow windows to be built into the roof plane.

After laying the roof slabs, its edge is covered.

Support boxes with curtain shutters can be built into the ring anchor. Discuss the details with the static.

Steel rods should be placed in the gaps between the prefabricated slab blocks.

You can now concrete the ring anchor. Then fill the gaps with mortar.

Now they begin laying the wooden beams. Align the roof overhang with the cord.

Wooden beams are secured with bolts and nails in accordance with the calculation of static load parameters.

It goes without saying that a chimney sweep hatch can also be made into a monolithic roof. In this case, load transfer will help, which is already known from the construction of a pipe passage in a porous concrete floor.

Important: retroactive integration of a window into the plane of a monolithic roof is completely excluded. A monolithic roof (as well as a floor covering) is building block, the load-bearing capacity of which is guaranteed in a unified system for calculating static load parameters.

A reinforced concrete ring anchor is built around a monolithic roof

Now the roof slabs have been laid and the cladding of its edge begins. This work is familiar to you from the construction of floors from prefabricated blocks. From the inside, heat-insulating slabs are placed on the side blocks, then a ring anchor is assembled and concreted (use spacers and wet the masonry). Before the gaps between the slabs are filled with mortar, steel rods are placed in them. By the way, the ring anchor is also installed under the ridge of the roof.

Now we are talking about roofing work. If the roof space is later to be used as a living space, additional thermal insulation is required. First, a wooden beam is placed edgewise on the roof slabs. In this case, you need to choose a beam with cross section corresponding to the thickness of the insulating material: the beams must be at least 4 cm higher than the thickness of the insulating material. This space will later be used for ventilation. The thermal insulation thickness of a group with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.35 is from 5 to 8 cm (approximate values). Hint: ask your consultant how thick the insulation should be.

Let's return to the installation of wooden beams. There should be up to two connecting elements with a monolithic roof per meter of length. In this case, to facilitate the work, it is enough to make every third connection using dowels and screws. Other connecting elements are nailed. When in doubt, ask the static how the connections should be made in your case. Tip: Pre-drill the holes. Not only for bolts, but also for nails. Between wooden beams thermal insulation is being laid. The following steps are comparable to those for constructing a conventional wooden truss: wooden structure a film is laid, permeable to the diffusion of water vapor, which is reinforced with counter strips. A transverse sheathing is placed on top. Then a gutter is installed and the roof is made. The minimum distance from the slightly sagging underlying film to the thermal insulation is 2 cm.

Monolithic roof: options

Common people often use two completely different words - roofing and roof - with the same meaning. In reality, this cannot be done. And any experienced builder will explain to everyone that a roof in this area means everything that is in the room, that is, above the living space, which is usually called the attic. But the roof refers to the uppermost part of the building, that is, the roof covering itself, which is irrigated by all kinds of precipitation, covering the inside of the house from piercing winds and hot sun rays.

The roof of the house protects from external natural factors, such as rain, wind, snow, so it is worth thinking about a durable and high-quality roof for your house.

However, you need to remember that before you think about creating a roof, you need to first arrange the roof. That is why, first of all, you need to learn the rules of how to do it yourself in a residential building or non-residential, but no less in need of covering, premises. Although it sounds proud - he made the roof with his own hands, any person capable of abstract thinking will understand that it will not only be difficult but, most likely, impossible to cope with such a difficult task alone.

Main types of roofs

Varieties of roof shapes. The most common are single-pitched and gable roofs.

Experts name only 2 types of roofs, which are considered the main ones in construction. These are flat and sloped. Both from the point of view of the materials used in this matter, and from the point of view of construction technology, they are fundamentally different from each other.

In order to make a roof of any type, you will need the following tools and materials:

• nails;
• bars;
• lathing board;
• roofing felt;
• hacksaw;
• hammer;
• chockline;
• roofing material.

How is a flat roof made?

Flat roofs, which we see mainly in industrial plants, factories, and, of course, on residential buildings, you can build it yourself.

The main material from which you can make flat roof, are considered concrete plates, and no matter how you look at it, you won’t be able to build such a roof on a high-rise building with your own hands.

Flat roof structure.

Unless, of course, you are Hercules or Titan, who is capable of holding the firmament and can compete in strength with heavy construction equipment. But if you need to make a roof for some kind of adjacent building such as a cellar or garage, then self-construction Almost any man can afford a flat roof. Provided that the roof will be assembled from small elements or will be a monolith of reinforced concrete.

A stacked flat roof is made as follows: we lay beams, which can be made of metal or wood, on the walls of the building to be covered. They will serve as load-bearing structures, which will subsequently bear the main load of the roof. At this stage, you need to pay significant attention to how thick the installed beams will be. After all, they have to support not only the weight of the roofing material, but also the weight of snow, which is absolutely inevitable in the conditions of the Russian winter. Plus, the weight of at least one person who will have to clean this snow. Since it will not melt on its own for a long time, a flat roof does not allow snow to roll away on its own.

Flat roof for unheated rooms

An unheated structure, for example, a barn, garage, gazebo, terrace or canopy, requires a flat roof slope over the entire area of ​​the room. To do this, the load-bearing beams are immediately installed with a slope. Then a wooden board is laid over them, which is obtained by continuously laying boards, on top of which roofing material is laid, which must be laid tightly to each other, thus constructing a kind of carpet. The higher the density of the roof lining with roofing felt, the lower the likelihood of leakage.

It is recommended to fasten roofing felt using slats, which can be replaced in any case metal strips. They are nailed at a distance of 60-70 cm from each other along the slope, and this will not interfere with the flow of water. Leave the slope at least 3%. This means that for every m of roof length, at least 3 cm of elevation is made.

Flat roof for living quarters

Attaching roofing material to a flat roof.

You can also make a flat roof with your own hands for heated buildings. In this case, you need to proceed as follows: the laid load-bearing beams are covered with a flooring of wooden boards and 1 layer of roofing felt or roofing felt is laid on top of it. The overlap of the strips must be at least 15 cm; insulation is poured on top of this layer, usually slag or expanded clay. Using insulation, a slope is formed in the direction where it will flow. rainwater and dump snow. Using insulation we make a screed from cement mortar, the thickness of which should be at least 2 cm. We wait until the screed is completely dry and treat it with a bitumen primer, onto which a rolled roofing felt carpet is glued.

Monolithic flat roof made of concrete

When constructing a monolithic concrete roof, I-beams are used as support beams.

To successfully install a flat roof made of monolithic concrete, it is necessary to use metal I-beams as load-bearing structures. When considering the construction of a roof whose span is 4-5 m, experts recommend using beams whose height is approximately 12-15 cm. In the language of professionals, this sounds like a “fifteenth I-beam”. Concrete used to create monolithic ceiling, it’s better to buy ready-made, because Mixing concrete with your own hands without using a concrete mixer will not allow you to achieve a uniform connection of all the components. The concrete will turn out to be heterogeneous, which will negatively affect the quality of the coating. To prepare concrete with your own hands you need:

• 3 buckets of cement;
• 4 buckets of sand;
• 8 buckets of crushed stone.

All this is mixed using 2 buckets of water. Sometimes a little more water is needed, so you can adjust the amount yourself.

Next, boards are laid on the lower flanges of the beams, on top of which 1 layer of roofing material or roofing felt should be laid dry. Then the reinforcement is placed so that with its help it forms a kind of mesh with cells, the approximate size of which should be 2x2 cm. In order to prevent the mesh from moving during concrete laying, the rods at the intersections must either be electrically welded together or tied together wire whose diameter does not exceed 2 mm. You also need to provide a small space between the mesh and roofing felt of at least 4 mm so that the reinforcement is completely covered with concrete. To achieve this goal, small pieces of crushed stone must be placed under the mesh. The prepared concrete is laid between the beams in a minimum layer of 15 cm.

When laying the monolith on the roof of a building, keep in mind that the stripes between the beams must be filled one at a time. Since this work will most likely take more than one day, and in order to achieve the highest quality screed, you should under no circumstances divide the concreting of one strip into several approaches. During this work, you need to thoroughly compact the concrete using a vibrator, and if you don’t have one, you can use a manual tamper. In this case, you need to try very hard not to displace or damage the reinforcing mesh laid in the base of the concrete screed.

After the concrete is laid, builders recommend covering it with plastic film to prevent moisture from evaporating too quickly from the concrete. It is especially important to do this in hot summer weather. If this is not done, the top layer of the roof will soon crack. Withstand concrete mixture Under the film you need at least 3 days, after which the film can be removed.

After the concrete has completely dried, you can begin to construct a slope, which is constructed using insulation, cement screed and, in the end, the sticker of the rolled carpet. These steps are described above.

From detailed description How to make a flat roof with your own hands, it is clear that there are no special technological difficulties here. Things are much more complicated with a pitched roof, the construction of which requires high precision measurements in the manufacture of load-bearing structures, and then the roof itself. You can hardly cover it yourself, because a pitched roof has a greater angle of inclination than a flat one.

Pitched roof and how to create it yourself

Pitched roofs are preferred to be installed on low-rise buildings - private one-, two- and three-story houses, as well as dachas, small cottages and, of course, five-story Khrushchev buildings. Often pitched roofs complete unique structures.

A pitched roof that crowns a not very massive structure, for example, garden house, a bathhouse or a gazebo, you can do it yourself even if only 1 person will do this work. And if you decide to build a pitched roof on a fairly large building, then it’s unlikely that you can do it alone; you’ll have to call two or three assistants.

How to make a pitched roof?

The rafters are taken as the basis for the pitched roof, with the help of which quite complex designs. In professional construction, this type of structure is called the well-known word “trusses”. As a rule, the rafters rest directly on the walls, but experts recommend installing a Mauerlat. In other words, a beam that is laid on the wall and secured to it with anchors. And the rafters rest against these bars, to which they are attached with metal brackets or other methods that ensure a reliable connection of the load-bearing structures.

The stages of creating a pitched roof involve the following sequence of actions:

• install the Mauerlat;
• we strengthen the rafters;
• we construct and install ridge beams;
• we make the sheathing.

Rafter system pitched roof for two spans of 6 meters.

We lay the roof directly over the created sheathing. When building a roof of this type, they try to extend the rafters beyond the edges of the walls, so that the roof overhang created in this way protects the wall of the building from moisture getting on it, for example, during rain or when snow melts. The best option is to lengthen the rafters themselves, onto which you need to nail a board 2-3 cm thick. In the future, this board can be used as a base to which the overhang of the wind board will be sewn.

Rafters, as a rule, are assembled directly on the roof, having previously lifted the prepared elements onto them and assembled them according to the approved scheme directly on the roof. There is also the option of completely assembling the finished roof truss, which consists of 2 rafter legs, stands and, of course, puffs, right on the ground. After this, the assembled structure, which is quite bulky in size, is lifted vertically exactly to the place where it should stand. You cannot do this procedure yourself, no matter how hard you try, so you will have to use heavy equipment. After installing the truss on top of the house under construction, we attach it to the Mauerlat.

Upon completion of installation of existing rafter structures you can start connecting them using a ridge beam, and then start lathing.

Creating a roof sheathing for the roof

The construction of the frame of any roof is carried out in two stages: installation of the rafter structure and completion of the roof sheathing.

The easiest way to make a sheathing is from boards that are nailed “in a run,” that is, after some distance between them, or “solidly,” when the boards are nailed end to end. To ensure that this stage does not turn out to be too costly, you can use edged lumber with a thickness of only 25 mm. Before strengthening the boards on the roof, they must be thoroughly cleaned of bark residues. To nail the sheathing to the rafters, use 70 mm nails. Boards, as a rule, are not perfectly flat, so in the case of a device continuous sheathing they will need to be adjusted on site using an ax to reduce the gaps between them.

The design of those elements that are used for sheathing and their dimensions depend on what roofing materials you plan to use at work. If your roof will be covered with metal tiles, then unedged boards are not advisable to use. It is better to replace it with timber, which must be nailed “in a running start”, at a distance equal to the wave of the roofing material used.

Those who use ondulin or various kinds bitumen shingles, sheathing is made as follows: purlins made of timber, the size of which is 40x50 mm, are nailed to the rafters at a distance of about 50 cm. OSB sheets are reinforced onto the resulting purlins using self-tapping screws. This solution will be successful for those who plan, for example, to create a living room instead of an attic. Such a solution is called mansard roof, thanks to which it is possible to successfully increase the living space of the house.