The stations are used in the development of modern oil wells along with collection and preparation systems for deposits, metering installations, a pumping system and a central collection point for the preparation of petroleum products and materials disconnected from them. All elements are aggregated together through pipelines. Through them, the extracted liquid moves to the flow line, the diameter of which ranges from 73 to 114 mm. Then the raw materials are transported through collectors with an increased diameter.
Purpose
Stations (DNS) are used in wells that do not have sufficient reservoir energy to deliver oil and gas substances to preliminary water discharge devices (WWDU) or an oil products pumping point. As a rule, the units under consideration are used in separately located fields.
The main purpose of booster pumping stations is the separation of gas from oil, purification of raw materials from dripping liquid, subsequent movement of the oil mass using centrifugal pumps, and gas - through pressure in the separator compartments. The BPS is the first stage of separation; it removes gas to a separate collector. It also provides for the discharge of water with its subsequent injection into absorption or injection wells.
Technological features
In practice, three standard sizes of booster pumping stations are used. Among them are models 7000, 14000 and 20000. The digital designation indicates the fluid supply of the unit (m/s). Technological procedures consist of the following operations:
- The first stage of oil product separation.
- Preliminary water discharge, if required.
- Heating the well contents.
- Moving the oil and gas mixture to the central processing plant.
- Transportation of gas separated from oil at the first stage of purification to gas processing plants and other receiving points.
- Average metering of oil, gas and water.
- Loading of chemical reagents.
Below is the equipment of booster pumping stations:
- Buffer tank.
- Compartment for collection and pumping
- Pump with electric motor.
- Equipment and instrumentation.
- Distribution device.
- Emergency gas release plugs.
Principle of operation
Oil is separated from gas in separate sections of the booster station, which are separator units. They perform not only gas sorting, but also sedimentation of crude oil from mechanical impurities and produced water. In essence, these units are settling tanks. They come in two types: horizontal and vertical.
The booster pumping station, the photo of which is presented below, is equipped with a horizontal buffer tank of 100 cubic meters. m. and a pump pump type 8ND-9X3 with an electric motor A-114-2M. The 700th version uses one pump and one buffer unit, and the 20000 modification uses additional analogues, along with the specified units. Also, backup pumping systems are provided at each station.
Design of a buffer tank at a booster pumping station
For buffer tanks, horizontal separator-type tanks are used. Their volume is 100 cubic meters, and the working pressure is 0.7 MPa. The creation of a uniform mirror of the placed liquid is ensured by transverse lattice-type partitions. Gas from these tanks is transported to a special assembly manifold.
The system can also use a vertical separator. It is a container in which an oil and gas mixture under pressure is supplied through a pipe into the distribution manifold. Next, the petroleum products pass through the pressure regulator, entering the atmosphere with a stable, uniform load. Due to the decrease in pressure, gas is released from the incoming mixture. Since this process takes time, inclined shelves in the design of the unit ensure the supply of purified solution to the lower part of the separator.
The extracted gas rises upward and is then transported to a drip trap, which separates the oil particles and moves the gas into the gas pipeline. The removed oil goes into a special pan. The process is controlled using a regulator, a glass observer and a sludge drain.
Construction diagrams
One of the technological block booster pumping stations is equipped with centrifugal pumps. Since there is a significant amount of gas in the formations, its supply to the pump may exceed the critical value of 10 to 15 percent. To ensure normal operation of the units, preliminary separation of the layers and the products they contain is used. This approach reduces gas content and removes more than 70 percent of produced water. For pumping equipment This design uses plunger, multiphase and centrifugal pumping devices.
In the second version of the operating scheme of the booster pump station, the installation of exclusively pumps with several phases is provided. In this case, the formation raw material is sent to the central processing plant. The system then eliminates the need to separate associated gas streams. Moreover, this happens directly on the territory of the developed field. Multiphase pumps make it possible to significantly reduce the pressure at the inlet manifold of the booster pump station. Nevertheless, such units experience critical load when the content of mechanical impurities exceeds, which requires the installation of additional filter elements.
Centrifugal pumps
Such units are designed for pumping oil mass saturated with water and gas. They function optimally at an operating temperature of the supplied mixture of about 45 degrees Celsius and a density of up to 1000 kg/cub.m.
The kinematic viscosity of the processed mass is no more than 8.5 parts in the hydrogen parameter. The gas content is fixed within 3 percent. The same level of paraffin should not exceed 20 percent, taking into account other mechanical impurities. Automation of the booster pumping station allows you to equip the unit with the ability to reduce overall leaks to 100 milliliters per hour.
Pump device
The main working part of the booster station consists of a housing with covers for the discharge and suction lines. In addition, the design includes front and rear brackets, guide systems, and fixing bolt elements.
The guide section aggregates with sealing rings and forms a single pump unit. The body joints of the guide devices have an impeller. These parts form the main compartment of the pump. Body connections have rubber seals that are resistant to oil products. This design allows you to change the pressure force of supplying the working mixture, depending on the characteristics of the well being developed, as well as the number of impellers and guide devices. When operating the unit, only the length of the tie rods and shaft changes.
The support brackets of the pumping mechanism are made of cast iron. This makes it possible to enhance the stability and reliability of the unit. The system also includes seals made of a special extruded material and parts of their alloy chrome and nickel.
Finally
The booster pumping station, the dimensions and characteristics of which are discussed above, has a specific purpose. It serves for separation and transportation of oil and gas mixtures to receiving and processing facilities. This involves collecting and preparing components from water, gas and oil.
Automated block boosters pumping stations also participate in gas separation and purification of the mixture from dropping liquid. Oil is pumped by a special pump, and gas is transported under the pressure generated during the separation process. At field enterprises, petroleum products pass through buffer tanks, arriving at the transfer pump and oil pipeline. By and large, a booster pumping station is a full-cycle pumping station that allows you to take into account the supply, processing and quantity of petroleum product components used in production.
Automation and telemechanization of pumping stations should ensure uninterrupted operation of the station in the absence of permanent maintenance personnel. During the initial period of operation (1 - 2 years), pumping stations are usually under constant supervision of operating personnel, which must be taken into account when designing premises.
The pumping station building includes: a machine room in which the pumping units are located; switchgear room; panel room; transformer chambers; workshop for minor repairs; premises for operating personnel; sanitary unit. When laying out the building, the possibility of expanding the machine room should be taken into account. Room distribution devices, switchboard room, transformer chambers are located at one end of the machine room.
Distances from the pumping station to residential and public buildings are adopted taking into account the standards for permissible noise levels in residential buildings.
It is necessary to provide an entrance to the pumping station building with a solid road surface for road transport.
Pipeline collectors and shut-off valves in pumping stations of heating networks, unlike, for example, pumping stations of water supply systems, they are not reserved.
Individual pumps with fittings and measuring instruments installed on their pressure and suction pipes must be disconnected from the manifolds by valves. In booster pumping stations, depending on the operating mode of the network on the supply and return pipelines network water A pressure regulator, cut-off regulator, check valve and relief valve can be installed. Check valves, as well as control valves and other devices in which pressure losses occur, are installed on the pressure pipelines of pumps. They are not recommended to be placed on pump suction lines to avoid cavitation.
When regulating pump pressure by throttling, the regulator is installed on the pressure manifold of the supply or return pipeline. If the pumps are located on the return line, then the pressure regulator installed on the pressure manifold maintains the set pressure in the return line suction manifold. When regulating pump pressure by bypass, the pressure regulator is installed on the pump bypass.
It is also recommended to provide a bypass line around the pumps to maintain circulation in the heating networks when the pumps are stopped. In this case, a check valve is installed on the bypass line. During operation of the pumping station, the check valve remains closed due to excess pressure in the pressure line. When the pumps stop, the check valve opens and allows circulation in the heating networks behind the pumping station. In this case, it is necessary to check the pressure of consumers in operating modes of the heating network with the booster pumps turned off.
The mud trap is located in front of the equipment and instruments protected from contamination (counting along the flow of the coolant).
Shut-off valves (valves) must be installed on the supply and return network water pipelines at the inlet and outlet of the pumping station.
In the event that the heating network is cut into hydraulically independent zones to replenish network water losses due to leaks, a make-up line is provided in the pumping station circuit. On the make-up line, make-up pumps with check valves on their pressure pipes, a pressure (make-up) regulator, a water meter for measuring the flow of network water with leaks and shut-off valves (gates, valves) are installed.
Shut-off valves allow you to repair or replace equipment and fittings installed on the make-up line without shutting down the entire pumping station.
When the pressure in the return line of the heating network ensures the maintenance of a given static pressure in the cut-off zone, make-up pumps and check valves are not installed on the make-up line.
Booster pumping stations (BPS) are used in cases where in fields (a group of fields) the reservoir energy is not enough to transport the oil and gas mixture to the water treatment unit or central processing station. Typically, booster pumping stations are used in remote fields.
Booster pumping stations are designed for separation of oil from gas, purification of gas from droplet liquid, further separate transportation of oil by centrifugal pumps, and gas under separation pressure. Depending on the bandwidth There are several types of DNS for liquids.
The booster pumping station consists of the following blocks:
· buffer capacity;
· collection and pumping of oil leaks;
· pumping unit;
· spark plugs for emergency gas release.
All DNS blocks are unified. Horizontal oil and gas separators (OGS) with a volume of 50 m 3 and more. DNS has a backup buffer capacity and pumping unit. According to the technological scheme of the DNS, buffer tanks are intended for:
· receiving oil in order to ensure a uniform flow of oil to the receiving pumps;
· separation of oil from gas;
maintaining a constant head of about 0.3 - 0.6 MPa at the pump reception.
To create a calm liquid mirror, the internal plane of the buffer tank is equipped with lattice transverse partitions. Gas from the buffer tanks is discharged into the gas collection manifold.
The pump unit includes several pumps, a ventilation system, a liquid leakage collection system, a process control system and a heating system. Each pump has an electric motor. The process parameters monitoring system is equipped with secondary sensors, with the output of instrument readings to the control panel in the control room of the booster station. The pump unit is equipped with several protection systems when the pump operating parameters deviate from the operating parameters:
1. Automatic shutdown of pumps in the event of an emergency decrease or increase in pressure in the discharge line. Control is carried out using electrical contact pressure gauges.
2. Automatic shutdown of pumps in the event of an emergency increase in the temperature of pump bearings or electric motors. Control is carried out using temperature sensors.
3. Automatic closing of pump discharge valves in case of their shutdown.
4. Automatic switching on exhaust ventilation when the maximum permissible gas concentration in the pump room is exceeded, and the pumps must be automatically turned off.
The leak collection and pumping unit consists of a drainage tank with a volume of 4 - 12 m 3, equipped with an HB 50/50 pump with an electric motor. This block is used to collect leaks from pump seals and from safety valves buffer tanks. Liquid is pumped out from the drainage tank to receive the main process pumps. The level in the tank is controlled using float sensors, depending on the specified upper and lower levels.
How DNS works
Oil from group metering units enters buffer tanks and is separated. Then the oil is supplied to the receiving pumps and further into the oil pipeline. Separated gas under pressure up to 0.6 MPa through the pressure control unit it enters the field gas collection manifold. Through the gas collection manifold, gas is supplied to a gas compressor station or to a gas processing plant (GPP). Gas flow is measured by a chamber diaphragm installed on the common gas line. The oil level in the buffer tanks is maintained using a float level gauge and an electric valve located on the pressure oil pipeline. When the maximum permissible liquid level in the oil and gas separator (OGS) is exceeded, the level sensor transmits a signal to the control device of the electric drive valve, it opens, and the level in the OGS decreases. When the level drops below the minimum permissible level, the electrically driven valve closes, thereby ensuring an increase in the liquid level in the oil pumping system. To ensure uniform distribution of oil and pressure, the buffer tanks are connected to each other by a bypass line.
Each booster station must contain a technological diagram and operating regulations approved by the technical manager of the enterprise. According to these regulatory documents control over the operating mode of the DNS is carried out.
The installation diagram is shown in Fig. 4.1.
4.2.2. Description of the basic technological diagram of a booster pumping station with a preliminary water discharge installation (BPS with UPSV)
The technological complex of CPS structures with water treatment plant includes:
3) heating of well products;
4) transportation of gas-saturated oil to the central processing station;
7) injection of chemical reagents (inhibitors, reagents - demulsifiers) according to the recommendations of research organizations.
Fig.4.1. Booster pumping station (BSS)
N-1 – centrifugal pump. Flows: GVD at the gas treatment plant – gas high pressure for a complex gas treatment plant, GND – low pressure gas.
Oil separation and preliminary water discharge are carried out at the booster station with water treatment plant. Associated petroleum gas from the field is used for the needs of boiler houses and supplied to the gas treatment plant.
The liquid produced at the field undergoes preliminary dehydration at a water treatment unit with a booster pump station. After the separators, it enters parallel settling tanks, where the emulsion is separated. Then the partially dehydrated oil is supplied to the oil treatment plant and central processing plant for final oil preparation. The prepared water is sent to a cluster pumping station, where it is pumped into the reservoir to maintain reservoir pressure.
b) separation of gas from liquid with preliminary gas selection;
The process of preliminary oil dehydration should be provided for when the water cut of the incoming well production is at least 15-20% and carried out, as a rule, without additional heating of the well products using demulsifiers that are highly effective at moderate and low temperatures in the process of preliminary oil dehydration. Preliminary dehydration of oil should mainly be carried out in devices for the joint preparation of oil and water. In this case, the discharged reservoir rocks must be of a quality that, as a rule, ensures their injection into productive horizons without additional purification (only water degassing is provided).
The installation diagram is shown in Fig. 4.2.
4.3. Description of the basic technological diagram of the preliminary water discharge installation (UPWW)
The preliminary water discharge installation resembles a simplified diagram of an oil treatment installation. The fundamental difference is the lack of equipment for the final dehydration of oil to comply with GOST 51858-2002.
Oil separation and preliminary water discharge are carried out at the water treatment plant. Associated petroleum gas from the field is used for the needs of boiler houses and supplied to the gas treatment plant.
The liquid produced at the field undergoes preliminary dehydration at the water treatment unit. After the separators, it enters parallel settling tanks, where the emulsion is separated. The partially dehydrated oil then enters the final separation unit (FSU), where gas is sampled at a lower pressure and then sent to an oil treatment unit (OPF) or a central collection point (CPF) for final oil treatment. The prepared water is sent to a cluster pumping station, where it is pumped into the reservoir to maintain reservoir pressure.
Technology system the process should provide:
a) preparing the oil emulsion for separation before entering the “settling” apparatus;
b) separation of gas from liquid with preliminary gas selection and final degassing;
c) preliminary dehydration of oil to a water content of no more than 5 - 10% (mass.).
To prepare the oil emulsion for separation, provision must be made for the supply of a reagent - a demulsifier at the end sections of oil and gas collection (before the first stage of oil separation), and, if there are appropriate recommendations from scientific research organizations, for the supply of water returned from the oil treatment units.
The process of preliminary oil dehydration should be provided for when the water cut of the incoming well production is at least 15-20% and carried out, as a rule, without additional heating of the well products using demulsifiers that are highly effective at moderate and low temperatures in the process of preliminary oil dehydration.
Preliminary dehydration of oil should mainly be carried out in devices for the joint preparation of oil and water. In this case, the discharged formation water must have a quality, usually an oil product content of up to 30 mg/l, the EHF content ensures their injection into productive horizons without additional purification (only water degassing is provided).
The discharge of formation water from oil preliminary dehydration devices must be provided under residual pressure, ensuring its supply to the receiving pumping stations of the flooding system or, if necessary, to treatment facilities without installing additional pumping stations.
The installation diagram is shown in Fig. 4.3.
4.4. Description of the basic technological diagram of the oil treatment unit (OPU)
The oil treatment unit is designed for dehydration and degassing of oil to parameters that meet the requirements of GOST R 51858-2002.
In the oil and gas separator S-1, oil is degassed at a pressure of 0.6 MPa which is maintained by the pressure regulator. To facilitate the destruction of the water-oil emulsion, a demulsifier from the chemical reagent dosing unit is introduced before the S-1 separator.
From separator S-1, partially degassed oil and formation water enter the inlet of the settling unit, the pressure in which is maintained at 0.3 MPa pressure regulator. Produced water from the sludge block is sent to plumbing facilities for subsequent disposal. Partially dehydrated and degassed oil from exhaust gas is sent to electric dehydrators (EDG) for final dehydration of oil, then the dehydrated oil is supplied to the final separation unit - KSU, the pressure in which is maintained at 0.102 MPa.
Rice. 4.2. Booster pumping station with a preliminary water discharge installation (BPS with UPSV)
Equipment: S-1; S-2 – oil and gas separators (OGS), GS – gas separators;
EG – horizontal settling tank; N-1, N-2 – centrifugal pumps.
Flows: GVD at the gas treatment plant - high-pressure gas to the integrated gas treatment plant, GND - low-pressure gas.
The prepared oil from the CSU is supplied by gravity to the tank farm for storage and subsequent truck removal or supply of oil to the transport pipeline.
Degassing gas from S-1 and S-2 enters the gas separators GS and is sent to the complex gas treatment installation of the gas treatment facility.
The remaining gas from the gas pipeline is used for our own needs as fuel gas for the power plant.
The separated droplet liquid from the HS is directed into the general oil flow line through a buffer tank, which is not indicated in the diagram.
The technological complex of UPF facilities includes:
1) the first stage of oil separation;
2) preliminary water discharge;
3) heating of well products;
4) dehydration in the electric dehydrator unit;
4) transportation of oil to the tank farm;
5) non-compressor transport of oil gas to the gas treatment facility;
6) transportation of prepared formation water to the reservoir pressure maintenance system;
7) injection of chemical reagents (inhibitors, demulsifiers)
This type collection and treatment system installations are the final stage in the path of produced products from the well to prepared and purified oil intended for further processing.
The installation diagram is shown in Fig. 4.4.
Rice. 4.3. Preliminary water discharge unit (UPWW)
Equipment: S-1; S-2 – oil and gas separators (OGS), GS – gas separators;
EG – Horizontal settling tank; N-1, N-2 – centrifugal pumps.
Flows: CGTU – high-pressure gas to a complex gas treatment plant.
Rice. 4.4. Oil treatment unit (OPU)
Equipment: S-1; S-2 – oil and gas separators (OGS), GS – gas separators; EDH – electric dehydrator;
EG – horizontal settling tank; N-1, N-2 – centrifugal pumps; RVS – stationary tank.
Flows: CGTU – high-pressure gas to a complex gas treatment unit; WUV – water metering unit; UUN – oil metering unit.
4.4.1.Production of oil and gas wells– mixture,
- oil,
- gas,
- mineralized water,
- mechanical mixtures (rocks, hardened cement)
It must be collected from wells dispersed over a large area and processed as raw material to produce commercial oil and gas.
Oil collection and preparation(Fig. 4.5) are unified system processes and represent a complex complex:
- pipelines;
- block automated equipment;
- devices technologically interconnected.
 |
Fig.4.5. Schematic diagram oil collection and treatment technologies.
It must provide:
- preventing losses of petroleum gas and light fractions of oil from evaporation along the entire route and from the very beginning of development;
- no pollution environment caused by oil and water spills;
- reliability of each link and the system as a whole;
- high technical and economic performance indicators.
Oil and gas collection in the fields - this is the process of transporting oil, water and gas through pipelines to central point collection They are transported under the influence of pressure caused by: pressure at the wellhead; pressure generated by pumps (if necessary).
Oil pipelines, along which oil is collected from wells, are called prefabricated sewers, the pressure in the manifold is called line pressure.
The choice of in-field collection scheme for well production is determined depending on: natural and climatic conditions; field development systems; physical and chemical properties of formation fluids; methods and volumes of oil, gas and water production.
These conditions make it possible to: measure the flow rates of each well;
transporting well products under the pressure available at the wellhead to the maximum possible distance; maximum sealing of the system in order to eliminate losses of gas and light oil fractions;
possibility of mixing oils of different horizons;
the need to heat well production in the case of production of high-viscosity and highly paraffinic oils.
After the BPS, oil is pumped out to the central pumping station, and gas is pumped through a separate gas pipeline due to the pressure in the BPS separator (usually 0.3-0.4 MPa) is also sent to the central processing station, where it is prepared for further transport. Two-pipe systems for collecting well production are used in large-area oil fields, when the well pressure is insufficient to transport well production to the central processing station.
Most oil fields in Western Siberia mainly use two-pipe collection systems, in which well production is supplied through flow lines to group metering unit (GZU), where is the measurement taken? flow rates(productivity) of individual wells. Then, after gas treatment, the oil is supplied to booster pump station (BPS), where the first stage of oil separation is carried out (separation 
the main amount of gas from oil).
Fig. 4.6. Schematic diagram of flow rate change at a group installation
1-prefabricated manifold; 2 – working comb; 3 – collection gas separator; 4 – discharge manifold; 5 - booster pump; 6 – gas pipeline; 7 - three-way valve; 8 – measuring manifold; 9 – measuring separator; 10 – debitometer.
At some fields, separate collection of products from water-free and water-flooded wells is carried out. In this case, the production of waterless wells, without mixing with the production of watered wells, is supplied to the central processing station. Well production is also collected separately if mixing of oils from different horizons, for example, those without and those containing hydrogen sulfide, is undesirable. Products from watered wells and products that are undesirable to be mixed are transported through separate flow lines and oil and gas collection manifolds to the central processing plant. Based on the nature of the movement of well products through pipelines, collection systems are divided into unsealed two-pipe gravity systems and on high pressure sealed systems.
Power supply to the pumping station
graduate work
1 Technology and master plan of the pumping station
Pumps are energy machines in which the mechanical energy of the drive is converted into the energy of fluid flow. According to the principle of operation, all existing pumps are divided into three main classes: vane or blade (flow pumps), vortex pumps (entrainment pumps) and positive displacement pumps (displacement pumps).
The most common type of energy machines are vane pumps, used in most modern branches of technology.
In vane (blade) pumps, the conversion of engine energy occurs in the process of flow around the blades (blades) of the impeller and their forceful effect on the flow. In vortex pumps, the conversion of engine energy occurs in the process of intensive formation and destruction of vortices when entrained by fast-moving fluid particles in the impeller cells. And slowly moving liquid particles in the side channels or channels covering the top of the wheel ( vortex effect). When fluid moves in the wheel of a vortex pump between the suction and discharge sections, a centrifugal effect also occurs. In positive-displacement pumps, the conversion of engine energy occurs in the process of displacing a volume of liquid from the closed space of the pump into the pressure pipeline by a piston (plunger, rolling pin), membrane having a reciprocating motion, or gear teeth, screws, cams, retractable sliding plates during the rotational movement of these elements pump (rotary pumps).
Vane pumps are divided into centrifugal (radial), diagonal and axial (propeller). In centrifugal pumps, the movement of liquid in the impeller occurs from the central part to the periphery in radial directions, that is, there are no axial components of absolute speed in the flow of liquid particles. In diagonal pumps, fluid particles move along surfaces of rotation with generatrices inclined to the axis, that is, the axial and radial components of absolute speed are of the same order of magnitude. In axial pumps, fluid particles move in an axial direction. Vane pumps have low self-priming ability. Therefore, when starting up, their suction pipe and wheel are filled with liquid using various ways. Vane pumps are convenient for direct connection to modern types electric motors. Vane pumps are compact and lightweight.
Efficiency vane pumps reaches 0.9 - 0.92 and in the region of moderate pressures is not inferior to the efficiency. piston pumps. Therefore, for low and medium pressures and high flows, exclusively vane pumps are used. Vane pumps are widely used for supplying oil and petroleum products through pipelines, for supplying water into an oil reservoir during oil production, and for supplying highly aggressive and toxic liquids in the petrochemical industry. The factor limiting the speed and suction height of a vane pump is cavitation. When the pump sucks liquid from the reservoir, the pressure in the supply pipeline, as the liquid moves into the pump, drops and, at the entrance to the wheel, may become less than the elastic pressure of the saturated vapor of the liquid. Cold boiling of the liquid occurs. The steam bubbles formed at the inlet in the area of high pressure at the outlet of the impeller instantly condense, which is accompanied by characteristic crackling and noise. This phenomenon is called pump cavitation. If cavitation develops strongly, the pump may completely fail.
Cavitation is accompanied by a number of undesirable phenomena in pump operation:
Erosion of wall material. The resulting steam bubbles entering the area high blood pressure, instantly condense, when closed, the liquid particles surrounding the bubble move accelerated towards the center of the bubble, and when the bubble completely disappears, these particles collide, creating an instantaneous local increase in pressure, which can reach large values. Such pressures on the working surfaces of the wheel channels lead to strong impacts, chipping, and corrosion of the wall material;
Increased vibration, which leads to rapid wear of bearings;
Rapid chemical erosion of the working parts of the pump due to the release of vapors of a chemically active liquid. Chemical erosion also increases with an increase in the vapor phase content of oxygen dissolved in the pumped liquid and transferred to the vapor phase during cavitation;
Narrowing of the flow area of the supply channels and complete failure of the pumps during active cold boiling, which is associated with the release of dissolved gases, including air, from the liquid when it passes through a vacuum region.
Vortex pumps are most widely used in stationary and mobile installations with a power not exceeding several tens of kilowatts for pumping low-viscosity liquids that do not contain abrasive impurities. The pressure of vortex pumps is 2 - 5 times greater than the pressure of centrifugal pumps at the same values of wheel diameter and rotation speed, but they are characterized by low efficiency. (0.25 - 0.5).
Displacement pumps are characterized by the fact that their working parts periodically form closed volumes of liquid and displace these selected portions of liquid, increasing the pressure in the discharge pipeline. Features of positive displacement pumps are the constant, almost hermetically sealed separation of the suction and discharge chambers, as well as the ability to self-prime. The flow of a volumetric pump is determined by the geometric dimensions of its working parts and the number of cycles per unit of time. Delivery volume of volumetric pumps from 0.8 to 800 m 3 /h. In positive displacement pumps, the pressure value is fundamentally unlimited.
Areas of use various types pumps depending on their flow and pressure are shown in Fig. 1.1.
Centrifugal pumps, used in a wide range of pressures and flows, are distinguished by a variety of designs. They are made vertical and horizontal, both single-stage and multi-stage, one-way and two-way entry.
Such a variety of parameters and purposes of centrifugal pumps has caused many different constructive solutions. Designers of centrifugal pumps have to compare the advantages of different design solutions and, by analyzing them, find the most optimal one for each specific case.
Determination of the number and unit flow (pressure) of the pumping station is carried out based on the full flow (pressure) of the pumping station, according to the conditions optimal number centrifugal pumps, based on the need to maneuver the flow of pumped liquid and reliability of power supply.
The technological diagram of the pumping unit is shown in Fig. 1.2.
A pumping station is an enclosed space in which it is necessary to create conditions for the work of maintenance personnel. Pumps and their drives are strong sources of heat in the room. For example, some parts of the pumping unit (electric motor) are constantly heated above 100 °C. These heat sources have a rather serious effect on the microclimate inside the pumping station. IN summer months During operation of the pumping station, the air temperature in the room can reach a level at which comfortable and productive human work is impossible. In addition, periodic replacement of air is necessary in any room. Room ventilation serves these purposes. In the diploma it is necessary to implement ventilation based on experience already arranged systems ventilation at existing pumping stations.
Two supply fans in a block with heaters, they are installed on the sides of the main gate intended for supplying transport. Heaters are necessary to create a thermal curtain in winter time, which increases heating efficiency and reduces drafts from doors. One more block supply ventilation with a heater is installed at the main entrance to the workshop from the street. Three exhaust fans are installed from the rear wall of the pumping station.
The designs of pumping units contain many metal parts that are subject to thermal and mechanical stress during operation, and as a result of this process they wear out. To manufacture simple new parts and maintain old ones in good condition, as well as for scheduled and emergency repairs of machine components and assemblies, a group of metalworking machines and automatic welding machines is installed in the workshop. List of typical installed equipment:
One drilling machine;
Two screw-cutting lathes;
One milling machine;
One cylindrical grinding machine;
One roughing and grinding machine;
Two welding transformers.
A crane is required to install the pumps. An overhead crane is needed to replace large parts of pumps and electric motors. The purpose of the crane is to lift and deliver pumps to their destination.
If a fire occurs, it must be extinguished. For this purpose, two fire pumps are installed on either side of the main gate.
Thus, the main electrical receivers of the pumping station are the motors of pump drives, fans, workshop equipment drives, crane drive, as well as general lighting production area.
General plan pumping station is shown in Fig. 1.3.
2 Determination of rated electrical
pumping station loads
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Calculation automatic installation water fire extinguishing
In standby mode, the supply and distribution pipelines of sprinkler systems are constantly filled with water and are under pressure, ensuring constant readiness to extinguish a fire...
1.1 Purpose of the pumping station, classification of premises according to the reliability of power supply The pumping station is intended for land reclamation. It contains a machine room, a repair area, a unit room, a welding station, service and utility rooms...
Technical operation electrical equipment and networks of the pumping station
The pumping station uses electrical energy for powering the drives of the main pumps and consumers own needs. Consumers of their own needs include engines of mud, drainage and fire pumps, oil pressure units...
Maintenance and repairs electrical equipment air cooling gas
To start, regulate and stop the drive electric motors of pumps, as well as to control electrified auxiliary mechanisms, pumping stations have electrical equipment...
Power supply and electrical equipment of the pumping station
Main technological equipment and R&D facilities
Main types of oil pumping stations
Oil pumping stations are designed to transport oil from fields to consumers. Oil pumping stations of main oil pipelines are divided into head and intermediate ones.
Head NPCs are intended for receiving oil from installations for its preparation, measuring and pumping it from tanks to the main pipeline.
The principal technological diagram of the main pumping station is shown in Fig. 13.1.1.
It includes a booster pumping station (1), a filter and meter platform (2), a main pumping station (3), a pressure regulator platform (4), a pig launching platform (5) and a tank farm (6). Oil from the field is sent to site (2), where it is first cleaned from foreign objects in mud filters, and then passes through turbine flow meters, which serve to operational control for its quantity. Next, it is sent to the tank farm (6), where it is settled from water and mechanical impurities, and commercial accounting is carried out. To pump oil into the pipeline, a booster pump (1) and a main pump (3) are used. Along the way, oil passes through a platform of filters and meters (2) for the purpose of operational metering, as well as a platform of pressure regulators (4) in order to establish the required flow rate in the main oil pipeline. The platform (5) is used for launching into the oil pipeline cleaning devices- scrapers.
Intermediate NPCs designed to increase the pressure of pumped oil in the main pipeline. Intermediate pumping stations are placed along the oil pipeline route in accordance with hydraulic calculation after 50-200 km. The technological diagram of the intermediate pumping station is shown in Fig. 13.1.2.
To ensure a sufficiently reliable level of synchronous operation of adjacent pump stations, main pipelines are divided into operational sections, the average length of which is assumed to be within 400-500 km. The distances between pumping stations are determined by hydraulic calculation depending on the operating pressure and throughput of the oil pipeline, subject to compliance with standard gaps from the borders of the pumping station to buildings and structures of populated areas, shift camps and industrial enterprises.
A general view (panorama) of the pumping station is shown in Fig. 13.1.3 (see color insert).
Main technological processes at the pumping station
The technological scheme of the oil pumping station provides for the following technological processes:
pumping oil according to the “pump to pump” scheme;
automatic transition to pumping oil through the main oil pipeline past the station in the event of its shutdown;
reverse pumping of oil through the main oil pipeline;
reception and launch of diagnostic tools without stopping the station;
discharge of oil from the shock wave into an oil storage tank;
collection of leaks from pumps, emptying by gravity of dirt filters and receiving pipelines of the wave smoothing system unit into an oil collection tank;
pumping oil from the collection tank with a vertical pumping unit into the receiving pipeline of the main pumps;
emptying of above-ground pipeline sections oil pumping station from oil during repair work;
when the emergency level of oil in oil storage tanks is reached, it is planned to turn off the pumping units and then disconnect them from the main pipeline;
washing out paraffin in a collection tank with oil using a vertical pumping unit;
operational accounting of oil entering the oil pumping station, as well as monitoring of large leaks using an ultrasonic meter.
The NPS provides the following main functional systems:
technological;
electricity supply;
water supply;
sewerage;
ventilation;
heat supply;
fire extinguishing;
technological communication, automation;
repair support;
life support for watch personnel.
