Written together:
1. Complex names nouns formed with the help of connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electric-, hydro-, agro-, zoo -, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, for example: water supply, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft, motor rally, motorcycle race.
2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -grad or -gorod, for example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.
3. Declinable compound nouns with the verbal first part ending in -i, for example: adonis, derzhiderev, derzhimorda, vertishika, vertichvostka, skopid.
Written with a hyphen:
1. Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns, connected without the help of connecting vowels o and e, for example:
a) firebird, battle-woman, diesel engine, cafe-restaurant, prime minister;
b) hut-reading room, purchase and sale, good boy, saw-fish, Moscow River (both nouns change with declension).
2. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, social democrat.
3. Complex units of measurement, regardless of whether they are formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer.
The word workday is written together.
4. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign languages, for example: north-east, etc., north-east, etc.
5. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include:
a) verb in personal form, for example: don’t-touch-me (plant), love-don’t-love (flower);
b) conjunction, for example: ivan-da-marya (plant);
c) preposition, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main.
6. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy.
7. Foreign language compound surnames with the first part Saint- and Saint-, for example: Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are also written with an initial or final component denoting family relationships, social status, etc., for example: Ibn-Fadlan, Kor-ogly.
Note 1. Compound names with the first part don- are written with a hyphen only in cases where the second, main part of the name is not used separately in the Russian literary language, for example: Don Juan, Don Quixote. But if the word don is used in the meaning of “lord,” it is written separately, for example: don Pedro.
Note 2. Articles and particles that are part of foreign-language surnames are written separately, without a hyphen, for example: von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega, Baudouin de Courtenay, von der Goltz. Articles and particles, without which surnames of this type are not used, are written with a hyphen, for example: Van-Dyck.
In the Russian rendering of some foreign-language surnames, articles and particles are written together, although in the corresponding languages they are written separately, for example: Lafontaine.
Note 3. Names of different categories, for example the Roman Gaius Julius Caesar, are not connected by hyphens, like the corresponding Russian first name, patronymic and last name.
Note 4. Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written with the latter separately, for example: Ilya Muromets, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest.
8. Geographical names consisting of:
a) from two nouns, for example: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kamenets-Podolsk.
b) from a noun and a subsequent adjective, for example: Mogilev-Podolsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Moscow-Tovarnaya;
c) from a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech, for example: Le Creusot (city), La Carolina (city), De Castries (bay).
Note. Geographical names are written separately:
a) consisting of an adjective and a noun following it, or a numeral and a noun following it, for example: Bila Tserkva.
b) representing combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: Lev Tolstoy village, Erofey Pavlovich station.
9. Names of settlements, the first part of which includes: ust-, sol-, upper-, etc., as well as some names of settlements with the first part new-, old-, upper-, lower- and etc., except for those whose continuous spelling is fixed in reference books, on geographical maps, etc., for example: Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, Nizhne-Gniloye, but: Novosibirsk , Maloarkhangelsk, Starobelsk, Novoalekseevka, Verkhnekolymsk, Nizhnedevitsk.
10. Compound geographical names formed both with and without a connecting vowel from the names of parts of a given geographical object, for example: Austria-Hungary, Alsace-Lataringia but: Czechoslovakia.
11. Foreign language phrases that are proper names, names of inanimate objects, for example: Amu Darya, Alma-Ata, Pas de Calais.
Note. This rule does not apply to composite foreign-language names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, etc., expressed in Russian letters, which are written separately if they are highlighted in the text with quotation marks, for example: “Standard Oil”, “Corriero della Roma”.
12. Pol- (half) followed by the genitive case of a noun, if the noun begins with a vowel or consonant l, for example: half a turn,
half an apple, half a lemon, but: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; combinations of gender- followed by a proper name are also written through a hyphen, for example: half-Moscow, half-Europe. Words starting with semi- are always written together, for example: half a mile from the city, half-station, semicircle.
13. Words, the first component of which is the foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life, staff, vice, ex, for example: chief master, non-commissioned officer, life medic.
Rear Admiral is also written with a hyphen (here counter- has a different meaning than when it is written together).
14. A defined word with a one-word application immediately following it, for example: mother-old woman, Masha-rezvushka, Anika-warrior.
Note 1. A hyphen is not written between the defined word and the one-word application in front of it, which can be equated in meaning to an adjective, for example: handsome son.
Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: Social Democrats, Mensheviks.
Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:
a) in combination of a common noun with a proper noun following it, for example: the city of Moscow, the Volga River, the playful Masha;
b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes the generic, and the second species concept, for example: finch bird, magnolia flower;
c) after the words citizen, comrade, gentleman, etc. in combination with a noun, for example: citizen judge, comrade colonel, mister ambassador.
15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of the word, for example: o-vo (society), dr (doctor), t-vo (partnership), b-ka (library).
16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this common part is omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings (instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives (instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.
1. Spelling -this, -either, -something and etc.
The prefixes and suffixes -something, -either, -something, -are written with a hyphen.
For example: after all, somewhere, somehow.
Remember: as if.
2. Spelling words with half-, half-.
Words with semi- are always written together.
For example: ankle boots, short fur coat.
Words with half- can be written with a hyphen, together or separately.
- Words with a half- are written through a hyphen if the root begins with a vowel, capital letter or l.
For example: half a lemon, half a Moscow, half an apple.
- In other cases, words with half- are written together:
For example: half a bridge, half a carriage.
- Words with pol- are written separately if there is a definition between pol- and the word:
For example: the floor of the cherry orchard, the floor of my plot.
3.Spelling adverbs.
The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:
- Formed by repeating the same word or words with the same root: little by little, many, many.
- Having the prefix po- and the suffixes -mu/-im, -i: in a new way, in a winter way, in a comradely way.
- Having the prefix v-/vo- and the suffix -ih/-yh: firstly, thirdly.
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between adverbs written with a hyphen and parts of speech homonymous to them:
For example: Cold (how?) like winter (adverb). Walk through (what?) winter (adjective) snow.
Remember: exactly, side by side.
4. Spelling compound adjectives.
| Hyphenated | Together |
|
|
5. Spelling compound nouns.
| Hyphenated | Together |
|
|
Remember: workday, laborhour, tumbleweed.
6. Spelling derivative prepositions.
Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning nouns in different case forms, adverbs and gerunds to another part of speech. The spelling of the word may change.
To distinguish a derived preposition from a homonymous independent part of speech, you should see whether you can ask a question about the word or whether the word itself is part of the question.
For example: Walk (how?) around (adverb). Walk (around what?) around the house (derivative preposition).
If you can ask a question about a word, then this is an independent part of speech, but if the word itself is part of the question, it is a derived preposition.
Writing prepositions: on the contrary, in front, near, inside, around, along, near, according to, around, about, as a result, during, in continuation, in conclusion, due to, in view of, thanks to, despite, despite.
It is necessary to distinguish between the derived preposition and adverb towards and the noun with the preposition to meet. If this is a noun, then you can insert the word between it and the preposition:
For example: Run (how?) towards (adverb). Run (towards what?) against the wind (derivative preposition). Run to meet a friend (noun with a preposition, as you can: Run to a long-awaited meeting with a friend).
The spelling of derived prepositions and homonymous independent parts may be the same (towards - towards), or may differ. Things to remember:
Remember: keep in mind.
7. Prepositions because of, over, from under, on are always written with a hyphen.
8. Spelling unions.
Conjunctions also, too, so that, but should be distinguished from homonymous combinations likewise, the same, that would, for that. Conjunctions also, too, so that can be replaced with synonymous ones and, in order to. The conjunction but is synonymous with the conjunction but.
For example: He was/was also late. (= and he was late).
He is small in stature, but handsome. (= He is short in stature, but handsome).
In homonymous combinations, the particles could be omitted or rearranged to another place. In addition, in such combinations the logical stress always falls on pronouns:
For example: The same word, but not to say it that way. (That’s the word, but it’s not the right way to say it.) In combination, for that always follows a clarification for what.
I am grateful to him for the fact (for what exactly?) that he believed me.
Remember: no matter what.
9. Spelling adverbs and nouns with prepositions, pronouns with prepositions.
Adverbs such as up, down, away, upward, headlong, after, therefore, etc. should be distinguished from homonymous combinations of nouns with a preposition. If these words do not have dependent words, they are adverbs; if the dependent words are nouns with a preposition.
For example: look up (adverb) - look up (what?) at home (noun with a preposition); go away (adverb) - fly into the distance (of what?) of heaven (noun with a preposition).
1. Spelling something, -or, -something, -yet, something-
The prefix is written with a hyphen some and suffixes -this, -either, -somehow.
For example: anyway, somewhere, something
2. Spelling words with prefixes half-, half-
Words with a prefix semi- always written together.
For example: low shoes, stop.
Spelling words with a prefix floor-
1) Words with a prefix are written through a hyphen floor-, if the root begins with a vowel, capital letter or l.
For example: half a lemon, half a Moscow, half an apple
2) In other cases, words with a prefix floor- are written together.
For example: half a bridge, half a car
3. Spelling adverbs
The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:
a) formed by repetition of the same word, words of the same root or synonymous;
For example: little by little, quietly and peacefully
b) having a prefix By- and suffixes -to/him, -and;
For example: in the old way, in the summer way, in a friendly way
c) having a prefix in-/in- and suffix -their/s.
For example: secondly, thirdly
4. Spelling compound adjectives.
Adjectives are written with a hyphen:
- indicating the shade of color:
For example: bright red, light green
- formed from compound nouns
For example: northeastern
- denoting a shade of quality
For example: bitter-salty
- the first part of which ends with -iko
For example: historical-architectural
Exception: words starting with veliko-: velikorusskiy.
- between the parts of which you can put a coordinating conjunction And.
For example: Russian-English dictionary (Russian and English)
Adjectives are written together:
- formed from subordinating phrases
For example: railway (railway).
- formed from complex nouns written together
For example: reinforced concrete
- formed by merging words
For example: wild
5. Spelling of complex nouns.
Nouns are written with a hyphen:
- formed by combining two equal words without a connecting vowel
For example: sofa bed
- denoting some geographical names
For example: St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don
- indicating cardinal directions, batches, units of measurement
For example: northeast, liberal democrat, kilowatt hour
- the first part of which is vice-, ex-, staff- and etc.
For example: Deputy Prime Minister, ex-president, staff captain
6. Spelling of derivative prepositions.
Derivative prepositions are prepositions that are formed by transitioning words from one part of speech to another.
A method for distinguishing a derived preposition and a homonymous independent part of speech:
- if by the way you can ask a question, then this is an independent part of speech;
For example: look(Where?) to the side
- if the word is part of the question, it is a derived preposition.
For example: look(towards what?) towards the river
Spelling of derived prepositions:
on the contrary, in front, near, inside, around, along, near, according to, around, about, as a result of, during, in continuation of, in conclusion, due to, in view of, thanks to, despite, despite, in view of(But: keep in mind).
7. Spelling prepositions
Prepositions because of, over, from under, on
are always written with a hyphen.
8. Spelling conjunctions
The following are written separately:
- union that is
- compound conjunctions (consisting of two or more words): in order to, because, since, so that, whereas, while like others
They write together:
- union but(close in meaning to the union But)
For example: There were puddles left on the street after the rain, but the air became fresher.
Union but should be distinguished from the combination of the demonstrative pronoun then with the preposition for.
For example: I respect him for being patient with people.
- unions also, too(are synonyms, interchangeable, similar in meaning to the union And).
For example: Seryozha received a prize, I also wanted to win something.
Unions also, too should be distinguished from combinations of particles with an adverb so or with a pronoun That.
For example: For the holidays, my mother prepared fried meat with baked vegetables. We saw the same dish today.
- union to(goals matter)
For example: Close the window so there is no draft.
Union to should be distinguished from the pronoun combination What with a particle would
For example: I thought for a long time about what to give Olya.
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Spelling difficult words
The basic principle of continuous and separate writing is highlighting words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is complicated by the fact that in the language there is not always a clear contrast between word combinations and whole words (for example, combinations with the particle Not and words with a prefix Not?, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).
There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fluid. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, firstly, someone) and, conversely, to connect parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning, cunning, unexpectedly, two or three).
The basic rules of this section are divided into general and related separate parts speech.
General rules
The following categories of words are written together
1. Words with prefixes , For example:
A) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, along the coast, extracurricular, intraspecific, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, greatest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not uninteresting, talented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroika, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superman, ultra-distant, co-editor, Mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;
b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avantitol, anticyclone, anti-historical, archivally, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counter-offensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, reevacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.
Words with a prefix the ex- in the meaning 'former' ( ex-champion, ex-Soviet etc.) are written with a hyphen. The word is spelled the same way rear admiral, where is the prefix counter- has special meaning.
Complex words with initial parts, Russian and foreign, close to prefixes are also written together, for example: all-forgiveness, comprehensive, monthly, alien, foreign national, pseudoscience, pseudo-socialist, national, generally accepted, crescent, half-sweet, half-lying, half-joking, self-sufficient, self-medication; Pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.
2. Compound words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral (two-, three-, five- etc.), as well as words with the first parts two-, three-, many-, few-, For example: two-month, three-ton, four-percent, pentagonal, six-story, seven-mile, octahedron, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fiftieth anniversary, ninety-year, hundred-year-old, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-fingered; two-sided, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, little people, little snow, little attractive .
3. Compound words with the first foreign language (international) part ending in a vowel . List of the main parts of compound words:
With the end O : auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, bicycle-, vibration-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo -, dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro-, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo- , eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;
With final a, e, and : avia-, deca-, mega-, media-, tetra-; television; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi- .
Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio technology, aerovisual, pressure chamber, gasoline engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video technology, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydraulic turbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinary, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmovision, macrocosm, weather service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-Asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porn film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, earthquake-resistant, sociocultural, spectroprojector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electric-intensive, endothermic, energy-intensive;
airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetrasubstituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, tele-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;
With two or more of these parts: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, weather radiosonde, radio telecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical radio equipment; automotocycle racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographic.
4. Compound words with the first part ending in i , For example: time calculation, time pulse, name creativity, cotyledon, semen purifier, selfishness, selfish.
The following word categories are written with a hyphen
1. Combinations that are repetition of a word (often for the purpose of reinforcement), for example: blue-blue, tightly-strongly, a lot-a-lot, barely, very-very, quite-quite, just, a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, go- they walk and ask and ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero .
This includes repetitions of pronominal words everything, everything, who, what(in different cases), where, where etc., for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy about everything. Who has never visited him! It’s someone else, and she’s happy with him. Something is missing here! Something, something, but this will not happen! Somewhere, somewhere, but in this house it’s always fun. Anywhere, but he won’t refuse to go to Moscow.
2. Expressive combinations-repetitions (often intensifying) character, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements varying in sound composition, For example: beauty-beautiful, clever-wise, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-sorrowful, day-day, torment-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-washed, glad-radeshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, tightly, crosswise, willy-nilly, any, after all, just, hop-hop, wait-wait, chubby, sickly, sickly, insofar as(adverb), all right, passion-face, hocus-pocus, tricky things, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, tara-bara, trawl-vali, not hukhry-mukhry, shaher-maher, shur-mury.
3. Paired constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, For example: half-city, half-village, half-German, half-Russian, half-fairy tale, half-fable, half-dream, half-reality; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-joking-half-seriously, half-lying, half-sitting.
Between parts of such paired constructions it is possible (in some syntactic conditions: when enumerating, separating) a comma, for example: Accept the collection of motley chapters, / Half funny, half sad...(P.); Her eyes are like two fogs, / Half smile, half cry(Sick.).
4. Combinations correlative or similar meaning of words, For example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-being, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cat-mouse(a game), spoons-forks, arms-legs, one and only, alive and well, in good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, at any cost, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, once upon a time, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.
5. Combinations meaning an approximate indication of the amount or time of something , For example: a day or two, a week or two, he will write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve to fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March-April .
If in such constructions the quantity is indicated by numbers, a dash, rather than a hyphen, is placed between them, for example: people 12–15; she is 30–35 years old; rubles 200–300; this was in 1950-1951.
6. Complex words with the first part – a letter or sound abbreviation, For example: VHF transmitter, MV oven, HIV infection, DNA-containing .
Nouns
Common nouns
The following categories of nouns are written together
1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self- , compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, compound words with initial parts like auto, air , compound words with the first part ending in -I , For example: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons .
2. compound words, For example: artillery shelling, military doctor, state trade, international passport, spare parts, cyberspace, Communist Party, machinery bureau, payment in kind, pedagogical institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, trans agency, household goods; collective farm, trade union, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.
3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels o and e, For example: water supply, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable storehouse, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat mining, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.
4. Compound nouns with the first part ending in -i or -ь , coinciding with the imperative form of the verb: hemlock, whirlytail, whirligig, gouge-eye, adonis, derzhidrevo, derzhimorda, skewed, hoarder, daredevil, shumigolova, robberarmy. Exception: Tumbleweed.
5. Nouns formed from hyphenated proper names (consisting of two parts with initial capital letters), for example: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenos Aires, Yoshkarolins, Costa Ricans, Los Angeles, New Yorkers, Orekhozuyevo, Ulanuden, Ust-Kamenogorsk(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint-Simon).
6. (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant, except l , For example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past one, half past ten, half past five and so on.
The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen.
1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension :
a) combinations-repetitions different types, paired constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words, for example: clever-wise, wolf-wolf, grief-misfortune, half-dream-half-reality, friend-buddy, first name-patronymic, purchase and sale;
b) combinations with single-word applications following the defined word, for example: Baba Yaga, Vanka-Vstanka, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-assembled tablecloth(stable combinations); a new building, an international journalist, an emigrant writer, a medical student, a sniffer dog, a recruit soldier, an amateur gardener, a first-year student, an old mother, a beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade alle, lottery allegri, maximum program, minimum program.
c) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, smart son, hero pilot, sage writer, naughty monkey, tyrant stepmother, hard worker investigator, layman editor, rogue manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.
Combinations of this type with proper names are usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character from Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya and so on.; But: Mother Rus'(Necr.).
2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun , For example: automatic cafe, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape coat, revue operetta, relay station, free carriage.
These also include:
a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar and so on.;
b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill and so on.;
c) names of production brands and product types Tu-104, Il-18 .
3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular case with an ending , For example: aga khan, would-be hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo impulse .
This also includes terms with Greek letter names as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm .
4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular without an ending (null-terminated), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, internet project, caravanserai, march- throw, online survey, PR campaign, raincoat, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, king fish; names of units of measurement, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names of intermediate countries of the world: south-west, south-east, north-west, north-east.
There are many exceptions to this rule. According to tradition, all the names of chemical compounds of this structure are written together, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinyl acetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other continuous spellings: pennant, costutil, lotline, plankarta, folding device, quarter-final, storm ladder, yalbot .
5 . Words with the first parts of disco - (music), maxi-, midi-, mini- , For example: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.
6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels :
a) names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed, parking space, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-flight, machine-hour, man-day;
b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, and north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.
7. A group of words denoting primarily positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, chamber-, counter-, life-, chief-, stats-, non-commissioned-, wing-, headquarters-, staff-, as well as ex- (meaning ‘former’), for example: vice-governor, vice-chancellor, vice-consul, vice-president, vice-premier, vice-champion; chamberlain cadet, chamberlain page; rear admiral; life guards, life hussars, life dragoons, life medic; Chief Burgomaster, Chief Master, Chief Officer, Chief Prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; aide-de-camp; headquarters, headquarters doctor, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-vice prime minister .
Words extraterritorial And expatriation, where is the prefix the ex- has a different meaning and is written together. Musical terms are written in the same way. overtone And underton.
8. Names in the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan-da-Marya, mother-and-stepmother, don’t-touch-me(plants), love-not-love(a game).
9 . Combinations with gender forms. noun case (as well as ordinal numbers as nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l, For example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half eleventh .
10. Nouns formed from hyphenated common nouns , For example: vice-presidency, general government, chamber cadet, private docent, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice-president, governor-general, chamberlain, privat-docent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).
Exceptions : southwester, ping pongist, somersault, chess player, yacht club member.
In all other cases, the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.
Groups of nouns of similar structure, written both with a hyphen and together.
1. Compound nouns , in which the first part represents:
A) the complete basis of an independently used noun that has nominative singular ending (non-null);
b) truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective .
Examples of hyphens:
A) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, postal director, press attache, yacht club ;
b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commercial college, conference room, private assistant professor, justice college; The names of political parties and movements and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism .
Examples of continuous spellings:
A) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord;
b) bulwark.
2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.
Examples of hyphens: art salon, beat group, berg collegium, braid pennant, web page, grand hotel, Dalai Lama, dance hall, content analysis, cruise bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn-grass .
Examples of continuous spellings: arcsine, rear stage, mezzanine, bildapparat, Bundeschancellor, watermachine, military uniform, marshal at the quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, Reich Chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul .
3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements, separately in Russian (as independent words or repeating parts of complex words) not used.
Examples of hyphens: alma mater, boeuf-breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tête-à-tête, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha .
Examples of continuous spellings: underground(And underground), rearguard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, free verse, prodigy, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quiproquo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, mastersinger, head waiter, notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, teaword, charivari.
Words with the first part are spelled differently pa- (correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois And padegras, padecatr, padepatiner, padespan .
Written together:
All compound words, for example: collective farm, trade union, autotractor.
Words with prefixes (including outside-, after-, over-, a-, anti-, arch-, infra-, counter-, ultra- etc.), as well as with the initial components pan-, quasi-, pseudo- etc., for example: pre-war, unscheduled, excess profit, infrared, interdepartmental. If a prefix is attached to a proper name, it is written with a hyphen, for example: Anti-Duhring.
Written with a hyphen:
1. Lexical formations, which are:
a) repetition of the same word, for example: small-small, barely, barely, stood, stood and parted ways(meaning of time limitation);
b) repetition of the same word or the same stem, but with different endings or prefixes, for example: day after day, a long time ago, little by little, firmly, after all, willy-nilly, Also the only one;
c) a combination of two synonymous words, for example: unexpectedly, quietly.
3. Compound words, the first element of which is a numeral, if this numeral is written in numbers, for example: 25 percent, 10 year, 35th anniversary.
4. Complex ordinal numbers, if their first part is written in numbers, for example: 183 millionth, 5 thousandth.
5. Ordinal numbers, if they are written in numbers with a grammatical ending, for example: 15th, l27th.
Nouns
Written together:
1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo- , For example: water supply, farmer, flax harvesting, airport, aerial photography.
2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -grad or -city , For example: Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.
3. Compound nouns with a verbal first part -And , For example: adonis, derzhiderev, derzhimorda, whirligig, whirligig, hoarder, daredevil(But: Tumbleweed)
Written with a hyphen:
1. Compound nouns, having the meaning of one word and consisting of two independently used nouns, connected without the help of connecting vowels O And e , For example:
A) firebird, cafe-restaurant, prime minister, major general(with declension, only the second noun changes);
b) hut-reading room, purchase and sale, good boy, saw-fish, Moscow River(both nouns change with declension).
2. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, social democrat.
3. Complex units of measurement, regardless of whether they are formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer, kilowatt-hour(But: workday).
4. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: north-east, north-east.
5. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include: a) a verb in personal form, for example: Dont touch me(plant), love-not-love(flower); b) union, for example: ivan-da-marya(plant); c) preposition, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main.
6. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Andersen-Nexe.
7. Foreign language compound surnames with the first part Sen- And St., For example: Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Sainte-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are also written with an initial or final component denoting family relationships, social status, etc., for example: Ibn Fadlan, Kor-ogly, Tursun-zade, Izmail Bey, Osman Pasha.
8. Geographical names consisting of:
a) from two nouns for example: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kamenets-Podolsk, Heart-Stone(Cape);
b) from a noun and a subsequent adjective, for example: Mogilev-Podolsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Moscow-Tovarnaya;
Note. Geographical names are written separately:
a) consisting of an adjective and a noun following it, or a numeral and a noun following it, for example: White Church, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Yasnaya Polyana, Seven Brothers;
b) representing combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: village Lev Tolstoy, station Erofey Pavlovich.
9. Names of settlements, the first part of which includes: ust-, salt-, top- etc., as well as some names of settlements with the first part new-, old-, upper-, lower- etc., except for those whose continuous spelling is fixed in reference books, on geographical maps, etc., for example: Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, Nizhne-Gniloye, But: Novosibirsk, Maloarkhangelsk, Starobelsk, Novoalekseevka, Verkhnekolymsk, Nizhnedevitsk.
10. Compound geographical names formed both with and without a connecting vowel from the names of parts of a given geographical object, for example: Austria-Hungary, Alsace-Lataringia But: Czechoslovakia.
11. Foreign language phrases that are proper names, names of inanimate objects, for example: Amu Darya, Almaty, Pas de Calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer, New York, Palais Royal, Grand Hotel.
12. Floor- (half) followed by the genitive case of the noun if the noun begins with a vowel or consonant l , For example: half a turn, half an apple, half a lemon(exception: half liter), But: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; Combinations are also written with a hyphen floor- followed by a proper name, for example: half of Moscow, half of Europe. Words starting with semi- , are always written together, for example: half a mile from the city, stop, semicircle, semi-finished product, idiot.
13. Words, the first component of which are foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life, headquarters, vice, ex- , For example: chief master, non-commissioned officer, life medic, headquarters, vice president, ex-champion.
Also spelled with a hyphen rear admiral(Here counter- does not have the meaning in which it is written together).
14. A defined word with a one-word application immediately following it, for example: old mother, Masha the frolic.
Note 1. A hyphen is not written between the defined word and the one-word application preceding it, which can be equated in meaning to an adjective, for example: handsome son.
Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: social democrats mensheviks.
15. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this common part is omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.
Adjectives
They write together:
1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).
2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway(Railway), national economic (National economy), this also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.
Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: directly opposite, purely Russian, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.
3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.
Written with a hyphen:
1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, north-eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky,
2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).
3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.
4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.
Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), vocabulary-technical(Department.
Adverbs
The hyphen is written:
1. In adverbs with suffixes -and, -to (-him) and prefix -: comradely, German, wolfish, as before, empty.
Note. Console By- written together: a) in adverbs formed from adjectives using this prefix and suffixes -u, -enku, -onku, For example: simply, in vain, equally, little by little, slowly; b) with forms of comparative degree of adverbs, for example: higher, more beautiful, deeper; c) in adverbs because, why, therefore.
2. In words on -yh, -yh with attachment in-(in-), formed from ordinal numbers, for example: Firstly Secondly Thirdly(they are used in speech only as introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts).
3. In indefinite adverbs with suffixes -this, -either, -something and prefix some-: somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, someday, somewhere.
4. In adverbs formed by: a) repetition of words and word stems: barely, just a little, a long time ago, more or less, little by little, tightly, after all, willy-nilly, topsy-turvy, criss-cross, exactly;
b) a combination of synonymous words: unexpectedly, unexpectedly, I'll say hello.
Notes: 1. Phrases that have the meaning of circumstances and consist of two nouns with one or two prepositions are written separately: after all, point to point, side by side, step by step, side to side, eye to eye. Combinations exactly, crosswise, topsy-turvy are written with a hyphen because these are adverbs, not nouns. 2. An adverb is written with a hyphen on-mountain(technical term).
They write together:
1. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with adverbs, for example: until now, from the outside, forever, on the contrary, through and through, the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow, utterly.
Note. Combinations of prepositions with unchangeable words that are used in the meaning of nouns should be distinguished from such adverbs, for example: see you tomorrow, maybe, no(negate) with a bang.
2. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions V And on with collective numbers, for example: double, triple, quadruple etc., in two, in three(But: in twos, in threes, Also one by one).
3. Adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives, for example: hard-boiled, close, hand-to-hand, often, recklessly, at random, probably and first And draw.
Note. Adverbs consisting of a preposition V and a full adjective starting with a vowel sound are written separately, for example: in the open, in general.
4. As a rule, adverbs formed by combining a preposition and a noun, for example: up, down, at first, subsequently, obviously, vying with each other, for show etc. Unlike nouns with prepositions, such adverbs for the most part cannot have definitions, for example: Mountains were visible in the blue distance(V given- a noun that has a definition - an adjective blue), But: In the distance a sail flashed (in the distance- adverb meaning “far”). Wed: During vacation, he traveled a lot, had a good rest and during returned home.
Note. It should be borne in mind that in modern Russian there are many combinations of nouns with prepositions that are similar in meaning to adverbs. These adverbial expressions, which are written separately, include: a) combinations of prepositions V and words that to one degree or another approach adverbs and begin with a vowel, for example: in retaliation, in exchange, at the cutting edge, in an armful, at point-blank range; b) combinations with prepositions without And before, For example: tirelessly, to no avail, until I drop, until I die; c) combinations of nouns with other prepositions, for example: on the go, on the fly, on the move, on the fly, abroad(left) Abroad(lived) (also under the arms, under the arms, under the arm, from under the arm); d) expressions of a figurative, metaphorical nature, for example: fundamentally(wrong), (this is for me) on hand(to hit) to a dead end.
To learn the spelling of adverbs, you need to consult a spelling dictionary if you have any difficulties.
5. Adverbs formed by combining a preposition with interrogative and demonstrative pronouns: why, why, therefore, therefore, therefore, why, then.
To distinguish an adverb from a combination of a preposition with a pronoun, we must remember that an adverb can only be replaced by an adverb, and a pronoun with a preposition can be replaced with an adjective or noun.
Compare: 1) Why (why) He did not come? Got a cold because (therefore) and didn't come.- For what (which textbook is it better to study? It's better to study according to this (new) textbook. According to that (old) There is no need to study the textbook.
