For finishing the walls, floors and ceilings of apartment premises or individual house You should always proceed only after a diagram has been made and electrical wiring and TV, telephone and other networks have been installed.

Lay electrical cables and most owners will be able to connect them in junction boxes with their own hands; you will learn how to do all this from our relevant instructions in the ““ section.

Now I will go into more detail on how to do electrical wiring correctly. alone in your home. If you are not having a new construction, but are undergoing a major renovation and you decide to replace all electrical cables or simply add or move sockets, lamps or switches, be sure to read our article ““.

Step-by-step instruction:

1. Before starting electrical installation work - you need to draw a plan of an apartment or house and mark on it the places of intended installation of furniture, TV, refrigerator, washing machine and other household appliances. If you are going to buy new furniture, then I recommend finding out its exact dimensions.
2. After the diagram of the apartment or house is ready, it is necessary to determine the installation locations of electrical sockets and switches. Be sure to place sockets near household appliances, a computer and in other necessary places, and I also recommend placing a few more sockets on the walls - in the future they will most likely be needed. Consider installation in the same block with electrical outlet additionally television, computer or telephone in places where it is necessary. Special attention refer to the choice of installation locations for sockets in the kitchen - consider the dimensions kitchen furniture and ease of connecting equipment. Switches are placed in rooms at a height of 90 centimeters, and sockets - 30.
3. It will be more difficult determine the installation and selection of the type and number of lamps and chandeliers. Read how to do this in our article ““.
4. The next thing that needs to be put on the plan is These are the installation locations for distribution boxes, in which cables or wires are connected (). They are always installed in easily accessible places and above switches. In most cases, one box is enough for one room. The sockets can be connected using a cable or one from the other, but I don’t recommend doing this for more than 3.
5. The next step will be marking cable route lines.
   Try to choose the shortest route, but lay it at right angles no lower than 15 centimeters from the ceiling, and also follow generally accepted electrical installation rules (the minimum clearances are indicated in the picture above). If you plan to make a screed, then the optimal option would be to lay cables to sockets in HDPE pipes or metal ones in a wooden floor. Some lay electrical cables to sockets in a groove at the level of their installation.
   But I did this only in rooms where the exact height of the subsequent installation of the suspended or suspended ceiling level was not known, so that there would be no damage when drilling holes for fastening the profile around the perimeter of the room necessary for installing these types of ceilings.
6. After marking We begin to groove the walls and fasten the electrical cable in them. Behind the hanging one, suspended ceiling electrical wiring is attached openly to the surface of the ceiling. Transitions through walls are made in pipes.
7. The last stage is connecting cables to the electrical panel. There are quite a few different schemes. As a rule, 3 groups enter the apartment and another fourth to use the electric stove, if available. The first line goes to the rooms, the second to the kitchen, the third to the bathroom and toilet. There are many different variations, sometimes on washing machine a separate group is coming. But the most optimal and reliable power supply scheme for 3 or 4 room apartment or a private house will consist of 3 ordinary automatic machines for separate switching on of lamps for 2 rooms, a corridor + 3rd room, a bathroom + kitchen.
   I also recommend installing 3 differential machines separately on the sockets of the kitchen, 2 rooms and all other rooms.

It is imperative to install a separate power supply for the washing machine and electric stove. In this case, the cross-section of the copper cable for the washing machine must be at least 2.5 square millimeters (25 Ampere machine), and for the electric stove - at least 6 square millimeters. mm. (40 A automatic machine).

For any repairs in an apartment, private house or country house, as well as breakdown of any electrical wiring element, you need to know exactly where the wires go. Otherwise, this may lead to additional problems associated with finding electrical cables hidden in the wall or, even worse, getting the tool into a live wire. In this case, it is advisable to have a wiring diagram. But as often happens, it is not at hand, since when buying their own home no one is interested in this documentation. Therefore, it is advisable to understand various options power supply, since they are standard in multi-apartment buildings.

Wire connection options

A person who understands what awaits him in the process of independently drawing up an electrical wiring diagram or who directly carries out the work of installing sockets, switches and light sources in his own apartment with his own hands must know the basic ways in which electrical circuits are connected.

If the homeowner is not at all versed in the field of arranging electrical circuits, then it is better to entrust all installation work in the apartment to professional electricians, who will draw up a clear plan in a short time, including even the smallest details, which will save on purchases Supplies.

Video: cable laying diagram in the house

How to install electrical wiring

The choice of scheme must be made with full awareness of the matter. First of all, this is due to the safety rules for using electrical circuits. Today there are three main wiring options.

1. The most popular way of wiring is to connect all the components of the network using distribution boxes. This scheme involves mounting the shield on landing in a specially equipped niche, and not in a living space. The panel contains a device for monitoring consumed electricity and several packets. Electricity is supplied to the apartment via a cable, which is distributed to rooms using distribution boxes.
2. The “Star” wiring diagram implies that each element is connected with a separate line connected directly to the panel through an automatic toggle switch. With such wiring, the consumption of wires, physical work and the cost of the project as a whole increases significantly. But having assessed all the advantages and disadvantages, it becomes clear that all costs are justified, since the system provides the opportunity to fully control each consumer separately.
3. The “Loop” diagram is similar to the previous version of the electrical wiring. In this option there is only one distinctive feature, which consists of connecting several consumers to one cable. This reduces the volume installation work and consumables, which leads to a reduction in project costs.

In most cases, the wiring diagram involves a combination of several cable routing methods at the same time. At the same time, it is very important to think through everything to the smallest detail in order to ultimately achieve maximum efficiency and safety of the electrical circuit.

Standard scheme

Before starting installation work, it is advisable to implement all ideas for arranging electrical circuits in a detailed diagram laid out on a sheet of paper. In this case, it is important to take into account the layout of each individual room, which will allow you to calculate the number of distribution groups and elements of the electrical network. For convenience, each group can be performed in a separate diagram.

From practice it was revealed that maximum efficiency wiring is achieved by combining consumption sources into several groups, each of which is connected to a separate automatic batcher. Thanks to this technical solution facilitates further repairs and maintenance electrical network without the need to turn off power to the entire apartment. In addition, connecting all consumers to one line is only possible if there is a cable with a large cross-section that can withstand the increased load that occurs when all electrical appliances in the apartment are turned on simultaneously.

When the panel is placed directly in the living room, it becomes possible to connect electrical appliances to individual circuit breakers. This significantly increases the efficiency and safety of using the electrical network. But, in this case, why has not such a scheme found widespread use? Everything is quite simple - this option of connecting devices to the AC network significantly increases the cost of implementing the project. Therefore, consumers are divided into the following groups:

• lighting group of residential premises and corridor;
• supply of electricity to the rooms;
• electricity supply in the kitchen and hallway;
• supply of light and electricity to the bathroom and bathroom. Moreover, this group implies increased danger due to constantly high humidity;
• If the kitchen is equipped with an electric stove, then its connection must also be made separately.

To ensure maximum safety of electrical installations, each group must be equipped with an RCD - a special protective device, which is nothing more than a differential circuit breaker at maximum current values. It is also necessary to equip the wiring in the bathroom and kitchen with such protective devices.

After the final formation of the main groups, it is necessary to determine in what places the consumers will be placed, such as electric stove, water heater, air conditioner, etc. At the next stage, marking the installation of switches, distribution boxes, lamps and sockets is carried out. In this case, all elements must be included in the electrical wiring diagram, based on which the number of wires can be calculated.

It is very important that circuit diagram The electrical wiring diagram was drawn up in several copies, one of which should be saved for the future. Once all the details have been taken into account, you can draw up a detailed finishing drawing in accordance with the exact plan of each room.

All installation points of electrical elements are marked on the diagram in accordance with the generally accepted notation system and are connected by lines indicating wires. To improve the readability of the diagram, it is advisable to designate different groups of wires in different colors.

The diagram must necessarily include all dimensions of the premises, distances from the electrical panel to sockets, switches and lighting sources, etc. Such detailed plan will allow you to carry out high-quality installation work and calculate all the necessary consumables in the shortest possible time, which will make it possible to plan expenses.

Video: electrical wiring diagram in an apartment

In order to correctly make an apartment wiring diagram, you should know some important requirements for laying wires in residential buildings.

1. The bathroom is not supplied with sockets, except for one connected via a transformer for switching on low voltage appliances such as an electric razor.
2. It is unacceptable to connect the grounding of the socket to the neutral terminal. It is also strictly forbidden to ground wiring elements to a battery or water supply. This is unsafe for apartment residents.
3. If the kitchen has a stove connected to the AC network or other powerful consumers, then the main machine must be of a large rating so that false alarms do not occur.
4. Wiring should only be done in a vertical or horizontal direction.
5. Changing the direction of wiring may result in the risk of hitting a live wire with a nail or drill during repairs. Crossing cables is also prohibited.
6. It is important that electrical wires pass at a distance of 15 cm from the surface of the floor or ceiling, as well as window and door frames and external corners of the room.
7. The distance from the heating pipes or water supply should not be less than 3 cm. The wiring to the socket should be approached from the bottom, while to the switch from the top.

It is advisable that all sockets and switches installed by yourself be located on the same level. So, for sockets, the acceptable height from the floor is 30 cm, while for switches the height is from 80 cm to 1 m. Naturally, if necessary, these parameters can be changed to suit the needs of the apartment residents.

How to do your own wiring

To lay electrical wires in an apartment, you must strictly follow the prepared diagram. At the same time, there is a certain sequence for carrying out such work with your own hands.

To correctly connect the wires, it uses three different methods - using terminals, soldering or twisting, which can be viewed in the video. The first two are considered the most effective to use, since they are considered the most reliable and have a high degree of security, although they are more difficult to do with your own hands.

Video: installation of electrical wiring

Which wires to choose

To properly install electrical wiring in an apartment, you need to buy suitable wires. At the same time, copper cable is considered the best for wiring for the simple reason that it has maximum flexibility, is less brittle and has high current conductivity. It is also more convenient to install, unlike its aluminum counterpart.

In apartments, in most cases, wires with two or three cores are laid with a cross-section of 2.5–3 square mm for sockets and 1.5 for switches and lamps. For more powerful consumers, a separate line with wires larger than 3 mm square is laid, which will allow them not to overheat.

The wiring diagram can easily be drawn up and implemented independently. But responsibility for the quality of its work and the safety of residents will rest with the person who carried out the installation work. Therefore, at least minimal knowledge in this area is welcome.

Video: how to choose the right cable cross-section

Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment is not a myth, but a reality, for which you do not need to study to become an electrician or read several weighty volumes on physics.

It is enough to know a few rules to lay the cable at home and make the right project. However, we should not forget about the risks, because after all, we are dealing with electricity.

To conduct electrical wiring in an apartment, you need to have a good grasp of theory and behave carefully in practice, not forgetting about safety precautions.

A diagram of the electrical wiring in an apartment is an indispensable reference for a master.

New wiring is required or major renovation, when it needs to be replaced, or when design is done from scratch, often during the construction stage.

Why not hire an electrician who knows the ropes and can install the electricity correctly? The main thing is the price.

Typical wiring in an apartment costs approximately 1000 rubles per square meter, and in atypical cases the gasket will be much more expensive.

On the other hand, wiring in an apartment with your own efforts means spending only on materials.
First of all, when starting the installation of electrical wiring in an apartment, you should pay attention to the cables.

Often in ordinary apartment you can find aluminum cable. Previously, it was chosen because it was cheap, but it is safer to replace it with copper wires.

The fact is that literally after twenty years the aluminum cable becomes very fragile, causing burnout and short circuits.

If moisture gets on it, then corrosion begins; damage to one wire causes the entire wiring diagram to burn out. Because of these reasons, it is prohibited to use aluminum in the apartment.

It would be correct to make the cable copper - it may be more expensive, but its operation will be safe.

Stages of work

You can make a replacement by following a simple plan:

• a scheme for the apartment is created;
• a wiring plan is drawn up and its compatibility with the project is checked;
• development of a temporary repair shed;
• wiring is being installed;
• connection of machines, sockets, switches is carried out.

Don't forget about grounding. IN modern apartment Several (or even more) devices can operate simultaneously.

All of us have at least once felt a subtle tingling sensation when touching equipment. But if you forget about grounding or do it incorrectly, electric shock becomes very dangerous.

Therefore, the wiring diagram assumes the presence of grounding. Making it yourself is not difficult if you know how it works.

But we can say that there is grounding in every apartment - it is supplied through one of the wires and is called zero. For it to work correctly, you need to do the zeroing yourself.

This process is quite simple: the wiring is mounted with a three-wire wire, one cable will play the role of grounding. We connect it to the sockets and to certain equipment in the apartment.

It would be correct to make grounding inside the shield - then the protective function of the elements will be close to 100%.

Wiring to points should be done at the very end, when mechanisms and devices are installed.

Principle of drawing up a diagram

A diagram that you can make even with your own hands is needed for a number of reasons:

• you can easily calculate the amount of material that needs to be worked with to carry out wiring in the apartment: the necessary wires, their cross-sections, determine how many sockets and switches there will be in the apartment, and also indicate the location of the panel;
• design allows you to find right places for power elements;
• helps in the future to repair hidden parts of conductive elements.

The diagram and plan of an apartment or house are kept to scale with distribution groups applied to them. Without the latter, do-it-yourself electrical wiring in an apartment is impossible and even dangerous.

Usually in an apartment you need to make at least two shields: an introductory one and an internal one. Branches of wiring go from the interior to the rooms.

The main groups look like this:

• sockets;
• lighting;
• powerful devices;
• sockets and appliances that need to be made and connected in the bathroom and kitchen;
• outbuildings.

It is important to do the design and calculation in such a way that all the wiring goes to more than one group of points - then the load will be too large.

Even at the stage when the project is just being created, it is necessary to think through protective devices for each individual group and make them yourself.

The power and location of the devices will influence the choice of circuit, which master will prefer to use. Such data will help you choose the number of sockets for the apartment and the cross-section that the cable should have.

Many people may have a question: what is the difference between a house diagram and an apartment diagram? In practice there are few differences.

The main difference is in the input of electricity - it enters the house through external wires, while in an apartment it is a cable from the distribution panel.

How to do the wiring?

In an apartment you can most often find concrete or brick walls, which are covered with paint or plaster.

An apartment's electrical wiring project may imply that the cable must be laid either in a combined way or hidden. Which way is better?

It is worth understanding that there are a lot of options, and all that you can do with your own hands are based on taking into account the characteristics of the apartment.

Wiring can be laid even over bare concrete walls, and cover it with plaster or paint on top.

Calculation necessary materials, to perform the procedure yourself, it looks like this: you need a pipe and a flexible hose (usually metal or PVC).

Open wiring should be laid in special channels.

Carrying out the project with your own hands, we decide on the security system.

To do this, inside the distribution panel of the apartment prerequisite is the presence of circuit breakers that protect against short circuits.

Some experts advise making residual current devices instead of automatic circuit breakers, which turn off devices during power surges.

What kind of wiring should be in the bathroom and bathroom, what choice of machines will be correct?

If you do the installation yourself, then try to avoid installing a distribution box in this room; it is better to place the switch not in the bathroom itself, but somewhere nearby, for example, in the corridor, near the door to the room.

The socket can be installed, but with additional moisture protection mechanisms.

Marking is best done using strictly horizontal or vertical lines.

We carry out the design so that the lines do not intersect with each other, and we run the route parallel to some wall.

If you decide to do wiring under floor covering, then there should be a small distance from it to the wall.

How to choose the correct cross-section for the wiring wire? This figure should always be greater than the calculation of the planned load on the network (and more than 2 millimeters square).

The calculation and diagram suggest that different sections are needed for different groups. When installing in an apartment with your own hands, it is important to protect all wires in cavities with pipes and sleeves.

The cable and wires that will be connected must be equipped with junction boxes with open access so that you can easily reach them for repair if necessary.

In the hallway, one or two outlets will be enough, but in the other rooms of the apartment you can do more.

The plan does not regulate how to place the outlet in the apartment, but it is believed that the optimal distance from the floor is above 30 centimeters.

Calculating where to place the switch involves installing it in such a way that every family member can reach it.

What else needs to be considered during planning?

A plan is a real salvation for any owner during installation, especially if all the work is done by hand.

It takes into account all the rules that will help you avoid problems and carry out the correct calculation of materials throughout the apartment.

The electrical wiring diagram in the apartment is an absolutely necessary thing both for work and for further repairs.

First of all, it is important to remember that at least two branches go from the meter in the apartment to each room - for switches and sockets.

Particular attention should be paid to the bathroom, a project for which is a real headache when installing it yourself.

The best option would be to install in this room only a lamp on the ceiling and a boiler when it is needed.

The plan can be made so that in adjacent rooms of the apartment the sockets are located opposite each other in the wall.

In this case, one hole is drilled for two groups, which allows you to lay one branch, saving cable for wiring in the apartment.

As for the project with the designation of spotlights in the apartment, if you decide to do it yourself, it is worth indicating such elements as a separate chandelier.

The calculation here is made so that the branch goes to the center of the ceiling, then it will be more convenient to lay out the wiring.

A competent plan assumes that a separate branch goes to each chandelier or lamp.

If you think that a plan is not that important, especially when working with your own hands, then it is not so.

The fact is that your calculation and plan still need to be registered with the energy service.

This procedure is free, but if the wiring calculation is incorrect or even dangerous, be prepared for the fact that the plan will have to be redone.

Therefore, a properly designed diagram is extremely important. Another question is how to do it? Today it is not necessary to go to a bureau or hire an engineer.

All actions, if desired, are carried out with your own hands.

It is allowed to create a project in computer editors: CorelDraw or Photoshop. In case you do not have experience in how to create a project on a computer, you can draw it on paper by hand.

How to repair wiring yourself

Situations where wiring burns out or breaks are not uncommon. How to repair it? You can wait a long time for an electrician, and he will charge a lot for the work.

Therefore, many people choose to do the repairs themselves. The main thing is not to forget to use protective equipment: gloves, glasses, working tools.

Repair of wiring or wiring can be complete or partial. Basically, hidden wiring is used in apartments, and you don’t always have a plan at hand where the branches are marked.

If the project is lost, then there is a way out - use a wiring finder. This device works like a scanner.

If an aluminum cable is laid in the apartment, as required by the project, then it is better to either call a qualified technician to replace the wiring, or not touch the wires at all.

If you are not sure that you can carry out such a procedure yourself, then call a specialist. However, there are situations where a joint circuit for aluminum and copper wires works.

Twisting cannot be used in such cases. How to be? It’s very simple: choose terminals and clamps for such purposes.

Terminal blocks for electrical wiring in an apartment are common mechanisms used to connect wires made of different materials.

It is beneficial to use such devices, because they are designed in such a way that the cables do not oxidize.

In no case do not forget to turn off the power to the apartment while the wiring is being repaired. However, how then to connect tools that run on electricity?

For this, a special temporary connection diagram is used. We fix the socket and the 16 A circuit breaker with our own hands on a thick board or piece of plastic.

A branch is drawn from the meter, after which the apartment itself is de-energized.

For standard renovation work with our own hands or when replacing wiring we will need the following tools:

• grinder with a circle (if the walls are made of stone or concrete, then with an appropriate attachment for the stone);
• a hammer drill that can drill through concrete;
• soldering iron;
• phase indicator indicator;
• screwdrivers (handles must be insulated);
• flashlight;
• knife for installation;
• building level;
• spatula for hiding the wiring with materials (for example, plaster);
• portable electric lamp.

In general, all these tools for electrical wiring in an apartment can be easily found from any craftsman who has dealt with apartment renovations.

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Are you familiar with the basics of electrical engineering firsthand and have repeatedly encountered electricity in practice? Then new wiring in a small house or apartment will not become an insurmountable obstacle - you can easily install it with your own hands. To do everything correctly, you need to understand the nuances of electrical installation and determine the order of work. This material is aimed at covering these issues in an accessible form.

Drawing up a wiring diagram

Let's make it clear right away: we are talking about single-phase network with a voltage of 220 volts, which is already connected to a private house with an area of ​​100-150 m² or an apartment. Design and installation of three-phase electrical networks at 380 V for large country cottages are carried out by specialized organizations. In this case, it makes no sense to take on the electrical wiring yourself, since without a power supply project and agreed-upon as-built documentation Management Company will not allow you to connect to your communications.

So, pictured above typical diagram electrical wiring for a residential building includes the following elements (starting from cable entry):

• input circuit breaker rated 25 amperes;
• electric meter (preferably multi-tariff);
• residual current device - RCD, designed for an operating current of 300 mA;
• a 20 A differential circuit breaker, triggered at a leakage current of 30 mA, to protect the socket network;
• automatic switches rated 10 A for lighting (the number depends on the number of lines to the lamps);
• electrical cabinet equipped with a neutral and grounding bus, as well as DIN rails for mounting automatic machines and RCDs:
• cable lines with distribution boxes leading to sockets for connecting household appliances and lighting fixtures.

Note. According to the PUE, the power supply of the bathroom, bathhouse, sauna and other premises with high humidity must be carried out in a separate line, protected by an RCD or a circuit breaker with a response threshold of 10 mA.

The functional purpose of the listed elements is as follows. Circuit breakers protect branches or the system as a whole from short circuit, The RCD protects you from electric shock, and the differential circuit breaker combines these 2 functions. The latter must be installed on each power line. To protect household electrical appliances from voltage surges, you can supplement the circuit with a protective relay installed after the main RCD, as the master explains in the video:

To make a complete electrification scheme, you need to draw a house plan by hand and place lighting fixtures with sockets on it. Indicate the location of the electrical panel and spread the wiring from it along the walls, marking each pair (phase and zero) with one line, as electricians do (called a single-line diagram). An example of such a sketch is shown in the picture.

Reference. In private houses and cottages, the distribution board is usually placed in technical room, for example, in the garage, sometimes in the hallway. The same picture is observed in multi-storey new buildings. In Soviet-era houses - "Khrushchev" and "Czech" - apartment panels were massively installed in the entrances, but then the owners began to move them to their hallways in order to protect themselves from theft of meters.

Preparation of materials

To purchase the necessary installation materials and determine their number, take the compiled electrical diagram as a basis. The control, protection and metering elements located in the panel are already indicated on it; all that remains is to select cable products and socket boxes (switches and sockets themselves can be purchased later). The recommendations in this regard are:

1. For electrical wiring, use copper cable brand VVG with 3 solid cores and its varieties. Do not use aluminum or stranded wires (for example, PVA) intended for other purposes.
2. Copper electrical wiring in an apartment or private house that powers lighting fixtures must have a minimum cross-section of 1.5 mm². The socket network must be made with a 2.5 mm² cable, and the connection of the ground loop must be made with a cross-section of 6 mm².
3. If it is necessary to draw an external line from a pole to a building, use a 16 mm² self-supporting SIP wire and special hanging brackets.
4. For hidden cable routing, use a metal hose or a plastic corrugated pipe of the appropriate diameter (the wires should occupy no more than 40% of the cavity of the protective sleeve), fixed with latches or clamps.
5. Do not provide many single indoor sockets in different places; it is better to place a couple of blocks with 4-5 plugs. For the kitchen, one group of 5 sockets is sufficient.
6. The number of junction boxes is calculated according to the diagram below, which shows correct installation wiring. The box is placed on each branch from the main line.

Advice. For power lines loaded with installations with a power exceeding 3.5 kW, the cable cross-section should be selected according to calculation. We recommend that you resolve this issue with specialists, since the introductory machine and other equipment will also have to be selected individually and you cannot do without a power supply project.

Before calculating the quantity of cable products, consider the method of laying the electrical wiring. The best option– route the conductors behind the ceiling and wall sheathing made of plasterboard, in the floor or under the baseboard. This approach will help protect communications from damage during subsequent repairs and can be easily implemented in one-room and two-room apartments panel houses.

IN wooden houses, built from timber or frame technology, open-type internal wiring is practiced - on insulators or in plastic channels, as done in the photo. In this case, it is more convenient to lay a network from flat variety cable – VVG-P. Don’t forget about low-current lines - twisted pair for the Internet, alarms, and so on, they also need to be routed between rooms.

It is also worth mentioning the retro-style electrical wiring, which harmoniously fits into the interior of any wooden home, including a log home. But keep in mind that the price of components is three times higher than conventional materials, and the installation method shown in the video requires some skills.

Minimum tool kit

To install or replace electrical wiring with your own hands, you will need the following set of tools:

• grinder with circles on concrete for making furrows in brick or plastered walls;
• a hammer and chisel to cut out the nests of socket boxes;
• nippers, pliers;
• tape measure and building level;
• narrow metal spatula;
• screwdrivers with various slots;
• cable cutting knife.

Advice. Instead of a regular knife, it is better to use a special tool, a sample of which is shown in the photo. It is equipped with a small heel at the end, which allows you to strip the insulation from the wires without damaging the copper conductors and is safe for your hands.

Electrical panel installation

As a rule, this important stage of work is performed by a specialist – an electrician. But in a small residential or country house for several rooms you can solve the problem yourself if you follow the step-by-step instructions:

1. Secure the box to the wall near the cable entry. Installation height – 1.5 m above the floor. If necessary, hollow out a recess in the wall.
2. Place DIN rails for mounting the machines and 2 busbars for connecting the neutral (N) and ground (PE) wires. Lead the external cable through the hole, cut it and connect the “zero” to the bus. Repeat this action with the grounding conductor.
3. Secure the RCD, meter and all machines. Connect the neutral and phase from the power cable to the contacts of the input packet.
4. Carry out internal wiring according to the diagram, using insulated single-core wire with a cross-section of 6 mm². For reliable contact with clamps circuit breakers Place special tips in the form of a fork on the exposed wires.

Advice. When installing conductors, observe the color markings indicating their identity. The neutral line is indicated in blue, grounding is yellow-green, and the phase is most often brown, black or red.

When purchasing and installing a cabinet for an electrical panel, you also need to take care of the placement of backup circuit breakers, which may be useful later. Therefore, there should be 3-4 free slots on the rail. All the nuances of assembling this important organ are described in the video:

How to install wiring

In past times, electrical networks were laid along the walls before applying the plaster layer and secured with alabaster mortar. Now other methods are used for installation, namely, installation in gates 2 cm deep, cut into plaster or aerated concrete. The technology is like this:

1. Using a level and a tapping cord, mark the route of each line, starting from the electrical panel. Remember that hidden electrical wiring in the house must run strictly vertically and horizontally, and turn at right angles. Mark the installation points for sockets and switches.
2. Make grooves along the markings, observing the width of the groove for a single wire - 2 cm. Cut out recesses for socket boxes and distribution boxes.
3. Install socket boxes and boxes on dowels or alabaster mortar. Try to maintain a horizontal line so that the sockets stand level. Do not forget to cut technological openings on the sides for cable entry.
4. Treat the gates with a primer and place pre-measured pieces of cable in them and bring its ends inside all the boxes. The conductors are fixed in the groove with a solution or special spacers at intervals of 40 cm.
5. Separate the ends of the wires in junction boxes and color-code them with WAGO or terminal blocks.
6. Bare the wires in the socket boxes, put lugs on them and connect them to sockets and switches.
7. Check the functionality of each line with a multimeter, then connect it to the panel and seal the grooves.

Important point. The lighting wiring is connected as follows: blue wire (N) - to the zero bus, yellow-green (PE) - to the ground bus, the remaining conductor - to the machine. The phase and neutral from the socket network are connected to contacts 1 and 2 of the differential circuit breaker, the grounding is connected to its bus.

Proper installation of wiring involves laying it according to the rules - with indentations from the floor, ceiling and doorways indicated on the drawing. In the distribution boxes of the socket group, the conductors are switched by color, in the lighting group - in this order:

• zero passes the switch and is immediately supplied to the lamp (to the contact adjacent to the lamp base);
• the phase wire goes through the switch, and then to the lighting fixture;
• the ground is connected directly to the corresponding contact of the lamp.

A pair or three pass-through switches are connected to each other and to the power cable according to a different circuit. This is discussed in detail. Watch the tutorial video

Designing electrical wiring in a private house is quite a troublesome task, but quite feasible even without special knowledge. It is enough just to approach this issue carefully. Well, our tips given in this article will allow you to step by step create your own electrical wiring project for any private home.

Any development of an electrical network project begins with determining the total power of the consumer, in in this case our home, and her eating patterns. And if total power consumer in our case is determined by the energy supply company, which sets the consumption limit, then we have the right to design the internal electrical network diagram ourselves.

So:

• The electrical wiring in a private house is as follows. On external wall At home, the energy supply company installs an input machine and a meter. The connection of these electrical devices is also carried out by the energy supply company.
• But after the meter, we do the entry into the house, connection to the distribution board and wiring around the house ourselves. And here we have the right to choose a power supply scheme that is convenient for us.
• Typically, a home's power supply diagram looks like this. The cable or SIP wire from the meter is connected directly to the busbars of our distribution board. Separate power supply groups are powered from these buses. Each group has its own power circuit breaker installed on the phase wire. The neutral and protective wires of each group should not have switching devices.

Note! The neutral wire of individual groups can have a switching device only if connected through an RCD. The RCD can be installed either on a separate group or as an input for all groups. The issue of choosing the location for installing the RCD is not regulated by the PUE norms and remains a controversial issue. But based on operating experience and the personal opinion of the author of these lines, we advise you to install them separately for each group.

• Next, the wire or cable from each group machine is mounted to the distribution boxes. Each group can have from one to several distribution boxes.
• From distribution boxes, electrical wiring is distributed to end consumers - sockets and switches.

Designing a home electrical network

Based on the above general scheme power supply to the house, to design the electrical network, we first need to calculate the number of groups and distribute the loads among them. In order to do this, we need to decide on the wiring installation method and calculate the possible load of our consumers.

Choosing a wiring installation method

Let's start by choosing the method of installing the electrical network. Electrical wiring of a private house can be done open and in a hidden way. And from the right choice depends not only on the number of groups, wire cross-section and total installation cost, but also appearance the whole house.

So:

• First of all, we note that any type of wiring installation can be implemented in a house of any design and from any building materials. The only question is the cost of installation work. We will not provide installation standards for different types postings to different conditions. You can find this information in other articles on our website. Let's focus only on generally accepted norms.
• Open wiring has found wide application in houses made of flammable materials. First of all, this is wood, SIP panels and other types of flammable building materials. For such houses, the cost of installing open wiring is often significantly lower. Hidden wiring will require considerable financial investment, and its installation is labor-intensive.
• Hidden wiring is used mainly in houses made of brick, foam blocks and other non-combustible materials. After all, this type of wiring allows you to completely hide network engineering, at the same time, in houses made of non-combustible materials it does not impose any special requirements.

Calculation of the total load of the house

At the next design stage, you need to calculate the total load on the house and on individual electrical receivers. This is necessary for the subsequent formation of groups.

• To do this, we first need to determine the number of electrical points and their maximum power consumption. This often becomes the most serious problem for non-professionals, but de facto there is nothing difficult about it.
• Each socket or switch in the house is mounted for a specific electrical appliance or group of electrical appliances. We just need to select the most powerful of them and then carry out calculations for it.
• The power of an electrical appliance can be viewed in the device passport. It may also contain an instruction manual. If you don’t have one or the other, then you can find out the approximate power in our table.

• But in most cases, the power of devices is indicated in Watts, and we need to convert it into Amperes. To do this, you can use Ohm's law - . In general, this is a simplified version of the formula, but for our purposes it is quite sufficient. Based on this formula, it turns out that an electrical appliance with a power of 1 kW for a 220V network consumes electricity approximately 4.5A.

Distribution of loads by groups

After we have calculated the total load in the house and for each individual electrical point, we can begin to directly create groups.

So:

• According to clause 9.6 of VSN 59 - 88, the rated power of circuit breakers for powering group lines of sockets and lighting networks should not exceed 16A. Starting from this point, we distribute our loads into separate groups.

Note! To power powerful electrical receivers such as an electric oven, it is allowed to install group circuit breakers with a rating of 25A.

• Load distribution among groups should be based on their location and type of load. So quite often the group lines of the lighting network are separated from the power supply groups of the sockets. But this is not mandatory, and in some cases it is not advisable.

• It is also worth remembering that it is not easy to install electrical wiring in a private house yourself. Therefore, you should not place different electrical receivers of the same group in different parts of the house. Usually these are 1 - 2 adjacent rooms.
• Another aspect that is worth paying attention to is clause 7.2 of VSN 59 - 88. It requires connecting sockets in the kitchen and living rooms to different groups. Quite often, the kitchen outlet group also includes an outlet in the bathroom.

Note! Sockets in the bathroom can only be installed if there is an RCD circuit breaker in the group in which the socket is installed. Moreover, according to the PUE, the rated leakage current for such a switching device is normalized by a leakage current of 30 mA.

• As a result, we can get from 3 to 7 groups depending on the total load. Some may end up with more than 10 groups. But here everything depends on the size of the house and the number of electrical appliances. But according to technical specifications the introductory circuit breaker, which is installed in the house, rarely exceeds the value of 25A, sometimes 40A.
• This should be remembered when dividing the load into groups with your own hands. After all, the probability that everything electrical devices will work at the same time quite low. Therefore, you should approach this issue soberly and perform the distribution more carefully, taking into account such a factor as the utilization rate.

Wiring selection

Before you carry out electrical wiring in a private house yourself, you should also worry about calculating its cross-section. After all, its durability and Fire safety. This issue is especially relevant for houses made of combustible materials.

• According to clause 7.1.34 of the PUE, only copper cables and wires should be used in residential buildings since 2001. Previously, aluminum wires, which can often be found in old houses, were allowed.
• As for the cross-section of the wires, it should be selected based on the load on the group line. But in order to avoid making a lot of calculations and simplify the choice, you can proceed from the nominal parameters of group machines.
• In addition, when choosing a wiring cross-section, you should take into account the method of laying the wires. After all, heat transfer for wires laid hidden and open method different. In this regard, although slightly, their cross-section differs depending on the load.
• We make the choice according to Table 1.3.4 PUE. In addition to the loads and installation method, it also takes into account such a parameter as the type of wire.

• But no matter how you choose the electrical wiring in a private house, you should remember that the cross-section should be no less than that given in the table. 7.1.1 PUE. For group lines it must be at least 1.5 mm 2.

Conclusion

In our article we presented the main stages of designing an electrical network in a private home. As you can see, there is nothing complicated about this, and the video on our website should make this task even easier. The main thing is to approach this issue carefully and carefully and you will probably succeed.