Electrical wiring in residential premises must comply with the standards in force in the Russian Federation. Knowing the rules for installing electrical wiring, you will be able to carry out this work without violating electrical safety requirements, thereby protecting your life and protecting household appliances from breakdown. There are three types of electrical wiring:

• open;
• closed;
• combined.

All three types apply General requirements, which must be taken into account when developing a wiring diagram.

These requirements relate to the placement of wiring elements: meters, distribution boxes, sockets, switches and the placement of electrical wires.

1. Branching boxes, switches and sockets, electric meters are placed in places accessible for their maintenance (all current-carrying parts are covered).
2. It is advisable to place switches in each room on one side of the door. Placement height – 1.5 meters from the finished floor level ( flooring). Please note: when opening the door to the room, the switch must remain within reach.
3. Sockets are mounted at a height of 0.5 - 0.8 m from the finished floor level. Their locations are determined by the planned arrangement of electrical equipment.
4. There are also requirements for the number of sockets in an apartment: according to the rules fire safety they are installed at least one per six square meters. In the kitchen, regardless of its size, at least three of them must be installed.
5. It is prohibited to install sockets in wet rooms - toilets and bathrooms. But there is one caveat here: to connect hair dryers and electric shavers, it is allowed to install sockets in bathrooms that are powered by double-insulated isolation transformers.
6. It is not allowed to install sockets closer than half a meter from grounded radiators, gas stoves, steel pipes wires and other metal devices.
7. Sockets on interior partition It is advisable to install at one point on each side of the partition. In this case, they are connected in parallel through a through hole in the wall.
8. All branches and connections of electrical wires in the apartment are made only in branch and junction boxes.

To avoid problems with damage to the electrical wiring during future repairs, wires should be laid only horizontally and vertically. Moreover, it is necessary to store the network laying plan. There are generally accepted standards for the placement of wires:

• horizontal sections are placed at a distance of 50 - 100 mm from beams and cornices and 150 mm from the ceiling and plinth (in the latter case, a distance of 200 mm is allowed);
• vertically located sections of the electrical network should be located away from the corners of the room and door and window openings at least 100 mm. In this case, the contact of the wire with metal structures buildings (if any) are not allowed;
• if heating pipes are located near the wiring or hot water, it must be protected with asbestos gaskets. Another acceptable option is to use a wire with a thermal protective coating;
• if the wire is placed in parallel gas pipe(or pipeline with any other flammable substance), the distance between them must be at least 0.4 meters;
• It is prohibited to lay electrical wires in bundles in the apartment. It is also unacceptable to place them with a gap of less than 3 mm.

Diagram of correct electrical wiring in the house

The cores of the grounding and grounding wires are connected to each other by welding. Electrical devices to be protected are connected to the protective conductors using bolted connections.

To zero stationary electric stoves, a separate conductor is laid from the apartment meter. Its cross-section must be equal to the cross-section of the phase wire. This conductor is connected in front of the electric meter to the protective conductor of the power supply network. Grounding and neutral conductors should not have switches or fuses. This rule must be observed, otherwise, at the moment the protection is triggered, all household appliances will be exposed to the dangerous potential of the network.

All of the above requirements relate to the field of electrical safety.

Installation requirements depending on the type of gasket

Correct installation involves not only compliance general rules: for each type of electrical installation in an apartment, special requirements have been developed.

Types of electrical wiring

Open gasket

The most in a simple way is an open gasket. It doesn’t look very nice, of course, but there’s no need to trench the walls for wires. It’s hard to imagine such a method in an apartment, but in utility rooms country houses This kind of picture is not uncommon. But even such a primitive installation method has its own requirements:

• To perform electrical wiring open method Flat wires APRV, APR or APPV are used. If the walls of the room are flammable (for example, made of wood), asbestos sheets with a thickness of at least 3 mm are laid between the wires and the base. The distance from the wire to the edge of the sheet is over 5 mm. The asbestos gasket is secured to the wall with nails in increments of 200 to 250 mm in a checkerboard pattern. For several groups of wires, it is allowed to use one common asbestos gasket (the distance between adjacent wires must be 5 mm or more).
• The wire is attached to the wall with a tin strip through a cardboard spacer. Moreover, a special electrical insulating cardboard is used for this purpose. The width and length of the gasket should exceed the similar dimensions of the tin bracket by several millimeters. The wire should be held tightly enough by the fastening element.
• Inside the junction box, the insulated ends of the wires must not be allowed to touch each other.
• Before entering the box, the wires are attached to the wall. The distance from the box body to the fastening element is 50 mm.

• When wiring in an open way, sockets and switches are mounted on special socket boxes: plastic or wooden. Their diameter exceeds the similar size of rosettes by 8 - 10 millimeters.

Closed type

Most safe way Internal electrical wiring – closed. The wires in this case are located inside a non-flammable material. They are inaccessible to accidental mechanical damage, do not oxidize and do not threaten the apartment with fire.

Concealed electrical wiring in the apartment

• If the walls of the house are built of wood, then closed wiring, like open wiring, is carried out on asbestos sheets. These requirements do not apply if the house is built of brick or reinforced concrete.
• Crossing flat wires is not allowed. If this is unavoidable, the intersection should be reinforced with insulating tape (3 - 4 layers per wire).
• The wires are secured in the grooves using alabaster. Special plastic clamps are often used. When wiring is closed, it is not permissible to use nails as fasteners.
• Branches and connections of wires are made by welding, crimping or soldering. These operations can be performed using special clamps in the space of branch boxes.
• If the walls in the apartment are covered with plasterboard, the electrical wiring fits perfectly under its layer and does not require cutting grooves in the base. IN plasterboard sheets several holes of fairly large diameter are drilled - from 30 to 40 mm in the direction of the wiring route. Through these holes you can push a wire loop, with the help of which the wires are pulled in the desired direction. However, this is only relevant when the wiring is replaced in an already finished room. If the drywall has not yet been installed, it is easier to first carry out the electrical wiring and then sheathe the walls.

Combined method

The installation of electrical wires for the internal network in an apartment can also be carried out in a combined way using cable channels. This method is something between open and closed types wiring installation. The cable duct can be made of non-flammable plastic, aluminum alloy or galvanized steel. It is easy to install, but in this case there are some requirements, if you violate them, you can doom yourself to endless alterations:

• The first step is to choose the right type of box. There are several options for cable channels on sale. These are wall models, floor skirting boards, ceiling-type modifications, etc. The most common (and most practical) option is a wall-mounted cable channel made of plastic.

Rules for placing cable channels

• The size of the cable channel must ensure free placement required set wires
• If you plan to place power and low-current wires in one cable channel, it is better to choose a sectional design. Keep in mind that the lines should not twist or intersect. Otherwise, interference will be observed in the low-current line during signal transmission.
• Since the combined laying scheme is located in the visibility zone, it is not subject to the requirements for horizontal and vertical routes. You can lay the cable channel diagonally. However, most users prefer to mark the electrical route in their apartment according to the closed laying law.

Cable channels in a clapboard room

• Inexperienced home craftsmen are recommended to purchase boxes with a margin of 10 to 15% of the required total network length. Do not rush to immediately cut the materials into pieces of the required length: very often a diagram developed on paper in fact requires some adjustment.
• Do not take the direction of the corners or contours of openings in the apartment as a basis: control the horizontal and vertical position of the cable channel using a plumb line (construction line) or level.

In contact with

Quite often, during construction or repairs in a house, as well as in an apartment, the need arises to replace electrical wiring. Of course, it is better to invite a professional to perform this task, but some home craftsmen tend to do all the operations themselves, and for this they need to know how to properly install electrical wiring.

The work begins, like any other, with planning based on the principles of safety first and convenience second. Negligence in this case is unacceptable, since electricity is not to be trifled with.

All fundamental documents can be found on the website http://docs.cntd.ru/. According to existing building codes and regulations (SNIP), electrical wiring must fully comply with operational requirements in terms of safety.

Strict rules

Each type of material, room and other factors has its own requirements. If they are strictly observed, the correct and stable operation of the existing electrical equipment is guaranteed.

First you need to draw up a plan and strictly adhere to it at all stages of implementation. Carry out all operations carefully and competently - this will avoid breakdowns and protect the home and everyone who lives in it.

Particularly strict rules apply to houses made of wooden materials, because they are highly flammable. In case of closure wooden surfaces finishing materials, asbestos fabric is used and placed under the wires. But if this is not the case, then the wires and cables are arranged in metal or plastic pipes, completely non-flammable. Thanks to this, installation work is carried out much faster.

There are no such strict requirements for brick and concrete buildings. These materials are practically fireproof, so wiring can be done directly in the wall, always vertically.

This type of wiring has a number of advantages:

• ease of installation;
• simple maintenance;
• possibility of repair;
• ease of replacement.

This wiring should be carried out strictly according to SNIP, observing the installation rules. It can be hidden in a protective shell or not. It helps solve many issues and fits perfectly into a retro-style interior. As for the PUE requirements, they differ only in nuances from the installation of built-in electric mains.

Building regulations

Electrical devices SNiP 3.05.06-85

DEVELOPED BY VNIIproektelektromontazh of the USSR Ministry of Montazhspetsstroy (V.K. Dobrynin, I.N. Dolgov - heads topics, Candidate of Technical Sciences V.A. Antonov, A.L. Blinchikov, V.V. Belotserkovets, V.A. Demyantsev, Candidate of Technical Sciences N.I. Korotkov, E.A. Panteleev, Candidate of Sciences technical sciences Yu.A. Roslov, S.N. Starostin, A.K. Shulzhitsky), Orgenergostroy Ministry of Energy of the USSR (G.N. Elenbogen, N.V. Belanov, N.A. Voinilovich, A.L. Gonchar, N.M. Lerner), Selenergoproekt of the Ministry of Energy of the USSR (G.F. Sumin, Yu.V. Nepomnyashchiy), UGPI Tyazhpromelektroproekt of the Ministry of Montazhspetsstroy of the Ukrainian SSR (E.G. Poddubny, A.A. Koba).

INTRODUCED by the USSR Ministry of Montazhspetsstroy.

APPROVED by resolution State Committee USSR Construction Affairs dated December 11, 1985 No. 215

INSTEAD SNiP III-33-76*, SN 85-74, SN 102-76*.

These rules apply to work during the construction of new ones, as well as during reconstruction, expansion and technical re-equipment operating enterprises for the installation and commissioning of electrical devices, including: electrical substations, distribution points and overhead power lines with voltage up to 750 kV, cable lines voltage up to 220 kV, relay protection, power electrical equipment, internal and external electric lighting, grounding devices.

The rules do not apply to. production and acceptance of work on the installation and adjustment of electrical devices of the subway, mines and mines, contact networks of electrified transport, signaling systems of railway transport, as well as high-security premises of nuclear power plants, which must be carried out in accordance with departmental construction standards approved in the manner established by SNiP 1.01.01-82.

The rules must be observed by all organizations and enterprises involved in the design and construction of new, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of existing enterprises.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. When organizing and carrying out work on the installation and commissioning of electrical devices, the requirements of SNiP 3.01.01-85, SNiP III-4-80, state standards, and technical specifications must be observed. Rules for the construction of electrical installations approved by the USSR Ministry of Energy, and departmental regulatory documents approved in the manner established by SNiP 1.01.01-82.

1.2. Work on installation and adjustment of electrical devices should be carried out in accordance with the working drawings of the main sets of drawings of electrical grades; according to working documentation of electric drives; according to the working documentation of non-standardized equipment completed by the design organization; according to the working documentation of enterprises that manufacture technological equipment and supply power and control cabinets with it.

1.3. Installation of electrical devices should be carried out on the basis of the use of modular and complete block construction methods, with the installation of equipment supplied in large units that do not require straightening, cutting, drilling or other fitting operations and adjustments during installation. When accepting working documentation for work, it is necessary to check that it takes into account the requirements for the industrialization of the installation of electrical devices, as well as the mechanization of cable laying, rigging and installation of technological equipment.

1.4. Electrical installation work should usually be carried out in two stages.

In the first stage, work is carried out inside buildings and structures to install support structures for installing electrical equipment and busbars, for laying cables and wires, installing trolleys for electric overhead cranes, installing steel and plastic pipes for electrical wiring, laying hidden wiring to plaster and finishing works, as well as work on the installation of external cable networks and grounding networks. The first stage of work should be carried out in buildings and structures according to a combined schedule simultaneously with the production of the main construction work, and measures must be taken to protect installed structures and laid pipes from damage and contamination.

In the second stage, work is carried out on the installation of electrical equipment, laying cables and wires, busbars and connecting cables and wires to the terminals of electrical equipment. In the electrical rooms of the facilities, the second stage of work should be performed after the completion of the complex of general construction and finishing works and upon completion of the installation of plumbing devices, and in other rooms and areas - after the installation of technological equipment, electric motors and other electrical receivers, installation of technological, sanitary pipelines and ventilation ducts.

At small sites remote from the locations of electrical installation organizations, work should be carried out by mobile integrated teams, combining two stages of their implementation into one.

1.5. Electrical equipment, products and materials should be delivered according to a schedule agreed with the electrical installation organization, which should provide for the priority delivery of materials and products included in the specifications for units to be manufactured at the assembly and completion plants of electrical installation organizations.

1.6. The end of the installation of electrical devices is the completion of individual tests of the installed electrical equipment and the signing by the working commission of an acceptance certificate for electrical equipment after the individual test. The beginning of individual testing of electrical equipment is the moment of introduction operating mode at a given electrical installation, declared by the customer on the basis of a notification from the commissioning and electrical installation organizations.

1.7. At each construction site, during the installation of electrical devices, special logs of electrical installation work should be kept in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85, and upon completion of the work, the electrical installation organization is obliged to transfer to the general contractor the documentation presented to the working commission in accordance with SNiP III-3-81. The list of acts and protocols of inspections and tests is determined by the VSN, approved in the manner established by SNiP 1.01.01-82.

2. PREPARATION FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORK

2.1. Installation of electrical devices must be preceded by preparation in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85 and these rules.

2.2. Before work begins at the site, the following activities must be completed:

a) working documentation has been received in the quantity and within the time frame specified by the Rules on capital construction contracts

construction, approved by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the Regulations on the relationship of organizations, general contractors with subcontractors, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee and the USSR State Planning Committee;

b) agreed delivery schedules for equipment, products and materials, taking into account the technological sequence of work, a list of electrical equipment installed with the involvement of installation supervision personnel of supplier enterprises, conditions for transportation to the installation site of heavy and large electrical equipment;

c) the necessary premises have been adopted to accommodate teams of workers, engineering and technical workers, a production base, as well as for storing materials and tools, ensuring measures for labor protection, fire safety and security environment in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85;

d) a work project has been developed, engineering and technical workers and foremen have been familiarized with working documentation and estimates, organizational and technical solutions for the work project;

e) the construction part of the facility was accepted according to the act for the installation of electrical devices in accordance with the requirements of these rules and the measures provided for by the norms and rules for labor protection, fire safety and environmental protection during the work were carried out;

f) the general contractor performed general construction and auxiliary work provided for by the Regulations on the relationship of organizations - general contractors with subcontractors.

2.3. Equipment, products, materials and technical documentation must be transferred for installation in accordance with the Rules on capital construction contracts and the Regulations on the relationship of organizations - general contractors with subcontractors.

2.4. When accepting equipment for installation, it is inspected, completeness is checked (without disassembly), and the availability and validity period of manufacturer’s warranties are checked.

2.5. The condition of the cables on the drums must be checked in the presence of the customer by external inspection. The results of the inspection are documented in a document.

2.6. When accepting prefabricated reinforced concrete structures overhead lines (OHL) should be checked:

the dimensions of the elements, the position of the steel embedded parts, as well as the surface quality and appearance of the elements. The specified parameters must comply with GOST 13015.0-83, GOST 22687.0-85, GOST 24762-81, GOST 26071-84, GOST 23613-79, as well as PUE;

the presence on the surface of reinforced concrete structures intended for installation in an aggressive environment, waterproofing performed at the manufacturer.

2.7. Insulators and linear fittings must meet the requirements of the relevant state standards and technical specifications. When accepting them, you should check:

availability of a manufacturer's passport for each batch of insulators and linear fittings, certifying their quality;

the absence of cracks, deformations, cavities, chips, damage to the glaze on the surface of the insulators, as well as rocking and turning of steel reinforcement relative to the cement seal or porcelain;

absence of cracks, deformations, cavities and damage to galvanization and threads in linear reinforcement.

Minor damage to galvanizing may be painted over.

2.8. Elimination of defects and damage discovered during the transfer of electrical equipment is carried out in accordance with the Rules on capital construction contracts.

2.9. Electrical equipment for which the regulatory shelf life specified in state standards or technical conditions, is accepted for installation only after a pre-installation inspection, correction of defects and testing. The results of the work performed must be entered into forms, passports and other accompanying documentation, or an act on the implementation of the specified work must be drawn up.

2.10. Electrical equipment, products and materials accepted for installation should be stored in accordance with the requirements of state standards or technical specifications.

2.11. For large and complex facilities with a large volume of cable lines in tunnels, channels and cable mezzanines, as well as electrical equipment in electrical rooms, the construction organization project must define measures for advanced installation (versus the installation of cable networks) of internal fire water supply systems, automatic fire extinguishing and automatic fire alarms provided for in the working drawings.

2.12. In electrical rooms (panel rooms, control rooms, substations and switchgears, machine rooms, battery rooms, cable tunnels and channels, cable mezzanines, etc.), finished floors with drainage channels, the necessary slope and waterproofing and finishing work (plastering and painting) must be carried out ) , embedded parts were installed and installation openings were left, the lifting and load-moving mechanisms and devices provided for by the project were installed, pipe blocks, holes and openings for the passage of pipes and cables, grooves, niches and nests were prepared in accordance with the architectural and construction drawings and the work project, power supply for temporary electric lighting in all rooms has been completed.

2.13. In buildings and structures, heating and ventilation systems must be put into operation, bridges, platforms and suspended ceiling structures provided for by the project for the installation and maintenance of electric lighting installations located at height must be installed and tested, as well as mounting structures for multi-lamp lamps (chandeliers) weighing over 100 kg; asbestos-cement pipes and pipes and pipe blocks for the passage of cables were laid outside and inside buildings and structures, as specified in the working construction drawings.

2.14. Foundations for electrical machines should be handed over for installation with fully completed construction and finishing work, installed air coolers and ventilation ducts, with benchmarks and axial strips (measurements) in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.02.01-83 and these rules.

2.15. On the supporting (rough) surfaces of foundations, depressions of no more than 10 mm and slopes of up to 1:100 are allowed. Deviations in construction dimensions should be no more than: for axial dimensions in plan - plus 30 mm, for elevation marks of the surface of the foundations (excluding the height of the grout) - minus 30 mm, for the dimensions of ledges in plan - minus 20 mm, for the dimensions of wells - plus 20 mm, along the marks of ledges in recesses and wells - minus 20 mm, along the axes anchor bolts in plan - ±5 mm, along the axes of embedded anchor devices in plan - ± 10 mm, along the marks of the upper ends of the anchor bolts - ±20 mm.

2.16. The delivery and acceptance of foundations for the installation of electrical equipment, the installation of which is carried out with the involvement of installation supervision personnel, is carried out jointly with representatives of the organization carrying out installation supervision.

2.17. Upon completion of finishing work in battery rooms, acid- or alkali-resistant coatings of walls, ceilings and floors must be made, heating, ventilation, water supply and sewerage systems must be installed and tested.

2.18. Before starting electrical installation work in open distribution devices for voltages of 35 kV and above, the construction organization must complete the construction of access roads, approaches and entrances, install bus and linear portals, build foundations for electrical equipment, cable channels with ceilings, fences around the outdoor switchgear, tanks for emergency oil discharge, underground communications and completed planning territories. In the structures of portals and foundations for equipment, the embedded parts and fasteners provided for by the project, necessary for fastening garlands of insulators and equipment, must be installed. In cable ducts and tunnels, embedded parts must be installed for fastening cable structures and air ducts. The construction of the water supply system and other fire-fighting devices provided for in the project must also be completed.

2.19. The construction part of outdoor switchgear and substations with a voltage of 330-750 kV should be accepted for installation for their full development, provided for by the project for the design period.

2.20. Before the start of electrical installation work on the construction of overhead power lines with voltages up to 1000 V and above, preparatory work must be carried out in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85, including:

Inventory structures have been prepared in the locations of construction sites and temporary bases for storing materials and equipment; temporary access roads, bridges and installation sites were constructed;

clearings have been made;

The demolition of buildings envisaged by the project and the reconstruction of intersecting engineering structures located on or near the overhead line route and interfering with the work were carried out.

2.21. Routes for laying cables in the ground must be prepared before the start of its laying in volume: water has been pumped out from the trench and stones, clods of earth, and construction debris have been removed; at the bottom of the trench there is a cushion of loosened earth; soil punctures were made at the intersections of the route with roads and other engineering structures, and pipes were laid.

After laying cables in the trench and the electrical installation organization has submitted a certificate for hidden work on laying cables, the trench should be backfilled.

2.22. Block sewer routes for laying cables must be prepared taking into account the following requirements:

the design depth of the blocks is maintained from the planning mark;

ensured correct installation and waterproofing of joints of reinforced concrete blocks and pipes;

cleanliness and alignment of the channels is ensured;

there are double covers (the lower one with a lock) for the well hatches, metal ladders or brackets for descending into the well.

2.23. When constructing overpasses for laying cables on their supporting structures (columns) and on spans, the embedded elements provided for by the design must be installed for installing cable rollers, bypass devices and other devices.

2.24. The general contractor must present construction readiness in residential buildings for acceptance for installation - section by section, in public buildings- floor by floor (or by room).

Reinforced concrete, gypsum concrete, expanded clay concrete floor panels, internal wall panels and partitions, reinforced concrete columns and factory-made crossbars must have channels (pipes) for laying wires, niches, sockets with embedded parts for installing plug sockets, switches, bells and bell buttons in accordance with working drawings. The flow sections of channels and embedded non-metallic pipes should not differ by more than 15% from those indicated in the working drawings.

Displacement of nests and niches at the junctions of adjacent building structures should not be more than 40 mm.

2.25. In buildings and structures handed over for the installation of electrical equipment, the general contractor must make the holes, grooves, niches and sockets specified in the architectural and construction drawings in the foundations, walls, partitions, ceilings and coverings necessary for the installation of electrical equipment and installation products, laying pipes for electrical wiring and electrical networks.

The specified holes, grooves, niches and nests not left in building structures during their construction are made by the general contractor in accordance with architectural and construction drawings.

Holes with a diameter of less than 30 mm, which cannot be taken into account when developing drawings and which cannot be provided for in building structures according to the conditions of their manufacturing technology (holes in walls, partitions, ceilings only for installing dowels, studs and pins of various supporting structures), must carried out by an electrical installation organization at the work site.

After performing electrical installation work, the general contractor is obliged to seal holes, grooves, niches and sockets.

2.26. When accepting foundations for transformers, the presence and correct installation of anchors for fastening traction devices when rolling transformers and foundations for jacks for turning the rollers must be checked.

3. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORK

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1. When loading, unloading, moving, lifting and installing electrical equipment, measures must be taken to protect it from damage, while heavy electrical equipment must be securely strapped to the parts provided for this purpose or in the places specified by the manufacturer.

3.2. During installation, electrical equipment is not subject to disassembly or inspection, except in cases where this is provided for by state and industry standards or technical specifications agreed upon in the prescribed manner.

Disassembly of equipment received sealed from the manufacturer is prohibited.

3.3. Electrical equipment and cable products that are deformed or with damaged protective coatings are not subject to installation until damage and defects are eliminated in the prescribed manner.

3.4. When carrying out electrical installation work, you should use standard sets of special tools for the types of electrical installation work, as well as mechanisms and devices intended for this purpose.

3.5. As support structures and fasteners for the installation of trolleys, busbars, trays, boxes, hinged panels and control stations, protective starting equipment and lamps, factory-made products should be used that have increased installation readiness (with a protective coating, adapted for fastening without welding and not requiring large labor costs for mechanical processing).

Fastening of supporting structures should be carried out by welding to the embedded parts provided for in building elements, or fasteners (dowels, pins, studs, etc.). The method of fastening must be indicated in the working drawings.

3.6. The color designation of current-carrying busbars of switchgears, trolleys, grounding busbars, overhead line wires should be carried out in accordance with the instructions given in the project.

3.7. When carrying out work, the electrical installation organization must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.1.004-76 and Fire Safety Rules during construction and installation work. When introducing an operational regime at a facility, ensuring fire safety is the responsibility of the customer.

CONTACT CONNECTIONS

3.8. Dismountable connections of busbars and cores of wires and cables to contact terminals of electrical equipment, installation products and busbars must meet the requirements of GOST 10434-82.

3.9. At the points where wires and cables are connected, a reserve of wire or cable should be provided to ensure the possibility of reconnection.

3.10. Places of connections and branches must be accessible for inspection and repair. The insulation of connections and branches must be equivalent to the insulation of the cores of the connected wires and cables.

At junctions and branches, wires and cables should not experience mechanical stress.

3.11. The cable core with impregnated paper insulation should be terminated using sealed current-carrying fittings (lugs) that do not allow the cable impregnating compound to leak out.

3.12. Connections and branches of busbars should, as a rule, be made non-separable (by welding).

In places where demountable joints are required, busbar connections should be made with bolts or compression plates. The number of collapsible joints should be minimal.

3.13. Connections of overhead line wires with voltage up to 20 kV should be made:

a) in the loops of anchor-angle type supports: with anchor and branch wedge clamps; connecting oval, mounted by crimping; loop dies, using thermite cartridges, and wires of different brands and sections - with hardware pressed clamps;

b) in spans: with connecting oval clamps mounted by twisting.

Single-wire wires can be connected by twisting. Butt welding of solid wires is not permitted.

3.14. The connection of overhead line wires with voltages above 20 kV must be performed:

a) in the loops of anchor-angle type supports:

steel-aluminum wires with a cross-section of 240 sq. mm and above - using thermite cartridges and crimping using explosion energy;

steel-aluminum wires with a cross-section of 500 sq. mm and above - using pressed connectors;

wires of different brands - with bolt clamps;

wires made of aluminum alloy - with loop clamps or oval connectors mounted by crimping;

b) in spans:

steel-aluminum wires with a cross-section of up to 185 sq. mm and steel ropes with a cross-section of up to 50 sq. mm - with oval connectors mounted by twisting;

steel ropes with a cross-section of 70-95 sq. mm with oval connectors, mounted by crimping or crimping with additional thermite welding of the ends;

steel-aluminum wires with a cross-section of 240-400 sq. mm with connecting clamps mounted by continuous crimping and crimping using explosion energy;

steel-aluminum wires with a cross-section of 500 sq. mm and more - with connecting clamps mounted by continuous crimping.

3.15. The connection of copper and steel-copper ropes with a cross-section of 35-120 sq.mm, as well as aluminum wires with a cross-section of 120-185 sq.mm when installing contact networks should be made with oval connectors, steel ropes - with clamps with a connecting strip between them. Steel-copper ropes with a cross-section of 50-95 sq. mm can be joined using wedge clamps with a connecting strip between them.

ELECTRICAL WIRING

General requirements

3.16. The rules of this subsection apply to the installation of electrical wiring of power, lighting and secondary circuits with voltages up to 1000 V AC and DC, laid inside and outside buildings and structures using insulated installation wires of all sections and non-armored cables with rubber or plastic insulation with a cross-section of up to 16 sq. mm.

3.17. Installation of control cables should be carried out taking into account the requirements of paragraphs. 3.56-3.106.

3.18. Passages of unarmored cables, protected and unprotected wires through fireproof walls (partitions) and interfloor ceilings must be made in sections of pipes, or in boxes, or openings, and through combustible ones - in sections of steel pipes.

Openings in walls and ceilings must have a frame that prevents their destruction during operation. In places where wires and cables pass through walls, ceilings or where they exit outside, the gaps between the wires, cables and the pipe (duct, opening) should be sealed with an easily removable mass of non-combustible material.

The seal should be made on each side of the pipe (box, etc.).

When laying non-metallic pipes openly, sealing the places where they pass through fire barriers must be done with non-combustible materials immediately after laying cables or wires into the pipes.

Sealing the gaps between pipes (ducts, openings) and the building structure (see clause 2.25), as well as between wires and cables laid in pipes (ducts, openings), with an easily removable mass of fireproof material should provide fire resistance corresponding to the fire resistance of the building structure .

Laying wires and cables on trays and boxes

3.19. The design and degree of protection of trays and boxes, as well as the method of laying wires and cables on trays and boxes (in bulk, in bundles, multi-layered, etc.) must be indicated in the project.

3.20. The method of installing boxes should not allow moisture to accumulate in them. The boxes used for open electrical wiring must, as a rule, have removable or opening covers.

3.21. For hidden gaskets, blind boxes should be used.

3.22. Wires and cables laid in boxes and on trays must be marked at the beginning and end of the trays and boxes, as well as at the points where they are connected to electrical equipment, and the cables, in addition, also at route turns and branches.

3.23. Fastenings of unprotected wires and cables with a metal sheath with metal staples or bandages must be made with gaskets made of elastic insulating materials.

Laying wires on insulating supports

3.24. When laying on insulating supports, the connection or branch of the wires should be made directly at the insulator, face, roller or on them.

3.25. The distances between fastening points along the route and between the axes of parallel unprotected insulated wires on insulating supports must be indicated in the project.

3.26. Hooks and brackets with insulators must be fixed only to the main material of the walls, and rollers and clasps for wires with a cross-section of up to 4 sq. mm inclusive. can be fixed to plaster or sheathing wooden buildings. Insulators on hooks must be securely fastened.

3.27. When fastening rollers with wood grouse, metal and elastic washers should be placed under the heads of the wood grouse, and when fastening rollers on metal, elastic washers should be placed under their bases.

Laying wires and cables on a steel rope

3.28. Wires and cables (in polyvinyl chloride, nayrite, lead or aluminum sheaths with rubber or polyvinyl chloride insulation) must be secured to the supporting steel rope or to the wire with bandages or clasps installed at distances of no more than 0.5 m from each other.

3.29. Cables and wires laid on ropes, in places where they pass from the rope to building structures, must be relieved from mechanical forces.

Vertical wiring hangers on a steel rope should be located, as a rule, in places where branch boxes, plug connectors, lamps, etc. are installed. The sag of the rope in the spans between the fastenings should be within 1/40 - 1/60 of the span length. Splicing of ropes in the span between the end fastenings is not allowed.

3.30. To prevent swinging of lighting electrical wiring, guy wires must be installed on the steel rope. The number of guy wires must be determined in the working drawings.

3.31. For branches from special cable wires, special boxes must be used to ensure the creation of a cable loop, as well as the supply of cores necessary to connect the outgoing line using branch clamps without cutting the main line.

Laying installation wires on building foundations and inside main building structures

3.32. Open and hidden installation of installation wires is not allowed at temperatures below minus 15° C.

3.33. When laying wires hidden under a layer of plaster or in thin-walled (up to 80 mm) partitions, the wires must be laid parallel to the architectural and construction lines. The distance of horizontally laid wires from floor slabs should not exceed 150 mm. In building structures with a thickness of over 80 mm, wires must be laid along the shortest routes.

3.34. All connections and branches of installation wires must be made by welding, crimping in sleeves or using clamps in branch boxes.

Metal branch boxes where wires enter them must have bushings made of insulating materials. It is allowed to use pieces of polyvinyl chloride tube instead of bushings. In dry rooms, it is allowed to place wire branches in sockets and niches of walls and ceilings, as well as in ceiling voids. The walls of the sockets and niches must be smooth, the branches of the wires located in the sockets and niches must be covered with covers made of fireproof material.

3.35. The fastening of flat wires during hidden installation should ensure their tight fit to the building foundations. In this case, the distances between the attachment points should be:

a) when laying bundles of wires to be plastered on horizontal and vertical sections - no more than 0.5 m; single wires -0.9 m;

b) when covering wires with dry plaster - up to 1.2 m.

3.36. The baseboard wiring device must ensure separate laying of power and low-current wires.

3.37. The fastening of the plinth must ensure its tight fit to the building foundations, while the pull-off force must be at least 190 N, and the gap between the plinth, wall and floor must not be more than 2 mm. Skirting boards should be made from fireproof and fire-resistant materials that have electrical insulating properties.

3.38. In accordance with GOST 12504-80, GOST 12767-80 and GOST 9574-80, the panels must have internal channels or embedded plastic pipes and embedded elements for hidden replaceable electrical wiring, sockets and holes for installing junction boxes, switches and plug sockets.

Holes intended for electrical installation products and broaching niches in the wall panels of adjacent apartments should not be through. If, according to the manufacturing technology, it is not possible to make the holes non-through, then they must be filled with soundproofing gaskets made of vinipore or other fireproof soundproofing material.

3.39. The installation of pipes and boxes in reinforcement frames should be carried out on conductors according to working drawings that determine the attachment points of installation, branch and ceiling boxes. To ensure that the boxes, after molding, are located flush with the surface of the panels, they should be attached to the reinforcement frame in such a way that when installing boxes in blocks, the height of the block corresponds to the thickness of the panel, and when installing the boxes separately, to prevent them from moving inside the panels, the front surface of the boxes should protrude beyond the plane of the reinforcement frame by 30-35 mm.

3.40. The channels must have a smooth surface throughout, without sagging or sharp corners.

The thickness of the protective layer above the channel (pipe) must be at least 10 mm.

The length of the channels between broaching niches or boxes should be no more than 8 m.

Laying wires and cables in steel pipes

3.41. Steel pipes may be used for electrical wiring only in cases specifically justified in the project in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents approved in the manner established by SNiP 1.01.01-82.

3.42. Steel pipes used for electrical wiring must have an internal surface that prevents damage to the wire insulation when they are pulled into the pipe and an anti-corrosion coating on the outer surface. For pipes embedded in building structures, external anti-corrosion coating is not required. Pipes laid in rooms with a chemically active environment, inside and outside, must have an anti-corrosion coating that is resistant to the conditions of this environment. Insulating sleeves should be installed where wires exit steel pipes.

3.43. Steel pipes for electrical wiring laid in foundations for technological equipment must be secured to supporting structures or reinforcement before concreting the foundations. Where pipes exit from the foundation into the ground, the measures provided for in the working drawings must be taken to prevent the pipes from being cut off due to settlement of the soil or foundation.

3.44. Where pipes intersect temperature and settlement seams, compensating devices must be made in accordance with the instructions in the working drawings.

3.45. The distances between the fastening points of openly laid steel pipes should not exceed the values ​​​​indicated in the table. 1. Fastening steel electrical wiring pipes directly to process pipelines, as well as welding them directly to various structures, is not allowed.

Table 1

Nominal diameter of pipes, mm		Nominal diameter of pipes, mm	Maximum permissible distances between fastening points, m

3.46. When bending pipes, normalized bending angles of 90, 120 and 135° and normalized bending radii of 400, 800 and 1000 mm should generally be used. A bending radius of 400 mm should be used for pipes laid in ceilings and for vertical outlets; 800 and 1000 mm - when laying pipes in monolithic foundations and when laying cables with single-wire conductors in them. When preparing packages and blocks of pipes, you should also adhere to the specified normalized angles and bending radii.

3.47. When laying wires in vertically laid pipes (risers), their fastening must be provided, and the fastening points must be spaced from each other at a distance not exceeding m:

for wires up to 50 sq. mm incl. ................... thirty

the same, from 70 to 150 sq. mm inclusive. .................. 20

the same, from 185 to 240 sq. mm inclusive. .................. 15

Wires should be secured using clips or clamps in duct or branch boxes or at the ends of pipes.

3.48. When laid hidden in the floor, pipes must be buried at least 20 mm and protected with a layer of cement mortar. It is allowed to install branch and duct boxes in the floor, for example for modular wiring.

3.49. The distances between broaching boxes (boxes) should not exceed, m: on straight sections 75, with one bend of the pipe - 50, with two - 40, with three -20.

Wires and cables in pipes should lie freely, without tension. The diameter of the pipes should be taken in accordance with the instructions in the working drawings.

Laying wires and cables in non-metallic pipes

3.50. The laying of non-metallic (plastic) pipes for tightening wires and cables in them must be done in accordance with the working drawings at an air temperature not lower than minus 20 and not higher than plus 60 ° C.

In foundations, plastic pipes (usually polyethylene) should be laid only on horizontally compacted soil or a layer of concrete.

In foundations up to 2 m deep, the installation of polyvinyl chloride pipes is allowed. In this case, measures must be taken against mechanical damage during concreting and backfilling of soil.

3.51. The fastening of openly laid non-metallic pipes must allow their free movement (movable fastening) during linear expansion or contraction due to changes in ambient temperature. The distances between the installation points of the movable fasteners must correspond to those indicated in the table. 2.

table 2

Pipe outer diameter, mm		Pipe outer diameter, mm	Distances between fastening points for horizontal and vertical installation, mm

3.52. Thickness concrete mortar above pipes (single and blocks) when they are monolithic in floor preparations there should be at least 20 mm. Where pipe routes intersect, a protective layer of concrete mortar between the pipes is not required. In this case, the depth of the top row must meet the above requirements. If, when crossing pipes, it is impossible to ensure the required depth of pipes, they should be protected from mechanical damage by installing metal sleeves, casings or other means in accordance with the instructions in the working drawings.

3.53. Protection against mechanical damage at the intersection of electrical wiring laid in the floor in plastic pipes with intra-shop transport routes with a concrete layer of 100 mm or more is not required. The exit of plastic pipes from foundations, sub-floors and other building structures should be made with sections or elbows of polyvinyl chloride pipes, and, if mechanical damage is possible, with sections of thin-walled steel pipes.

3.54. When polyvinyl chloride pipes exit onto walls in places of possible mechanical damage, they should be protected steel structures to a height of up to 1.5 m or exit the wall with sections of thin-walled steel pipes.

3.55. The connection of plastic pipes must be carried out:

polyethylene - tight fit using couplings, hot casing into a socket, couplings made of heat-shrinkable materials, welding;

polyvinyl chloride - tight fit in a socket or using couplings. Connection by gluing is allowed.