1. Varieties
2. What is siding?
3. Additional classification

• main;
• side;
• rear;
• street;
• yard

1. Stone, brick.
2. Concrete, monolithic.
3. Translucent.

• stone;
• siding;
• panel;
• plaster;
• brick for cladding.

• marble;
• limestone;
• granite;
• gabbro.

What is siding?

Types of siding

1. Of steel.
2. Made from cement.

1. Aesthetic effect.

He can be:

“Wet” facades are installed using a building mixture.

Types of building facade designs

Examples are: plaster, clinker tile finishing (an adhesive base is required to secure it) and others.

What does the ventilation façade consist of?

1. Facing part (outer layer). Most often it is covered on the outside ceramic tiles. It looks neat and has a lot of colors.

Home | Articles |Facades for residential multi-storey building– variety of types

Facades for a residential multi-storey building - a variety of types

Of the different approaches to arranging walls in recent years, ventilated facades have stood out the most. This concept is characterized by the principle itself: the cladding is installed at a certain distance from the wall, and a heat-insulating layer is laid between the outer covering and the wall.

What is a facade

In addition, facades for residential multi-storey buildings provide air gaps. That’s why facades are called ventilated, as they create spaces accessible to air. Such ventilation can protect buildings from dampness, and thermal insulation insulates facades in Tver for residential high-rise buildings and protects them from heat in summer. Often new multi-storey buildings are clad with ventilated facades, since the thermal insulation properties of the systems are taken into account in advance in the design. But, according to experts, if the walls of old houses have unevenness or defects, then it will be quite possible to insulate it with the help of ventilated facades for multi-storey buildings.

Ventilated facades for residential multi-storey buildings consist of three elements.

The entire structure is supported by hanging metal frames, which are made of of stainless steel or from aluminum profile. Constructions metal gratings façade systems may be different. The frame, which is attached to the wall, has two main functions. WITH outside the outer cladding of the building is applied to it, and a thermal insulation layer is applied inside, as well as a waterproof windproof film. The customer needs to determine what exactly the façade for a multi-storey residential building will be made of, and professionals from special companies can take care of the rest.

The choice of facades for residential multi-storey buildings nowadays is quite large: ceramic and stone tiles, porcelain tiles, fiber cement and asbestos cement slabs, siding and others.

Cladding the facades of residential multi-storey buildings with fiber cement is the best option for use in the construction of residential buildings. standard houses. Due to high wear resistance Fiber cement can save money on the restoration of a multi-storey residential building, and due to its impact resistance, protect the facade from the negative effects of natural and mechanical factors.

Porcelain stoneware, used for finishing the facade of residential multi-storey buildings, is a universal facing material that is widely used in all types of construction, in particular in multi-storey construction. In the finishing and construction of multi-storey residential buildings, they are subject to special requirements, the most important of which is fire safety.

Porcelain tile is a non-flammable material and environmentally friendly and natural raw materials are used in its production. The uniformity of the patterns, as well as the geometrically correct edges of porcelain stoneware, make the work of installers easier and allow work to be carried out in a short time and in almost any weather conditions. The remarkable performance properties of porcelain stoneware include resistance to temperature changes, durability and resistance to stains.

See also:

1. Varieties
2. Front façade: materials for decoration
3. What is siding?
4. Main facade: types of structures
5. Additional classification

Some people wonder what is the facade of a building? What is its definition? This is the front side of the building, located outside.

The concept of “facade” has another meaning: it is a drawing of an orthogonal projection of a building. The projection is carried out onto a vertical plane.

Front side meets different types, which largely depends on its shape, proportions, and architecture. According to Wikipedia, the following varieties are distinguished:

• main;
• side;
• rear;
• street;
• yard

Varieties

The front side of the building is called the facade; it is where guests are greeted. But it should be borne in mind that other sides of the building are also facades. However, they are not front, but side, back, and so on. All of them are divided by design features:

1. Stone, brick.
2. Concrete, monolithic.
3. Translucent.
4. Hinged ventilated structures. They differ in cladding. The cladding can be made of: porcelain stoneware, aluminum panels, fiber cement, metal cassettes, siding, blockhouse, decorative boards, stainless steel.
5. Media façade. This is the most modern variety front side of the building. IN in this case screens are installed. Together, these screens form a video image. As a result, the front side of the building looks like one large screen. It looks very fashionable and modern.

To beautifully decorate the main side, some professionals advise using stucco and tiles. You can use ordinary plaster or paint.

Front façade: materials for decoration

In order to issue main view buildings, the following materials are used:

• stone;
• siding;
• panel;
• plaster;
• brick for cladding.

What is most commonly used

Stones are often used to finish the front side. Can be used both natural and artificial stones. The most popular natural stones are:

• marble;
• limestone;
• granite;
• gabbro.

Artificial stones are very popular. Architectural concrete is in particular demand. It is also called “white stone”. From " white stone» you can create decorative elements for windows and doors, as well as hanging panels.

Such a design can be quite long (several square meters). Moreover, the thickness of the “white stone” is small and is about 10 cm.

What is siding?

Siding is a material for cladding a building. The material is presented in the form of horizontally arranged panels. They are fastened together directly on the wall of the building. Siding is a very versatile and attractive cladding element:

1. With the help of siding you can achieve variety in creating shapes.
2. It is very easy to operate.
3. It can be made from a wide variety of different materials.

Types of siding

1. Made from vinyl. Siding made from this material is quite strong, durable, and practical. The building becomes attractive due to the brilliant properties of the material.
2. Made from polystyrene foam. The heat transfer of the building decreases. This is of great importance for buildings located in harsh climatic zones. The advantages of foam siding are also an increase in the vapor permeability of the building; moisture does not accumulate on the walls.
3. Made of metal. It is the metal finishing that will add durability to the building and resistance to adverse environmental factors.
4. Of steel.
5. Made of wood. The main façade with such finishing looks aesthetically pleasing and provides excellent thermal protection for the building.
6. Made from cement.

Thanks to all these advantages, siding is gradually replacing many of the listed materials (in particular, plaster).

Plaster, as a material for cladding the outer part of a building, is also used very often and tries not to lose its position. The following types of plaster have been developed: mineral, polymer, mosaic, structural, pebble.

The main side should look attractive, since it is the “face” of the building.

Main facade: types of structures

What is included in the definition of façade can be understood and found out by studying the information.

All types of main types of buildings and structures are subject to two basic requirements:

1. Protection of the structure from external factors.
2. Aesthetic effect.

He can be:

The “dry” type of facade systems is manufactured without the use of adhesive bases and special mortars. Thus, any part is attached using nails, screws and other elements. An example of dry facades is siding.

“Wet” facades are installed using a building mixture. Examples are: plaster, clinker tile finishing (an adhesive base is required to secure it) and others.

What is needed for this type

Available for a wide range of buyers. It consists of the following layers:

1. Insulation (this is the inner layer).
2. Fiberglass mesh. With its help, installers strengthen walls.
3. Decorative plaster. It comes in any shape and color.

For manufacturing you will not need complex circuits and all kinds of aluminum fasteners, tiles and ceramic bricks, and the insulation can be simply reinforced using mesh and bolts. But there is also a small nuance - such a system cannot be installed at temperatures below +5 °C.

A huge advantage is that installation can be carried out regardless of the time of year and weather conditions. A “wet” facade gives the building integrity, but it directly depends on weather conditions and climate.

Additional classification

Today, the division of this building material into the following types is known:

The technology of ventilated systems is based on the formation of a gap for ventilation, which is located between the wall and the facade material.

Air begins to circulate freely in the gap, thanks to which moisture and dampness evaporate. And the material itself qualitatively protects the floors of premises from all kinds of atmospheric influences.

What does the ventilation façade consist of?

This type should consist of three layers:

1. Mineral insulation (it is located on the inside.
2. Air gap (this is the middle layer).
3. Facing part (outer layer).

   What is a building façade according to the law?

   Most often, the outside is covered with ceramic tiles. It looks neat and has a lot of colors.

Ventilated facades and other systems containing aluminum are not cheap. The main point in this case is the price-quality ratio.

An unventilated facade is used when the building does not have external insulation. If the facade needs to be installed on a wooden building, then it is better to use a ventilated system, since wooden walls stand out on their own a large number of moisture. If you do not get rid of moisture accumulation, then wooden house It will simply start to rot.

Chapter 5. Requirements for the maintenance and appearance of buildings, structures, and improvement facilities

Section 1. Maintenance of buildings

160. Owners of buildings and organizations servicing the housing stock in accordance with the procedure established by law must ensure the maintenance of buildings and their structural elements in good condition, ensure proper operation of buildings in accordance with established rules and regulations technical operation, carrying out current and major repairs, monitoring the condition and installation of all types of external improvements located in adjacent areas, lighting within the designated area.

161. Owners of premises in apartment building in order to ensure proper maintenance of the common property of the house, they enter into a management agreement with the management organization or an agreement on the maintenance and (or) performance of repairs of the common property in such a house with persons carrying out the relevant types of activities, in accordance with housing legislation.

162. Buildings and structures whose facades determine the architectural appearance of the existing city development include all located on the territory of the city (operating, under construction, reconstructed or overhauled):

1) buildings for administrative and social and cultural purposes;

2) residential buildings;

3) buildings and structures for production and other purposes;

4) lightweight buildings (trade pavilions, kiosks, garages and other similar objects);

5) fences and other stationary architectural forms located on land plots adjacent to buildings.

163. The elements of building facades subject to maintenance include:

1) pits, entrances to basements and garbage chambers;

2) entrance units (including steps, platforms, railings, canopies over the entrance, fences, walls, doors);

3) base and blind area;

4) planes of the walls;

5) protruding elements of facades (including balconies, loggias, bay windows, cornices);

6) roofs, including ventilation and chimneys, including enclosing grilles, exits to the roof;

7) architectural details and cladding (including columns, pilasters, rosettes, capitals, sandriks, friezes, belts);

8) drainpipes, including marks and funnels;

9) fencing of balconies, loggias;

10) parapet and window railings, bars;

11) metal finishing of windows, balconies, belts, plinth projections, overhangs;

12) mounted metal constructions(including flag holders, anchors, fire escapes, ventilation equipment);

13) horizontal and vertical seams between panels and blocks (facades of large-panel and large-block buildings);

14) glass, frames, balcony doors;

15) stationary fences adjacent to buildings.

164. The facades of buildings, structures, and structures should not have visible dirt or damage, including destruction of the finishing layer, drainpipes, funnels or outlets, or changes in color tone.

carrying out maintenance repairs and restoration of structural elements and facade finishing, including entrance doors and canopies, railings for balconies and loggias, cornices, porches and individual steps, railings for descents and stairs, shop windows, decorative parts and other structural elements;

ensuring the availability and maintenance of gutters, drainpipes and drains;

cleaning roofs and canopies from snow and ice, removing ice, snow and icicles from eaves, balconies and loggias;

sealing, sealing and filling of seams, cracks and potholes;

restoration, repair and timely cleaning of blind areas, pits of basement windows and entrances to basements;

maintaining the electric lighting located on the facade in good condition and turning it on simultaneously with the external lighting of streets, roads and squares in the city of Belgorod;

cleaning and washing of facade surfaces depending on their condition and operating conditions;

washing windows and shop windows, signs and signs;

fulfillment of other requirements provided for by the rules and regulations for the technical operation of buildings, structures and structures.

166. A change in the appearance of facades means:

creation, modification or elimination of porches, canopies, canopies, cornices, balconies, loggias, verandas, terraces, bay windows, decorative elements, door, showcase, arched and window openings;

replacement of facing material;

painting the facade and its parts in a color different from the color of the building;

changing the roof structure, roofing material, roof safety elements, elements of organized external drainage;

installation (mounting) or dismantling additional elements and devices (flagpoles, signs).

167. Shop windows and offices facing city streets must have lighting design.

Building's facade

On the facades of newly constructed buildings, architectural and artistic lighting equipment is installed in accordance with the design documentation.

The operating mode of shop window lighting must correspond to the operating mode of outdoor lighting.

169. On all residential, administrative, industrial and public buildings, in accordance with the established order of numbering of houses in the city of Belgorod, signs and house numbers of established standards must be posted, illuminated at night, and on apartment buildings - additionally with signs of entrance numbers and apartments, they must be kept clean and in good condition.

Responsibility for fulfilling these requirements rests with the owners, unless otherwise provided by law or contract.

Owners of information signs, signs, advertising structures, decorative panels, entrance groups that are not part of the common property of the owners of the premises of an apartment building, take the necessary measures to preserve the above structures when cleaning the roof of the house in winter period.

171. Monuments and objects of monumental art, buildings that are monuments of architecture, history and culture must be maintained in proper condition.

172.V winter time the owners (in apartment buildings - persons who manage/operate the house under a contract) organize timely cleaning of roofs and canopies from snow, ice and icicles.

Clearing of ice formations from the roofs of buildings on the sides facing pedestrian areas is carried out immediately as they form, with preliminary installation of fencing of dangerous areas.

Roofs with external drainage are periodically cleared of snow, preventing its accumulation of more than 30 cm.

173. Clearing the roofs of buildings from snow and ice and dumping them onto sidewalks is allowed only during daylight hours from the surface of the roof slope facing the street. Removing snow from the remaining roof slopes, as well as flat roofs produced in internal local areas. Before dumping snow, security measures are taken to ensure the safety of citizens. Snow and ice icicles thrown from the roofs of buildings are placed along the roadway tray for subsequent removal (under contract) by the organization cleaning the roadway.

Do not throw snow, ice or debris into drainage funnels. When throwing snow from roofs, measures are taken to ensure the complete safety of trees, bushes, overhead lines of street electric lighting, banners, advertising structures, traffic light objects, road signs, communication lines, payphones, etc.

174. Owners of non-residential premises ensure that entrance canopies are cleared of debris, and in winter, snow, ice and icicles in ways that guarantee the safety of others and prevent damage to the property of third parties.

1) damage (contamination) of the surface of the walls of the facades of buildings and structures, including smudges, peeling paint, the presence of cracks, peeling plaster, cladding, damage brickwork, peeling of the protective layer of reinforced concrete structures;

2) damage (absence) of architectural and artistic and sculptural details of buildings and structures, including columns, pilasters, capitals, friezes, drafts, bas-reliefs, stucco decorations, ornaments, mosaics, artistic paintings;

3) violation of the sealing of interpanel joints;

4) damage (peeling, contamination) of plaster, cladding, paint layer of the base part of facades, buildings or structures, including malfunction of the design of window and entrance pits;

5) damage (contamination) of protruding elements of the facades of buildings and structures, including balconies, loggias, bay windows, vestibules, cornices, canopies, entrance lobbies, steps;

6) destruction (absence, contamination) of balcony fences, including loggias, parapets.

Violations identified during the operation of the facades of buildings and structures must be eliminated in accordance with established standards and rules for the technical operation of buildings and structures.

176. If signs of damage to protruding facade structures are detected, owners and other rights holders must take urgent measures to ensure the safety of people and prevent further development of deformation. In the event of an emergency condition of protruding facade structures (including balconies, loggias, bay windows), close and seal entrances and access to them, carry out security work and take measures to restore them. Repair work must be carried out in accordance with current legislation.

177. Formation architectural solution facades of buildings, structures, structures that are objects of cultural heritage, including identified objects of cultural heritage, is carried out in accordance with the legislation in the field of conservation, use, popularization and state protection of cultural heritage objects. The design of color solutions for the facades of buildings, structures, and structures that are objects of cultural heritage, including identified objects of cultural heritage, is carried out as part of the corresponding design documentation.

178. The architectural solution of the facade is individual and is developed applicable to a specific object, regardless of the type of project on the basis of which its construction was carried out.

The architectural solution for the facades of the facility is formed taking into account:

— functional purpose of the facility (residential, industrial, administrative, cultural and educational, physical education and sports, etc.);

— location of the object in the structure of the city, district, quarter;

— zones of visual perception (participation in the formation of a silhouette and/or panorama, visual emphasis, visual dominance);

— type of surrounding buildings (archetype and style);

— tectonics of the object (plastically developed, artistically meaningful, including color, design of the object);

— architectural coloring of the surrounding buildings;

— material of existing enclosing structures.

179. To form an architectural solution for the facades of an object, the use of the following is not allowed finishing materials:

— PVC siding (except for facilities located in industrial areas);

- profiled a metal sheet(except for facilities located in industrial areas);

— asbestos-cement sheets;

— self-adhesive films;

- banner fabric.

180. The main condition for the facades of capital construction projects is stylistic unity in the architectural and artistic image, materials and color scheme.

181. Finishing of a part of the facade of a building, different from the finishing of the facade of the entire building, is allowed only with a comprehensive solution for the facade of the entire building.

182. During the construction and reconstruction of capital construction projects, the placement of planned buildings and structures, as well as their elements (including porches, stairs, bay windows, balconies, loggias) outside the red lines is not allowed.

183. When designing entrance lobbies, updating, changing the facades of buildings and structures, the following is not allowed:

1) covering the existing decorative, architectural and artistic elements of the facade with elements of the entrance group, new finishing and advertising;

2) arrangement of supporting elements (including columns, racks) that impede the movement of pedestrians;

3) laying engineering support networks open method along the facade of the building facing the street;

4) arrangement of entrances located above the first floor on the facades of cultural heritage sites.

184. The use of a balcony for the installation of an entrance group is possible after obtaining the consent of the owners of premises in an apartment building.

Arrangement of the entrance group, as well as installation and operation of advertising structures on the facades apartment buildings are allowed with the consent of the owners of the premises and in the presence of a permit issued by local authorities in the prescribed manner for the installation of an advertising structure.

unauthorized refurbishment or change in the appearance of the façade of a building or its elements;

violation of established requirements for the placement of signs, street signs, license plates of houses, buildings and structures.

damage to elements of the arrangement of buildings and structures, monuments, memorial plaques, trees, shrubs, small architectural forms and other elements of external improvement in the territories common use, as well as the production of their unauthorized alteration, restructuring and rearrangement;

unauthorized application of inscriptions, drawings, posting and hanging notices and other information messages at stopping points, walls, pillars, fences (fences) and other objects not intended for these purposes.

The organization of work to remove inscriptions, drawings, advertisements and other information messages is entrusted to the owners, owners, users of these objects;

It would seem that the issue of the status of the external walls of apartment buildings has been resolved, at least in the context of disputes about the placement of various advertising structures and signs on the facades of houses, about the installation of air conditioners, etc. In order to place such objects, the consent of the owners of the premises in the apartment building is required, since we are talking about the use of common property. However, when analyzing arbitration practice in considering disputes about the transfer of residential premises to non-residential premises, the author discovered two judicial acts from one district, which state that the external walls of a house, which are not load-bearing structures, do not belong to common property. Let's see how justified such a conclusion is.

Background

Today, owners of residential premises in apartment buildings who want to transfer them to the non-residential category are experiencing serious difficulties, despite the fact that the very fact of transferring premises from one category to another does not require convening a general meeting and obtaining the consent of the owners in the prescribed manner to carry out such events.
The fact is that as a result of such a transfer, redevelopment (reconstruction) of the premises is inevitable in terms of organizing a separate entrance to non-residential premises(P.

Law building facade

2 tbsp. 22 Housing Code of the Russian Federation). This involves at least dismantling part of the outer wall of the MKD, increasing doorways, converting window openings into door openings and using the local area to place a porch.
Most often, owners who transfer premises from residential to non-residential do not ask their neighbors’ permission for this, but approve the redevelopment (reconstruction) project and implement it, sometimes even with the knowledge of the controlling body - the local administration. If officials missed the fact that the redevelopment was not agreed upon at the general meeting and issued the appropriate permit, the owners themselves or the HOA have the right to challenge it. This is confirmed, for example, in the Resolutions of the FAS Eastern Military District dated November 27, 2013 in case No. A39-5016/2012, the FAS SZO dated December 25, 2013 in case No. A56-68305/2011, or the FAS Moscow Region Resolution dated October 28, 2013 in case No. A40- 173802/12-144-866<1>, where, among other things, it is clearly stated that, by virtue of paragraph 1 of Art. 36 Housing Code of the Russian Federation and paragraphs. "g" clause 2 of the Rules for the maintenance of common property is the external facade wall of a residential building, being in this case an enclosing non-load-bearing structure apartment building, refers to the common property of all owners of the premises, since it serves more than one residential premises as enclosing the entire residential building. In connection with this circumstance, actions to partially dismantle such a wall or add vestibules to it require the mandatory consent of the owners of the premises in the apartment building due to the requirements of clause 2 of Art. 40 Housing Code of the Russian Federation. The contents of this norm are given below.
———————————
<1>By ruling of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated January 27, 2014 N VAS-19786/13, the case was refused to be transferred to the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court for review.

“If the reconstruction, reorganization and (or) redevelopment of premises is impossible without adding to them part of the common property in an apartment building, the consent of all owners of the premises in the apartment building must be obtained for such reconstruction, reorganization and (or) redevelopment of premises.”
At the same time, in paragraph 3 of Art. 36 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation is very clearly formulated that reducing the size of common property in an apartment building (which inevitably occurs as a result of reconstruction of residential premises with the addition of part of the common property) is possible only with the consent of all owners of premises in a given house.
But still, more often than not, local authorities themselves refuse to transfer applicants’ premises from residential to non-residential due to the lack of consent of the remaining owners of the premises in the apartment building (Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Central District of March 19, 2013 in case No. A35-4762/2012<2>, FAS DVO dated November 19, 2012 N F03-5123/2012<3>, FAS VSO dated January 31, 2014 in case No. A33-3673/2013).
———————————
<2>By ruling of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated June 18, 2013 N VAS-7494/13, the case was refused to be transferred to the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court for review.
<3>By ruling of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated June 5, 2013 N VAS-3070/13, the case was refused to be transferred to the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court for review.

However, there are judicial acts that contain other judgments. There are two of them and they were accepted by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-West Region.
Thus, in the Resolution dated May 13, 2013 in case No. A56-27235/2012, on the basis of expert opinion that outer wall a house in which a doorway is installed in place of a window due to the dismantling of the window sill space is not a load-bearing structure, the following conclusion was made: the outer wall is intended to serve only one living space, therefore the consent of all owners for its dismantling is not required. The Resolution of January 14, 2014 in case No. A56-14283/2013 demonstrates the same approach. Can it be considered correct? According to the author, no, and here's why.

Provisions of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation

According to Art. 36 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, the owners of premises in an apartment building own, by the right of common shared ownership, the enclosing load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures of the given house. First of all, let us denote that a building envelope is a structure that performs the function of enclosing or separating volumes (rooms) of a building (GOST 30247.1-94 "Building structures. Test methods for fire resistance. Load-bearing and enclosing structures"<4>). Enclosing structures can combine the functions of load-bearing (including self-supporting) and enclosing structures.
———————————
<4>Introduced by Resolution of the Ministry of Construction of Russia dated March 23, 1995 N 18-26.

At the same time, load-bearing structures (elements) are structures that perceive permanent and temporary loads, including loads from other parts of the building. Self-supporting structures take the load only from their own weight.
Based on these definitions, it is clear why the belonging of load-bearing enclosing structures to the composition of common property is beyond doubt: according to their technical purpose, they perform a much more important role than servicing one room.
The functions of non-load-bearing enclosing structures are not so obvious, but they should be classified as common property not on the basis of “load-bearing/non-load-bearing”, but on the basis of “enclosing”. If we are talking about the external walls of the house, then it is obvious that they do not enclose separate rooms from each other, but the whole house, as rightly pointed out by the arbitrators of the FAS Moscow Region in the Resolution of October 28, 2013 in case No. A40-173802/12-144-866. It is precisely this circumstance (and not technical specifications external walls) is key when deciding whether to classify this element of the house as common property.
At the same time, there should be no doubt about the correctness of what has been said, the content of the Letter of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia dated November 3, 2011 N OG-D23-1928: if the transfer of the disputed premises to non-residential premises involves the arrangement of a separate entrance by destroying part of the external wall of the apartment building, which is the enclosing load-bearing structure related to the general shared ownership, as well as the use of the local area when installing a separate entrance, entailing a change in the object and the mode of use of the part land plot occupied by an apartment building, relating to the common shared ownership of the owners of premises in this building, then the reconstruction planned for transfer to non-residential premises is allowed only with the consent of all owners of the common property of the apartment building.
The indication in this Letter that the enclosing load-bearing structures belong to the common property could be associated with a response to a specific request, an assessment of the specific circumstances of the case. This statement is not absolute and, of course, does not deny the possibility of classifying such non-load-bearing enclosing structures as the external walls of apartment buildings as part of the common property.

If a house has undergone reconstruction (redevelopment, refurbishment) of a living space, as a result of which part of the external wall of the house has been dismantled, the configuration of windows and doors has been changed, a porch has been equipped, and the owners of the premises in the apartment building have not given their consent to carry out this work, the latter have the right to declare violation of their rights, dismantling erected structures and returning part of the common property to its previous state. All changes to common property must be discussed collectively. It does not matter whether outer wall home, subjected to disassembly, load-bearing. The determining factor in classifying the structure of a house as common property in this case is the enclosing function of the walls, which provide spatial isolation of the entire house, rather than a separate room.

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The facade of the building is the face of the entire building. That is why, after construction, the facade of a multi-storey building is increasingly being finished. This allows not only to give the building an aesthetic appearance, for example, to an ordinary five-story panel building, but also to additionally insulate it.

To spend exterior finishing high-rise buildings, specialized personnel will be required. Industrial climbers are teams of workers who undergo special training and receive permission to work at heights.

Their equipment includes all the necessary equipment: winches, hooks and lifts, all this will allow for high-quality finishing in a short time.

Finish options

Multi-storey buildings can be divided into two groups according to the finishing method:

1. Residential multi-storey building. As a rule, a certain material is selected for finishing and an agreement is drawn up with the workers.
2. Mixed type residential building. This is when shops and offices are located on the ground floors. For such buildings you need individual approach in the choice of material, because finishing the lower floors will require completely different equipment and materials.

The modern market offers various materials for finishing multi-storey buildings. First of all, when choosing a material, you need to consider the following factors:

1. Features of the high-rise design.
2. Functionality of the material.
3. Climatic conditions.

Note! As a rule, it is climatic factor has the greatest influence on the choice of material, because many finishing options can not only give the building an aesthetic appearance, but also additionally insulate it.

The finishing received this name because the material used for finishing contains liquid. Simply put, finishing is done using plaster, and water is used to dilute the mixture.

Wet-type facade systems can be of three designs:

1. Plastered facades based on mineral thermal insulation material. In this option, mineral wool is used for insulation, which is attached to the reinforcing layer. After finishing the building is subject to finishing mineral or silicate plaster.
2. Organic facade systems. Here, polystyrene foam board is used as insulation, which is also mounted on a reinforcing layer. And the finishing is done with silicone or organic plaster.
3. Combined facades. These systems use any type of insulation, and organic material is used for finishing.

Ventilated facades

Such systems also create good thermal insulation, and the facades of multi-storey buildings finished in this way acquire an individual look.

Today, such facades are used to decorate any building. The assembly technology is carried out as follows.

1. First, a metal frame is mounted over the entire surface.
2. Insulation is placed between it.
3. The final stage is installation of the top screen.

Note! This option is good because when installing the facade, an air gap remains between the building wall and the finishing coating, which serves as good ventilation. Thanks to this, the walls do not get wet and fungus does not grow on them.

Advantages of ventilated facades

Ventilated facades have many positive aspects.

Thermal insulation

The use of insulation allows you to save on heating costs, as well as reduce the load-bearing load of the walls, due to a decrease in the thickness of the brickwork.

Weatherproof

The design of the facade is designed in such a way that moisture falling on the walls is removed through drainage, bypassing the walls and insulation material. In the same time windproof membrane installed inside the façade, prevents fibers from weathering.

Fire safety and sound insulation

The materials used to construct ventilated facades prevent the spread of fire. And the sound-absorbing properties of the system double the sound insulation of concrete walls.

Photo - residential buildings finished with a ventilated facade system.

A ventilated facade can be made of different materials.

Materials

When finishing a multi-storey building with a ventilated facade system, several types of materials are used:

1. Aluminum panel. This material is good due to its anti-corrosion qualities, durability, and given its light weight, it can be mounted on the surface of any structure.
2. Vinyl siding. It is very convenient to use panels of this material to cover the facades of two-story buildings, as well as the external ceilings of high-rise buildings. Its service life is up to 50 years. Aluminum panels are superior to vinyl panels in terms of strength, but the main argument of vinyl panels is their low cost; moreover, like the first option, it provides reliable insulation to the insulation.
3. Composite façade panels. This is an unpretentious material, it is durable, easy to care for and has a neat appearance. In addition to the listed materials, marble or porcelain stoneware are used for the finishing coating of ventilated facades. This, of course, is in its own way beautiful material, but given the heavy weight, before carrying out such cladding you will have to take care of constructing a reinforced supporting structure.
4. Glass facade. This type of finishing is only gaining popularity in Russia, and is considered one of the most promising areas. Such facades are constructed from slabs of high-strength glass, which are mounted on a metal frame.

Modern technologies make it possible to significantly transform any high-rise building and additionally provide protection for load-bearing structures.

The suddenly increased relevance of insulating the facade of an apartment is, in particular, associated with the rapid rise in prices of energy resources and housing and communal services tariffs, which necessitates the need to save money and more efficiently use heating resources.

The problem is that most of the apartment buildings currently in use were built almost half a century ago, and their thermal insulation is not nearly as effective as their owners would like.

Statistics show that heat loss through the walls of a house reaches 50% of the total amount of heat loss, which, you see, is more than significant. This indicator primarily depends on the design features of the house itself, for panel houses it is maximum, for brick ones it is somewhat less.

Insulation of apartment facades is beneficial, no matter how you look at it, if you have heating system, then you can save about 20% of the amount previously spent on gas consumption, and if you are connected to central heating– then the average temperature in the room will increase by at least 3-4 degrees (and if you set it, by 5-6).

1 Legal features

According to federal laws, unauthorized changes to the facade of an apartment building are prohibited, therefore, in order to insulate the walls of an apartment, you will need to obtain permission from the relevant authorities (housing and communal services).

Usually, obtaining a permit is not accompanied by any special difficulties; to do this, you just need to go to the housing and communal services department and talk with the people responsible for this; sometimes you may need to write a petition in your own hand, which indicates that all responsibility for the safety of wall insulation work is on multi-storey building choose for yourself. However, there are situations in which insulation can be refused.

As a rule, it is difficult to obtain permission to insulate the facades of new houses located in the city center. If you refuse, the only thing left for you is to insulate the walls from the inside of the house, which can also ensure high efficiency of thermal insulation of the apartment.

Moreover, joint insulation of facades with is much better in purely technical terms, since the occurrence of a dew point is prevented, which is formed due to the difference in the freezing temperature of insulated and non-insulated sections of facades, as a result of which the walls of the apartment expand and contract in different ways, which can threaten their acceleration destruction.

Also, if the technology for insulating the walls outside the apartment is incorrect, moisture can get under the insulation, which, when freezing in the cold season, expands and peels off the heat-insulating material from the wall of the house. As you understand, monolithic insulation installed for several apartments at once is less afraid of such troubles.

1.1 Selection of performers

As a rule, all work on insulating the facades of multi-storey buildings is carried out by special companies or industrial climbers. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right contractor who has the necessary knowledge, experience, and all the required permits.

Since insulating the walls of an apartment from the outside is related to high-altitude work, which is directly related to risk, do not be surprised that the cost of paying the contractor will exceed the total cost of materials for the work - professional industrial climbers know the price of their work, and, as a rule, do not work for cheap.

Be sure to require that the performer show you documents such as “License to conduct construction work" and "Permit to carry out high-altitude work", it would also be a good idea to find out feedback from previous clients of this company or a team of workers - whether they are satisfied with the result, how long it took to insulate the walls of the apartment, how the contractor approaches the performance of his duties, etc.

It is also recommended to check with the contractor the addresses of houses in which they have already performed similar work with, and go and look at the quality of the facade insulation. Such precautions, although they take a lot of time, will help you avoid many problems associated with unscrupulous performers in the future.

Once the contractor is selected, he must draw up design documentation related to the specifics of the work, namely:

• Drawings of apartment facades, with detailed dimensions window frames, cornices, and other architectural elements present on the outside of the house;
• Data on the boundary loads that the walls of the house may experience;
• Thermal insulation class of the walls of the house - this point is the starting point when choosing the material used to insulate the walls of the apartment both outside and inside.

2 Selection of thermal insulation material

Insulation of apartment facades can be done with the following materials:

• Foam plastic;
• Expanded polystyrene;
• Mineral wool (very effective);
• Foam glass.

Each of these heat insulators has its own advantages and disadvantages, which determine the relevance of their use in a specific situation.

Foam insulation is the most budget-friendly, and therefore the most common option. Polystyrene foam can be used to insulate anything and anywhere, even when the effectiveness of a given heat insulator will obviously be lacking. The pursuit of cheapness is the main mistake of most people, since using low-quality thermal insulators you will not get the expected effect from insulation.

In general, if the walls initially have a normal thermal insulation class, then insulating the outside of the building with foam plastic may be quite sufficient. If you decide to insulate your house with polystyrene foam, then keep in mind that the higher the density of this material, the less heat-conducting properties it has, and, as a result, it is better suited for insulation.

Expanded polystyrene is also a fairly inexpensive material, and, at the same time, its thermal insulation properties are an order of magnitude better than those of conventional polystyrene foam.

The advantages of this material include minimal weight, ease of installation (it is great for cladding a corner apartment), and hydrophobicity - expanded polystyrene does not actually absorb water, which has a positive effect on its service life.

The disadvantages of expanded polystyrene are the following: instability to fire (requires the installation of special fire protection jumpers), and lack of sound insulation. Expanded polystyrene, in general, is excellent for both thermal insulation of walls outside and inside the house.

Mineral wool is one of the most effective insulation materials, however, the cost of this material significantly exceeds the cost of analogues, therefore, it is used quite rarely for thermal insulation of facades.

On to the pros mineral wool These include fire safety (the material does not burn), hydrophobicity, and good sound insulation properties. Significant disadvantage Mineral wool has only one thing - a relatively large weight, as a result of which its installation on the facade of a building is carried out with a large number of fastenings (dowels).

Foam glass is the most expensive material used to insulate apartment facades. If you are not limited in funds, then you should give preference to it, since this insulation has excellent thermal insulation properties, durability, and hydrophobicity. Foam glass does not burn, it does not harbor fungus, mold, or other microorganisms.

In addition to the insulation itself, you will need to purchase a large number of related materials, such as:

• Construction adhesive, liquid polystyrene foam, dowels - for fastening;
• Plaster mixture - to level the surface;
• Primer - for additional waterproofing of the insulation, and for better adhesion of the plaster to the paint;
• Mesh for reinforcement - to strengthen the plaster layer;
• Facade paints for - as a rule, housing and communal services require that the insulation be painted with paint that matches the main color of the building.

Payment to the contractor is made upon completion of all work, according to a report drawn up by the foreman, which indicates the entire range of work performed, and the individual cost of each element.

They are used for insulation of pipelines.

The facade of the building gives the building an aesthetic appearance; it protects the main structures of the house from external influences. In addition, it regulates the migration of water vapor and air, and plays an insulating and soundproofing role.

The outer side of any building, located outside, constitutes the façade of the building. It can be main, side or rear. For residential buildings, a distinction is made between street and courtyard facades. It is the type of facade that determines.

For urban buildings, the facade of the building must correspond to the historical appearance of the city; any unauthorized change is a violation of the law and entails administrative fines.

Modern facade finishing is made from various cladding materials, the choice depends on design features building, the load-bearing capacity of the main walls, purpose, financing and tastes of the owner or architect.

Modern facades

To clad the modern façade of a private house, those claddings that were recently used are used. fashionable decors public buildings. In the past, shopping centers could have plaster and siding. Now these materials have become available to private developers. And they are no longer used for cladding public buildings. You can see a selection of cladding options for private houses.

Modern facades public buildings require the use of the latest cladding. Most often these are porcelain stoneware and facade cassettes. Porcelain tiles are more affordable. Facade cassettes have a more modern look and go well with glazing. no longer allows the use of twentieth-century materials. Plaster and facing brick unsuitable. People began to perceive these claddings more as home-like ones, more suitable for the facade of an apartment building or a private one.

Trends modern architecture- a combination of glass, metal and concrete non-standard forms on the facade.

Modern architecture of building facades is unthinkable without the use of latest technologies. Technologies are constantly changing and updating.

Almost all façade solutions come to us from Europe.

People began to travel more and now place more demands on the architecture around them. now everywhere. The cladding of building facades has never been so varied. To the system from metal profiles you can hang almost anything construction material, possessing sufficient strength and at the same time lightness. Lots on the market

Ventilated facades of public buildings

Public buildings have different purposes and financing. “Public” includes any buildings intended to be visited by many people. These are banks, facades of administrative buildings, train stations, shopping centers, business centers, administrations, sports and entertainment institutions, hospitals, schools and the list goes on for a long time. It is important to understand that banks will be able to afford facade cladding much more expensive than schools. Therefore, when talking about the cladding of public buildings, it is worth making a distinction between materials by cost.

Cladding buildings with economy segment materials

Facade materials in the economy segment can be, for example, porcelain stoneware, fiber cement, metal cassettes,

Porcelain tiles cost from 450 rubles/m2 of cladding. Of course, you need to add the cost of the subsystem and installation work. The cost of a system for porcelain tiles starts from 400 rubles/m2. The cost of installation will add 900 rubles/m2 minimum. Insulation and hardware – another 400 rubles/m2. Total “turnkey” will cost 2150 rub/m2. And this is the minimum price tag; not all façade companies will install it for this cost.

Inexpensive finishing shopping center metal cassettes

“turnkey” will cost from 2500 rub/m2. Plaster with insulation from 2200 rub/m2. - from 2000 rub/m2.

All of the listed economy options have their own characteristics. And the perception of the facade as a whole will depend on the quality of installation. Thus, porcelain tiles may fall out due to poor-quality galvanized clamps. The clamp should always be made of stainless steel. Fiber cement can stain and fade over time. The plaster chips when it hails. Metal cassettes rust and are not shockproof. Brick is eternal, but visually it is not always suitable for public buildings. Therefore, sometimes customers of a building look at more expensive cladding.

More expensive facing materials

The middle price segment includes different kinds façade cassettes and cladding with medium-strength stone (travertine, for example).

Let's briefly say that façade cassettes can be
aluminum, steel, copper, and other metals. They may or may not have a polymer layer, and be made of thicker metal. Facade cassettes can be flat, which is standard, or three-dimensional (inclined circles, ovals, triangles from cassettes). Facade metal cassettes without a polymer layer, i.e. not composite, can be perforated. Perforation can be either standard designs (circles, badges, etc.) or have non-standard designs (for example, cut out a tree in a cassette).

Facade cassettes, since there are many of them, are difficult to evaluate together, and separately they take a long time. On average, a cassette with a polymer layer will cost from RUB 3,500/m2 on a façade. Facade perforated cassette from 5000 rub/m2. Volumetric unique panels are even more expensive - from 6500 rub/m2.

It costs much less than granite, and therefore belongs to the middle price segment. For example, granite costs from RUB 3,500/m2 – the material itself without installation and system. And travertine from 1000 rub/m2.

But it is necessary to take into account that this is a stone of medium strength. It just might crumble over time. It is not recommended for suspended ventilated facades. But the first floors, entrance groups are the best.

Expensive premium cladding for banks, restaurants, office buildings

The high price segment includes wide-format and hidden cladding
way.

Facade slabs are expensive fiber cement (Cembrite, Eternit), Rock panels, thin 3mm porcelain stoneware 1500*3000mm in size (Archskin, Laminam, GranitiFiandre, Kerlit and other manufacturers). Facade slabs imitate stone, wood and whatever your heart desires. At the same time, they are easy to install and wide-format.

The hidden method involves cladding with standard panels (regular porcelain stoneware, facade slabs), but without visible fastening. This method is always about 30-50% more expensive per sq. m.

About cost: façade slabs will cost “turnkey” from 6000 rub/m2.

To create colored facade architecture public building boards painted in different colors are used. This can be any of the above-mentioned facing materials for ventilated facades. Porcelain tiles can be combined in different shades. Also fiber cement or HPL panels, all of them can be in bright Ral colors. Any facade cassettes can be colored.

Facades of multi-storey residential buildings

The facade of an apartment building must be made in the same architectural style of the city. Therefore, it is necessary to undergo a project examination. The façade must be approved by the city's chief architect. For finishing modern houses two methods are used:

1. Wet. This method involves finishing the facade using various plasters or bricks. The advantages include education in holistic and reliable surface. The main advantage is simplicity and durability. Relative disadvantages include the labor intensity of construction work and the seasonality of its implementation.
2. Dry. This best option finishing and involves the use of hinged cladding panels made of various materials. Ventilated facades for multi-storey residential buildings give buildings an original appearance. Due to the use of modern insulation, heat loss is significantly reduced. Therefore, the ventilated façade is ideal for façade cladding panel house. Due to the air gap that exists between the main wall and facing material, the formation of condensation on the inner surface of the heat-insulating material is prevented. And this significantly extends the service life of the structure as a whole.

For overhaul of the facade of an apartment building, both the first and second options are used, it all depends on the structural and architectural features building. If the building belongs to the category of cultural heritage objects, or is located in an area of ​​historical monuments protected by law, then changing the facade of an apartment building must be carried out with the permission of KGIOP, KGA, as well as the homeowners.

Reasons for the destruction of modern building facades

The facade of any building is an example of the architectural art of a certain time. But any design, regardless of the quality and price of materials, the uniqueness of the technology, has a certain service life.

The main reasons that lead to the destruction of modern building facades include:

• Negative effects of the external environment (moisture, temperature changes, dust, ultra-violet rays etc.);
• Habitat of various microorganisms on the surface of the façade;
• Weathering (insufficient treatment of the weathering zone with a special fixative contributes to the activation of the erosion process of the façade structure);
• Technological errors of builders (use of metal parts without anti-corrosion protection, etc.).

The above factors contribute to the fact that after a certain time the facade begins to collapse, so they need to be repaired from time to time.