Every electrician is simply obliged to know safety precautions during electrical installation work, as well as instructions for providing first aid in case of injury electric shock. Since our information portal is more relevant for beginners, we will then tell readers of the site in detail the measures to provide first-aid to an affected person.

What could cause trouble?

The main cause of electric shock to a person is, of course, non-compliance with safety precautions and neglect of the basic rules of electrical installation work. You must clearly understand that any work with electrical wiring must be carried out with the network de-energized (even if you decide) and wearing protective equipment.

Another reason is the poor condition of the wiring, which again occurs due to the fact that inspection and timely replacement of damaged elements is not carried out. Of course, accidents cannot be ruled out when a person is unaware of the danger and simply becomes a victim (for example, a cable interruption occurs that he accidentally touched). In any case, the trouble has already occurred and it is necessary to immediately proceed to providing pre-medical first aid to the victim.

What actions need to be taken?

If, in your presence, a person suffers an electric shock, it is necessary to immediately take a sequence of actions, which we will discuss in more detail. The first aid algorithm will be presented step by step in pictures and with brief description all rescue measures.

Prevent direct contact with conductor

If possible, you should turn off either the switch if the device is nearby. If there is no switch nearby, do not waste time looking for it. Take any handy object that does not conduct current and throw the cable to the side, as shown in the photo.

If there is an ax with an insulated handle nearby, then cut the conductive wire, because sometimes the hand tightly grips the cable as a result of injury, and you simply cannot break the contact.

Another way to rescue someone who is electrocuted is to grab them by the clothes and pull them to the side. IN in this case you need to act carefully so that when providing assistance you do not touch the body, because it will act as a guide, and you too can become a victim.

Move the person to safety

After the contact is broken, you need to remove the victim from the danger zone, at least 10 meters further. You must place the person on the floor and ensure peace.

To prevent the victim from catching a cold, lay some kind of bedding on the surface in advance.

Quickly analyze your condition

The sooner you report the condition, the sooner you can move on to further first aid measures for electrical shock. If there are no visible injuries and the victim is conscious, it is necessary to provide him with rest, give him 20-25 drops of valerian and, if possible, give him warm tea. Calling an ambulance is mandatory in any case, because... Sometimes the consequences do not occur immediately and can affect health over time. If a person loses consciousness due to electric shock, things are much worse. First, check your breathing and pulse, then your pupils (if they are narrow, then the condition is not critical). You have 15-20 seconds to do everything, each of which is very important.

When providing assistance, pay attention to the teeth; if they are closed, they must be carefully opened as follows:

Be sure to unbutton your shirt and belt so that they do not impede breathing. If the victim has no signs of life, it is necessary to urgently proceed to artificial respiration and chest compressions. Without wasting time, also call an ambulance.

Treat wounds

Electric shock to a person can lead to various types of damage: wounds, burns, charring of parts of the body. While the doctors are traveling to the scene, you can use the first aid kit and carry out the following first aid measures:

• treat the wound with iodine, potassium permanganate solution or alcohol;
• apply a bandage moistened with furatsilin solution (0.01%) to the damaged area;
• Give the victim a pain reliever (for example, aspirin).

Other treatment measures: injections and rubbing should not be done if you do not have special skills, because Improper self-medication can only cause harm and aggravate the situation.

That's all the instructions for providing first aid in case of electric shock to a person. We hope that this leaflet served you for informational purposes only! Finally, we present to your attention visual video lesson:

Rules for rescuing a victim from an electric shock

Personal protective equipment

So that you personally do not encounter an electric shock during electrical installation work, you must take care of your safety in advance and purchase personal protective equipment.

The minimum should include:

• and boots;
• tool with insulated handle;
• measuring instruments;
• electrically insulating helmet.

Household appliances used at home can become a source of electrical injury if they malfunction or are not used correctly. Timely first aid will help avoid serious consequences in case of electric shock. In some situations, emergency resuscitation may be required. Compliance with safety rules when working with online mechanisms will prevent most accidents.

Nature of electric shock

Electric shock is a short-term or long-term effect of electricity on the human body, causing pathological changes in functional processes in organs. Electrical injuries are distinguished by the severity of damage and the source of occurrence. Current discharge can be obtained in the following cases:

• neglect of safety precautions;
• violation of the integrity of electrical wiring insulation;
• uncontrolled natural discharge - lightning.

Signs of electric shock

Having discovered a person lying unconscious, a number of signs can be used to determine whether electrical trauma caused this condition or not. So, when injured by an electric discharge, the following characteristic features are revealed:

• a wound from the entry point of the electric arc is clearly visible on the body;
• pulse is uneven, breathing is intermittent;
• bluish skin and lips.

Electric current affects the human body as a whole in a shock type, leading to respiratory and circulatory disorders

Of course, the presence of a bare wire nearby will be a clear sign of electric shock. The electric arc leaves a deep burn at the point of its entry into the body, disrupting the functioning of all organs lying in its path. As a result of such a powerful concentrated effect, the affected person:

• dizzy;
• spastic phenomena are observed in the vocal cords;
• convulsive contraction of limbs;
• fainting state.

In some cases, short-term cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction is possible.

The first fatal electrical injury occurred in 1879.

First aid: procedure

IN standard conditions from an electric shock under a voltage of 50 V it will be possible to avoid unpleasant consequences, however, in conditions high humidity even such a low voltage of 12 V can become a source of severe damage. Having seen another person being shocked, the first thing to do is to prevent further contact with the source of the current.

1. The victim himself cannot unclench his muscles and let go of the faulty cable or device, so the procedure for disconnecting is as follows: Unplug the electrical appliance from the outlet or turn off the power by cutting the cable. Do not touch the power plug with bare hands. This manipulation is carried out using improvised objects made of wood or fabric, or by wearing rubber gloves. To de-energize the wires, use pliers or an ax, trying to break the connection. If a person is struck by the so-called step tension, then carefully place a dry cloth under him. wooden surface
2. , separating it from the ground in this way. If it is impossible to cut off the source of damage, they try to pull the person by the edge of his clothing.However, under no circumstances should you touch his skin.- an uncontrolled discharge will transfer to the would-be rescuer and they will both need emergency help.
3. This measure is possible at a voltage of less than 400 V; if it is in the range of 400–1000 V, then special objects are used - an insulating rod and tongs.

The state of shock from electrical trauma is accompanied by strong hallucinations, so the victim is not able to adequately assess his condition. The rescuer should do this themselves.

Healthy and physically strong people tolerate the effects of electric current more easily than sick and weakened people The brain and heart muscle are the most vulnerable parts of the human body due to electric shock. Therefore, immediately after turning off the power to the victim, emergency assistance should be started.

1. The procedure for this depends on the general condition of the patient. If the person is conscious, then the following manipulations are sequentially carried out with him until the ambulance team arrives:
2. Place on a hard surface.
3. Provide peace.
4. The areas around the burns are lubricated with a 5% solution of iodine or manganese.
5. A sterile dry bandage is applied to the wound.
6. Pain is relieved with aspirin or analgin tablets.

To restore the heartbeat rhythm and relieve panic, dilute 30 drops of valerian tincture in water and give it to the victim to drink.

If the victim is unconscious, the procedure will be slightly different:

1. Remove constrictive clothing.
2. They are brought to consciousness using cotton wool soaked in ammonia.
3. They keep you warm.
4. Treat wounds.
5. Relieve pain and restore calm.

If the victim is at a height, releasing him from the current may cause him to fall from the height.

Therefore, it is necessary to take preliminary measures to prevent injuries.

If, after receiving an electrical injury, a person does not regain consciousness, and the pulse ceases to be palpable in the carotid artery, resuscitation procedures begin without waiting for the ambulance team to arrive.

Reanimation The main resuscitation action is associated with the restoration of the normal rhythm of breathing and heartbeat. To do this, indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration are performed.

1. Traditionally, for the latter method, the “mouth-to-mouth” option is used, but if the muscles of the mouth are in severe spasm and it is impossible to open it, then the “mouth-to-nose” option is used. The massage is alternated with air inhalation according to the following algorithm:
2. The victim’s head is tilted back, freeing the mouth from foreign objects, mucus, etc.
3. The lips are covered with a special nozzle, and the nose is pinched.
4. The hands are placed in the solar plexus area, placing one palm above the other.

The sequence is followed: 1 deep exhalation into the person’s oral cavity - 5 pushes with straight arms - 1 exhalation - 5 pushes, etc.

• If consciousness has not been restored by the time the medical team arrives, then they begin to carry out similar manipulations, using additional equipment if necessary:
• artificial lung ventilation device;

defibrillator for the plant of the heart muscle.

After five minutes, if there is no result, doctors inject a solution of adrenaline, strophanthin and glucose subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. When consciousness is restored, they are given anti-shock drugs and transported to the hospital.

5% of burn center patients suffer burns from contact with electricity.

Electrical Precautions

The risk of electrical shock and the severity of the consequences increase in a humid environment, during rain or snowfall

• Safety rules when working with electrical appliances prohibit:
• use the device if sparking is observed when it is turned on;
• approach sagging or broken wires at a distance closer than 10 m;
• touch switched-on devices with wet hands or use them touching metal surfaces;
• get close to transformers, distribution devices etc.;
• leave unused appliances plugged in;
• carry out electrical work under voltage;
• leave children alone near sockets and switches;
• extinguish a fire from faulty electrical wiring with water - you can get a discharge transmitted by a stream of water;
• wipe dust on devices connected to the network.

Electrical appliances around a person can become a source of electric shock. In most cases, they rarely end in death, causing short-term dysfunction of a number of organs. It is enough to provide emergency assistance in time to return a person from a state of imaginary death to consciousness.

Working in electrical installations is dangerous. Despite the multi-level protection against erroneous actions of workers when performing switching and repair work, the risk of being under voltage still remains. It is especially high among newly hired workers and, oddly enough, among experienced workers with many years of experience. The latter is explained by a dulled sense of danger and excessive confidence in one’s own capabilities.

Providing first aid in case of electric shock must be carried out immediately, because correctness and speed of action are the means of preserving human life and health. All workers in electrical installations, regardless of their position and occupation, are trained in how to rescue victims under the guidance of a medical professional. Resuscitation methods are practiced on special mannequins. First aid for electric shock is a topic that is necessarily included in the list of questions in electrical safety exams.

Techniques and means for getting rid of electric current

The human body is a good conductor of electric current. Its resistance is not constant, but depends on a number of factors, including not only the condition environment(heat or humidity), but also the processes occurring inside.

When electrocuted, the muscles reflexively contract. The more current passes through the body, the stronger the contraction occurs, and at a certain value, called the non-release limit, a person is not able to independently release a bare wire or busbar under voltage. Therefore, first aid for electric shock begins with interrupting the path of the current passing through the victim’s body. In this case, any available funds and methods.

But before that, using communication means, it is imperative to take measures to notify the operational control service of the electrical installation about what happened, where and with whom. They will ensure that a medical team is called to the scene of the incident and will rush to help themselves. If there is no operational service in the electrical installation, medical assistance is called independently.

Most effective method interrupt the current through the human body - turn off part of the electrical installation. However, means of disabling are not always available. You can create a short circuit on the tires by throwing a metal object on them so that the sparks and arc do not harm either the rescuer or the victim. In other cases, it is recommended to use the means personal protection: dielectric gloves, galoshes, boots, operating rods - tear the victim away from the conductors he is holding on to. If you come under voltage, the victim must be pulled to a safe distance from the damage site, also using protective equipment.

Assessing the victim's condition

Once the electric current no longer threatens either you or the victim, you need to assess his clinical condition. To do this, find out:

• is the victim conscious?
• is he breathing?
• does he have a pulse?

If the victim is unconscious and has a pulse and breathing (even if they are unstable), he should be placed on his stomach, the mouth should be cleaned with a napkin or handkerchief, and something cold should be applied to the head - a lump of snow or a special cooling bag from the first aid kit. . He must remain in this position until medical help arrives.

The presence of a pulse is checked in the carotid artery. In its absence, you cannot waste precious time checking the presence of breathing - clinical death has occurred, and time counts down to minutes. It is necessary to begin resuscitation immediately.

Resuscitation measures

Before resuscitation begins, the injured worker must be turned onto his back. His chest is freed from clothing, his belt on his waist is unfastened. The head is thrown back, for which a cushion of folded clothing or soft materials at hand is placed under the neck. The jaw should be pushed forward. All these measures are needed to ensure that the tongue does not block the larynx and prevent air from entering the lungs. Otherwise, artificial respiration will become ineffective.

Resuscitation begins with a fist blow to the sternum area opposite the heart. Sometimes this action allows you to start it right away. The pulse is monitored; if it does not appear, resuscitation is continued.

The rescuer is located on the right side of the victim. He places the palms of his hands crosswise, one under the other. An indirect cardiac massage is performed: pressure is applied to the chest at a frequency of 50–80 times per minute. The force of pressure should be such that the sternum bends inward by 3–4 cm. You cannot apply excessive pressure - the ribs should not be broken, otherwise the whole point of resuscitation is lost. The victim will suffer internal injuries, and his death will be inevitable.

If resuscitation occurs with the participation of only one rescuer, then cardiac massage must be alternated with artificial respiration. The chest compressions are counted, and after the 15th compression, two forced breaths of air are taken into the lungs.

To do this, the rescuer pinches the victim’s nose with his left hand, throws his head back with his right hand, and inhales air. Then, through a napkin, gauze or “Mouth-mask” type products included in the first aid kit, previously placed on the victim’s mouth, he inhales air into the lungs. You need to monitor the victim’s sternum: it should rise. This suggests that the air did not enter the stomach, but into the lungs.

After this, the rescuer continues indirect massage to the victim, alternating 15 compressions on the sternum with two breaths of air. It is recommended to count the number of clicks out loud in order not to lose the rhythm, as well as to reassure the person providing assistance. Monotonous counting allows you to suppress feelings of fear and excitement and not lose control.

If two people are involved in resuscitation, then they perform massage and artificial respiration in turns, being next to each other, on one side of the victim. After five compressions, two breaths are taken for artificial respiration. With the participation of three people, the third lifts the victim’s legs. This ensures blood flow by gravity to the heart. The third rescuer gets ready to massage when the partner gets tired. The rescuer performing artificial respiration controls the victim’s pulse in pauses between breaths.

The complex of resuscitation measures continues until doctors arrive. Only medical workers can give a conclusion that death has occurred and further resuscitation is pointless.

If breathing and pulse appear, the victim is turned over on his stomach; if he is unconscious, cold is applied to the head. When consciousness returns, leave him alone, but do not allow the victim to get up until medical help arrives. Clinical death can occur again at any time, so the victim of electric current should be sent to the hospital under medical supervision.

PLAN-OUTLINE

SUBJECT: Medical training

TOPIC: First aid for electric shock and heat injuries

OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON:

Learn first aid for electrical shock and heat injury.

VENUE: classroom

METHOD OF CONDUCT: lecture

MAIN DOCUMENTS AND LITERATURE USED IN DEVELOPING THE SUMMARY:

Textbook "Training of firefighters and rescuers." Medical training edited by Doctor of Medical Sciences V.I. Dutova (Moscow 2010).

LOGISTICS:

Educational board – 1 unit;

Video projector – 1 unit;

I. Preparatory part – 5 minutes………………………………………………………... page 2

II. Main part – 30 minutes…………………………………………………………….. p.2

1. study question………………………………………………………………. p.2

2. study question……………………………………………………………….… p.6

III. Final part – 10 minutes………………………………………………………… p.8

Preparatory part

Checking trainees according to the list;

Checking students' material support for classes ( teaching aids, workbooks (notes), pens, etc.);

II. Main part

First aid for electric shock

Features of electric current

There are six main features of electric current:

Absence of organoleptic manifestations - invisibility, noiselessness. Absence appearance, color, smell, etc.

The ability of current energy to be converted into other types of energy.

The possibility of causing many types of injuries - electrical, mechanical, thermal, chemical.

Possibility of damage at the site of application and throughout the path of electricity through tissues and organs.

Possibility of remote damage, arc contact.

The speed and instantaneity of the spread of damage.

There are direct and alternating electric current. Today, it is common to use alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz to 300 GHz.

Let's look at this range in more detail:

Industrial frequency current, 50 Hz, is used in industrial and domestic electrification systems;

Low frequency current, 3-300 kHz - in radio broadcasting, during melting, welding, heat treatment of metals;

Medium frequency current, 0.3-3.0 MHz - in radio broadcasting, during inductive heating of metals and other materials;

High frequency current, 3.0-30 MHz - in radio broadcasting, television, medicine, when welding polymers;

Very high frequency current, 30-300 MHz - in radio broadcasting, television, medicine, when welding polymers;

Ultra-high frequency current, 0.3-3.0 GHz - in radar, multi-channel radio communications, radio astronomy, radio spectroscopy, radio navigation, radio relay communications, telecommunications, flaw detection, geodesy, physiotherapy, sterilization and cooking and etc.;

Ultrahigh frequency current. 3-30 GHz;

Extremely high frequency current, 30-300 GHz.

Various electrical installations are powered by three-phase current, voltage 380/200V, and lighting– single-phase current with a voltage of 220/127V.

Current can be supplied:

Via a four-wire network with an isolated neutral;

Via a four-wire network with a solidly grounded neutral;

Via a three-wire network with an isolated neutral;

Via a three-wire network with a solidly grounded neutral.

An isolated neutral is the neutral of a transformer or generator that is not connected to a grounding device or is connected through a large resistance commensurate with the insulation resistance of the phase wires.

Figure 1. Diagram of the location of dangerous points on the human body.

Networks with isolated neutral are used in cases where it is possible to control and maintain high level insulation of wires and when the network capacity relative to the ground is insignificant (smallly branched networks not exposed to aggressive environments, under the constant supervision of qualified personnel - networks of small enterprises, mobile electrical installations, etc.)

A solidly grounded neutral is the neutral of a transformer or generator, connected directly to a grounding device or through a low resistance.

Networks with solidly grounded netral are used over a considerable length and branching, when it is impossible to ensure a high level of insulation (high humidity, aggressive environment, etc.), it is impossible to control and maintain a high level of insulation, or when capacitive currents due to high branching reach dangerous values for humans (networks of large industrial enterprises).

Phase wires A, B, C are called linear wires, the voltage between any two of them is 380V.

The degree of danger and the possibility of electric shock depend on the conditions of connection to the network.

1. The most dangerous thing is for a person to touch two different live phases. The person finds himself turned on to the full line voltage in the network and the strength of the current passing through the person.

In this case, in a few fractions, a breakdown of the skin occurs and an electrical circuit is closed throughout the human body. The passage of current near vital organs is especially dangerous: the heart, chest, liver, and so on, which can cause cardiac fibrillation, loss of consciousness and lead to death.

With a two-phase touch, the current passing through a person is practically independent of the network neutral mode. Consequently, two-phase contact is equally dangerous both in a network with an isolated and with a grounded neutral (if the line voltages of these networks are equal).

2. When a person comes into simultaneous contact with the linear and neutral wires, a single-phase switching occurs.

The first and second cases are still very dangerous because the current passes along the shortest path through the hands and vital organs of a person, paralyzing their work. It should be noted that a person touching different wires with both hands rarely occurs, more often with one hand, i.e. with a single-phase connection.

Figure 2. The degree of danger and the possibility of electric shock depend on the conditions of connection to the network

Nature and types of electrical injuries, severity of damage. Methods of providing first aid for electric shock

Electrical injuries include local injuries and electrical shocks.

Local injuries:

Electrical burn – current, arc. The first of them occurs at low (relatively) mains voltages, leading to the conversion of current into heat. An arc burn is a severe burn. It occurs in cases where an electric arc with thermal energy of more than 35,000 C is formed between the current conductor and the human body;

Electrical signs - appear at the point of contact with a current conductor. Round (oval) spots of gray (pale yellow) color;

Metallization of the skin - damage by metal particles. melted into electric arc, which penetrate the skin and eyes (this is very dangerous!). The lesions are quite painful;

Electroophthalmia - damage ultraviolet rays membranes of the eyes, accompanied by severe pain, pain in the eyes, loss of vision (temporary);

Mechanical injuries - skin tears, fractures, ruptures of arteries, veins, ligaments, dislocations. They arise due to involuntary sharp convulsive muscle contractions. Falls from heights when exposed to electricity also cause injury.

Electric shocks

– convulsive muscle contraction with impaired breathing and palpitations due to sudden stimulation of body tissues by electric current.

Electric shock can occur as a result of:

Exposure of a person to variable or direct current in everyday life and at work;

As a result of a lightning strike or exposure to an electric shock device.

First aid for voltage damage up to 1000 V:

Disconnect the victim from power, not forgetting about your own safety:

Figure 3: Disconnecting the power source

Turn off or isolate the power source;

Figure 4. Pulling the victim by the collar. Rescuer in dielectric gloves and boots, operates with one hand

Pull the free edge of dry clothing with one hand, it is better to put the other hand in your pocket or behind your back so as not to accidentally grab the victim with both hands;

Remove the wire with a dry, non-conductive object, placing a rubber mat under the wire;

Cut the wire with an insulated handle. The wire of each phase is cut separately, at different levels!!!

2Check breathing and pulse in the carotid artery.

3Perform defibrillation (with an electric defibrillator) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as early as possible

Muscle paralysis can be observed for up to 30 minutes after the action of the current, so resuscitation must be carried out for a long time.

The risk of cardiac arrest continues for 10 days after the shock, and is significantly increased in individuals with chronic heart disease.

In all cases, despite the possible general satisfactory condition, the absence of visible bodily injuries, it is necessary to provide the victim with complete rest and not allow him to move.

A sudden deterioration in the condition is possible due to burns of internal organs and tissues along the current path, disorders of organs and systems that develop during the first day or in the coming weeks.

First aid for heat injuries

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the human body is exposed to elevated temperature, in conditions of high humidity, dehydration and disruption of the body’s thermoregulation process. Most often, heat stroke develops during heavy physical work in conditions of high temperature and humidity. Less commonly, heat stroke occurs due to prolonged exposure to direct sunlight in hot weather. Regardless of the cause of heat stroke, you should immediately seek qualified medical help to prevent its complications (shock, damage to the brain and internal organs, death).

Causes of heat stroke:

The main cause of heatstroke is the impact on the body high temperature in conditions of high environmental humidity.

Heat stroke can also occur as a result of wearing warm and synthetic clothing that prevents the body from generating heat.

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause heat stroke because... alcohol disrupts thermoregulation.

Hot weather. If you are not used to the effects of high temperatures on your body, limit your physical activity for at least a couple of days when there is a sudden change in temperature. Heavy physical activity in the open sun is a serious risk factor for developing heat stroke.

Some medicines also increase the risk of heat stroke. Drugs that increase the risk of heat stroke include vasoconstrictors, diuretics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.

Which people are most at risk of developing heat stroke:

Anyone can get heatstroke, but some people, due to their physical characteristics, are at greater risk of getting heatstroke than others. Those at greatest risk for heat stroke are:

Children and elderly people. In newborns, thermoregulatory processes are not fully developed, so their risk of heat stroke increases. . In older people, thermoregulation weakens with age, which also leads to an increased risk of heat stroke. Pregnant women are also at risk for heatstroke.

Genetic predisposition. Some researchers believe that there are people with genetic characteristics that increase the risk of heat stroke (congenital absence of sweat glands, cystic fibrosis).

Symptoms of heat injury:

High body temperature (40 C or higher) is the main sign of heat stroke.

Heatstroke often causes thirst.

No sweating. Heat stroke caused by hot weather causes the skin to feel hot and dry to the touch. And with heatstroke caused by strenuous physical work, the skin is usually moist and sticky.

With heatstroke, the skin often turns red.

Lethargy, fatigue, weakness, drowsiness, shortness of breath appear...

During heatstroke, the heart rate increases sharply and breathing becomes faster.

Heatstroke can also cause a throbbing headache and tinnitus.

Less commonly, heat stroke causes symptoms such as convulsions, hallucinations, loss of consciousness, and weakened heart function and breathing.

When the human body is exposed to high temperatures, heat cramps can develop. Heat cramps are a warning sign of heat stroke. The first signs of heat cramps are: profuse sweating, fatigue, thirst, muscle cramps in the abdomen, legs and arms. To prevent the first signs of heat stroke, such as muscle cramps, it is recommended to drink more fluids, combine physical activity with rest, and work in a well-ventilated or air-conditioned area.

Complications of heat stroke:

As a result of heat stroke, a complication such as shock can develop. The first signs of shock from heatstroke are: weak pulse (decreased blood pressure), blue lips and nails, skin becomes cold and damp, loss of consciousness. All these changes in the body lead to the development of swelling of the internal organs and brain. Edema, in turn, leads to irreversible damage to internal organs and the brain and death.

First aid for heatstroke:

Take the victim to a cool place, into fresh air.

Take off tight clothes, untie your tie, take off your shoes.

For more severe cases: wrap in a damp sheet (the water should be cold, but not ice), cold compress on the head.

Douse with cool water and blow with air. fanning the victim with a fan or newspaper.

Heat stroke occurs not only as a result of dehydration, but also as a result of loss of salts through sweat. Therefore, in case of heatstroke, it is recommended to drink 1 liter of water with 2 teaspoons of salt.

You can also apply ice bags to the neck, back, armpits and groin to reduce body temperature.

Monitor the pulse and general condition of the victim. If there is no effect of treatment, hospitalization is required.

If you have heatstroke, never drink alcohol or drinks with a high caffeine content (tea, coffee, cappuccino), because These drinks disrupt the body's thermoregulation.

Final part

The leader of the lesson answers questions from students that arose during the lesson.

Putting the training base in order;

Conclusions of the lesson;

The leader of the lesson conducts a short survey on the topic covered;

A task is given for independent preparation.

The widespread use of electricity not only makes life more comfortable, but also often causes electrical injuries. Electric shock can lead to health hazards and sometimes death. The risk of electrical injury is especially high when carrying out repair work on the electrical network, improper operation of electrical appliances, non-compliance with safety requirements, and the presence of malfunctions.

Premises with increased risk of electric shock

According to the regulatory provisions of the PUE, all premises, regardless of their purpose, are classified according to the degree of electrical hazard. The first class includes premises that are not particularly dangerous. The humidity level in them usually does not exceed 45%, they are equipped with a ventilation and heating system that maintains a temperature of 18-20°C, and dielectric floors. The filling of the space with metal objects does not exceed a coefficient of 0.2, there is no dust. This category includes residential and public premises.
The second class includes premises characterized by an increased threat - kitchens, staircases, laundries, basements and warehouses.

They are divided into several groups:

• With high humidity(up to 100%);
• with high temperature conditions (above t° - 30°C). Elevated temperature regime indoors, leads to accelerated aging of insulation, increasing the likelihood of an emergency;
• with high dust content. Dust collecting on electrical installations leads to the formation of conductive paths, causing overheating and fire of electrical appliances;
• with poor ventilation, creating conditions for dust accumulation and increased temperature;
• equipped with conductive floors and walls;
• having conditions under which contact with grounded structures is possible.

The third class includes premises that pose a particular danger - a swimming pool, sauna, bathroom, garage, workshop. They are characterized by the presence of 2 or more dangerous conditions. A separate category of especially dangerous objects consists of territories equipped with open electrical installations.
The voltage in the network is set taking into account the type of room. For the first class, -220 V is recommended, for the second class – up to 50 V, for the third – 12 V.

Protective measures against electric shock

Compliance with the protective measures established by regulatory documentation reduces the risk of electrical injuries.

According to electrical safety rules:

• the insulation used must be of high quality, and the current-carrying elements must be reliably protected, have double insulation, automatic protective interlocking, RCD;
• the electrical equipment used and components of electrical installations must be grounded and fenced;
• isolation of workplaces;
• checking the condition of insulation, as well as repairing electrical wiring and electrical equipment should be carried out as planned;
• use of warning signs and inscriptions, sound or light alarms;
• the use of devices that reduce voltage to acceptable values;
• use of personal protection.

An additional factor that reduces the likelihood of electrical injuries is systematic safety training.
Compliance with the protective measures established by regulatory documentation helps to avoid the risk of electric shock.

Indirect protection against defeat electric shock

As a method of protection against electrical injuries, it is recommended to use auxiliary protective equipment. These include rubber mats, dielectric gloves, assembly belts, assembly claws, tools with insulating handles, workwear, shoes, ladders, and ropes.
Application similar means during execution various works related to electricity will reduce the number of emergency situations and feel more confident.

Factors influencing electric shock to a person

The danger of electric current lies in the fact that it is hidden, that is, it is impossible to detect the presence of electrical voltage in advance using the senses. Some factors can increase the risk of electric shock. These include moisture and sweating, low body resistance, the presence of heart disease, and lack of special protection. The combination of these factors with the current passing through the human body leads to more severe consequences.

The first steps when a person is struck by an electric shock, what needs to be done?

Eliminating the source of injury and immediately providing first aid are the main actions that must be taken to save the victim.

1. De-energize the source of damage without touching it. To do this, use dry rubber gloves, a wooden stick or cloth to pull it out of the net. If it is impossible to perform this action, cut the wire or use pliers.
2. If it is not possible to de-energize the source of the injury, it is necessary, without touching the victim’s skin with bare hands, to pull him away by grabbing the edge of his clothing for several meters.
3. Assess the physical and emotional state of the victim, and regardless of his condition, call a doctor, and be sure to provide first aid.

How to separate the victim from the power source?

There are several ways to free the victim from the effects of electric current. The simplest is to turn off the source of electric current using a switch, switch, plug connector, or unscrewing the plugs. As a last resort, the electrical circuit can be interrupted by cutting the electrical wires one by one using wire cutters or pliers with insulated handles.
You can touch the victim’s body, which is not covered by clothing, only with insulating gloves or by wrapping the hand in a rag, scarf, or stretched sleeve, while standing on a non-conductive bedding - a rubber mat, dry rag or board. Using a dry stick or other non-conductive object, push away the electrical wire if it touches the victim. If the victim squeezes it in his hand, release his fingers. This can be done while standing on a rubber mat or wearing dielectric overshoes that protect against possible step voltage, and dielectric gloves on your hands.

Providing first aid in case of electric shock:

Assistance to the victim must be provided immediately, provided that there is no danger to the person providing assistance. A doctor is called by a person who is not providing first aid.
Electrical trauma causes heating and contraction of muscle tissue, negatively affecting the functioning of internal organs. Leaving marks at the entrance and exit, the electric arc deeply affects the skin tissue.

As a result of the injury, the victim may experience:

• dizziness;
• convulsions;
• heart attack;
• fainting.

The brain and heart suffer the most from electric shock. By disrupting the heart rhythm, electric shock can cause cardiac and respiratory arrest. Correctly provided first aid in the first minutes will save the life of the victim. What action to take depends on the condition of the victim and the complexity of the damage caused to him.

The severity of an electrical injury is influenced by the following factors:

• how does electric current pass through the body?
• electrical appliance voltage parameters;
• physical condition of a person;
• quality and timeliness of first aid.

Even a minor electrical injury is dangerous, since its consequences on the lungs, central nervous system, and heart may not appear immediately, but only after some time.

the victim is conscious

The measures taken depend on the condition of the victim. If he is conscious, first aid consists of the following actions.

1. Lay the victim on a blanket, clothes, or other soft bedding. It should not be allowed to move, even if there is no damage, until a doctor arrives and conducts a professional examination.
2. Treat the skin around the burn with iodine or potassium permanganate and apply a bandage. In case of a fracture, bruise or other injuries, provide first aid.
3. You can give the victim a painkiller - analgin or aspirin and up to 30 drops. valerian diluted in water to relieve nervous tension.
4. Call or take the victim yourself to a doctor.

unconscious victim

If a victim of an electrical injury faints and at the same time a pulse is palpated in the area of ​​the carotid artery and there is breathing, then providing first aid involves:

• liberation from clothing that restricts the body;
• laying on a soft, even bedding;
• bringing the victim to consciousness using ammonia or spraying with water;
• in warmth, wrapping the victim.

the victim is at altitude

If the victim is at a height at the time of electric shock, it is necessary to free him from the influence of electric current. It should be taken into account that as a result of a power outage, the victim may simply fall from a height, so steps should be taken to prevent injury, for example, pulling up a tarpaulin. Only after the victim is lowered to the ground can inspection and first aid begin.

the victim has no signs of life

The absence of signs of life during electric shock may indicate clinical death (imaginary), therefore, even in the absence of heartbeat and pulse, dilated pupils or intermittent breathing, the victim must be given first aid. Resuscitation of the victim is carried out using artificial respiration techniques, as well as practicing chest compressions. Before doing this, you should unbutton his clothes and clean his mouth. If the muscles of the mouth are in spasm and mouth-to-mouth breathing is difficult, artificial mouth-to-nose ventilation should be performed.

Outcome of electric shock

Outcome of electric shock
Several factors influence the severity of an electrical injury:

• current value. If you have dry hands, a voltage of 30 V is considered safe, in the case of wet hands - 20 V, if the whole body is wet - 10 V. The danger of injury increases with increasing current value;
• duration of action. The severity of the electrical injury increases depending on how long the victim was exposed to the electric current;
• the path of current has a significant impact on the outcome of the lesion, since most of it passes through the flow of tissue fluids, blood vessels, nerve trunks, affecting the brain, heart and other organs. In addition, some areas of the body are hypersensitive to electric current, provoking increased pain reactions;
• its frequency. Direct and alternating current have different effects on human body. The least noticeable current is 0.5 - 0.15 mA, the current value at which it is no longer possible to free yourself from the electrical circuit is 10-15 mA. A current of 50-80 mA provokes chaotic compression of the heart (fibrillation), in which it does not perform its main function, which leads to cessation of blood circulation. A current of 90-100 mA, acting for more than 3 seconds, causes respiratory spasm and cardiac dysfunction;
• individual characteristics of the human body. Persons suffering from pathologies of the central nervous system, heart and lungs are more susceptible to damage.

Types and types of human electric shock

Exposure to electric current causes various disturbances in life activity - electrical injury and electric shock. The most common types of electrical injuries include:

• electrical burns that occur when strong electric currents flow through the skin. An area exposed to such a burn usually does not heal for a long time;
• mechanical injuries in the form of ruptures of tendons, muscles, blood vessels, bone fractures. Such injuries are formed by convulsive contraction of muscles caused by the action of an electric current passing through the victim’s body;
• metallization of the skin occurs as a result of particles of molten metal entering the epidermis short circuit, metal;
• Electroophthalmia develops as a result of damage to UV rays from an electric arc in the eyes.

Electric shock to the nervous system is called electric shock.

According to the severity of the impact, electric shock is classified:

• 1st degree is characterized by convulsive muscle spasms, while the victim remains conscious;
• 2nd degree is manifested by convulsive muscle contraction and loss of consciousness;
• Grade 3 is characterized by respiratory and cardiac dysfunction;
• Stage 4 is manifested by the onset of clinical death, lasting 6 minutes. in adults and 8-10 min. in children.

Consequences of electric shock

The effect of electric current causes severe electric shock, accompanied by coma, cardiac and respiratory dysfunction. The victim may experience seizures, aggression, and disorientation. Electrical damage to the kidneys can cause acute renal dysfunction.
The development of neurological pathologies is one of the consequences of electrical trauma. The victim may develop peripheral neuropathy, visual acuity and ability to work will decrease. Survivors of severe electrical trauma may suffer from amnesia, depression, and mental disorders.

How to do artificial respiration and cardiac massage

If a person exposed to electrical trauma is not breathing and has no heartbeat, he must be given first aid by performing artificial ventilation of the lungs and massage of the heart muscle.

1. To carry out resuscitation procedures, care should be taken to ensure that the victim is lying on a hard surface.
2. Tilt the victim's head back and secure this position with a rolled-up rag placed under the shoulders. The above action cannot be performed if the victim has signs of a neck fracture.
3. Check to see if the victim's airways are blocked. If there is sand or other foreign objects in his mouth, clean it with a finger wrapped in a scarf.
4. To perform mouth-to-mouth breathing, it is necessary to hold the victim’s jaw with one hand so that it is open, and tightly close the nose with the other. Taking a deep breath, smoothly and at the same time strongly blow air into the victim’s mouth, pressing your lips tightly against it. The duration of air injection is up to 1.5 seconds, then open the victim’s nose for 4 seconds. Repeat the action 10-12 times per minute. The rise of the chest during inhalation indicates that air is entering the lungs.
5. To perform chest compressions, sit on your knees to the left or right of the victim, then correctly determine the point of impact. It is located in the center of the chest at a distance of 2 longitudinal fingers from the edge of the sternum.
6. Place your palm on the victim’s chest so that its base rests on the point of impact, and the thumb is directed towards the stomach or head, and place the second palm crosswise on top.
7. Press down on the chest with your weight, without bending your elbows, so that it drops approximately 4 cm. Perform 30 strong pushes, then continue artificial respiration. After performing 2 exhalations, return to massaging the heart muscle again, making 30 pushes. Repeat these steps until the ambulance arrives. When performing resuscitation actions, you should check every minute for the presence of breathing, the light reaction of the pupils, and the pulse.

This video demonstrates in detail how to properly assist a victim of an electrical injury by performing a cardiac muscle massage.