Floors from piece materials used in almost any building and structure. They are divided into two main groups:
· from ceramic slabs OK And natural stone;
· made of wood.
Wood floors.
These floors include:
· planks;
· parquet floors made of piece parquet;
· from parquet board;
· panel parquet;
· stacked mosaic parquet.
They are installed in residential and civil buildings. For their preparation, high-strength wood from pine, larch, fir, birch and alder is used. All processes for installing wood floors can be divided into three cycles:
· preparation for floors or “subfloor”;
· arrangement of a clean floor;
· final finishing clean floor.
Plank floors consist of a covering and a base. The covering is made of tongue-and-groove boards 29 or 37 mm thick and 74-124 mm wide with single or double flooring. The base for plank floors includes:
· when installing floors on the ground (Fig. 14.6.) - brick or concrete columns, waterproofing and logs;
· for interfloor ceilings - sound insulation and logs.
Fig. 14.6. Layout of a plank floor on the ground:
1 – compacted soil; 2 – brick column; 3 – lags; 4 – waterproofing; 5 - floor boards.
Columns and especially logs are made according to the level. Brick columns are laid dry. The distance between the axes of the columns is 0.8-0.9 m (with a log thickness of 40 mm) and 1-1.2 m (with a log thickness of 60 mm). Logs are unplaned boards 40-60 mm thick and 80-100 mm wide, usually made of coniferous wood. When installing floors on a reinforced concrete base, the lag pitch is 0.7-0.8 m, when installing the floor on brick columns, 0.4-0.6 m. The joints of the joists should rest on brick columns. The joists are leveled by laying additional soundproofing pads under them (according to reinforced concrete slabs) or wooden spacers (on brick columns). Waterproofing gaskets for joists are made of 100-150 mm wide from roofing felt, roofing felt or glassine. Sound insulation is replenished by pouring sand, slag, expanded clay and other porous materials into the space between the joists.
Planed boards with ridges and grooves on the side edges are used for plank coverings. The moisture content of the boards during laying should be no more than 12%. It is important to keep the boards together when laying floors. For this, various devices are used (Fig. 14.7).
Fig. 14.7. Device for joining boards:
a) – crossbar; b) – lever; 1 – crossbar; 2 – lining; 3 – boards; 4 – lever mechanism.
When laying, the first board is laid with a groove against the wall, each subsequent board is placed on the ridge with a hammer blow through a wooden spacer. After rallying, the next board is nailed with a nail 60-70 mm long, which runs at the base of the ridge at an angle of 45 0 and is finished off with a hammer until the heads are sunk in.
Parquet floors.
They can be made from piece parquet (parquet staves), from parquet boards, panel parquet and mosaic parquet.
Block parquet for better adhesion, it has a ridge and groove along the contour (Fig. 14.8.).
Fig. 14.8. Parquet stave design:
1 – groove; 2 – comb.
Moreover, the groove, as a rule, is shifted from the middle position, which suggests the presence of left and right rivets (depending on which side the longitudinal ridge is located when the rivet is positioned face up).
The base for parquet can be monolithic (cement-concrete screed) or prefabricated (board flooring). It is necessary to lay fiberboard or chipboard on the boardwalk to prevent the parquet from squeaking.
When laying parquet on a screed, mastics are used, and rivets are nailed along the plank base. When laying parquet on mastic, the leveled base is primed and waited until it dries until there is no stickiness (5-8 hours). Laying begins with laying out rows of parquet throughout the room and laying the parquet dry with the installation of a frieze (Fig. 14.9.).
Fig. 14.9. Scheme for laying parquet with frieze:
In this case, the lighthouse entrance is made opposite the wall (so as not to stain the parquet with mastic). Use cold and hot bitumen mastics. A gap of 10-20 mm is formed between the wall and the parquet, which is filled with bitumen.
When laying block parquet on a plank base, a lighthouse tree is also laid out, but it is made in the middle of the room. The markings are done in such a way as to ensure a minimum of waste when pruning. Parquet finishing includes scraping, sanding and polishing, followed by varnishing the floors in 2 times. The recent emergence of high-quality universal adhesives makes it possible to abandon the use of mastics and nails, and the production of high-precision parquet rivets with a polished surface makes it possible to eliminate such labor-intensive operations when laying parquet such as scraping and sanding.
The floors are made of parquet boards.
Design solution floors and the technology of its construction are similar to floors with plank covering. Parquet boards consist of a slatted base and a face covering of planks. The boards are made 1.2-3 m long with a gradation of 0.6 m; width 137-200 mm, thickness 15-18 and 23-27 mm with strips thickness 4, 6 and 8 mm. The front surface of the planks is sanded and varnished during manufacturing. Planks in a certain configuration (alternating squares of horizontal and vertical strips, continuous transverse or continuous longitudinal placement of planks on a rail, etc.) are glued onto a base rail that has grooves and ridges on the edges.
Fig. 14.10. Parquet board design:
1 – base board; 2 – bar; 3 – groove; 4 – ridge.
Panel parquet floors are made from parquet panels consisting of a base (low-grade coniferous wood) and parquet flooring(from valuable timber species). The boards are produced in sizes 400x400, 500x500, 600x600, 800x800 mm with grooves along all edges (fastened together by connecting strips that act as a ridge). The thickness of the shields is 22-40 mm. Parquet strips 100-400 mm long are used as covering; width 20-50 mm; 4, 6 and 8 mm thick, glued to the base in various configurations.
Panel parquet is also laid with mastic, on joists or wooden cages to suit the size of the panel.
Tile floors.
Tile coverings are used for flooring in buildings with heavy human traffic and almost constant wet operating conditions; such coverings are made on a rigid base (screed or concrete preparation) or directly on floor slabs. If the floor must have a slope, then it is created by the base, but not by the layer.
The following types of tiles are used for coating:
· concrete;
· ceramic;
· cast iron;
· from natural stone, etc.
Concrete and cast iron tiles are used primarily in industrial buildings with heavy intra-shop traffic and significant static and dynamic loads on the floor covering.
Natural stone coatings most often located in hotel lobbies and public buildings, foyers of theaters and cinemas. For such coatings, rectangular slabs mainly made of marble are used, as well as waste from their production with a smooth top surface, obtained by sawing and cutting the original stones, called breccia. Such floors are installed on a base made of cement-sand mortar.
Ceramic tile floors made from tiles with symmetrical or abstract patterns of various colors, sizes 100x100; 150x150; 200x200; 250x250; 310x310 mm. Tiles can be laid using cement-sand mortar or mastics and adhesives. Begin laying tiles by marking the clean floor in the corners of the room (using a water level or level). Laying is carried out from the wall opposite the entrance, in strips 50-60 cm wide. Before laying the strips, lighthouse tiles are placed in the corners and 2-3 meters between them.
The following types of beacons are distinguished:
· reference – installed directly against the wall along the mark of the finished floor;
· frieze - installed in the corners on the frieze line;
intermediate – installed indoors large area, when the distance between opposite frieze beacons exceeds 2 m.
Then the cord is pulled and a beacon row is laid along the cord. Subsequently, the tiles are laid between the lighthouse rows (Fig. 14.11.).
Fig. 14.11. Layout of ceramic tile floors:
1 – frieze lighthouse row; 2 – intermediate auxiliary beacons; 3 – reference beacon on the wall; 4 – lighthouse rows; 5 – mooring cord for laying the lighthouse row.
3. Installation of coatings from piece and tile materials
Coatings made from piece materials have a very wide range; they are used for flooring in the lobbies of public buildings, shops and other similar premises and buildings with heavy human traffic and almost constant wet operating conditions.
The main properties that any floors made of piece and tile materials should have - the strength and durability of the front covering - depend primarily on the quality of the preparatory work. Depending on the operating conditions and purpose of the floors, the following construction processes are classified as preparatory processes - the implementation of soil foundations, underlying layers, leveling layer screeds, waterproofing, heat and sound insulation layers.
Tile floor coverings are made on a rigid base (screed or concrete preparation) or directly on floor slabs. If the floor according to the project must have a slope, then the base is prepared with such a slope, but it is not recommended to create a slope by changing the slope of the layer.
Natural stone coatings Most often they are located in the lobbies of hotels and public buildings, the foyers of theaters and cinemas. For such coatings, rectangular slabs of marble are used, as well as their waste with a smooth outer surface, obtained by sawing and cutting marble stones, which are called breccia.
Solid marble slabs are laid on a base of cement-sand mortar. Initially, slabs are laid out in the corners of the room and the thickness of the underlying mortar layer is determined, then marble slabs are laid in rows. Breccia floors are laid with cards ranging in size from 1x1 to 3x3m using two main methods. In the first case, lighthouse rows of stones are laid correct form along the axes of the designed map, after sufficient adhesion of the stones to the cement-sand base, the map cavity is filled with a solution into which individual stones are embedded with the selection of marble chips according to color and pattern. Freshly laid breccias are aligned in the map using the rule.
Breccia floors (Fig. 13.2). In the absence of stones of the correct shape, the marking of the base is carried out using boards or slats, which record the dimensions of each card. Breccias are placed on the solution in cards, which are also leveled according to the rule. When sufficient strength has been achieved, the layouts are removed and the grooves are filled with mortar or special layouts. From the very beginning, cards can be marked with ready-made layouts, the texture and material of which are specified in the project. The layouts will become an integral part of the finished breccia covering. Ready-made factory-made breccia slabs measuring 0.5 x 0.5 m and slabs made to specified dimensions have found use.
Breccia floors are kept for 3...7 days, then they are polished with a mosaic grinder. First, the coating is leveled, removing possible unevenness of 1...2 mm in height when sanding dry, then the surface is ground and polished by applying water to the floor surface. Sanded floors are washed warm water with the addition of caustic soda.
When installing tile covering Floor covering materials are laid on mortars and mastics, and the requirements for the quality of preparation of bases for floors depend on this.
When layering with mortar, gaps between the preparation surface and the control strip are allowed no more than 10 mm. If necessary, cut down the protrusions and fill the potholes with mortar. It is advisable to clean the front surface of floor slabs, screeds and concrete preparation from cement film with mechanical steel brushes, concrete surface cut to a depth of 3...5 mm. Immediately before laying the tile covering, the prepared base must be primed with cement laitance. When laying the coating, the base surface should be damp, but without accumulation of water or cement laitance in certain individual places.
Tile coverings on a layer of mastic are laid on a screed, which is prepared and checked especially carefully. The gaps between the surface should not exceed 2 mm when preparing screeds for coverings made of polyvinyl chloride tiles and linoleum, and 4 mm for coverings made of other types of tiles. Damage to the screed and sinking irregularities of more than 15 mm are repaired with cement-sand mortar, after cutting out the defective areas and cleaning the surface. Before gluing the coating, the base is moistened with cement laitance.
It is often necessary to install a continuous leveling layer less than 15 mm thick. Cement-sand mortar is not suitable for these purposes, since such a thin layer quickly loses moisture and, as a result, does not gain the necessary strength, collapses and peels off. In such cases, a polymer-cement mortar with sufficient water-holding capacity is used. The base for such a coating is cleared of debris and pre-primed with plasticized PVA emulsion. A base in the form of a leveling polymer-cement screed is usually installed under coverings made of linoleum, polyvinyl chloride tiles and pile carpets.
Ceramic tile coverings (Fig. 13.3) are installed in rooms with heavy traffic and wet operating conditions. Rooms with systematic or periodic moistening of the floor with water and heavy traffic include lobbies, dressing rooms, toilets, showers, bathrooms, etc.
The base under the tiled floor is first cleaned of dirt and dust and moistened generously with water. Ceramic tiles can be one-color, with a symmetrical pattern, or the pattern can be abstract. Dimensions of ceramic tiles 100x100; 150x150; 200x200 and 250x250 mm, in accordance with the size in the plan, the thickness of the products is changed. Tiles, pre-sorted by size and moistened with water, are laid on a screed made of cement-sand mortar and on a screed made from special compounds specially produced for laying tile floors.
After preparing the base, mark the entire plane under the floor to be laid, mark and install beacon tiles. Lighthouse tiles can be reference tiles, laid against the wall from which the laying of rows of tiles will begin, or frieze tiles, laid along the frieze line. In large areas and at distances between beacons of more than 2 m, intermediate auxiliary beacons are installed. First, a row of tiles is laid on a layer of cement-sand mortar 10...15 mm thick along the wall opposite the exit from the room, then two rows along both walls perpendicular to it, after which the internal filling is laid. Work must be organized in such a way that workers do not have to stand on freshly laid tiles. The joints between tiles up to 200 mm in size should not exceed 2 mm, for large tiles - no more than 3 mm.
After finishing laying the covering with slabs over the entire area of the working area (2...4 rows of parallel tiles), if necessary, they are settled for leveling. To do this, place a level or a wooden block 1...2 m long on the surface and, with its help, hammer down the tiles along the entire length to the design level while simultaneously leveling the floor surface.
Currently, the domestic market has a wide range of floor and wall ceramic tiles, including porcelain stoneware tiles. Such a variety of tiles color range released with different surface(polished, honed, natural stone look) for internal and external finishing works. Floor tiles are durable and have low porosity, ensuring non-marking and high frost resistance. There are tiles that replicate the structure of parquet made of valuable wood and unpolished marble tiles.
For production premises specially produced durable technical tiles ranging in size from 15x15 to 60x90 cm) with a ribbed surface to ensure anti-slip. For medical institutions, antistatic porcelain tiles, tiles that absorb X-rays, and special rough and non-slip tiles for finishing the surface of swimming pools are used.
If it is necessary to create a floor slope on the floors under the waterproofing layer, a screed made of concrete of class not lower than B15 with a corresponding slope of its surface is provided. The minimum thickness of this screed in places adjacent to drains when laying it directly on the floor slab should be 20 mm, and when laying on a heat or sound insulating layer - 40 mm
Small Size Mosaic Ceramic Tiles They are produced in sizes 23x23 and 23x48 with a thickness of 6...7 mm. The specificity of the tiles is that in the factory, the tiles are glued face down onto square sheets of thick card paper. Such ready-made cards are laid on cement-sand mortar with a layer thickness of 15 mm. After preparing the base and marking, pull the mooring cords along the seam line between the cards. The sequence of laying is from the far wall to the door, the cards are laid out with the paper facing up, and struck with a hammer on a wooden block in order to level and ensure that the mortar fills the seams between the tiles. Seams 2 mm wide are placed between the cards. After laying the cards, the floor surface is covered with wet sawdust and cured. In 2...3 days. the paper is washed off with warm water, the surface of the tiles is cleaned with hard brushes, the seams between the tiles are filled with liquid cement-sand mortar, after which the floor surface has set, wiped with wet sawdust.
Sometimes cracks in the form of transverse lines appear in the tiled floors of large rooms some time after the start of use. The cause of such a defect may be the laying of coatings without installing expansion joints under expansion joints or improper adjoining to them. Sometimes the tiles peel off from preparation along with the mortar; this may be due to shaking and deformation of the foundation structure itself. To prevent or reduce such a defect, mortar tiles are laid on a sand cushion of wet sand 4...5 mm thick with a small amount of cement (1...2%) added to its surface. Such a layer of sand significantly reduces the effect of floor deformations on the tiled floor; in addition, wet sand prevents the reinforced concrete floor from drawing water from the cement-sand mortar on which the tiles are laid.
The reason for the peeling of tiles may be the use of greasy mortars, mortars that have already begun to set, laying dusty, dirty tiles and tiles with grease and tar stains.
Tile floors laid over concrete preparation on the ground can be destroyed by settlement and swelling of the soil. Settlement may be a consequence of the presence of bulk soil, the compaction process of which has not yet completed. Concrete preparation can swell due to wetting and heaving of the underlying soil and foundation. The integrity of the tile covering may be compromised when laying the mortar on a dry, unmoistened concrete preparation. Dry concrete quickly absorbs moisture from a thin layer of mortar, which is why the interlayer solution becomes dehydrated and does not acquire sufficient strength during hardening, which leads to peeling of the tile covering.
Under the influence of sunlight, the mortar of the cement-sand layer of a freshly laid floor is greatly weakened if it is not kept moist. The strength of the floor on acid-resistant solutions using liquid glass, on the contrary, is noticeably reduced if, after installation, the coating is not kept in dry conditions and is not protected from water and acid solutions getting into it.
To identify the zone necessary repairs First of all, loose tiles are determined by tapping the entire floor area. Then the areas to be repaired are dismantled, but only if this can be done without damaging the tiles. If necessary, defective areas are broken, i.e. knock down the tiles along with the mortar. First, the first tile is broken into pieces, then the adjacent tiles are removed with a chisel or scarpel so that they can be reused. Then, using a chisel or other tool, electric or pneumatic, the cement layer is cut out and removed to the surface of the base, which is leveled concrete mixture or solution. If necessary, the damaged waterproofing is restored, then the tiled covering is re-laid on the repaired area.
Coatings made from piece materials have a very wide range; they are used for flooring in the lobbies of public buildings, shops and other similar premises and buildings with heavy human traffic and almost constant wet operating conditions.
The main properties that any floors made of piece and tile materials should have - the strength and durability of the front covering - depend primarily on the quality of the preparatory work. Depending on the operating conditions and purpose of the floors, the following construction processes are classified as preparatory processes - the implementation of soil foundations, underlying layers, leveling layer screeds, ...
waterproofing, heat and sound insulation layers.
Tile floor coverings are made on a rigid base (screed or concrete preparation) or directly on floor slabs. If the floor according to the project must have a slope, then the base is prepared with such a slope, but it is not recommended to create a slope by changing the slope of the layer.
Natural stone coatings Most often they are located in the lobbies of hotels and public buildings, the foyers of theaters and cinemas. For such coatings, rectangular slabs of marble are used, as well as their waste with a smooth outer surface, obtained by sawing and cutting marble stones, which are called breccia.
Solid marble slabs are laid on a base of cement-sand mortar. Initially, slabs are laid out in the corners of the room and the thickness of the underlying mortar layer is determined, then marble slabs are laid in rows. Breccia floors are laid with cards ranging in size from 1x1 to 3x3m using two main methods. In the first case, lighthouse rows of stones of regular shape are laid along the axes of the designed map; after sufficient adhesion of the stones to the cement-sand base, the cavity of the map is filled with a solution into which individual stones are embedded with the selection of marble chips according to color and pattern. Freshly laid breccias are aligned in the map using the rule.
Breccia floors(Fig. 13.2). In the absence of stones of the correct shape, the marking of the base is carried out using boards or slats, which record the dimensions of each card. Breccias are placed on the solution in cards, which are also leveled according to the rule. When sufficient strength has been achieved, the layouts are removed and the grooves are filled with mortar or special layouts. From the very beginning, cards can be marked with ready-made layouts, the texture and material of which are specified in the project. The layouts will become an integral part of the finished breccia covering. Ready-made factory-made breccia slabs measuring 0.5 x 0.5 m and slabs made to specified dimensions have found use.
Floors made from breccia are kept for 3...7 days, then they are polished with a mosaic grinding machine. First, the coating is leveled, removing possible unevenness of 1...2 mm in height when sanding dry, then the surface is ground and polished by applying water to the floor surface. Sanded floors are washed with warm water with the addition of caustic soda.
When installing tile covering Floor covering materials are laid on mortars and mastics, and the requirements for the quality of preparation of bases for floors depend on this.
When layering with mortar, gaps between the preparation surface and the control strip are allowed no more than 10 mm. If necessary, cut down the protrusions and fill the potholes with mortar. It is advisable to clean the front surface of floor slabs, screeds and concrete preparation from the cement film with mechanical steel brushes, and incise the concrete surface to a depth of 3...5 mm. Immediately before laying the tile covering, the prepared base must be primed with cement laitance. When laying the coating, the base surface should be damp, but without accumulation of water or cement laitance in certain individual places.
Tile coverings on a layer of mastic are laid on a screed, which is prepared and checked especially carefully. The gaps between the surface should not exceed 2 mm when preparing screeds for coverings made of polyvinyl chloride tiles and linoleum, and 4 mm for coverings made of other types of tiles. Damage to the screed and sinking irregularities of more than 15 mm are repaired with cement-sand mortar, after cutting out the defective areas and cleaning the surface. Before gluing the coating, the base is moistened with cement laitance.
It is often necessary to install a continuous leveling layer less than 15 mm thick. Cement-sand mortar is not suitable for these purposes, since such a thin layer quickly loses moisture and, as a result, does not gain the necessary strength, collapses and peels off. In such cases, a polymer is used cement mortar with sufficient water-holding capacity. The base for such a coating is cleared of debris and pre-primed with plasticized PVA emulsion. A base in the form of a leveling polymer-cement screed is usually installed under coverings made of linoleum, polyvinyl chloride tiles and pile carpets.
Ceramic tile coverings(Fig. 13.3) are installed in rooms with heavy traffic and wet operating conditions. Rooms with systematic or periodic moistening of the floor with water and heavy traffic include lobbies, dressing rooms, toilets, showers, bathrooms, etc.
The base under the tiled floor is first cleaned of dirt and dust and moistened generously with water. Ceramic tiles can be one-color, with a symmetrical pattern, or the pattern can be abstract. Dimensions of ceramic tiles 100x100; 150x150; 200x200 and 250x250 mm, in accordance with the size in the plan, the thickness of the products is changed. Tiles, pre-sorted by size and moistened with water, are laid on a screed made of cement-sand mortar and on a screed made from special compounds specially produced for laying tile floors.
After preparing the base, mark the entire plane under the floor to be laid, mark and install beacon tiles. Lighthouse tiles can be reference tiles, laid against the wall from which the laying of rows of tiles will begin, or frieze tiles, laid along the frieze line. In large areas and at distances between beacons of more than 2 m, intermediate auxiliary beacons are installed. First, a row of tiles is laid on a layer of cement-sand mortar 10...15 mm thick along the wall opposite the exit from the room, then two rows along both walls perpendicular to it, after which the internal filling is laid. Work must be organized in such a way that workers do not have to stand on freshly laid tiles. The joints between tiles up to 200 mm in size should not exceed 2 mm, for large tiles - no more than 3 mm.
After finishing laying the covering with slabs over the entire area of the working area (2...4 rows of parallel tiles), if necessary, they are settled for leveling. To do this, place a level or a wooden block 1...2 m long on the surface and, with its help, hammer down the tiles along the entire length to the design level while simultaneously leveling the floor surface.
Currently, the domestic market has a wide range of floor and wall ceramic tiles, including porcelain stoneware tiles. These tiles come in a variety of colors and are produced with different surfaces (polished, honed, natural stone) for interior and exterior finishing work. Floor tiles are durable and have low porosity, ensuring non-marking and high frost resistance. There are tiles that replicate the structure of parquet made of valuable wood and unpolished marble tiles.
Specially produced for industrial premises durable technical tiles ranging in size from 15x15 to 60x90 cm) with a ribbed surface to ensure anti-slip. For medical institutions, antistatic porcelain tiles, tiles that absorb X-rays, and special rough and non-slip tiles for finishing the surface of swimming pools are used.
If it is necessary to create a floor slope on the floors under the waterproofing layer, a screed made of concrete of class not lower than B15 with a corresponding slope of its surface is provided. The minimum thickness of this screed in places adjacent to drains when laying it directly on the floor slab should be 20 mm, and when laying on a heat or sound insulating layer - 40 mm
Small Size Mosaic Ceramic Tiles They are produced in sizes 23x23 and 23x48 with a thickness of 6...7 mm. The specificity of the tiles is that in the factory, the tiles are glued face down onto square sheets of thick card paper. Such ready-made cards are laid on cement-sand mortar with a layer thickness of 15 mm. After preparing the base and marking, pull the mooring cords along the seam line between the cards. The sequence of laying is from the far wall to the door, the cards are laid out with the paper facing up, and struck with a hammer on a wooden block in order to level and ensure that the mortar fills the seams between the tiles. Seams 2 mm wide are placed between the cards. After laying the cards, the floor surface is covered with wet sawdust and cured. After 2…3 days. the paper is washed off with warm water, the surface of the tiles is cleaned with hard brushes, the seams between the tiles are filled with liquid cement-sand mortar, after which the floor surface has set, wiped with wet sawdust.
Sometimes cracks in the form of transverse lines appear in the tiled floors of large rooms some time after the start of use. The cause of such a defect may be the laying of coatings without installing expansion joints under expansion joints or improper adjoining to them. Sometimes the tiles peel off from preparation along with the mortar; this may be due to shaking and deformation of the foundation structure itself. To prevent or reduce such a defect, mortar tiles are laid on a sand cushion of wet sand 4...5 mm thick with a small amount of cement (1...2%) added to its surface. Such a layer of sand significantly reduces the effect of floor deformations on the tiled floor; in addition, wet sand prevents the reinforced concrete floor from drawing water from the cement-sand mortar on which the tiles are laid.
The reason for the peeling of tiles may be the use of greasy mortars, mortars that have already begun to set, laying dusty, dirty tiles and tiles with grease and tar stains.
Tile floors laid over concrete preparation on the ground can be destroyed by settlement and swelling of the soil. Settlement may be a consequence of the presence of bulk soil, the compaction process of which has not yet completed. Concrete preparation can swell due to wetting and heaving of the underlying soil and foundation. The integrity of the tile covering may be compromised when laying the mortar on a dry, unmoistened concrete preparation. Dry concrete quickly absorbs moisture from a thin layer of mortar, which is why the interlayer solution becomes dehydrated and does not acquire sufficient strength during hardening, which leads to peeling of the tile covering.
Under the influence of sunlight, the mortar of the cement-sand layer of a freshly laid floor is greatly weakened if it is not kept moist. Strength of the floor on acid-resistant solutions using liquid glass on the contrary, it is noticeably reduced if, after installation, the coating is not kept in dry conditions and is not protected from water and acid solutions getting into it.
To identify the area of necessary repair, first of all, the loose tiles are determined by tapping the entire floor area. Then the areas to be repaired are dismantled, but only if this can be done without damaging the tiles. If necessary, defective areas are broken, i.e. knock down the tiles along with the mortar. First, the first tile is broken into pieces, then the adjacent tiles are removed with a chisel or scarpel so that they can be reused. Then, using a chisel or other tool, electric or pneumatic, the cement layer is cut down and removed to the surface of the base, which is leveled with concrete mixture or mortar. If necessary, the damaged waterproofing is restored, then the tiled covering is re-laid on the repaired area.
Floors are installed on ceilings or directly on the ground (for the first floors of basement-free buildings and basements). The top layer of the floor, which is directly exposed to operational influences, is called the coating (or finished floor).
The flooring material is laid on a specially prepared surface, which is called a concrete lacquer layer (or preparation) under the floors. Between the preparation and the clean floor, a layer can be located - an intermediate connecting layer between the coating and the screed.
Screed- a layer that serves to level the surface of the underlying surface, as well as to give the coating the required slope. Concrete, cement-sand mortar, asphalt, gypsum concrete,
The underlayment distributes the load from the floor across the base (soil) on which the underlayment is to be laid. In slab floors, the base is the load-bearing part of the slab, and there is no underlying layer. Additionally, a sound insulation layer, as well as a thermal and waterproofing layer can be included in the floor design.
Depending on the purpose of the building and the nature of the functional process taking place in the premises, the floors must meet the following requirements; be durable, i.e. have good resistance external influences; have low heat absorption, i.e. not be heat conductive; be non-slip and silent; have low dust formation and are easy to clean; be industrial in design and economical,
Floors in wet rooms must be waterproof and waterproof, and in fire hazardous rooms - fireproof.
According to the method of installation, floors are divided into monolithic, piece and roll materials. The name (type) of the floor is determined by the material from which it is made (plank, parquet, linoleum, ceramic tiles, cement, fibreboard, etc.).
Monolithic (seamless) floors. These include cement, terraz, asphalt, xylolite, mastic and adobe floors.
Cement floors arranged from cement mortar with a composition of 1:1 1:3 in a layer of 20 mm on a concrete base. These floors are mainly used in non-residential premises, as they generate dust, are thermally conductive and are not decorative.
Terrace floors They are often held in public buildings. They are two-layer - the bottom layer, at least 15 mm thick, is made of cement rust-proofed on a concrete base, and the top layer is made of cement mortar with marble chips of a composition of 1:2. After hardening, the floors are sanded with special machines until a smooth surface is formed, which gives them a beautiful appearance.
Asphalt floors performed in the form of a monolithic layer of cast asphalt 20...25 mm thick over concrete or compacted crushed stone preparation 100...120 mm thick. Asphalt floors are laid in basements and sometimes in communication rooms (corridors, staircases, passages, etc.) of public buildings,
Xylolite floors They are a coating made from a mixture of caustic magnesite, an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride and fine sawdust. They are made using concrete preparation or reinforced concrete slabs in two layers with a total thickness of 20 mm. Sometimes a dye t is added to the mixture to obtain different colors floor coverings. Xylolite floors are installed in the corridors of residential and public buildings and other dry non-residential premises.
Mastic (self-leveling) floors made from synthetic materials. Fine sand with the addition of polyvinyl acetate emulsion, which is a binder, forms a highly durable and elastic coating flooring, which costs almost two times less than linoleum covering. A mastic coating with a thickness of 2...3 mm is installed on slag concrete, cement or xylolite screed or on wood fiber or particle boards.
Clay floors made on compacted soil from a mixture of moistened clay with sand and crushed stone. Their thickness is 120... 150 mm. These floors are installed in auxiliary premises civil buildings, but extremely limited.
Floors made from roll and piece materials make it possible to increase the industrial nature of construction (Fig. 6.13).
Tile floors, for the installation of which ceramic tiles with a thickness of 10 and 13 mm are used, having a square, rectangular or octagonal shape. They are laid on a concrete base on a cement screed with a thickness of 10...20 mm. Carpet mosaic coverings are also used, consisting of small ceramic tiles 6...8 mm thick, measuring 23 x 23 and 28 x 28 mm. These coatings are most often delivered to the construction site in cards measuring 300 x 500 or 500 x 800 mm, manufactured at the factory according to a given design and tiles glued face down onto sheets of thick paper. After laying such cards on the screed with the paper facing up, it is moistened with warm water and removed, and the seams between the tiles are filled with liquid cement mortar. Floors made of ceramic slabs are installed in sanitary facilities, lobbies, staircases and etc.
Fig, 6.13. Floor designs:
a - from linoleum, b, j - from ceramic (metlakh) tiles, c, i - parquet, d, l - planks, e - linoleum on a gypsum concrete slab, f, g - from tapiflex, m, n - from chipboards , 1 - compacted soil, 2 - concrete preparation, 3 - cement mortar screed, 4 - layer of roofing felt or roofing felt on mastic, 5 - linoleum, 6 - ceramic tiles, 7 - cement mortar, 8 - parquet, 9 - asphalt, 10 - lubrication with hot bitumen, 11 - plank floor, 12 - logs, 13 - two layers of roofing felt, 14 - brick column, 15 - antiseptic gasket, 16 - lime-crushed stone preparation, 17 - gypsum concrete slab, 18 - floor panel, 19 - soundproofing gasket, 20 - tapiflex, 21 - separate flooring of vibro-rolled panels, 22 cinder concrete, 23 - wood fiber board, 24 - adhesive mastic, 25 - monolithic stitching, 26 - soundproofing layer, 27 - gypsum mortar, 28 - particle board, 29 - prefabricated screed
Floors made of polymer tiles of various sizes, based on polyvinyl chloride, phenolic and rubber waste, have become widespread. Such tiles are laid on a concrete, asphalt concrete and xylolite base or on chipboards or fibreboards and glued with special mastics.
Plank floors are made from tongue-and-groove boards 29 mm thick, nailed to the joists. The logs are supported on beams or ribs of the floors with the obligatory laying of elastic soundproofing gaskets, and when installing floors of the first floor on the ground - on brick columns with a cross-section of 250 x 250 mm, located at a distance of 800... 1000 mm.
There can also be two-layer plank floors, consisting of a subfloor in the form of a diagonally located flooring of unplaned boards and a clean floor of planed tongue-and-groove boards 29 mm thick.
Parquet floors made from small rectangular planks (rivets) made in factories. Parquet floors are laid on a concrete or plank base.
To eliminate the creaking of parquet floors when walking and provide better sound insulation, thin cardboard or two layers of thick paper are laid between the parquet and the wooden base. Industrial parquet floors are made from factory-made parquet boards and panels.
IN concrete base wooden slats are laid and parquet staves are glued to them with waterproof synthetic glue based on phenol-formaldehyde, melano or resorcinol.
Floors made from roll materials are made from synthetic materials: polyvinyl chloride linoleum (fabric-based, baseless, single- and multi-layer); polyester (glyphthalic) linoleum (on a fabric basis); colloxylin (baseless); rubber linoleum - relin (two-layer material); roll materials on porous or felt base.
Rice. 6.14. Floors on bases made of rolled gypsum cement concrete panels:
a - on multi-hollow panels, b - on solid flat slabs, c - construction of the wooden frame of the panel, d - connection of the panel to the wall or partition: 1 - floor covering. 2 - gypsum-cement-concrete panel, 3 - soundproofing gasket, 4 - hollow core flooring, 5 - solid flat slab, 6 - frame strapping, 7 - working reinforcement, 8 - distribution fittings, 9 - braces, 10 - mounting loops, 11 - roofing felt
Table 6.1. Basic technical and economic indicators of floors of various types
|
Scheme |
Overlap characteristics |
Height |
Surface density of the floor, |
|
Reinforced concrete flooring, linoleum floor on felt base Hollow-core flooring, parquet flooring on a plank base |
Linoleum coverings arranged on bases made of boards, solid fiberboards and particle boards or on cement screeds. The linoleum is glued to the base with a special glue based on synthetic, casein or bitumen resins. The base must be carefully prepared, otherwise the linoleum may peel off (local swelling).
Everything in construction greater application they find floors made of heat and sound insulating linoleum on a soft porous base. The rolls are laid directly on reinforced concrete slabs. This type of coating is very industrial and has good physical, mechanical, hygienic and decorative qualities.
Linoleum floors installed on large-sized rolled concrete panels 50 mm thick per room have good soundproofing properties (Fig. 6.14). Panels are reinforced wooden frame(Fig. 6.14, c), which is a lattice with cells 200 x 200 mm. To ensure sound insulation, the panels are supported on the load-bearing structures of the floor with the installation of tape soundproofing pads with a thickness of at least 25 mm made of soft wood fiber boards or mineral wool mats between them. The distance between the gaskets is up to 600 mm.
In Fig. 6.15 shows examples of adjacency various types floors to steps and partitions. When choosing the type of floors and ceilings, it is necessary to carry out a technical and economic evaluation and compare the options.
In table Table 6.1 shows the main technical and economic indicators of floors and floors made according to the schemes shown in Fig. 6.16.
When performing a technical and economic assessment of a structural solution for floors and floors, it is also necessary to take into account labor costs and the possibility of using local building materials.
Rice. 6.15. Connecting floors to walls:
a, b - linoleum floors, c - tapiflex floors, d - plank floor, 1 - panel with round voids, 2 - elastic pads, 3 - linoleum, 4 - gypsum concrete panels, 5 - tent panel, 6 - hapiflex, 7 - solid panel, 8 - joists, 9 - plank floor
Rice. 6.16, Types of panel interfloor ceilings and floors for them:
1 - floor panel, 2 - elastic gasket, 3 - floor, 4 - reinforced concrete or concrete floor slab, 5 - joists, 6 - subfloor, 7 - self-supporting ceiling, 8 - suspended ceiling
Floors made from piece materials are used in almost any building and structure. Οʜᴎ are divided into two main groups:
· from ceramic tiles and natural stone;
· made of wood.
Wood floors.
These floors include:
· planks;
· parquet floors made of piece parquet;
· from parquet boards;
· panel parquet;
· stacked mosaic parquet.
They are installed in residential and civil buildings. For their preparation, high-strength wood from pine, larch, fir, birch and alder is used. All processes for installing wood floors can be divided into three cycles:
· preparation for floors or “subfloor”;
· arrangement of a clean floor;
· final finishing of the clean floor.
Plank floors consist of a covering and a base. The covering is made of tongue-and-groove boards 29 or 37 mm thick and 74-124 mm wide with single or double flooring. The base for plank floors includes:
· when installing floors on the ground (Fig. 14.6.) - brick or concrete columns, waterproofing and logs;
· for interfloor ceilings - sound insulation and logs.
Fig. 14.6. Layout of a plank floor on the ground:
1 – compacted soil; 2 – brick column; 3 – lags; 4 – waterproofing; 5 - floor boards.
Columns and especially logs are made according to the level. Brick columns are laid dry. The distance between the axes of the columns is 0.8-0.9 m (with a log thickness of 40 mm) and 1-1.2 m (with a log thickness of 60 mm). Logs are unplaned boards 40-60 mm thick and 80-100 mm wide, usually made of coniferous wood. When installing floors on a reinforced concrete base, the lag pitch is 0.7-0.8 m, when installing the floor on brick columns, 0.4-0.6 m. The joints of the joists should rest on brick columns. The joists are leveled by laying additional soundproofing pads under them (on reinforced concrete slabs) or wooden pads (on brick columns). Waterproofing gaskets for joists are made of 100-150 mm wide from roofing felt, roofing felt or glassine. Sound insulation is replenished by pouring sand, slag, expanded clay and other porous materials into the space between the joists.
Planed boards with ridges and grooves on the side edges are used for plank coverings. The moisture content of the boards during laying should be no more than 12%. It is important to keep the boards together when laying floors. For this, various devices are used (Fig. 14.7).
Fig. 14.7. Device for joining boards:
a) – crossbar; b) – lever; 1 – crossbar; 2 – lining; 3 – boards; 4 – lever mechanism.
When laying, the first board is laid with a groove against the wall, each subsequent board is placed on the ridge with a hammer blow through a wooden spacer. After rallying, the next board is nailed with a nail 60-70 mm long, which runs at the base of the ridge at an angle of 45 0 and is finished off with a hammer until the heads are sunk in.
Parquet floors.
They can be made from piece parquet (parquet staves), from parquet boards, panel parquet and mosaic parquet.
Block parquet for better adhesion, it has a ridge and groove along the contour (Fig. 14.8.).
Fig. 14.8. Parquet stave design:
1 – groove; 2 – comb.
Moreover, the groove, as a rule, is shifted from the middle position, which suggests the presence of left and right rivets (depending on which side the longitudinal ridge is located when the rivet is positioned face up).
The base for parquet must be monolithic (cement-concrete screed) or prefabricated (board flooring). It is extremely important to lay fiberboard or chipboard on the boardwalk to avoid squeaking of the parquet.
When laying parquet on a screed, mastics are used, and rivets are nailed along the plank base. When laying parquet on mastic, the leveled base is primed and waited until it dries until there is no stickiness (5-8 hours). Laying begins with laying out rows of parquet throughout the room and laying the parquet dry with the installation of a frieze (Fig. 14.9.).
Fig. 14.9. Scheme for laying parquet with frieze:
In this case, the lighthouse entrance is made opposite the wall (so as not to stain the parquet with mastic). Use cold and hot bitumen mastics. A gap of 10-20 mm is formed between the wall and the parquet, which is filled with bitumen.
When laying block parquet on a plank base, a lighthouse tree is also laid out, but it is made in the middle of the room. The markings are done in such a way as to ensure a minimum of waste when pruning. Parquet finishing includes scraping, sanding and polishing, followed by varnishing the floors in 2 times. The recent emergence of high-quality universal adhesives makes it possible to abandon the use of mastics and nails, and the production of high-precision parquet rivets with a polished surface makes it possible to eliminate such labor-intensive operations when laying parquet such as scraping and sanding.
The floors are made of parquet boards.
The design of the floor and the technology of its installation are similar to floors with plank covering. Parquet boards consist of a slatted base and a face covering of planks. The boards are made 1.2-3 m long with a gradation of 0.6 m; width 137-200 mm, thickness 15-18 and 23-27 mm with strips thickness 4, 6 and 8 mm. The front surface of the planks is sanded and varnished during manufacturing. Planks in a certain configuration (alternating squares of horizontal and vertical strips, continuous transverse or continuous longitudinal placement of planks on a rail, etc.) are glued onto a base rail that has grooves and ridges on the edges.
Fig. 14.10. Parquet board design:
1 – base board; 2 – bar; 3 – groove; 4 – ridge.
Panel parquet floors are made from parquet panels consisting of a base (low-grade coniferous wood) and a parquet covering (from valuable species of timber). The boards are produced in sizes 400x400, 500x500, 600x600, 800x800 mm with grooves along all edges (fastened together by connecting strips that act as a ridge). The thickness of the shields is 22-40 mm. Parquet strips 100-400 mm long are used as covering; width 20-50 mm; 4, 6 and 8 mm thick, glued to the base in various configurations.
Panel parquet is also laid with mastic, on joists or wooden cages to suit the size of the panel.
Tile floors.
Tile coverings are used for flooring in buildings with heavy human traffic and almost constant wet operating conditions; such coverings are made on a rigid base (screed or concrete preparation) or directly on floor slabs. If the floor must have a slope, then it is created due to the base, but not due to the layer.
The following types of tiles are used for coating:
· concrete;
· ceramic;
· cast iron;
· from natural stone, etc.
Concrete and cast iron tiles are used primarily in industrial buildings with heavy intra-shop traffic and significant static and dynamic loads on the floor covering.
Natural stone coatings Most often they are installed in the lobbies of hotels and public buildings, the foyers of theaters and cinemas. For such coatings, rectangular slabs mainly made of marble are used, as well as waste from their production with a smooth top surface, obtained by sawing and cutting the original stones, called breccia. Such floors are installed on a base made of cement-sand mortar.
Ceramic tile floors made from tiles with symmetrical or abstract patterns of various colors, sizes 100x100; 150x150; 200x200; 250x250; 310x310 mm. Tiles can be laid using cement-sand mortar or mastics and adhesives. Begin laying tiles by marking the clean floor in the corners of the room (using a water level or level). Laying is carried out from the wall opposite the entrance, in strips 50-60 cm wide. Before laying the strips, lighthouse tiles are placed in the corners and 2-3 meters between them.
The following types of beacons are distinguished:
· reference – installed directly against the wall along the mark of the finished floor;
· frieze - installed in the corners on the frieze line;
· intermediate – installed in large areas, when the distance between opposite fascia beacons exceeds 2 m.
Then the cord is pulled and a beacon row is laid along the cord. Subsequently, the tiles are laid between the lighthouse rows (Fig. 14.11.).
Fig. 14.11. Layout of ceramic tile floors:
1 – frieze lighthouse row; 2 – intermediate auxiliary beacons; 3 – reference beacon on the wall; 4 – lighthouse rows; 5 – mooring cord for laying the lighthouse row.
