2. MATERIALS FOR FURNITURE PRODUCTION

Wood, polymer, metal, and glass materials are used in furniture production.

Wood- This is the main material for making furniture. It has high strength, hardness, and is easy to process; Durable in dry, heated rooms. Wood furniture is hygienic and does not emit toxic substances. Disadvantages of wood: flammability, biological instability in a wet state, the presence of natural defects in wood, hygroscopicity. In the production of furniture, lumber (boards, bars), peeled and planed veneer, plywood, chipboards, and fiberboards are used.

Plastics widely used in furniture production. Plastics have a variety of properties: they are used as a shock-absorbing material in upholstered furniture, as decorative films for lining furniture parts, making seats and drawers. Such furniture is not subject to corrosion, destruction by insects, rotting, is easy to clean, but is not harmless enough, is subject to aging processes under the influence of the external environment, and cannot be repaired.

Textile materials are used for external furniture upholstery and as covering fabrics for covering internal furniture elements.

Finishing materials are intended for finishing furniture in order to improve the appearance and protect against environmental influences.

Finishing furniture materials include: dyes, putties, primers, varnishes, enamels, polishes, surface refreshing compounds, textured paper, etc.

Fastening products: decorative nails, fastening staples, screws, shelf holders and magnetic holders, brackets, etc.

Accessories- ensures movable and stationary interactions of elements, interaction of furniture and people, unity of artistic solution. These are handles of various shapes, hinges, brackets, movable supports, latches, latches, locks, glass for furniture, polished, unpolished, patterned, thickness from 3 to 7 mm.

Mirrors for cabinets, trellises, sideboards are made of polished glass. Mirrors have a steep (17-30°) or flat (5-12°) bevel.

2. FURNITURE PRODUCTION

Basic operations for manufacturing furniture: designing furniture, developing sketches, layouts, technical documentation and creation of a finished sample of furniture; then source materials are selected and prepared, cutting, processing of blanks, joining of parts and elements, surface finishing, finishing and assembly of products are carried out.

Front finishing of furniture. Finishing is used to give furniture an appropriate appearance and protect it from environmental influences.

Furniture finishing consists of preparing the surface, applying the coating and refining it. The following types of finishes are used for furniture: transparent, opaque, combined, special.

Transparent finishes- varnishing, polishing.

Varnishing e - a common type of furniture finishing. A varnish film is applied to the prepared surface; use resin, alcohol, nitrocellulose, perchlorovinyl, polyester, polyurethane and other varnishes.

Polishing is a labor-intensive, expensive type of furniture finishing. The surface of the furniture is smooth, with a mirror-like shine, with a clearly visible wood texture. Texture - the pattern of wood on the cut surface.

Opaque finish consists of applying pigmented paints and varnishes (paints, enamels) to the surface to be finished, which completely hide the inexpressive texture and color of wood or the surface of a wood-based material. Also, opaque finishing serves to obtain coatings with high protective properties.

Imitation finish is a method of creating a decorative coating by deep dyeing, applying a wood texture pattern to the surface to be finished, pressing films onto a base with the texture of wood, marble or other material printed on them. Imitation finishing using films is widely used in the production of mass-produced, relatively cheap furniture.

Special finishing – has several varieties. This can be the application of a finishing layer of molten or powdered metal (metalization), polymer and other materials to the surface. It can also include surface sandblasting, embossing, burning, inlay, and wood carving.

The next step in furniture production is decoration. Specific types of furniture decoration include:

· Overlay profile elements;

· Carving (surface, artistic, openwork, etc.);

· Imitation printing (imitation of valuable wood species by applying a printed pattern);

· Inlay - drawing on furniture; are obtained by cutting into the main wood separate pieces that differ in color and texture from the main background, as well as mother-of-pearl and metal.

· Marquetry - decoration, the general background and design of which are made of various types of wood; glued to the prepared surface.

· Intarsia – wood inlay on wood;

3. CLASSIFICATION AND RANGE OF FURNITURE

Furniture is classified by purpose, by operational and functional characteristics, by completeness, by design and technological characteristics, by type of source material, by type of product (see color insert).

According to purpose, furniture is divided into household furniture and for public premises (for offices).

Household furniture divided into furniture for living rooms, kitchens, hallways and children's rooms.

Functionally distinguish furniture for work; lying down; seats; storage of clothes, books, dishes.

According to completeness- piece and complete furniture (sets and sets for the bedroom, dining room, office, etc.).

According to constructive and technological sign Furniture is divided into panel furniture, frame furniture, sectional furniture, collapsible furniture, non-collapsible furniture, folding furniture, transformable furniture, shelving furniture and combined furniture.

According to the age of consumers, furniture for adults, teenagers and children is distinguished.

By the presence of a soft element furniture is divided into soft and hard.

By production method There are carpentry, bent, molded, bent-glued, wicker and pressed (wood) furniture, metal - cast, welded, plastic - cast, stamped.

By type of source material furniture is classified into wooden, plastic, metal, and combined. Wooden furniture is divided into carpentry, bent, and wicker.

By type of product: cabinets (for dishes, books, linen), chests of drawers, sideboards, combined cabinets, cabinets, tables (serving, desk, dining, kitchen, coffee, etc.), beds (single, one-and-a-half, double), sofas, sofa beds, couches, ottomans, stools, banquettes, chairs, armchairs (work and for relaxation), chair-beds, chaise lounges, trellises, dressing table, children's playpens, etc. (see appendix)

Carpentry furniture. Carpentry furniture for living rooms is varied in types, sizes, materials, designs, finishes and other characteristics.

By design, carpentry furniture can be block and cabinet, and cabinet furniture can be panel or frame.

Based on functionality, it is divided into: for sitting, working, preparing and eating food, for storing linen, books, dishes and other items; for sleep and rest; toilet and cultural and domestic needs.

Cabinet panel furniture. Wardrobes for dresses and linen are made with a different number of doors (from one to four doors). The dress compartment may have a hanger bar, a shelf for hats, internal drawers, shelves and trays. The doors of the wardrobes for dresses and linen are hinged. On the inside of one of the doors there is a rod for hanging ties and a mirror. (see Appendix No. 1)

Bookcases They have sliding glass doors that can be opened. The lower part of the cabinets has panel doors. Adjustable shelves are installed on shelf holders. The distance between the shelves is from 180 to 380 mm, and the depth is 140-440 mm - when storing books in two rows.

Secretaries- furniture that can be used to store books, and also as a table, since the secretary has a hinged door. Shelves for storing books are made hanging. Secretaries are available with panel or glass doors or without doors.

Buffets ( w cafes) used for storing dishes , Sideboards are designed to store cutlery, table linen, and dishes.

Combined cabinets have several branches for various purposes: for books, linen, dresses, dishes.

Cabinets (dressers) for storing various items: They are made with shelves, hinged panel doors, and a large number of drawers. Available in depths of 300-600 mm and heights of 800-1100 mm. Bedding cabinets have a compartment with a hinged lid and an opening door.

Dining tables distinguished by the shape of the lid. Lids can be round, square, oval, sliding or folding. Legs dining tables different profiles: round, curly, square, beveled. Dimensions of dining tables: width - 60-90 cm, length of an extended table - 120-270 cm. The dimensions of the lids are determined by the number of seats at the rate of 500-600 mm per person with a depth of 325 mm.

In Kitchen set includes a desk cabinet, wall cabinets, a dining table, stools, and the kitchen set may also include a utility cabinet, a desk cabinet with a sink, etc.

Kitchen tables. The working surfaces of kitchen tables are lined with decorative plastic; rectangular lids; under the table there is a cabinet for storing dishes (closet doors are folding or sliding).

Suitable material for furniture is selected based on its functionality and the conditions in which it is used. Despite the conservatism of this market segment, more modern and practical types appear every year. Therefore, craftsmen who make furniture themselves must constantly monitor new trends and the emergence of wear-resistant materials.

Technologies for the production of furniture materials are constantly being improved and developed. More functional new products are appearing on the market. These include MDF boards, waterproof plywood, and composite materials. Let's take a closer look at what materials furniture is made from.

Wood boards

The most popular variety is chipboard, or chipboard. For its manufacture, sawdust and shavings are used, impregnated with formaldehyde resin, which acts as a binder. This is the most practical material for the manufacture of cabinet furniture. Chipboard materials used in the kitchen and bathroom have increased moisture resistance.

With all the advantages, this type of plate has a significant drawback - the presence of harmful formaldehydes. Their secretions, especially in high concentrations, are hazardous to health.

Disadvantages also include its poor moisture resistance. If water gets under the laminated surface layer, the entire slab will swell and crumble. It should be taken into account that even furniture made of natural materials may suffer from conditions of excessive humidity and lose its appearance.

Fiberboard

When making fiberboard, wood fibers are used in production. They are compressed by hot pressing of the mass. In addition to cellulose fibers, the composition includes water and synthetic polymers. Thanks to this technology, one side of the slab has a mesh texture. The other side is the front side, covered with a melamine film, creating a smooth surface. Fiberboards are much thinner than chipboard and more flexible.

Rough fiber board is also used to make furniture. Its difference is in the front side, the surface of which is not covered with a film, but simply polished. The choice of material is influenced by its cost. In this case, money is saved, because this version of the board is cheaper than its laminated counterpart. The thickness of the plate ranges from 3 to 5 mm. Although it is believed that the thicker it is, the better, in this case everything is different. Fiberboard is used to make the base of pull-out cabinets and cabinet walls, for which the ideal thickness is considered to be 3 mm. Therefore, this is the most common thickness of fiberboard.

The reasons why you should choose fiberboard for making furniture are: low price material, good thermal insulation qualities and long service life. Disadvantages include fear of moisture and a narrow scope of application.

MDF

Furniture materials made from MDF are safe and environmentally friendly, since they contain only natural components, such as sawdust. Instead of binder resins, MDF boards contain natural paraffin and lignin. MDF board materials, due to their environmental friendliness, are used in the manufacture of children's and kitchen furniture. That is, they are suitable for use in premises where increased requirements to environmental safety.

Another advantage of this material is its density and uniformity, which allows it to be used as facing material for furniture. Facades are made from it and decorative finishing for furniture. Significant disadvantage slabs is their weight. They are quite heavy, so solid furniture is not made from MDF. The cost of the material, although lower than natural wood, is slightly higher than chipboard.

Plywood

Plywood is more expensive than chipboard and fiberboard and is inferior to them in the variety of surface textures. For these reasons, the material is rarely used in furniture making.

Features of plywood:

• Sheet thickness from 4 to 21 mm;
• Made from different breeds tree, which doesn't really matter at this point. You can equally use birch or pine plywood;
• The material is difficult to process. Plain plywood is cut with a jigsaw, but plastic-coated material requires special equipment.

This material is sensitive to humidity. Therefore, exposed parts of plywood furniture should be additionally processed.

Plastic

Considering that furniture made from natural wood is quite expensive due to the cost of raw materials, artificial types of materials that imitate natural ones are increasingly being used in its production. One of them is furniture plastic. This one is layered decorative material made by pressing several types of special paper.

Furniture finishing materials such as plastic, especially post-formed plastic, are used to create furniture facades, cladding window sills and tabletops. Plastic is great for making bathroom furniture where conditions exist high humidity and temperature fluctuations. A new trend on the market is furniture made from composite material. Its production is based on two elements – polymer and wood.

Glass

Glass can be used to create different types of furniture for different purposes. For example, a table with a glass top will look stylish in any interior.

Thanks to the ability of glass to refract and reflect light, this material is a good decorative element in home design. At correct selection light, glass furniture facades enliven the room. Finishing materials for furniture such as glass are reliable, practical and look good in the interior of the rooms of the house. Even chairs, stools and armchairs of various fancy shapes are made from glass.

Stone

Materials for making furniture made of stone look quite attractive. The main advantage is its pleasant energy, texture and unique pattern.

Benefits of use:

• Natural colors and textures do not require additional decoration;
• Indisputable environmental safety, because the stone is one hundred percent natural material;
• Doesn't need special care, it’s enough just to wipe off dust regularly;
• Resistant to high humidity and temperature changes.

Used for making kitchen countertops and window sills, as well as garden benches and armchairs. Prominent representatives of this type of material are marble and granite. To make sitting on the stone comfortable, it is equipped with pillows made of soft fabrics such as velor, corduroy, microfur and others.

Natural wood

Thanks to its natural qualities, it best material for furniture production. First of all, it is environmentally friendly and does not emit toxins. Natural wood is a durable material. Products made from it have a long service life. Wood is easy to process and can be used to make furniture of any shape. This property allows you to create original designer headsets. The main tree species used: pine, birch, oak. In addition to these familiar species, rarer ones are also used: sandalwood and mahogany.

Metal

Metal is mainly used for the manufacture of garden furniture sets. Three types of metals are mainly used. These are cast iron, steel and aluminum. Cast iron has a beautiful appearance, strong and durable. Since it is very heavy, furniture made from it is difficult to move. This metal is subject to corrosion and therefore requires additional treatment with a special coating.

Made from steel garden tables, gazebos and sun loungers. Products can be made in large sizes because they are easy to move. To protect against corrosion, use primer and paint.

Aluminum is a very light material. Therefore it is suitable for making chairs and armchairs. Resistant to corrosion and does not require additional processing.

Decorative coating of wood boards

For decorative coating wood boards include veneering, lamination and lamination of chipboard, as well as the production of postforming and softforming facades.

Laminated chipboard is created by covering the surface with canvas roll material using glue. The canvas is rolled with a roller at temperatures from 20 to 150°C and pressure up to 7 MPa.

The advantages of laminated chipboard include its low cost, ease of manufacture, and beautiful appearance. The disadvantages of using this material are its short service life, low wear resistance, and the original appearance is lost after 1-2 years.

Melamine coating

Melamine edge is used for covering furniture. It is made from decorative paper impregnated with resins. Used for finishing the inside of products or internal parts. The material is easy to use. You don't need any special equipment to apply it. The edge thickness is 0.3 mm, and it comes in one or two layers. Reverse side treated with a special adhesive solution.

Laminate

The surface of the laminated chipboard is covered with a special finishing film. It is paper impregnated with resins. It is attached to the surface through a chemical reaction involving resins that are present in the film. There are two types of lamination:

• Cold
• Hot.

The process itself takes place in four stages. Namely:

• Preparing the base;
• Preparation of paper for coating;
• Applying this finishing coating to the slab;
• Forming slabs into pallets.

Postforming

This is the name of a simple chipboard with rounded corners. Used for the manufacture of furniture facades and kitchen countertops. Postforming facades are made without internal milling, which is why they are cheaper than their analogues.

For the manufacture of postforming facades, a standard chipboard sheet 2.44 meters long is used. It is cut into pieces various widths. Then, on special equipment - an edge banding machine, the ends of the facade are glued using a plastic edge. The ends can only be covered with melamine edges, but it is less durable and not practical.

On the finished product, the junction of the edge and the canvas should be smooth and free of glue residues. It is better to pack each part separately to avoid scratches and dents.

Softforming

The basis of softforming is chipboard. Its edges are milled and covered with plastic protective film different color. Scope of application: furniture facades. The main difference from postforming is the internal milling of the edges of the blade.

The manufacturing process of softforming facades is no different from the production of postforming facades. Also façade canvas standard sizes sawed into separate products and pasted over the ends of the parts using special equipment. The only difference is that you can additionally make a groove on the inside of the parts for installing glass. Its width is 4 mm.

Modern profile industry uses various materials for furniture production. They differ from each other in their set of characteristics, appearance and cost.

Quality of materials for furniture production

High-quality fittings and materials play several key roles in furniture production:

• ensure reliability and long service life of the structure;
• increase the functionality and practicality of furniture;
• have a direct impact on the appearance of the product and its style.

Materials used in furniture production can be divided into two categories:

• basic. They are used in the manufacture of cases, frames and elements of the supporting structure of cabinets, beds, chests of drawers, sofas and other products;


• additional. This category includes upholstery materials and exterior decorative elements.

Let's take a closer look at the main materials for the production of cabinet furniture, as well as sofas and armchairs.

Basic materials for furniture production

In the manufacture of various cabinet furniture, the main materials used are:

• natural wood. Wooden furniture has always been in demand among consumers due to its exquisite appearance, environmental friendliness and long service life. Some types of wood can retain their basic properties (strength, appearance) for many decades. Regardless of the price category, each type of wood has its own unique natural texture - a special pattern on the surface, which consists of a complex interweaving of wood fibers. Today, natural wood is used primarily to make the fronts of cabinets and kitchen units, as well as tables and chairs. One of the reasons for the limited distribution of the material is its high cost. For example, kitchen set or a wall in the living room, made of valuable wood, can be compared in cost to a premium car;


• Various board materials are widely used in furniture production. First of all, we are talking about chipboard and MDF. Both materials are obtained from wood processing waste (various sawdust, shavings, etc.), which are crushed to the required state. Only in the case of laminated chipboard, the chips are large and mixed with formaldehyde resins; in the case of MDF, the raw materials are crushed almost into dust and mixed with organic or non-toxic resins. In order for the material to have an attractive appearance, its surface is coated. Chipboard is laminated with a film that imitates wood of various species, and the surface of MDF can be painted, covered with PVC film, plastic or other polymers. Both materials have good performance properties, strength and durability. Today, due to their affordable cost, they have completely replaced natural wood. Laminated chipboard and MDF are the main materials in the production of kitchen furniture, and the casings of all elements of the furniture are made from chipboard, and the facades are made from MDF.

Additional materials and components in furniture production include mirrors, glass, plastic, metal, bamboo, artificial rattan and acrylic. The main purpose is decoration and exterior finishing surfaces. Combining basic and Additional materials, you can achieve unique stylistic and color solutions.

Also play an important role paints and varnishes in furniture production. They are widely used when working with natural wood, giving it the required color or texture (patination).

The varnish coating reliably protects the wood from moisture and minor mechanical damage. If we are talking about MDF, then the surface of the workpiece can be coated with various enamels to create unique color and shade combinations.

What materials are upholstered furniture made from?

Sofas, sofas, armchairs of various styles and designs have flooded the domestic furniture market.

Compared to cabinet furniture, the main material from the consumer’s point of view here is upholstery - it is the quality and color of the fabric that the buyer first pays attention to.

Nowadays, a variety of materials are used in the production of furniture. In this article we will look at what materials are used and what they are used for, and look at them specifications. Our company produces custom-made furniture, using combinations of materials and textures in its work. Such furniture to order from the manufacturer cannot but please the eye, and will also satisfy with its functional and technical characteristics.

1.

Solid wood- it is presented and known to you as a regular board - lumber up to 100 mm thick, which is made from logs of various tree species.

Tree species differ in their texture, strength and actual price. The most common in furniture production tree species: oak, beech, ash, walnut and mahogany. Oak, the most popular material on the furniture market, has a distinct texture and is a relatively cheap material.

Also, in our production we use an array of valuable tree species. These include makassar, rosewood, teak, as well as wood made from tree roots, for example, elm or thuja root.

Solid wood in furniture production is used mainly to make complex, shaped parts of products: cornices, baseboards, façade trim, layouts and other decorative elements.

2.

- particle board- sheet material made by hot pressing of wood chips. Chipboard began to be produced in the USA in the 40s of the 20th century. Now chipboard is the most common material for furniture production, which is also used in construction.

In this form, the boards are almost never used - in furniture production they are lined with veneer, films or plastics. We produce exclusive veneered furniture to order from slabs lined with veneer (see veneer). Chipboards lined with melamine film are also used in our production as frame material for products.

3.

- laminated particle board- sheet material used for the production of furniture. LDSP are chipboard boards lined with melamine film of various colors and decors. Custom-made furniture from a manufacturer made from this material is considered very practical and not expensive.

4.

MDF - Fiberboard medium density (English) Medium Density Fiberboard) - slab material for the production of furniture and construction work is obtained by dry pressing of small wood chips. MDF, like chipboard, is covered with films, plastics and veneer. Distinctive feature This material is characterized by its moisture resistance and homogeneity. MDF is used to produce furniture that will be located in rooms with high humidity (for example, in the bathroom). Also, MDF is ideal for the production of milled facades and for painted products. The paint lies evenly on such a surface, while color solutions furniture can be the most daring and exclusive.

5.

Wood material, which is a thin (less than 3 mm) sheet of wood. The production of custom-made furniture based on individual projects involves the use of this material. Veneer is used to cover MDF and chipboard boards. Veneered furniture to order is unique design, the texture of the wood gives the products a presentable appearance. The veneer goes very well with decorative elements from solid wood of the same type.

6.

Paint and varnish products. For finishing products, varnishes, impregnations and paints are used. Veneered furniture to order is coated with impregnations - they give the veneer and solid wood different shades(depending on the application of impregnation, the wood may become lighter or darker. Varnishes give the product strength, it will serve you for many years.

The paint that will be used to coat custom-made furniture can be chosen from hundreds of different shades. color ranges. To “aging” products, we use the patination technique. Patina, initially, is a film formed on products made of copper and other alloys. The production of furniture and custom carpentry uses a decorative patina (it can be compared to thick paint), it gives the products exclusivity and elegance.

Leading global manufacturers.

In assortment:

• laminated panels(Egger, Austria) – about 30 species. The Mr.Doors company uses laminated E1 class panels with a thickness of 8, 16 and 25, 38 and 43 mm;
• panels finished with PVC films and high-gloss PVC films. At the same time, the Mr.Doors company is one of the few in Russia that produces panels in PVC film on own production according to individual sizes, rather than ordering a ready-made range of standard sizes from European manufacturers. The technology of so-called 3D cladding consists of several stages. First, the MDF panel is evenly coated on all sides with glue from a special sprayer. Then the facade is placed in a special press, where under the influence of vacuum and high temperature the film is practically “fused” onto the part. The Mr.Doors company uses ultra-abrasion-resistant films from the world's best manufacturers: the Japanese company Riken and the German Alkor, part of the Renolit group.
• panels finished with high-gloss enamels. MDF panels in high-gloss enamel are manufactured in our own high-tech production according to individual sizes. The process of manufacturing panels in high-gloss enamel requires a modern production facility and painstaking manual labor. Installed at Mr.Doors production modern equipment a complete cycle for applying high-gloss enamel, including painting, curing and drying chambers from the Cefla company (Italy).

  The Mr.Doors company, being at the forefront of furniture fashion, is developing the direction of high-gloss enamels, which resulted in the new “Palette” program. Of the 19 primary colors of enamels used by the company, 8 were selected, based on each of which 4 additional options were created by mixing with white in different proportions. Thus, the company’s enamel palette has expanded to 51 shades, providing a huge range of choice.

• "Tamburato" panels- a favorite material of Italian designers, which has come to Russia in recent years. Its use allows you to create voluminous swing doors, large open shelves and spacious shelving, following the latest trends in European furniture fashion. “Tamburato” – furniture panels with a thickness of 36 and 50 mm. They are thicker than the chipboard panels commonly used in furniture production, but are much stronger and lighter due to the use of an internal honeycomb core.
• various glasses and mirrors, as well as plastic inserts. Attaching great importance to the safety of furniture, the Mr.Doors company uses glass and mirrors equipped with a special protective film. Even if the glass accidentally breaks, it will hold the fragments, preventing them from scattering around the room.
• Eco-tek panels. Faux leather– not new, but still original way decoration of furniture compositions. The leather inserts included in this series look impressive both on the fronts of drawers and swing doors, and as fragments wall panels or