Main branches of the building materials industry. Industry Overview: Building Materials Industry


As an industrial sector, the production of building materials has developed and acquired independent significance as a result of its enormous scale. construction work. His modern role in the Russian economy is that building materials account for more than Vg of costs associated with construction and installation work.
The building materials industry, with its wide variety of industries and industries, is characterized by the unity of purpose of its products. It is directly related only to construction, providing it necessary materials. Along with this, an important feature is the use of non-metallic minerals as the main raw material.
Depending on the specific construction needs and stages technological process The building materials industry can be divided into three groups: 1) extraction and primary processing of mineral construction raw materials (sand, gravel, crushed stone, rubble stone, etc.); 2) production of binding materials (cement, lime, gypsum); 3) production of various wall materials, products and structures, especially concrete and reinforced concrete, for the construction of buildings and structures.
Construction is increasingly becoming a mechanized process of assembling and installing buildings and structures using blocks, parts and products manufactured in factories. In this regard, the production of cement, precast concrete and concrete aggregates comes to the fore, ensuring the industrialization of construction and installation work.
Currently, the production of building materials is more than half concentrated within the so-called construction industry, that is, the system of contract construction organizations. Thus, being different sectors of the economy, the construction industry and the building materials industry interact very closely with each other, forming specific industrial and construction territorial combinations.
The existing territorial organization of production repeats, on the one hand, the placement of developed sources of natural raw materials, as well as places of accumulation of industrial waste suitable for disposal, and, on the other hand, the placement of capital construction.
The location of the building materials industry is significantly influenced by raw materials. This is explained primarily by the high volumetric weight and extremely low transportability of mineral construction raw materials. Thus, transporting sand or gravel by car over a distance of 50 km costs 10 times more than their extraction.
Thanks regarding easy conditions development and high content of components, mineral construction raw materials are cheap and, as a rule, do not require preliminary enrichment. But unit costs it per unit of finished product is quite large.
At the same time, the location of the building materials industry largely depends on the consumer factor. Despite their widespread use and ubiquity, building materials themselves are comparatively cheap and have a high volumetric weight, and as a result, low transportability. Many of them (reinforced concrete products and structures, binders, bricks, etc.) are even less transportable than the original raw materials.
The prevalence of raw materials, the cheapness and carrying capacity of raw materials and finished products, the mass and ubiquity of their use determine the main economic and geographical feature of the building materials industry - the simultaneous gravitation of production towards raw materials and the consumer.
The importance of raw materials and consumer factors varies for different industries, stages of the technological process and types of enterprises. From this point of view, we can distinguish: industries predominantly oriented towards raw materials - the production of cement, brick, asbestos-cement and slate products, fire-resistant materials, glass, ceramic pipes, gypsum, lime, etc.; predominantly consumer-oriented industries - production of concrete, reinforced concrete products and structures, soft roof, sanitary products, etc.
In relation to sources of raw materials and places of consumption of finished products, enterprises in the building materials industry are divided into three types. Some of them are engaged in extraction, as well as pre-processing of raw materials and are geographically confined to certain natural resources. Others make materials (cement, lime, gypsum, etc.), which are then further processed. These enterprises have a full production cycle - from raw materials to finished products and, as a rule, are associated with raw material bases. Some enterprises produce finished products from pre-processed materials.
They are divided, in turn, into enterprises with a full production cycle, which mainly gravitate towards raw materials (glass, brick, etc.), and into enterprises working on imported semi-finished products and located at places of consumption (concrete, reinforced concrete products and structures, sanitary products, etc.).
The cement industry plays a primary role in the production of building materials (Fig. 5.12, see color insert). It focuses mainly on raw material sources. Optimal conditions For the development of the cement industry at modern scales of production, areas where limestones and clays (or marls) are combined with mineral fuel (250-400 kg of fuel equivalent are used for 1 ton of clinker) or are located on its transportation routes.
The raw material base for cement has expanded significantly due to the use of slag, oil shale ash and other waste, as well as the comprehensive processing of nephelines. Their utilization leads to the emergence of territorial combinations of the cement industry with ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, with electric power. At the same time, the production of cement attracts the production of slate and asbestos cement pipes. In 1998, 26 million tons of cement were produced, 1268 million cu. slate tiles and thousand km of asbestos-cement pipes.
The cement industry is characterized by a high level of industrial concentration. Plants with a capacity of more than 1 million tons per year account for about half of all production. The largest enterprises are located in the Central (Bryansk, Voskresensk, Podolsk) and Central Black Earth (Belgorod, Stary Oskol) regions, in the Volga region (Volsk, Mikhailovna, Zhigulevsk), in the North Caucasus (Novorossiysk), in the Urals (Magnitogorsk, Yemanzhelinsk), in Western Siberia (Novokuznetsk, Iskitim) and Eastern Siberia (Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk).
The main regions for cement production are the Urals, Central, Volga, Central Black Earth regions and the North Caucasus. Together they produce 2/3 of all products. These regions differ from each other in the structure of production and the nature of the raw material base. If enterprises in the Central region, the Volga region and the North Caucasus work on natural mineral and construction raw materials, then in the Urals the cement industry also widely uses waste from ferrous metallurgy.
In contrast to the cement industry, the precast concrete industry is linked to places where finished products are consumed. The overwhelming majority of reinforced concrete products and structures (about 9/10 of the total volume) are used directly in production centers or adjacent areas.
The main components of reinforced concrete are steel reinforcement, cement and aggregates (sand and crushed stone). Fillers account for 3/’ of the volume of finished products. Therefore, a very important condition when locating enterprises is the proximity of quarries for the extraction of non-metallic materials. In 1998, precast concrete production amounted to 16.6 million m3.
Currently, 2/3 of reinforced concrete products and structures are produced by enterprises in the European part with the largest scale of production in the Central region. The Urals also play a significant role. The production of precast concrete is located throughout the country mainly in accordance with the differences in the volume of capital construction, which emphasizes its close contact with the construction industry.
The production of cement, and especially reinforced concrete products, is one of those branches of the building materials industry where the territorial division of labor is currently less pronounced than before. In other words, the level of specialization of economic regions in the production of these building materials is lower compared to the level of specialization in the production of slate, glass, soft roofing, asbestos-cement pipes or sanitary products.
Cement and reinforced concrete, as the most progressive and versatile materials, the use of which ensures the industrialization of construction, are now produced in all regions of the country, and in quantities approximately corresponding to the volume of capital investments. Other building materials industries (except lime, gypsum and walling) are less dispersed. Thus, over 2/5 of the window glass in the country is produced by the Central region and the Urals; the Central, Central Black Earth regions and the Urals are distinguished for the production of asbestos-cement pipes; the Central region is distinguished for the production of metlakh tiles. Moreover, each of them has extensive inter-district connections for the sale of finished products.
The prospects for the development and territorial organization of the building materials industry are determined by the volume of capital investments, further industrialization of construction, and the development of natural resources in the eastern and northern regions of the country.

The development of the building materials industry in the Russian Federation in the last decade has been quite complex and has been spasmodic. In the early 1990s. There was a sharp surge in market demand (with an existing shortage) for building materials, mainly for individual construction, then an intense drop in demand and production volumes for the vast majority of domestic building materials and home improvement items, and a significant expansion of imported materials. By the end of the 1990s. There has been a turn in market demand towards high-tech domestic products.

The reform of the management of the building materials industry and the independent entry of enterprises into the market, a high degree of profitability with the weak influence of domestic regulatory and technical documentation on the quality of building materials were the main reasons for the decline that occurred by the mid-1990s. decline in industry performance. The low technological level of production of most building materials and home improvement items has led to the fact that the domestic market, at the current exchange rate of the ruble, has allowed higher-quality imported goods to largely displace domestically produced products from the market.
Structural adjustment in housing construction in the early 1990s. led to disorganization of the structure of the construction complex and the closure of many industries, the mothballing of numerous industry facilities, the construction of which had begun earlier.

However, by the end of the 1990s. the situation has changed, about 600 new production facilities, technological lines and facilities have been put into operation, and technical re-equipment and modernization of production. The introduction of private and mixed ownership of the building materials industry led to an increase in the number of enterprises by more than 4.5 times, while the number of employees in the industry decreased by almost 40%. At the same time, new organizational trends emerged related to the desire of enterprises to form narrow-profile associations, non-profit organizations, holdings and other structures. The main trend was unification by types of products.

Currently, the building materials market has undergone significant changes. There are more and more competitive domestic building materials and products that meet modern requirements and match the quality of the best world standards: thermal insulation products made of fiberglass, dry mixes, a wide range of finishing materials made of gypsum, roofing materials, energy-efficient translucent window structures made of polymer materials and fiberglass, heat-reflecting glass, polyethylene pipes and fittings, etc. At the same time, the technical level of most Russian enterprises still lags significantly behind the world level, and a large number of regions are deficient in certain types of building materials.

The building materials industry today has a huge order for its products. Mass multi-storey and cottage housing construction is unfolding in the country. There is an investment boom, all this requires cement and other building materials.

The construction and reconstruction of two dozen new cement plants began. Western business came to the country and brought with it new technologies in construction and the production of new building materials (for example, dry building mixtures).

In the building materials industry, according to the specific location of enterprises, two groups of sub-sectors can be distinguished.

On the one hand, there are industries predominantly oriented towards raw materials. The main part of the deposits for the production of building materials (sand, gravel, clay), in contrast to metal or hydrocarbon raw materials, is widespread. At the same time, the high material intensity of production determines the dependence of such industries as the production of cement, bricks, glass, ceramic pipes and other products on sources of raw materials. In addition, the bulk of the waste generated during the production process cannot be disposed of.

On the other hand, many industries producing building materials are characterized by a pronounced focus on the consumer. Basically, these are enterprises engaged in redistribution intermediate products, which results in the production of goods that are difficult or economically unprofitable (due to bulk) to transport over long distances. First of all, this applies to the production of concrete, reinforced concrete products and structures, soft roofing, etc.

Among the first group of building materials industries, the most significant place is occupied by the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products (23.2 million m3 were produced in the country in 2005). There is a tendency for enterprises to gravitate towards the largest Russian cities, where large-scale construction is possible multi-storey buildings and large non-residential complexes (offices, shopping centers etc.) The leading positions are occupied by Moscow and the Moscow region, where the largest urban agglomeration in the country is located.


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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MOSCOW STATE CIVIL UNIVERSITY

in the discipline: "Industry Economics (Construction)"

Topic: “The construction materials production industry 2008-2009.”

Completed by a 2nd year student

correspondence courses, groups 28/4-2,

specialty 080502 “Economics,

organization and management in construction"

Bortich Oksana Anatolyevna

Checked by the assistant professor

Nezhnikova Ekaterina Vladimirovna

Moscow 2010

PLAN

INTRODUCTION........................................................ ........................................................ .3

1. The revival of the construction industry is impossible without the production of building materials.................................................... .................................... 4

2. general characteristics construction industry 2008-2009.................... 6

3. The situation in brick production in 2008-2009.................................... 12

4. The situation in cement production in 2008-2009.................................... 18

CONCLUSION................................................. ........................................... 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................ ........................... 26

INTRODUCTION

The construction materials production industry is one of those industries that are the key to the strategic development of the national economy as a whole. The developed industry for the production of building materials serves as the basis and condition for the development of the construction industry, being a labor-intensive production, it provides employment to the population and has a positive effect on the economic climate in the region.

The industrial sector for the production of building materials is the only industry that does not multiply, but consumes industrial waste (ash, slag, wood and metal waste) to produce products for various purposes. In the manufacture of building materials, by-products (sand, clay, crushed stone, etc.) obtained during the extraction of ores and coal are also used. The integrated use of raw materials is a waste-free technology that allows for environmental protection measures and a manifold increase in production efficiency.

The industry of building materials, products and structures is one of the basic sectors of the country's economy and is important for its functioning. In general, the share of the construction materials industry in the industrial structure of the industry on average corresponds to the level of development of such industries in the leading countries of Europe, but in the conditions of diversification of economic sectors and macroeconomic growth, the industry does not yet meet the country’s needs for construction products and designs.

The dynamic development of the Russian economy in the first half of 2008 gave way to a period of stagnation in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, which was already traditionally not the most successful due to various seasonal phenomena, the economy was already experiencing a decline. The global crisis primarily affected Russian export-oriented raw materials industries: the oil and gas sector, chemical and metallurgical complexes. The decline in export volumes, coupled with a decline in domestic demand, led to a reduction in production in industries serving the consumer segment, including construction.

The purpose of this work is to investigate the development of the situation on the building materials market in the Russian Federation in 2008-2009, to analyze the dynamics of development in this industry. To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to solve a number of interrelated tasks, namely:

Reveal the relationship between the construction industry as a whole and the production of building materials;

Study the general situation of the construction industry as of 2008-2009;

Investigate the situation on the brick production market in 2008-2009;

Investigate the situation on the cement production market in 2008-2009;

The main method of achieving the set goals is the study of official statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, materials on the implementation of the “Concept for the development of the building materials industry” and the project of the Russian State Committee for Construction “Complex of measures for the development of the building materials industry until 2010”, publications in the economic media, scientific publications in Internet.

1. The revival of the construction industry is impossible without the production of building materials

The 2009 crisis affected all areas of the economy. One of the areas that has suffered more than others from economic problems is construction. At the end of 2008 - 2009, many residential building construction projects were frozen, many projects were abandoned, and shopping and office complexes were empty as tenants began to move out. What can we say, even if the construction of Moscow-City by MIRAX Group was partially suspended. But today the situation is gradually changing.
Construction cranes are coming to life again, workers are back on construction sites, and the industry is slowly recovering.

However, the production of building materials was partially lost during difficult times. In Russia, they began to produce less reinforced concrete products, less brick, less cement, and the production of plastic windows was partially curtailed.

In order to somehow revive the demand for building materials, some manufacturers of concrete products during the crisis tried not to stop production, and for this they retrained as developers. This primarily affected large manufacturers of building materials, such as concrete factories, brick factories, etc. The production of building materials is being revived along with the revival of construction. Interestingly, manufacturers were unevenly affected by the crisis. If the demand for reinforced concrete products in many regions of Russia has fallen almost to zero, then the production of finishing materials - granite, ceramic slabs, siding - slightly less.

However, the production of so-called classical building materials suffered unevenly. In particular, if the production of reinforced concrete products in the country decreased by an average of two to three times, then the production of foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks decreased by 30%. What is this connected with?
Foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks- These are modern building materials that provide lower construction costs. At the same time, the operational functions of aerated concrete and foam concrete are higher than those of brick or reinforced concrete. Aerated concrete and foam concrete are lighter building materials than brick and reinforced concrete products; accordingly, when building from foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks, you do not need to use heavy vehicles. You can get by with fewer workers and not have to build a solid foundation. Since it is still impossible to build houses from foam concrete and aerated concrete higher than 12 meters or three floors. This material is suitable for the construction of cottages and low-rise construction. It is safe to say that the production of building materials is again becoming a relevant industry.

2. General characteristics of the construction industry in 2008-2009.

By the end of 2009, the government reports that the bottom of the crisis has passed and a recovery has begun, but participants in the construction market are forced to be content with rather low results. There was still a long way to go before a serious revival of demand in the market; the season was coming to an end, and the indicators of the “hottest months” left much to be desired. In the second quarter, the situation in the construction industry changed little compared to the first quarter; for some positions there was a slight improvement (for example, the volume of work and the number of contracts concluded), however, in general, a survey of market participants suggests that optimism has not increased.

The supply of orders for large organizations remained at the same level - 5 months, as well as the portfolio of small companies (up to 50 people) - on average, scheduled for 3 months in advance. Among the most pressing issues, both large and small representatives of the construction industry cite the high level of taxes and the insolvency of customers. However, opinions were divided in identifying the third key problem: representatives of large companies are still not satisfied with the high cost of materials (despite the fact that a significant drop in prices has already been recorded since the beginning of the year), and representatives of small businesses are more concerned about the lack of orders.

In addition, the decrease in investment and the continuing lack of borrowed funds, with the construction industry highly dependent on banks, are reflected in the volume of construction work. Financial results decreased extremely - in the first five months of the year, profit amounted to 13.1 billion rubles, which is more than 60% lower than last year's results.

Scope of work for the type of activity “Construction” in July 2009. stopped at 357 billion rubles, which is 17.8% lower than last year’s figure (Figure 1). Despite negative comparisons with the successful 2008, an increasing trend can still be traced since the beginning of 2009 in accordance with seasonal trends. The impact of the crisis did not turn out to be as detrimental for builders as predicted in 2008, however, the average monthly lag in the volume of work in 2009 was about 13%.

Picture 1. Comparative dynamics of the volume of construction work in 2008-2009, billion rubles

In the first half of 2009, 21.6 million square meters were commissioned. meters of housing. Due to a lack of financing among developers and low effective demand for new buildings, in June for the first time since February 2009, the volume of commissioning of residential buildings decreased by 13%. (Figure 2.) The sharp decline occurred in what is traditionally the most productive month for the construction industry. So in June, only 4.9 million square meters were built and commissioned. m of housing, while the overall figure since the beginning of the year was 0.3% less than in the 1st half of 2008.

Figure 2. Comparative dynamics of housing commissioning in 2008-2009, million sq. m. meters

In July, volumes were almost 8% higher than last year's level, and the housing delivery rate again regained positive momentum in this year. It should be noted that a significant contribution to the growth in commissioning volumes was made by individual construction at the expense of the population. This is quite understandable - during a period of unavailability of mortgages for part of the population and unattractive lending conditions for the rest, the most real option improvement of living conditions becomes individual construction at the expense of own or borrowed funds. This choice does not require an immediate investment of a large amount of money, as when purchasing a finished home, and in addition, it somewhat reduces the cost of individual work and materials, since the process is easier to control. It is due to this that the low-rise segment is growing. Distrust in developers in terms of purchasing apartments in unfinished buildings is caused by numerous construction freezes, delays in delivery of houses and stories of defrauded shareholders. In a number of regions, such as Kabardino-Balkaria and the Republic of Tyva, Amur Region, new construction is represented by 100% individual housing projects.

The “pessimism” of developers brought with it a decline in the production of building materials.

In the second quarter, the trends of slowing demand and falling prices continued in the market for basic building materials. So prices for window glass, red brick, packaged cement and lumber – fell by 0.3-2.0% in July. Only prices for roofing felt and linoleum increased by 1-2%. Production remains at a fairly low level, and glaziers remain in an advantageous position. The production volume of window building glass continues to exceed last year's figures by more than 2 times. The reasons are still the same - a large number of new buildings at the commissioning stage, which still require quite a lot of this material. 80% of construction projects have been frozen, but the construction of high-quality facilities continues.

Some demand for materials is also ensured by individual construction, which grew by 8.1% over the first 7 months of the year. The worst situation is among tile manufacturers, although compared to the 1st quarter of 2009 the decrease was only 17.7% (Figure 3).


Figure 3. Ratio of production of building materials in the 2nd quarter of 2009 to the 2nd quarter of 2008, %

Glaziers showed good growth rates already in February of this year (Figure 4), amounting to +170% compared to the results of the corresponding period last year. This fact can be explained by the inertial component of housing construction; the freezing of new buildings affected only buildings at the stage of construction of the lower floors, and a number of construction projects that crossed the “point of no return”, despite the stagnation of the market, were and will be completed in the coming months. A similar situation is predicted for manufacturers of wall materials, who, thanks to concluded contracts and new buildings at the stage of preparation for delivery, will be affected by the crisis much later than other market participants.

Figure 4. Window glass production in the 1st quarter of 2008 – 1st quarter of 2009, million sq.m.

Production of basic construction materials in the 1st quarter decreased compared to the corresponding period of the previous year (Table 1). Most hopes in the industry are pinned on active demand from the Krasnodar Territory in preparation for the 2014 Olympics, government support in the form of loan guarantees and, naturally, the implementation of measures to increase the pace of new housing construction.

Table 1. Production of construction materials in the 1st quarter of 2009

Construction material Jan.09 Feb.09 Mar.09 1st quarter 2009 1st quarter 2009/1st quarter 2008
building glass (in physical terms), million m2 3 6,6 7,8 17,4 166,7
made of it for windows 2 5,4 6,5 13,9 210
tempered glass (in physical terms), thousand m2 116 216 200 532 39
sheet thermopolished glass (in physical terms), million m2 12,7 8,6 9,6 30,9 99,8
ceramic facing tiles, million m2 5 4,6 4,9 14,5 79,8
ceramic tiles for floors, million m2 4,1 4,4 5,6 14,1 83,2
ceramic facade tiles, thousand m2 37,1 36,1 45 118,2 68,9
building brick, million conventional bricks 485 575 720 1780 59,7
tiles (covering surface area), thousand m2 68,8 91 96 255,8 104,8
cement, million tons of it 1,6 2,4 3 7 63
cement from clinker produced using energy-saving technologies 0,2 0,4 0,5 1,1 55
dry cement production 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,9 49,6
technological lime, thousand tons 460 499 626 1585 66,5
gypsum (alabaster), thousand tons 185 231 254 670 75,1
prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, million m3 1,2 1,3 1,5 4 57,2
small blocks and stones for walls (without cellular concrete blocks), million conventional bricks 14,9 22,8 22 59,7 63,3
large wall blocks (including concrete blocks of basement walls), million conventional bricks 39,2 42,1 46,9 128,2 45,6
small wall blocks made of cellular concrete, million conventional bricks 95 164 215 474 46,1
asbestos-cement sheets (slate), million standard tiles 49,9 83,2 88,6 221,7 62,1
concrete mix (commercial output), thousand m3 839 997 1299 3135 72,9
cement particle boards, thousand m3 4 4,7 4 12,7 60,8
soft roofing and insulating materials, million m2 10,1 17,5 30 57,6 59,8
asphalt, thousand tons 15,5 21,2 25,5 62,2 63,1
porous aggregates, thousand m3 134 222 247 603 64,4

3. The situation in brick production in 2008-2009.

Up until the fall of 2008, the market situation was very promising, with brick production showing consistent annual growth since 2003. Demand for bricks significantly exceeded supply, and monthly production volumes during January-September 2008 exceeded last year's. The implementation of a number of large projects to launch new capacities was planned for 2009-2011. The crisis has changed the development trend in a key way, affecting not only existing enterprises, but also the fate of new projects.

Today, brick can be considered one of the most “affected” areas in the production of building materials. In general, the current situation was easily predictable already at the end of 2008, when, due to the crisis, mortgage lending, the main “engine” of new construction in the multi-storey segment, practically ceased. The financial condition of the developers themselves was also rapidly deteriorating. The demand for brick, as one of the “basic building materials,” was one of the first to fall. If Decoration Materials In 2009, they were still purchasing to complete the projects that had already begun, but bricks were largely unclaimed. According to official data, the decline in production in January-October 2009 was 39%, which most eloquently characterizes the consequences of the crisis for brick factories (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Dynamics of production of building bricks in 2008-2009, million conventional units. bricks

In general, the production of building bricks in January-October 2009 is characterized by quite low level from month to month, however, there is a slightly positive trend associated with some revival of the construction market towards the end of the season.

If we consider the structure of production of wall materials by type, the leading place traditionally belongs to ceramic brick. In 2008, the second position belonged to sand-lime brick, however, in 2009 it was replaced by blocks made of cellular concrete, due to their low price, wide possibilities of use - for interior walls, partitions and even load-bearing walls, if we are talking about a low-rise building (Figure 6). The share of bricks of all types in the structure of wall materials production has remained virtually unchanged - 67% versus 65% in 2008.

Figure 6. Production shares various types wall materials in January October 2009

The overall decrease in the production of wall materials for 10 months of 2009 was 38.8%, which is comparable to the decline in other areas of construction materials.

The smallest reduction can be noted for ceramic bricks and cellular concrete blocks (Table 2), which can be associated, among other things, with the use of these materials in low-rise construction, which is increasing its share among other segments of housing commissioned in 2009.

Table 2. Production of wall materials in 2008-2009. by type, million conventional units bricks

Production of wall materials by type, million standard bricks Jan.-Oct. 2008 Jan.-Oct. 2009 Change 2009/2008, %
Wall materials (without reinforced concrete wall panels) 14893,9 9115,6 -38,8%
Building bricks (including stones) 10061,5 6129,4 -39,1%
Ceramic brick 4436,2 3000,2 -32,4%
Silicate slag brick 4001,4 2115,8 -47,1%
Wall blocks made of natural stone 22,1 12,8 -42,1%
Small blocks and stones for walls 258 159,8 -38,1%
Large wall blocks (including concrete blocks for basement walls) 872,8 429,2 -50,8%
Small wall blocks made of cellular concrete 3564,1 2368,7 -33,5%
Other wall materials 116,4 15,6 -86,6%

The largest shares in the production of finished products in the industry as of October 1, 2009 in monetary terms, as in 2008, belong to the Central, Volga and Southern Federal Districts (Figure 7). At the same time, the leading place in terms of indicators in terms of regions is occupied by the Krasnodar Territory (14%), Moscow Region (13%), Chuvashia (6%) and 5% each in Bashkortostan and the Novosibirsk Region. The shares of other regions in the production of finished products in monetary terms as of October 1, 2009 are less than 5 percentage points.

Figure 7. Shares of federal districts in brick production, finished products as of October 1, 2009, in monetary terms

The share of foreign trade in the brick market traditionally occupies an insignificant place, not exceeding 5% of domestic production. However, a sharp drop in demand in the domestic market forced players to direct their sales efforts to exports, the volume of which more than doubled over the 10 months of 2009 (Figure 8). The lion's share of the supply of building bricks for export goes to Kazakhstan (99.6% of all exports of this building material from Russia).

Figure 8. Dynamics of import and export of building bricks in January-October 2007, 2008 and 2009, million conventional units. bricks

In general, in dynamics over 3 years, the growing share of exports is due to the increase in production capacity of factories within the country, and the record volume of imports in 2008 is associated with increased demand, which provoked a shortage in the building brick market in the first half of 2008.

Over the 10 months of 2009, the volume of imports fell by one third, as for importers - Korean-made bricks took first place this year, displacing Iranian ones, which occupied almost half of the import market in 2008. Belarus closes the top three, the share of supplies from which remained almost unchanged - 20% of the total volumes of construction brick imports to Russia for ten months of this year.

Despite the low results of the 2009 construction season, several brick production facilities were put into operation, and a number of new projects are planned for 2010. The advantage of new factories is new technologies and equipment that make it possible to reduce the energy intensity of production, which will make it possible to produce products of higher quality that are competitive in price.

In October 2009, the IV Russian-Chinese Economic Forum was held. The planned volume of investment from China is $3.6 billion, the funds will be used, among other things, for the construction of new brick production in the Kursk and Kirov regions, Chuvashia and Ryazan. At the plant in the Chelyabinsk region, part of the investment will come from China, it is planned to produce 60 million bricks per year.

There are a number of projects for implementation at the expense of Russian investors. For example, in the Samara region in the village of Zubovka, it is planned to build a brick factory of Telekomstroy LLC with a production capacity of 20 million bricks per year.

A new production facility has already been launched in the Southern Federal District. Vozrozhdenie LLC can produce up to 20 million bricks per year, and the amount of investment in the construction of this plant amounted to 42 million rubles.

A brick factory was put into operation in Mtsensk, Oryol region. The investor was the Moscow company TerraKerma. The volume of investments in construction, which began 2 years ago, amounted to about 0.5 billion rubles. The production capacity of the enterprise is 20 million bricks per year. Currently the plant produces general building brick brand M150, however, from the new year it is planned to expand the range of high-quality facing bricks. In addition, a second line is planned to be launched in 2011; it will produce bricks using the plastic molding method - about 20 million standard units. bricks per year.

In the Novosibirsk region, local authorities have allocated funds to help modernize the existing line of Doroginsky Brick JSC. It is also planned to increase the capacity of the enterprise from 30 to 50 million units per year. The project is estimated at 270 million rubles, and its implementation period is approximately four years.

The prospects for the brick market are associated with some recovery in the real estate market, noted in the last months of 2009, and the growth of the low-rise segment. At the government level, the development of low-rise construction has been declared one of the priority areas; by 2012 its share is expected to increase to 60%. At the moment, the low-rise segment is one of the few areas in the construction industry that continues to develop, despite the general recession. This is facilitated by a number of objective reasons: unavailability of mortgages, lower costs of individual works and materials, government preferences. In a number of regions, such as Kabardino-Balkaria and the Republic of Tyva, Amur Region, new construction is represented by 100% individual housing projects. In the Rostov region it is planned to build 100 thousand square meters. meters of low-rise housing. Similar projects are already being implemented in a number of regions.

The growth in demand for bricks from the low-rise segment is quite predictable. Brick is one of the main wall materials used in low-rise construction. Fireproof types In addition, they are used in the construction of fireplaces and stoves, which are one of the mandatory attributes of housing in this segment.

However, it is worth considering the fact that government programs are aimed primarily at the construction of low-rise, economy-class housing, and a brick house cannot be considered the cheapest option in terms of cost. Improving the quality of domestically produced bricks, a competent marketing policy for each segment, be it premium material for an elite cottage or economy-class products for low-rise mass buildings funded by local budgets, will allow “low-rise buildings” to become one of the promising areas for selling bricks in conditions of stagnation in the other construction areas.

4. The situation in cement production in 2008-2009.

One of the key segments of the building materials market is the cement market. Before the crisis, this area in Russia was developing dynamically, which is primarily due to the record performance of the construction industry.

In the first half of 2008, thanks to high export earnings and the widespread introduction of bank lending, the Russian economy showed high growth rates. Since the beginning of the 2nd half of 2008, the growing manifestations of the global crisis have left their mark on the economic development of the country.

According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, the largest decline in growth rates occurred in construction, industrial production and transport.

Key factors that influenced the cement market:

  • Low growth rates in the volume of work for the type of activity “Construction”: for the year amounted to 12.8% versus 18.2% in 2007. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the growth rate slowed down to 3.8%;
  • A significant reduction in the rate of commissioning of residential buildings - 104.5% compared to the 2007 level (in 2007 - 120.6% compared to the 2006 level). In 4th quarter 2008 – 105.1% compared to the corresponding period of 2007 (109.9% - IV quarter of 2007/IV quarter of 2006);
  • The establishment of an import duty on cement of 0% since May 2008 (before the abolition it was 5%, which, however, returned in October 2008).

There were times when Russia was one of the three largest cement producers on a global scale, now the leader in cement production belongs to China, our country has significantly lost its position. Cement production in Russia is carried out at a relatively small number of factories. According to Rosstat, in 2005 the number of cement producers was just over forty, but over the next couple of years the composition of domestic producers has changed little. The market structure is represented by several holdings and a number of independent factories (Table 3).

The largest volumes of cement based on the results of 2008-2009. were produced in the Krasnodar Territory, the Belgorod Region and the Republic of Mordovia; the top five leading regions are completed by the Volgograd and Sverdlovsk regions.

The best results in terms of production volumes in 2008-2009. showed "Novoroscement" (Krasnodar region), "Mordovcement" (Republic of Mordovia), "Sebryakovcement" (Volgograd region).

Table 3. Geographical structure of cement production in the Russian Federation by federal districts. Manufacturers rating.

Place by volume Central Federal District Southern Federal District Northwestern Federal District Volga Federal District Ural Federal District Siberian Federal District Far Eastern Federal District
1 MALTSOVSKY PORTLANDCEMENT OJSC NOVOROSCEMENT OJSC PIKALEVSKY CEMENT JSC MORDOVCEMENT OJSC SUKHOLOZHSKCEMENT JSC TOPKINSKY CEMENT LLC SPASSKCEMENT OJSC
2 OSCOLCEMENT JSC SEBRYAKOVCEMENT OJSC CESLA JSC VOLSKCEMENT JSC LAFARGE CEMENT (URALCEMENT) OJSC ISKITIMCEMENT OJSC TEPLOOZERSKY CEMENT PLANT OJSC
3 BELGORODSKY CEMENT JSC KAVKAZCEMENT CJSC SAVINSKY CEMENT PLANT JSC GORNOZAVODSK-CEMENT JSC NEVIANSKY CEMENTIK JSC ANGARSKY CEMENT LLC YAKUTCEMENT OJSC
4 MIKHAILOVCEMENT JSC VERKHNEBAKANSKY CEMENT PLANT OJSC METAKHIM JSC ULYANOVSKCEMENT OJSC MAGNITOGORSK CEMENT-REFRACTORY PLANT JSC KRASNOYARSK CEMENT LLC
5 LIPETSKCEMENT JSC ATAKAYCEMENT JSC NOVOTROITSKY CEMENT PLANT JSC KATAV CEMENT JSC ACHIN CEMENT LLC
6 SHCHUROVSKY CEMENT JSC UGLEGORSK-CEMENT JSC ZHIGULIOVSKIE BUILDING MATERIALS JSC MINING AND METALLURGICAL COMPANY "NORILSK NICKEL" JSC
7 PODGORENSKY CEMENTIK JSC SODA JSC TIMLYUY CEMENT PLANT LLC
8 PODOLSK-CEMENT JSC VOLGACEMENT JSC KUZNETSK CEMENT PLANT LLC
9 VOSKRESENSKCEMENT JSC PASHIYSKY METALLURGICAL-CEMENT PLANT JSC CEMENT OJSC
10 SEREBRYANSKY CEMENT PLANT ULYANOVSKSHIFER LLC
Color Name of management company
Eurocement groups
Lafarge
Holsim Auslandbetailingungus GmbH
Holding Company "Siberian Cement"
Baselcement
Dyckerhoff AG
Vostokcement
Wolga-Deutsche Business (WDB group)
RATM-holding

The situation with one of the key building materials – cement – ​​is quite complicated. In 2008, domestic manufacturers could not meet the growing demand from developers and introduced additional capacity in great haste. In 2009, the situation changed quite the opposite (Figure 9), the plants’ capacity is almost twice as much as they can handle given current demand, the situation is aggravated by the fact that 9 new cement plants will be commissioned in the near future. Thus, one of the largest developers, SU-155, is going to build a plant to supply its projects in the Kirov region.

Figure 9. Cement production in 2008 – 1st quarter of 2009, thousand tons

In 2009 Russian manufacturers cement are looking for new sources of demand outside the country. In the first quarter, almost 260 thousand tons were exported, while for the entire 2008 this figure was about 500 thousand tons (Figure 10). Almost all construction material was sent to Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan (114 and 139 thousand tons, respectively).

Figure 10. Import and export of cement in 2008 – 1st quarter of 2009, thousand tons

Kazakhstan remains the most attractive for exports, one of the reasons is that the duty on the export of cement to this country is zero. For other countries, including Azerbaijan, it is 6.5%, so representatives of cement companies decided to appeal to the government with a request to cancel it. Many companies in the industry view the markets of other countries as the most promising and see exports as one of the ways out of the difficult situation that has developed at a number of factories.

Period 2008-2009 – was difficult for the cement industry, as well as for other industries somehow related to construction. Some projects for the construction of new cement plants were suspended in the early stages, and those for which loans have already been issued, equipment purchased and construction started need comprehensive government support.

Russian cement companies turned to the country's leadership with a number of proposals, including in the field of tariff and customs regulation. In fact, domestic cement producers are asking the government to increase import duties to 15 - 20%. In addition, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, lists of systemically important enterprises that need state support are being formed. Support was provided in the form of refinancing issued loans at a lower rate, assistance in reconciling technical specifications and connecting to networks of natural monopolies. Those projects that have moved from planning to implementation and have significant investments, purchased equipment and prospects have become the focus of government attention and concern in the first place.

Most market experts are inclined to believe that neither the introduction of “barrier” import duties nor government assistance in financing the cement industry will solve its fundamental problems. Plant managers paid no attention to outdated equipment and technologies, even during the “heyday” of the industry in 2007 and peak prices for this building material. Some steps in this direction have already been taken: in 2008, it was reported that the modernization of Atakaysky Cement Plant LLC was completed. A capacity expansion project was planned for 2009 at the Krasnoyarsk Cement Plant. However, there is still a long way to go before a global renewal of the very outdated material base of factories. It is necessary to seriously reconsider the strategies of domestic manufacturers to qualitatively change the situation in the industry.

Whatever directions domestic cement producers choose for development, the determining factor remains the level of “activity” of the construction industry.

Artem Glushchenko, director of public relations at RATM-Cement, expressed an optimistic view of the industry’s prospects: “The crisis is not endless. In any case, even during a difficult period, the construction of infrastructure facilities will continue, and by the time new lines are launched, the demand for cement and building materials will increase.” I would like to believe that his optimism will be shared by other participants in the construction market, and we will once again be able to observe positive dynamics.

CONCLUSION

The state of the building materials industry today is such that it includes 15 sub-sectors (25 types of production), uniting about 9.5 thousand enterprises, including 2.2 thousand large and medium-sized enterprises with a total workforce of over 680 thousand people. In the total volume of industrial production, about 7% of the industry's output comes from small enterprises.

At the moment, it is becoming increasingly clear that an industry enterprise that aims to maintain or achieve a stable position in the construction products market needs to make strategic decisions about the directions and paths of its development. With the increase in the pace of production of building finishing and structural materials, both in Russia and abroad, domestic enterprises involved in the industry face the need for a strategic choice of investment areas. At the present stage, there are two development alternatives - through investments aimed at improving sales strategies and assortment policies, and investments in the creation of production capacities.

In the construction complex, all hopes are still placed on the state, which promised loyalty and support to the locomotive of the Russian economy in the form of 440 billion rubles in various “financing”. Here we have the purchase of ready-made housing for beneficiaries, Olympic Sochi, and the development of infrastructure, without which, as those “at the top” decided, we cannot survive the global crisis. The allocated amount, it is worth noting, according to the Prime Minister, is about 1/3 of the value of the country’s entire housing market. One of the main areas of financing, of course, is support construction companies– both developers and manufacturers of building materials.

Russian builders are also not forgotten by foreign investors, for example, the Austrian company Mayr-Melnhof Holz Gmbh, together with the LSR group, is launching a sawmill in the Leningrad region, and representatives of the Turkish company Rasen plan to develop Karachay-Cherkessia by investing in the construction of a new cement plant. Although there will be enough cement for everyone this year, according to officials of the Eurocement Group, even with excess.

An influx of foreign investment, projects that, despite difficulties, are being implemented by large domestic companies and some seasonal recovery in the industry can significantly improve the situation in the coming months, especially if the government implements all the promised measures in full and on time.

1. Russian statistical yearbook. Rosstat, 2009. – 795 p.

2. Press release 09.29.03 for the meeting of the board of the Gosstroy of Russia: “On the draft set of measures for the development of the building materials and construction industry until 2010.”

3. V.P. Strelbitsky V.P. Report on the basics of the concept of the federal target program “Development of the construction industry and the building materials industry” dated June 23, 2006

4. http://www.gks.ru/

It is the first to bear the blow when a crisis occurs and the first to experience economic recovery. Due to the deterioration of the economic situation in Russia in the early 90s and a sharp drop in construction volumes, production volumes in sub-sectors of the construction industry decreased significantly. Among the reasons for the decline in the production of building materials is a significant increase in the cost of final products due to the increase in the cost of raw materials, energy resources, and transportation.

Since 1992, there has been virtually no renewal of fixed capital in the industry, which has had a negative impact on the competitiveness of products in the domestic market. The physical aging of production capacities in various sub-sectors ranged from 35 to 80%, and at the stage of the expected economic recovery they may not be able to produce high-quality and competitive products.

Expensive and low-quality domestic products were gradually replaced by imports, and the import of foreign building materials into the country, imported by foreign firms and companies, as well as mixed organizations and all kinds of commercial structures, increased significantly.

With the beginning of structural restructuring of the economy, the construction complex of Russia, which was previously 100% state-owned, began to adapt to new economic conditions, and diverse forms of ownership were formed. Currently, the share of the non-state sector in the total volume of contract work has reached 87%. Enterprises and organizations remained in state ownership, the privatization of which was prohibited or impractical. More than 50% of the work is carried out by private firms. In the building materials industry, almost the entire volume of production is produced by non-state enterprises.

Industry performance indicators

The construction complex in Russia today unites about 160 thousand organizations and enterprises, including 132 thousand contracting firms, over 14 thousand enterprises in the building materials industry and 10 thousand design and survey organizations of various forms of ownership. They employ about 6.5 million people.

Over the past 10 years, the industry has experienced a significant decline in production, ranging from 1.8 to 5.5% in various sub-sectors. The production of reinforced concrete structures and non-metallic building materials experienced the greatest decline, the most favorable situation was in the production of building ceramics and bricks - goods aimed not only at industrial, but also at retail consumers.

Only at the end of 1998, for the first time since 1990, there was stabilization in the industry, and in some sub-sectors, a slight increase in production. This was largely facilitated by the devaluation of the ruble that occurred in August 1998, which “forced” construction organizations to use materials and products of domestic production, which stimulated manufacturers to increase their output.

In 1998, production capacity of 129.3 million units was commissioned. conventional brick wall materials, 17.5 thousand tons of dry mixes in the Saratov region, 100 thousand pieces of sanitary ceramic products and polymer concrete in the Smolensk region, 2 million sq. meters of linoleum in the Komi Republic, reconstruction of enterprises producing 40 thousand cubic meters was carried out. meters of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products in Moscow.

Production of main types of products of the building materials industry

Products

Cement, million tons

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, million m3

Construction bricks, billion pcs. conventional bricks

Asbestos-cement sheets (slate), million conventional units. tiles

Facing ceramics Tiles, million m2

Sanitary ceramic products, thousand pieces.

Production of building materials in Russia in 1999 by month

Products

9 months 1999

In % to ahalog. period 1998

Cement, million tons

Asbestos-cement pipes and couplings, km conv. pipes

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, million cubic meters. m

Wall materials, million units conv. bricks

Ceramic facing tiles, million sq. m

Ceramic tiles for floors, thousand sq. m

Ceramic facade tiles of different colors, thousand sq. m

Sanitary ceramic products, thousand pieces

Linoleum, million sq. m

Asbestos (0-6 groups). thousand tons

Non-metallic building materials million cubic meters. m

Source: Rosstatagentstvo

Positive trends in the building materials industry continued in 1999. This is due to an increase in the volume of housing commissioning, an expansion of the range and an increase in the output of competitive products. Due to import substitution, the production of building materials used in repair and finishing works: sanitary ceramic products, ceramic facing tiles, radiators and heating convectors, etc.

At the same time, for a number of building materials and products, such as asbestos, window glass, linoleum, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, the decline in production continues. Declining investment in fixed assets, outdated production technologies and low quality products are holding back effective demand for these types of industry products.

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the production index in the construction materials industry for 9 months of 1999 compared with the corresponding periods in 1998 was 110.2%, compared with the corresponding periods in 1997.5%. Thus, there is an increase in production.

According to experts, in 1999 the total production volume in the industry will remain at the 1998 level.

Geography of the industry

As can be seen from the table, all economic regions of the country have capacities for the production of cement, building bricks and prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products. However, only in the Central, Volga and Central Black Earth economic regions are almost all sub-sectors of the building materials industry represented. The glass industry is least represented in the regions, which is due to the small number of enterprises in the industry. Thus, 70% of all glass industry products are produced by 3 enterprises: Bor Glass Factory, Saratovsteklo and Salavatsteklo.

Production of building materials in various economic regions of the Russian Federation

central District

Central-but-Black-Zemny region

Northern region

North-Western region

Volgo-Vyatsky district

Povolzhsky district

North Caucasus region

Ural region

East Siberian region

West Siberian region

Far Eastern region

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, thousand m3

Construction bricks, million units conventional bricks

Cement, million tons

Linoleum (rolls and tiles), million m2

Ceramic facing tiles, million m2

Asbestos-cement sheets (slate), million conventional units. tiles

Soft roofing materials and insulation, million m2

Window glass in physical terms, million m2

Building glass in physical terms, million m2

building material industry

The development and location of the building materials industry is generally influenced by the following factors:

  • · natural and climatic conditions;
  • · presence of own raw material base;
  • · professional level of those employed in the construction materials industry;
  • · volumes of investments allocated for the development of the industry;
  • · environmental factor;
  • · scientific and technological progress (STP) and the degree of its implementation;
  • · presence in the region of its own construction base and facilities;
  • · level of economic development and technical equipment of the region.

Let's consider the most important factors influencing the development and location of the building materials industry.

The current geography of production “repeats,” on the one hand, the placement of developed sources of natural raw materials, which will be discussed later, and, on the other hand, the placement of capital construction.

The building materials industry is based on a very widespread raw material base, the boundaries of which are increasingly expanding under the influence of technical progress and involvement of new resources of mineral and construction raw materials into circulation. However, the following circumstances must be taken into account.

Firstly, attention is drawn to the strong differentiation of the conditions for the development of production: different regions of the country differ from one another both in the quantity and composition of raw materials. Certain types of mineral construction raw materials are not distributed to the same extent in Russia. If, for example, brick clays, lime raw materials or concrete aggregates are found almost everywhere, then the resources of cement raw materials are more limited; Refractory clays, glass sands, gypsum and chalk are even less widespread, and material such as asbestos is represented only by isolated deposits. At the same time, any mineral construction raw material is characterized by uneven distribution. It is significant that the vast West Siberian Lowland, in different parts of which large-scale industrial construction is underway, is practically devoid of raw materials for the production of cement and other binding materials, rubble stone and crushed stone.

Within the country, there are territorial differences in the degree of provision of industry with one or another mineral construction raw material. However, each region has a unique combination of raw materials, a certain complex of minerals, being abundant in some types of raw materials and scarce in others, which is reflected in the specialization and scale of production of building materials.

Secondly, the growth of production concentration, accompanied by an increase in the capacity of enterprises, seems to limit the range of resources possible for involvement in exploitation, forcing one to focus on increasingly larger sources of mineral and construction raw materials of appropriate size.

The location of the building materials industry has a significant impact on the availability of raw materials. The dependence of production on raw material bases is explained, first of all, by the high volumetric weight and extremely low transportability of mineral construction raw materials. Thus, transporting sand or gravel by car over a distance of 50 km costs 10 times more than their extraction. Due to relatively easy development conditions and a high content of components, mineral construction raw materials are inexpensive and, as a rule, do not require preliminary enrichment. But its specific costs per unit of finished product are quite high. For example, to obtain 1 ton of cement clinker, you need to spend from 1.5 to 2.5 tons of limestone and clay, 1 ton of lime - 2 tons of limestone, 1 ton of ceramic pipes - up to 1.5 tons of clay, etc. In some cases, in addition to quantity, the quality of raw materials plays an extremely important role. In particular, cement production requires limestone and clay of certain conditions (with a minimum content of magnesium oxide in some and silicon oxide in others). In this case, the sources of limestone and clay must be geographically combined.

Finally, the fact that raw materials make up a significant part of the cost of building materials and that the waste generated during their use is not recycled once again confirms the gravitation of production towards raw material bases.

On the other hand, the location of the building materials industry largely depends on the consumer factor. Despite their widespread use and ubiquity, building materials themselves are comparatively cheap and have a high volumetric weight, and as a result, low transportability. Many of them (reinforced concrete products and structures, binders, bricks) are even less transportable than the original raw materials. For example, the cost of transporting reinforced concrete products over a distance of 100 km is 25-40% of their cost. The desire to reduce transportation costs forces us to bring the production of building materials closer to the places of consumption, that is, to construction sites.

The prevalence of raw materials, the low cost and carrying capacity of raw materials and finished products, the mass and ubiquity of their use determine the main economic and geographical feature of the building materials industry - the simultaneous attraction of production towards raw materials and the consumer.

In relation to sources of raw materials and places of consumption of finished products, enterprises in the building materials industry are divided into three types. Some of them are engaged in the extraction and pre-processing of raw materials and are geographically confined to certain natural resources. Others make materials (cement, gypsum, lime, etc.) that are then further processed. These enterprises include the full production cycle - from raw materials to finished products - and are usually associated with raw material bases. The third type is enterprises that produce finished products from pre-processed materials. They are in turn divided into enterprises with a full production cycle, which mainly gravitate towards raw materials (glass, brick and others), and into enterprises working on imported semi-finished products, located at places of consumption (concrete, reinforced concrete products and structures, and others) .

As an industry serving construction, the building materials industry serves as a link in any production-territorial complex. The gap between the production and consumption of building materials leads to a violation of the principle of achieving the highest productivity of social labor at minimal costs. That's why integrated development economic regions of the country is unthinkable without the creation of local bases of construction materials. Providing construction with the necessary materials on site is a moment that accelerates the development of productive forces.

The role of individual industries in the territorial division of labor is different. In this regard, the building materials industry is represented by two groups.

The first group includes industries that produce relatively transportable products consumed in relatively small quantities by weight - cement, gypsum, lime, glass, asbestos-cement products and others. They use raw materials that are limited in distribution. There are not many enterprises in this group, but each of them often serves consumers in different areas.

The second group consists of industries that produce the most mass-produced and non-transportable products - sand, gravel, crushed stone, wall materials, reinforced concrete products and structures, and others. This group contains a large number of enterprises that use widely available raw materials and serve mainly local consumers.

Also, depending on the purpose and nature of the service, the following types of enterprises for the production of building materials can be designed:

  • · inter-district (serving two or more economic regions) - factories for the production of construction and technical cement, glass, building ceramics, sanitary equipment and others;
  • · district (serving the region as a whole or its individual parts) - factories for the production of reinforced concrete products for mass use, lightweight aggregates and others;
  • · local (meeting the needs of a concentrated construction site) - testing grounds for the production of low-transport, large-sized products, mobile mobile enterprises and others;
  • · support and rear bases - enterprises that support areas of new development and are located at some point in the developed area.

From the point of view of factors for the location of building materials industries, the following industries can be distinguished:

  • · industries predominantly oriented towards raw materials - production of cement, building bricks and ceramic tiles, production of ceramics, ceramic pipes, asbestos-cement and slate products, production of glass, gypsum, lime, non-metallic building materials (gravel, crushed stone, etc.), that is, these are industries , where the specific costs of raw materials per unit of finished product are high
  • · industries that are predominantly consumer oriented - the production of concrete, reinforced concrete products and structures, soft roofing, thermal insulation materials, wall materials and others, that is, these are industries where products are relatively cheap and have high volumetric weight, and as a result, low transportability.

In this regard, we can highlight the features characteristic of the building materials industry:

  • · high material, fuel, energy, cargo and labor intensity of manufactured products;
  • · location of most enterprises in the product consumption area;
  • · broad inter-industry and intra-industry ties for production cooperation;
  • · the need to meet the needs for its products in regions throughout the country.

However, the features of the building materials industry given above differ from the features of the construction complex.

Features of the construction complex:

  • · availability of its own material and technical base;
  • · target orientation to ensure the integrity of the complex, cooperation and specialization of labor;
  • · complexity and balance of development;
  • · maneuverability of individual links depending on the nature of the construction product;
  • · separation of industries within the construction complex and increased interdependence.

The scientific basis for the development and distribution of production of building materials and structures in the regions of the country are regional comprehensive scientific and technological progress programs, that is, sectoral schemes for the development of the material and technical base of construction. The list of building materials included in comprehensive programs is as follows:

  • · prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete products;
  • · details of large-panel and volumetric block housing construction;
  • · steel structures, structures and products made of aluminum and aluminum alloys;
  • · wooden structures and carpentry;
  • · asbestos-cement structures and products;
  • · wall blocks and building bricks;
  • · non-metallic materials and porous fillers;
  • · lime, gypsum, dry gypsum plaster and other local binding materials;
  • · thermal insulation materials;
  • · assembly blanks, assemblies and parts;
  • · ready-mixed concrete, mortar, asphalt concrete;
  • · commercial fittings, embedded parts


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