Among the variety of materials for home insulation, choosing the right option can be quite difficult. Each of them is often divided into several types with its own unique characteristics. Comparative analysis can take a long time, so an idea of ​​the general properties of this or that insulation will help, if not finally decide on the choice, then at least tell you in which direction to move. The article will focus on building thermal insulation materials.

Thermal insulation materials types and properties

Styrofoam

One of the most popular thermal insulation materials for walls it is polystyrene foam. It belongs to the category of inexpensive insulation and firmly occupies a leading position in it. I must say that this is completely justified. Its effectiveness has been confirmed by a sufficient number of buildings for both residential and industrial purposes.

So, among its positive characteristics the following stands out:

• price. Production costs are minimal. Material consumption (in comparison with popular mineral wool) is one and a half times less;
• ease of installation. Polystyrene foam will not require the construction of lathing and guides. It is mounted on the wall by gluing;
• versatility. A correctly selected type of insulation will allow you to create a reliable heat-protective barrier for the floor, facade, walls, floors between floors, roof, and ceiling.

It effectively protects residents from the cold frame houses, laid inside hollow brick walls.

It is most convenient to view the indicators depending on the classification in the table. The division is based on an indicator such as density.

Characteristics	Foam brands				Notes
	PSB S 50	PSB S 35	PSB S 25	PSB S 15
Density (kg/m³)	35	25	15	8	Types PS - 4, PS - 1 have increased density
Fracture resistance (MPa)	0,30	0,25	0,018	0,06
Compressive Strength (MPa)	0,16	0,16	0,08	0,04
Moisture absorption capacity (%)	1	2	3	4	Full immersion for 24 hours
Thermal conductivity (W/μ)	0,041	0,037	0,039	0,043
Self-extinguishing time (sec.) / flammability class	3	1	1	4	Provided there is no direct contact with open flame Normally flammable
Vapor permeability coefficient (mg)	0,05	0,05	0,05	0,05

All described types can be used at temperatures from - 60 to + 80°C.

PS class material is produced using pressing, which gives it increased density (from 100 to 600 kg/m³). It is successfully used as insulation for cement floors and where significant loads are expected on the base. Rest specifications generally coincide with the above data for other types of foam.

Of course, according to some figures and coefficients, polystyrene foam has discrepancies, for example, with more modern foamed polystyrene or penofol, but the difference is so insignificant that it will be absolutely not noticeable to the residents of the house.

Therefore, the strengths of polystyrene foam are rightfully considered:

• a small coefficient of thermal conductivity, which allows you to retain heat in buildings made of any type of material from brick to gas silicate blocks;

• The cell structure of polystyrene foam is closed, so it absorbs liquid extremely poorly. For insulation, this is an extremely important indicator, because when water is added, it loses its heat-saving properties. Cellars, ground floors those having direct contact (or the threat of it) with groundwater are successfully insulated using polystyrene foam;
• sound insulation comes as a pleasant addition to the function of reducing heat loss. The air hidden in the sealed cells of the material successfully dampens even the most intense sound waves transmitted in space. In order to create a barrier to impact noise, foam plastic alone will not work;
• resistance to alcohol, alkaline and saline solutions, water-based paints this material is “developed” to high level. In addition, it is not chosen as a worthy habitat for fungi and mold. It is worth noting that rodents, on the contrary, are very fond of polystyrene foam and often prefer to live in it. Fighting them by any available means will not allow uninvited neighbors to spoil the insulation;
• environmental Safety. Polystyrene foam does not emit any harmful substances. The modern standard of this insulation is full compliance with sanitary standards;
• As additional fire protection, at the production stage, fire retardants are added to the main ingredients to increase the fire resistance of the foam. And if there is no direct contact with the fire, then it goes out on its own in a short period of time. But, in fairness, it is worth noting that it is still considered a flammable material;
• loss of the above properties will not occur, even if there is short-term contact with a heat source up to 110°, but prolonged exposure to more than 80° C will lead to deformation and loss of characteristics.

Described temperature conditions are classified as anomalies and do not occur with regular frequency, so making them the main reason for refusing to use polystyrene foam is inappropriate.

Penoplex plates

Foamed polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene - all this is the name of the same material, sold in construction stores as penoplex insulation. It is a “relative” of the familiar polystyrene foam, but is considered a material one step higher.

The main difference begins already at the production stage, where extrusion plants are used. As a result, the fine-cell structure of the material has greater strength than its “brother” foam. It is also distinguished by excellent hydrophobic properties. Air is securely sealed in the scarlet cells, preventing warm air leave the room, and cold, on the contrary, penetrate inside.

Main properties of thermal insulation material:

• strength. It is achieved due to a unique homogeneous structure. Under heavy loads, the slab does not deform, distributing the weight efficiently, but at the same time can be easily cut with a construction knife into pieces of the required size;
• environmental friendliness The material has been proven by multiple studies, it is resistant to the formation of fungus and mold, and rodents do not like it. Some types of organic solvents can soften penoplex and disrupt the shape and structure of the slab. Therefore, when working with this insulation, it is recommended to avoid contact with such liquids;
• low vapor permeability requires strict adherence to installation technology and recommendations for use so as not to create a greenhouse effect in the room;

• lifetime for penoplex slabs the lifespan is at least 50 years. This is a guaranteed period of time during which the material will have its original characteristics;
• coefficient of thermal conductivity- the main indicator by which foamed polystyrene is considered good insulation. Low values ​​of this indicator indicate that the house will be reliably protected from heat loss.
• The types of thermal insulation material penoplex and the directions of their use are quite diverse (previously used and modern names of the material are given in parentheses).
• Insulation of facades (PENOPLEX 31 or “Wall”). It is made with the addition of fire retardants. Well suited for plinths, internal and external walls, partitions, facades. Its density is 25-32 kg/m³, compressive strength is 0.20 MPa.
• Foundation ( PENOPLEX 35 without additives for fire resistance or “foundation”). In addition to the application option implied by the name, this type is widely used in the arrangement of basements, blind areas and plinths. Density is expressed in terms of 29-33 kg/m³, and compressive strength is 0.27 MPa.
• Roofs. ( PENOPLEX 35 or “Roof”). Pitched or flat roof any type can be insulated using this type of polystyrene foam. It is dense enough (28 - 33 kg/m³) to create a usable roof.
• Country cottages, saunas, houses. ( PENOPLEX 31 C or “Comfort”). Universal insulation. Houses, roofing, walls and plinths in small private buildings - this is the scope of its application. Density indicators - 25-35 kg/m³, strength - 0.20 MPa.

Foamed polystyrene occupies a worthy position in popularity due to its good performance indicators.

Thermal insulation material glass wool

Insulation, known to more than one generation of builders, has today undergone some modifications. But, in essence, it remained the same material made from molten glass. Sand and recycled glass materials are drawn at temperatures above 1400 °C into thin fibers, which are formed into small bundles (with the participation of binding components), and then heated and pressed into a felt-like product. Glass wool reaches the consumer in mats or rolls and is intended for insulation of both horizontal and vertical surfaces.

It belongs to the category of mineral materials and is still produced in large volumes, which indicates that it is in demand and has a significant number of positive characteristics that are worth getting to know a little closer.

• Fragility refers rather to significant shortcomings. To prevent glass wool from scattering into its component parts during operation, mats and canvases are stitched. But no reinforcement can save you from small particles flying in all directions. Therefore, the equipment of a person working with glass wool must be serious: clothing that covers the body well, a respirator mask, goggles and gloves.
• The thermal conductivity of the material is low, but in comparison with other materials for similar purposes, it is considered high.
• The cost of glass wool remains competitive. Due to its availability, it is in demand, especially since it really reduces heat loss.
• Ease of transportation and use. Rolls and mats of material weigh little and the packaging is compact enough to bring the entire volume for home insulation in one go. Laying it out is also easy. The only caveat is that when insulating vertical bases, it can fall out of the frame, because it is quite flexible and low-elastic. The problem is solved by constructing guides with a smaller distance than the width of the mat. It is easy to cut the material to size.
• Safety. Glass wool can cause certain inconveniences and harm to health only at the installation stage. But when proper organization labor troubles will not happen. And after the material is laid in the base and covered with plasterboard, chipboard sheets or other finishing materials, it will not bring any harm to a person.
• No rodents. Due to the specific nature of the material, mice and rats will not choose this insulation to create cozy burrows in it.
• Glass wool is a non-flammable material.
• Sound insulation when used is also ensured.

Thus, it is most convenient to use glass wool for insulating floors and ceilings. You can also show skill when decorating walls. The main disadvantage remains the harmful dust that is inevitable when cutting and rolling, but for some consumers the low cost more than offsets this disadvantage.

Slag

Continuing the conversation about mineral insulation, it is worth mentioning slag wool. It is produced from blast furnace slag. Since this is a kind of production waste (when cast iron is smelted in blast furnaces, a glassy mass remains), the costs of its production are low, and therefore the price of the finished insulation is quite affordable.

Slag wool is capable of blocking heat well in rooms, but it has enough disadvantages and limitations on use to negate its low cost and good thermal insulation.

• So, slag wool is afraid of moisture. It is not justified to use it in bathrooms or on facades. At the same time, it is capable of oxidizing various metal parts and structures with which it comes into direct and prolonged contact.
• To top it all off, it is scratchy and requires the use of special protection during operation. Against this background, glass wool looks much more attractive, so slag wool is modern construction used extremely rarely.

Mineral thermal insulation material

Basalt, stone, mineral wool, rockwool - these names most often hide the same material.

• Its fibers are the same size as slag wool, but they do not cause discomfort during installation. Safety in use is one of the first distinctive properties of this mineral insulation.

• The thermal conductivity coefficient of this material is calculated from 0.077 to 0.12 W/meter-kelvin. Basalt wool is called the best in all respects. It does not contain additional harmful impurities, can withstand prolonged exposure to extremely high and low temperatures, and is convenient to use.
• Both ordinary stone and basalt wool are resistant to combustion. The fibers will only melt and sinter together, but will not allow further spread of the fire.
• Any building can be insulated with stone wool, both when built from scratch and those that have been in operation for quite a long time. Basalt insulation does not interfere with air microcirculation, which means it can be used in buildings where forced ventilation not functioning properly.
• Certain inconveniences for some builders may arise with the need to erect a false wall. Without it, it will not be possible to install insulation. But in fact, the construction technology is very simple; not so much space is “eaten up”.
• The material is environmentally friendly, good for insulation wooden houses. It is strictly forbidden for it to get wet, so the waterproofing layer must meet all requirements.
• Recommended thickness of thermal insulation material for middle zone is 15-20 cm, in southern regions 10 cm layer is enough.

• Stone wool absorbs sound well. This is achieved due to the fact that its fibers are arranged chaotically, and air accumulates in large quantities between them. This structure perfectly dampens sounds.
• The described insulation is chemically passive. Even if it comes into close contact with metal surface, then no traces of corrosion will appear on it. Rotting and infection by fungi or mold are also not typical for stone wool. Rodents and other pests are not attracted to the material.
• The only really negative aspect of its use is the rather high cost.

Characteristics of thermal insulation materials

Ecowool

Ecowool is insulation made from waste paper and various residues from the production of paper and cardboard. In addition to these components, antiseptics and a fairly powerful fire retardant are added to the composition. It is extremely necessary, because judging by the fact that 80% of the material is flammable cellulose, the level of flammability of such a heat-insulating product is quite high.

Ecowool is not without its drawbacks.

• One of them is hers natural decrease in volume. It is capable of settling, losing up to 20% of the original filling level. To prevent this, ecowool is used in excess. Creating a “reserve” will replenish the volume that decreases during operation.
• The insulation absorbs moisture quite well. This directly affects the ability to retain heat. The material needs the ability to release moisture to the external environment, so the thermal insulation layer must be ventilated.
• In order to carry out installation, special equipment will be required. It is a device that pumps insulation with uniform density, eliminating its further shrinkage. In this regard, you will need the help of hired specialists with experience working with this type of insulation. The wet application method, which involves such difficulties, also opens up the prospect of a break in construction work until the ecowool dries (from two to three days).

There is, of course, a method of dry insulation, but the installation option described above still has a better result. If horizontal surfaces can be insulated without using special equipment, then creating a layer of thermal insulation on the walls will be difficult to do without. There is a risk of uneven shrinkage of the material and the creation of uninsulated cavities.

• Features of the material itself do not imply its independent (frameless) use when insulation is carried out using a screed. Unlike polystyrene foam boards, ecowool does not have sufficient strength for this.
• Considerable precautions will be required during installation.:
  • carry out work away from open flames;
  • Avoid contact of the material with any heat source that could lead to smoldering. That is, when insulating a surface next to a fireplace chimney or chimney, they will need to be separated from the insulation with basalt mats coated with foil or asbestos-cement barriers.

It would seem that, against the backdrop of such difficulties, one can immediately refuse to use ecowool, but its positive aspects for someone can become a powerful incentive to use it.

• The material (even taking into account the increase in shrinkage) is quite economical.
• This insulation is environmentally friendly and safe for health. An exception may be material where it was used as a fire retardant. boric acid or ammonium sulfates. In this case, ecowool will have a sharp and unpleasant odor.
• It is a seamless insulation that does not have cold bridges. This means that heat loss in winter period will be reduced to a minimum.
• The material is inexpensive, while allowing for good thermal insulation.

As a soundproofing material, ecowool can compete with many of the materials described above.

Polyurethane foam (PPU)

Polyester with the addition of water, emulsifiers and active reagents, when exposed to a catalyst, form a substance with all the signs and indicators of a good heat-insulating material.

Polyurethane foam has the following characteristics:

• low thermal conductivity coefficient: 0.019 - 0.028 W/meter-kelvin;
• applied by spraying, creating a continuous coating without cold bridges;
• the light weight of the hardened foam does not put pressure on the structure;
• ease of use without any fasteners makes it possible to insulate surfaces with any configuration;
• long service life, including resistance to frost and heat, any precipitation, rotting;
• safety for humans and the environment;
• does not destroy metal elements structures, but on the contrary, creates anti-corrosion protection for them.

Walls, floors and ceilings - its application is available everywhere. Polyurethane foam will adhere to glass, wood, concrete, brick, metal and even painted surfaces. The only thing you should protect polyurethane foam from is exposure to direct rays of light.

Types of thermal insulation materials

Reflective thermal insulation materials

There is a group of heat-saving materials that work on the principle of reflectors. They function quite simply: they first absorb and then release the resulting heat.

• The surface of such insulation is able to reflect more than 97% of the heat that reaches its surface. This is available through one or a couple of layers of polished aluminum.
• It does not contain impurities, and is applied to a layer of foamed polyethylene for ease of use.

• The thin-looking material can surprise with its capabilities. One or two centimeters of reflective insulation creates an effect comparable to using a 10 to 27 cm thick fibrous thermal insulator. Among the most popular materials in this category are Ecofol, Penofol, Poriplex, Armofol.
• In addition to heat and sound insulation, such insulation creates vapor barrier protection (and is often used in this capacity).

The conclusion is quite simple: ideal insulation does not exist. Depending on the means, the goals pursued and personal preferences (including ease of use), everyone will be able to choose the optimal material for creating a warm and truly cozy home. But we must remember that when using each of the above-described insulation on the roof, mandatory waterproofing of the thermal insulation material is required.

Publications: 77

29.09.2014

The best heat insulating material of all existing

There are different types of thermal insulation materials. But some are not as strong and durable as we would like, others let water through or are flammable, and with others there is something else wrong. But there is one modern heat insulator that is simply impossible for others to compete with. Moreover, this material is so unique that it cannot be unambiguously attributed to any group building materials. This is foam glass.

Photo 1. Foam glass granules

Foam glass is a porous material consisting of many non-communicating glass cells. It is obtained by foaming ground cullet into gas ovens, after which the mass cools sharply, forming a rigid structure. Industrial glass waste is used as raw material. Due to its composition and structure, foam glass combines a unique range of properties.

The first buildings using foam glass as a thermal insulation material were built in the middle of the 20th century in Canada, and since then their number has been rapidly increasing. After all, technical characteristics and wide range The use of foam glass has made a real revolution in the field of building materials!

Advantages of foam glass over other heat insulators:

• Low thermal conductivity. A large number of cells separated by thin glass partitions makes the thermal conductivity of this material almost zero.
• A 10 cm thick foam glass wall has thermal insulation properties comparable to a 1 m brick wall!
• Water and vapor tightness. The cells of the material are waterproof. Moisture can accumulate only in destroyed cells on the surface layers. Foam glass is the best material for waterproofing. It is ideal for pool enclosing structures and pipeline insulation. The technology of using granules in the thermal insulation layer allows moisture to be removed naturally.
• Fire resistance. Foam glass does not burn, does not emit gases and vapors when heated, and therefore is successfully used for enclosing structures in areas of high fire hazard. The glass application temperature can range from -200 to +6000 C.
• Strength. Thanks to the same cellular structure, foam glass has high strength at low density. This allows the material to be used in the construction of attics without reinforcing building structures or as an additional front decorative surface to protect against moisture. What can I say, in terms of strength it is not inferior to concrete.
• Chemical and biological resistance with absolute environmental friendliness. Foam glass is an inorganic material that is not exposed to the environment and active substances. Its basis is glass, which does not emit any harmful compounds and complies with all sanitary and environmental standards. Therefore, when planning, for example, winter garden or a lawn on the roof, foam glass will act as the best roofing material.
• Durability. The combination of the above determines a long service life, while the properties of the material do not deteriorate over time.
• Ease of processing and installation. It is very easy to process with any carpentry tool and glued with any construction mixture or glue. Adhesion occurs not only due to adhesion, but also due to the fact that the surface of the foam glass is very textured, which provides good mechanical adhesion with the help of a hardening composition.

Photo 2. Foam glass is easy to process

Foam glass is universal; it can be used as a structural material, as insulation or decorative cladding. That is, in frameless low-rise construction foam glass can completely replace the “pie” of the wall. When used in multi-storey construction Due to its versatility and low weight, the building structure is simplified and the load on the foundation and frame is reduced.

Photo 3. Laying foam glass slabs

Further development of technology can solve such development problems as increasing energy and heat efficiency, as well as the service life of housing while reducing construction time, labor costs and the cost of work in general.

Foam glass is manufactured in the form of:

• Blocks and slabs different sizes, density and decor;
• Crushed stone (large uneven fractions);
• Granules, which can be used in bulk form, can be included in block products, slabs, drainage, and concrete products. Thermal insulation in the form of granules is especially suitable for structures with complex geometric shapes;
• Various molded products, for example, couplings of a given diameter for insulating pipelines and heating mains.

In our country, the use of foam glass in construction has not yet been developed. The existing enterprises, of which there are few, operate mainly using old technology, in which the production process is accompanied by the release of hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the resulting material can only be used as a layer - for example, insulation - since it must be insulated from the internal surfaces of the premises. And despite the fact that conventional insulation is inferior in quality to even such foam glass by several times, it is more profitable for construction companies not to change their preferences, choosing savings and income instead of high performance characteristics.

Preface

Modern thermal insulation materials are distinguished by high-quality characteristics; as a rule, they are environmentally friendly and have excellent ergonomic properties.

Contents

Modern thermal insulation materials are distinguished by high-quality characteristics; as a rule, they are environmentally friendly and have excellent ergonomic properties. Having familiarized yourself with the main types of thermal insulation materials and their properties, you can choose exactly the one that will meet all your requirements. When comparing materials for thermal insulation, you will have to give preference to organic, inorganic or mixed - below you will learn about each of them.

Today, the building materials market offers a huge range of thermal insulation. However, all these products must be used correctly. Therefore, before you begin the process of insulating your home, you should familiarize yourself with the recommendations for choosing insulation, as well as learn how to perform this work correctly.

The best materials for home insulation

Organic- this is peat, wood fiber. These materials can be used for insulation only from the inside and unless high humidity indoors, as they are susceptible to rotting. In addition to natural organic species Thermal insulation materials include polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam, and polyethylene foam. They are not afraid of humidity, but do not have increased fire resistance.

Inorganic- fiberglass, mineral wool insulation, foam glass, cellular concrete, basalt fiber. Mineral wool and mineral wool slabs are used most often. The material is fire resistant and has high vapor permeability. If you plan to insulate a room with high humidity, use inorganic materials with water-repellent additives.

Mixed type- vermiculite, asbestos, perlite and other materials from expanded rocks. Insulation is highly expensive and therefore is used less frequently than the first two types.

For thermal insulation of pipelines located in the interwall space frame house They use special “sleeves” made of high-density insulation.

The modern market is saturated with a variety of materials for thermal insulation of a house - they differ both in quality and in specific gravity, thermal resistance and price. Today, a specific material is chosen not only according to its quality characteristics, but also depending on its environmental friendliness and ergonomic properties.

Comparison of materials for home insulation

The main characteristics of thermal insulation materials are thermal conductivity, porosity, density, vapor permeability, humidity, water absorption, biostability, fire resistance, strength, temperature resistance and specific heat capacity. When choosing the best thermal insulation material, you need to carefully study its comparative characteristics.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity. It is equal to the amount of heat that will pass through 1 m of material with an area of ​​1 m2 in 1 hour when the temperature difference inside and outside the building is 10 ° C. This indicator characterizes thermal conductivity and is measured in W/ (m x °C) or in W/ (m x K). The indicator depends on the moisture level of the material, since water conducts heat better than air. In other words, wet or even damp material will not perform its main function of thermal insulation.

In addition, thermal conductivity depends on the structure, porosity, chemical composition of the material and its temperature.

Porosity. Porosity refers to the proportion of pores in the total volume of the insulating material. There are small, large, closed and open pores. Their type and uniformity of distribution in the material are important.

Density. It is measured in kg/m3 and indicates the ratio of the mass of the material and the volume it occupies.

Vapor permeability. Indicates the amount of steam that passes through 1 m2 of material 1 m thick in 1 hour. Water vapor is measured in mg, and the air temperature on different sides of the material is taken to be the same.

Humidity. Indicates the amount of moisture in the material. Another important characteristic is sorption humidity. It is understood as the equilibrium hygroscopic humidity under conditions different temperatures and relative air humidity.

Water absorption. This is the amount of water that a material can absorb and retain in its pores when in direct contact with moisture. To improve this indicator, special substances that repel moisture are added to some materials (for example, mineral wool). This process is called hydrophobization.

Biostability. Microorganisms multiply where they exist high humidity. Material with increased biostability is able to resist the effects of fungi, microorganisms and some insects.

Fire resistance. There are accepted indicators fire safety: smoke-forming ability, flammability, flammability and toxicity of combustion products. The longer a material can withstand high temperatures, the higher its fire resistance.

Strength. This indicator helps determine whether the material will be significantly affected by its transportation, storage and installation. The tensile strength ranges from 0.2 to 2.5 MPa.

Temperature resistance. Resistance of the material to temperature influences. The indicator reflects the temperature, after exposure, to which the material will change its properties, structure and lose strength.

Heat capacity (specific). It is measured in kJ/ (kg x °C) and indicates the amount of heat accumulated by the thermal insulation layer. Frost resistance. The indicator indicates the ability of a material to withstand temperature changes, freeze and thaw without compromising its basic properties.

Thermal insulation material mineral wool

The term “mineral wool” unites all fibrous insulation materials that are obtained from mineral raw materials. Mineral wool is a highly porous material, which determines its high thermal insulation properties. In terms of popularity, it occupies one of the first places among thermal insulation materials.

This is explained by many advantages:

• easy to use and low cost (production technology is simple and raw materials are available);
• meets all fire safety requirements (does not burn);
• non-hygroscopic (upon contact with water, it immediately repels it and provides good ventilation);
• provides sound insulation and has high frost resistance;
• has a long service life.
• With all its advantages, mineral wool has several disadvantages:
• loses its heat-insulating properties upon contact with water;
• requires additional layers of vapor barrier and waterproofing film during installation;
• has less strength compared to other materials (for example, foam glass).

Materials for thermal insulation: glass wool and basalt slabs

The name glass wool is not accidental; it is made from the same raw materials as ordinary glass - soda, lime, quartz sand. You can purchase glass wool both in rolls and in the form of a slab or cylinder. The latter option is used for pipe insulation.

Glass wool has the same advantages as mineral wool. But it is stronger and has greater sound insulation. At the same time, the temperature resistance of glass wool is lower than that of basalt mineral board and does not exceed 450 °C. But this is important only if the material is used for technical insulation.

Basalt mineral slabs can be classified as a type of glass wool. It is made from the basalt group of rocks.

Advantages of such plates:

• low moisture absorption and high strength;
• high fire resistance (the material can withstand temperatures up to 1000°C);
• resistance to deformation and durability.

The slabs are used for thermal insulation of facades, panels, foundations and roofs of multi-storey buildings.

Thermal insulation materials: foam glass and ecowool

Foam glass is produced by sintering glass powder and blowing agents. The porosity of foam glass is high - up to 95%.

Its main advantages:

• water resistance, strength and ease of processing;
• frost resistance and fire resistance;
• long service life;
• chemical neutrality and biological stability.
• Foam glass also has disadvantages:
• has a high cost and therefore is mainly used in industrial facilities;
• does not allow air to pass through.

The composition of cellulose wool (ecowool) is heterogeneous. The largest part is occupied by wood fiber - 80%, a smaller part - fire retardant (boric acid) - 12%, antiseptic (sodium tetraborate) - 7%. The material has a fine-grained structure. Suitable for wet and dry installation methods. For wet method Special equipment is required since the cotton wool is blown. The dry method looks simpler: the material is poured and compacted to the required density.

Cellulose wool has a number of advantages:

• low cost and safety of production and installation;
• uniform installation and high thermal insulation;
• insulation of gaps and recesses and moisture exchange without reducing the thermal insulation properties.
• The disadvantages of the material include:
• flammability and labor-intensive installation;
• low compressive strength (makes it impossible to use the material for “floating” floors).

Materials for thermal insulation: cork, polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam

Cork is an environmentally friendly material. Cork is popular in many countries of the world; finishing materials are produced from it.

It has a lot of positive properties:

• does not shrink and rot and is light in weight;
• durable, but at the same time easy to cut;
• durable and chemically inert;
• cannot be burned (if the thermal insulation is exposed to open fire, the cork will only smolder without releasing harmful substances).

For thermal insulation, slabs up to 50 mm thick are used, and the application temperature is no more than 120 ° C.

Foam materials include thermoplastic thermal insulation, which softens when reheated (polyvinyl chloride foam, expanded polystyrene), and thermo-non-plastic, which does not soften and hardens in the first heating cycle (materials based on phenol-formaldehyde, epoxy and organosilicon resins, polyurethane foams).

Polystyrene foams are the most widely used. They are produced using the pressless or press method. Externally, the material resembles small balls fastened together.

Pros of polystyrene foam:

• high thermal insulation and strength;
• low moisture absorption and frost resistance;
• ease of installation and low cost.

Minuses:

• flammability and does not allow air to pass through;
• if the material long time exposed to water, its structure will be destroyed when frozen.

Polyurethane foam is microcapsules filled with air, obtained through the reaction of isocyanate and polyol.

Advantages of polyurethane foam:

• quickly installed and suitable for insulating uneven surfaces;
• has no joints and is elastic;
• withstands temperatures from -250 °C to +180 °C;
• resistant to biological effects.

Minuses:

• installation requires special blowing equipment;
• When burning, it releases harmful substances and does not allow air to pass through.

Thermal insulation material extruded polystyrene foam

Produced by extrusion (pressing material through an extruder). It has a strong microstructure, which consists of closed cells filled with gas. The cells do not have micropores and are therefore impermeable to water and gas.

Extruded polystyrene foam has the following advantages:

• very strong and durable;
• has low thermal conductivity and does not absorb moisture;
• does not react with other substances and is non-toxic.

The disadvantages of the material should also be pointed out:

• It is flammable and does not allow air to pass through.

Liquid thermal insulation material (TSM Ceramik)

This is one of the most modern species thermal insulation. The composition of TSM Ceramics includes hollow ceramic balls, which are bonded together with a mixture of special substances.

The material has truly unique properties:

• low thermal conductivity;
• excellent stretchability - the material is applied to any surface like ordinary paint;
• resistance to high and low temperatures, including fire;
• small thickness of thermal insulation (only a few mm);
• economic benefit of use - about 1 liter of substance is used per 2 m2 of surface.

When choosing thermal insulation, it is necessary to take into account whole line factors. The main characteristics of the insulated object, operating conditions and much more should be taken into account. There is no universal material, so from all the bulk mixtures, panels and liquids on the market, you need to choose the most suitable thermal insulation.

It is better to start the construction of each facility with project planning and careful calculations thermal parameters. The table of thermal conductivity of building materials will provide accurate data. Proper construction of buildings contributes to optimal indoor climate parameters. And the table will help you choose the right raw materials to be used for construction.

Thermal conductivity of materials affects the thickness of walls

Thermal conductivity is a measure of the transfer of thermal energy from heated objects in a room to objects at a lower temperature. The heat exchange process is carried out until the temperature indicators are equalized. To indicate thermal energy, a special thermal conductivity coefficient of building materials is used. The table will help you see all the required values. The parameter indicates how much thermal energy is passed through a unit area per unit time. The larger this designation, the better the heat exchange will be. When constructing buildings, it is necessary to use a material with a minimum thermal conductivity value.

The thermal conductivity coefficient is a value that is equal to the amount of heat passing through a meter of material thickness per hour. The use of such a characteristic is mandatory to create better thermal insulation

. Thermal conductivity should be taken into account when selecting additional insulating structures.

What influences the thermal conductivity index?

• Thermal conductivity is determined by the following factors:
• porosity determines the heterogeneity of the structure. When heat is passed through such materials, the cooling process is insignificant;
• an increased density value affects close contact of particles, which contributes to faster heat transfer;

High humidity increases this indicator.

Using thermal conductivity values ​​in practice

The materials are presented in structural and thermal insulation varieties. The first type has high thermal conductivity. They are used for the construction of floors, fences and walls.

Using the table, the possibilities of their heat transfer are determined. In order for this indicator to be low enough for a normal indoor microclimate, walls made of some materials must be especially thick. To avoid this, it is recommended to use additional thermal insulating components.

Thermal conductivity indicators for finished buildings. Types of insulation When creating a project, you need to consider all ways of heat leakage. It can come out through walls and roofs, as well as through floors and doors. If you do the design calculations incorrectly, you will have to be content only with the thermal energy received from heating devices

. Buildings built from standard raw materials: stone, brick or concrete need to be additionally insulated. Additional thermal insulation is carried out in frame buildings. Wherein imparts rigidity to the structure, and insulating material is laid in the space between the posts. In buildings made of brick and cinder blocks, insulation is done from the outside of the structure.

When choosing insulation materials, you need to pay attention to factors such as humidity levels, the influence of elevated temperatures and the type of structure. Consider certain parameters of insulating structures:

• the thermal conductivity indicator affects the quality of the heat-insulating process;
• moisture absorption is of great importance when insulating external elements;
• thickness affects the reliability of insulation. Thin insulation helps preserve the usable area of ​​the room;
• Flammability is important. High-quality raw materials have the ability to self-extinguish;
• thermal stability reflects the ability to withstand temperature changes;
• environmental friendliness and safety;
• sound insulation protects against noise.

The following types of insulation are used:

• mineral wool is fire resistant and environmentally friendly. Important characteristics include low thermal conductivity;

• polystyrene foam is a lightweight material with good insulation properties. It is easy to install and is moisture resistant. Recommended for use in non-residential buildings;
• basalt wool, unlike mineral wool, has better resistance to moisture;
• penoplex is moisture resistant, elevated temperatures and fire. It has excellent thermal conductivity, is easy to install and durable;

• polyurethane foam is known for such qualities as non-flammability, good water-repellent properties and high fire resistance;
• Extruded polystyrene foam undergoes additional processing during production. Has a uniform structure;

• penofol is a multi-layer insulating layer. The composition contains foamed polyethylene. The surface of the plate is covered with foil to provide reflection.

Bulk types of raw materials can be used for thermal insulation. These are paper granules or perlite. They are resistant to moisture and fire. And from organic varieties you can consider wood fiber, flax or cork covering. When choosing, Special attention pay attention to such indicators as environmental friendliness and fire safety.

Note! When designing thermal insulation, it is important to consider the installation of a waterproofing layer. This will avoid high humidity and increase resistance to heat transfer.

Table of thermal conductivity of building materials: features of indicators

The thermal conductivity table for building materials contains indicators various types raw materials used in construction. Using this information, you can easily calculate the thickness of the walls and the amount of insulation.

How to use the table of thermal conductivity of materials and insulation?

The table of heat transfer resistance of materials presents the most popular materials. When choosing a specific thermal insulation option, it is important to consider not only physical properties, but also such characteristics as durability, price and ease of installation.

Did you know that the easiest way to install penoizol and polyurethane foam. They are distributed over the surface in the form of foam. Such materials easily fill the cavities of structures. When comparing solid and foam options, it should be emphasized that foam does not form joints.

Values ​​of heat transfer coefficients of materials in the table

When making calculations, you should know the heat transfer resistance coefficient. This value is the ratio of the temperatures on both sides to the amount heat flow. In order to find the thermal resistance of certain walls, a thermal conductivity table is used.

You can do all the calculations yourself. To do this, the thickness of the heat insulator layer is divided by the thermal conductivity coefficient. This value is often indicated on the packaging if it is insulation. Home materials are measured independently. This applies to thickness, and the coefficients can be found in special tables.

The resistance coefficient helps to select a specific type of thermal insulation and the thickness of the material layer. Information on vapor permeability and density can be found in the table.

At correct use tabular data you can choose quality material to create a favorable indoor microclimate.

Thermal conductivity of building materials (video)

You might also be interested in:

How to make heating in a private house from polypropylene pipes with your own hands

Have you decided to make your home energy efficient in order to spend less money on heating it, or simply insulate the walls to make living in it more comfortable, but you don’t know what material to choose? After all, you want it to be of high quality, not allow water to pass through, not make the structure too heavy, be vapor-permeable, not afraid of fungus and mold, and at the same time, preferably not too expensive, not have a negative impact on human life, and better yet, be natural. Featured on modern market thermal insulation materials amaze with their diversity, among which it is not easy to choose right choice. In this article, we will determine what characteristics you should pay attention to, what advantages and disadvantages certain types of materials have and what they are made of.

First, let's find out why such materials are needed and what they are.

The main function of thermal insulation material is to prevent heat loss from the insulated room, for example, in the cold season, and heat penetration inside in the hot summer. Heat transfer is due to the movement of molecules, which cannot be stopped completely, but can be reduced. So, in still, dry air, molecules move slowest. It is this property that was taken as the basis for the production of heat-insulating materials, which are air packed different ways: in pores, cells, capsules.

Characteristics of thermal insulation materials

When choosing a particular insulating material, you should pay attention to several fundamental characteristics.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity(lambda - λ) is the main indicator for thermal insulation materials. It shows the amount of heat that passes through a material having a thickness of 1 m and an area of ​​1 m2 in one hour, provided that the temperature difference on opposite surfaces is 10 ° C. For example, the thermal conductivity coefficient of dry air is 0.023 W/(m*C). The value of thermal conductivity is influenced by other characteristics of the material: porosity, humidity, temperature, chemical composition and others.

Porosity- percentage of air pores in the total volume of the product. Can be 50% or more. In some cellular plastics it reaches 90 - 98%. Pores can be open, closed, small or large. Their uniform distribution within the material is very important.

Humidity- the amount of moisture contained in the material. This parameter affects thermal conductivity. Since water conducts heat very well, a material saturated with water - wet - will not perform its functions.

Water absorption- the ability of the material to absorb water in direct contact with it. Very important point for external insulation, which may be exposed to precipitation, for internal insulation in rooms with high levels of humidity. If the material absorbs water, its properties will decrease.

Vapor permeability- the amount of water vapor passing through a material with a thickness of 1 m and an area of ​​1 m2 in 1 hour, provided that the temperature is the same on both sides of the material and the difference in the partial pressure of steam is 1 Pa. This parameter affects the need to install additional vapor barrier.

Density material affects its mass. Using it, you can calculate how heavy the structure will be if you use this or that material of a certain thickness.

Biostability determines whether the development of fungi, mold and other pathogenic flora on the surface or inside the structure of the material is possible.

Heat capacity material is important in regions with frequent temperature changes. It shows the amount of heat that the insulation can accumulate.

There are other characteristics: fire resistance, strength, frost resistance, bending strength and fire safety indicators. When choosing a material, you should also pay attention to them, as well as to another indicator that is not directly related to a specific thermal insulation material:

U-factor- the ability of the structure to transmit heat. Whether walls, ceilings or floors, depending on the materials from which they are made, they can transmit heat in different amounts and at different rates. This coefficient is a combined value, the calculation of which includes all materials used in layers and the air gaps between them. The U-value of a particular building or structure will determine what thermal insulation material can be used and what thickness of this material is required.

Thermal insulation materials for walls

Today, the production of thermal insulation materials has been established, both from inorganic and organic raw materials. Let us consider them separately due to their different effects on the environment and humans, as well as the conditions of disposal.

Thermal insulation materials from inorganic raw materials

Mineral wool is perhaps the most common material at the moment. Produced from mineral raw materials: dolomites, basalts and other minerals. The fibers obtained as a result of melting minerals are held together with a binder, which is often phenol-formaldehyde resin. Ease of production determined low price for this material.

Advantages of mineral wool:

• Good thermal insulation properties.
• Practically does not absorb moisture.
• Frost-resistant.
• Can serve as additional sound insulation.
• Does not burn.
• Durable.
• Does not change its characteristics.
• Not subject to rotting.
• "Breathing."

Flaws:

• Not strong enough.
• Requires vapor barrier.
• Requires waterproofing.
• Phenol formaldehyde is a toxic substance.

Release form: loose wool, mats, cylinders, slabs with different densities (light, soft, semi-rigid, hard).

Stone wool made from diabase rock by melting and turning the liquid mass into fibers. This material consists of 99% air and only 1% rock. It is used for insulation of walls and other structures everywhere.

Advantages of stone wool:

• Provides sound insulation.
• Does not burn.
• Not subject to rotting.
• Prevents the spread of fire. Melts at a temperature of 1000 °C.

Flaws:

• Energy-intensive production process.
• Requires special disposal.

Foam glass (cellular glass) It is made from glass powder by sintering it with blowing agents. Air occupies 80 - 95% of the material.

Advantages of foam glass:

• Durable. You can drive nails.
• Water resistant.
• Frost-resistant.
• Does not burn.
• Not subject to rotting.
• Durable.

Flaws:

• Does not “breathe” (additional ventilation is required).
• Dear.

Volcanic rock. When heated, it increases several times, which is why the production process resembles the creation of popcorn. Used for thermal insulation since the middle of the last century.

Advantages of perlite:

• Environmentally friendly material.
• Does not burn.
• Does not absorb moisture.
• Doesn't settle.
• Resistant to rotting and the influence of pathogenic flora
• Easy to use (can be poured or blown into voids).
• Can be disposed of by composting (improves soil quality).

Flaws:

• It can spill out of voids when laying pipes or cables in the walls.

Thermal insulating materials made from inorganic raw materials also include various thermal insulating concretes: aerated concrete, cellular concrete, foam concrete. And also concretes with aggregates: expanded clay concrete, perlite concrete, polystyrene concrete.

Polymer thermal insulation

It has a solid, durable microstructure. The cells are closed, impenetrable and filled with air. Neither water nor air can penetrate from cell to cell.

Advantages of extruded polystyrene foam:

• Good thermal conductivity.
• Inert towards most substances.
• Does not absorb moisture.
• Stronger than foam.

Flaws:

• Flammable (releases toxic substances during combustion).
• Doesn't "breathe".

They are small balls fastened together. They can be produced using both press and non-press methods.

Advantages of polystyrene foams:

• Inexpensive.
• Durable.
• Well insulated.
• Easy to install.

Flaws:

• When exposed to sunlight, they turn yellow and disintegrate.
• They don't "breathe".
• They are burning.
• When moisture penetrates, the structure is destroyed.

It is a liquid heat-insulating material. When the ingredients are mixed with air, a fine aerosol is formed, which can be sprayed onto a surface of any geometry.

Advantages of polyurethane foam:

• Amazing elasticity of the material.
• Resistant to fungi and mold.
• You can insulate uneven surfaces.
• Easy installation that does not take much time.
• Has no joints.

Flaws:

• It burns, releasing toxic substances.
• Doesn't "breathe".
• Special installation is required for installation.

Thermal insulation materials from organic raw materials

Paper used for insulation since the middle of the last century. Such materials are granules obtained from newspapers and other waste paper. To blow these granules into the voids in the walls, the help of specialists is required.

Advantages of paper-based thermal insulation materials:

• Do not burn (treated with neutral salts).
• Repel water.
• Fills cavities well.
• Easy to use.
• Do no harm environment.
• Can be disposed of by normal composting.
• Resistant to fungi.

Flaws:

• Limited scope of application due to the specific shape of the product - granules.

Linen It is used quite rarely as insulation, mainly by those who care about the environment and their health. The reason for the limited distribution of flax materials is the high price. Although it is predicted to decrease over time.

Advantages of linen insulation:

• Excellent insulating properties.
• Do not require additional vapor barrier.
• Dispose of by burning or composting.
• Absolutely natural.
• Resistant to fungi and microorganisms.

Flaws:

• Difficult to cut.
• Additional fire protection is required.

Wood fiber (cellulose wadding) is currently considered one of the most famous organic thermal insulation materials. Represents wood material, crushed to the state of cotton wool. It is produced both in bulk form and in slabs. Used for blowing into wall cavities.

Advantages of cellulose wool:

• Increased thermal insulation properties.
• Serves as sound insulation.
• Simple and easy to use.
• Compostable.

Flaws:

• Susceptible to rot and fungus.
• Cannot be used to insulate hollow walls of old buildings.
• Ammonium polyphosphate is added to improve fire-resistant properties.

Made from cork oak bark without the use of synthetic substances. Cork is another completely natural insulation material, just like flax.

Benefits of cork:

• Doesn't rot.
• Does not shrink.
• Resistant to compression and bending.
• Easy.
• Durable.
• Inert to most substances.
• Doesn't burn (but smolders).
• During smoldering it does not emit harmful substances.

Flaws:

• Treated with anti-flammable impregnations.

Comparison of thermal insulation materials

Before choosing a material for insulation, it is advisable to consult with specialists. Based on the material of the walls, their thickness and operating conditions (climate), they will advise which materials may be suitable in a particular case and what their thickness should be. If you do not hear the material you would like to use in the list of proposed options, please clarify this nuance. Perhaps this material simply fell out of the specialist’s attention, or maybe it is categorically not suitable for this design.

It is impossible to single out the best thermal insulation material. All of them are good to one degree or another for specific purposes. The choice depends primarily on thermal insulation properties and on personal preferences and financial capabilities.

For example, by arranging absolutely eco-friendly house made of wood, it would be absurd to use polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam for insulation. It makes sense to pay attention to natural materials: flax, paper, cellulose and cork.

In the construction of modern multi-storey buildings, foam plastic and other materials are widely used. polymer materials, since their price is low, they are easy to install and have good thermal conductivity. But basically no one thinks about the impact of such materials on human life. It is enough for developers that the manufacturer has assured that the product is safe.

In the presented table of the use of thermal insulation materials:

Gray the color indicates the correct choice;

Yellow color indicates options that should be implemented taking into account fire safety;

Red color - cannot be used.

As can be seen from the table, any of the materials presented in the article is good in its place: some are better used for insulating walls, others - floors, and others - attics and roofs. Even for thermal insulation inside or outside a building, different materials are suitable.