Mixed type houses. The structure of such a house usually consists of two parts:
1. stone first floor,
2. frame top.
There are no clear pros and cons of this design.
In this case, the first floor on the site is built from expanded clay concrete blocks. They contain a lot of concrete and little expanded clay.
Expanded clay- small clay foam balls that are fired. There is air inside. Looks like a brick. Emit poisonous gases, which are obtained in them during high-temperature foaming. It is better not to use such materials for private houses. There is an air cavity inside the block. To protect yourself, the house needs to be well plastered, then plastered gypsum plaster and paint, upholster decorative materials to reduce the release of toxic substances. In such a house you need to organize good ventilation. The latter is important in any case, because Other construction and finishing materials, including linoleum and carpet, can also emit harmful substances.
This block is cooler than brick. The outside must be insulated with at least 10 cm of polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam, and good mineral wool. Next is cladding with wood, siding,...
Houses made of stone are considered the most durable. If the walls are well insulated on the outside, but the inside is cool in summer and warm in winter. Stone is an advantage if people live in such a house permanently and a disadvantage if they live periodically.
Let's measure the temperature of the wall outside and inside using a perometer. On the street, the uninsulated walls heated up to 50 degrees, and inside the temperature did not exceed 25 with air temperatures up to 35.
Not available at this site underground ventilation, which is not good (the floors will rot in 5-10 years). Floors according to the traditions of the last century. Wooden joists with boards attached underneath to form the base for the subfloor. Mineral wool will be placed on these boards. Also bedding vapor barrier films so that moisture does not rise from under the floor. Everything is covered with floorboards or plywood. Such floors will shake all their lives.
In this case, it is better to dig up the soil and make sand cushion. Foam insulation or better expanded polystyrene. do it according to it screed with reinforcement made of iron or plastic mesh.
Can be covered with slabs. It's a bit expensive, but slabs untie the floor from the ground. The screed can be made using any technology, including with heated floors.
If a concrete screed is applied to wooden floors, the plastic wood takes the form of a suspension. The floors will have to be leveled, the tiles will crack.
Mixed-use houses have a long history. In Russia, a wooden second floor was built above the upper stone floor (basement).
Poor people in Europe back in the Middle Ages built according to frame technology, filling the frame with available materials, for example, clay mixed with straw. For example, see even now the popular half-timbered structure.
In modern Russia, an attic space is most often built using frame technology. At the same time, they do not take into account that in Europe or Canada the climatic conditions are not as severe as in Russia. A poorly insulated attic is hot in summer and cold in winter. By building the upper floor from foam concrete or timber, you can make living there more comfortable.
When building using frame technology, it is important to pay attention to the strength of the structure and the size of the structural elements.
In this case, the pillars are 100x150, from which there are logs, vertical and horizontal elements stitched together with staples, and jib bars are made (to prevent diagonal swaying). Then this design upholstered with boards or plywood, soundproofed.
The floors in this house are traditional, made of wooden beams with filing and insulation. The disadvantages of frame housing construction are poor sound insulation. For insulation in the interfloor ceiling, you can use a thin layer of sand. It's inexpensive and very effective.
When building a house with siding, subfloors Do not use boards with bark. Bark beetles live under the bark, which first eat the bark and then move on to the boards.
It is important to insulate the roof, because in winter she is great source heat loss, and in summer a heated roof transmits heat. All warm air, seeping through cracks and holes, ends up upstairs, in the attic, and then under the roof. If the roof is poorly insulated, then in addition to heat loss, we will get icing on the roof.
Vapor transparent membrane similar to ordinary polyethylene, but differs in that water does not pass through it. If there is a leak in the roof, the water will slide down the membrane. And if moisture gets in from below in the form of steam, it will not condense. The steam will pass through the film and also roll down. Thus the film releases moisture from the house and does not let it into the house.
Insulation of attic roof:
At the bottom the lower lathing is stuffed along the rafters from boards or plywood. Better to use tree, and not drywall, because If the wood gets wet, it can dry out.
Next is laid insulation. It could be expanded polystyrene, which is not transparent to steam and moisture. Moisture that gets on the surface of polystyrene foam will roll down and will not wet the material. If you lay cotton wool, it will take on water and will no longer perform its heat-insulating properties and will not dry out. Expanded polystyrene should be minimum 20 cm, otherwise there will be ice and icicles on the roof.
The rafters must be large enough to accommodate the insulation and leave space for breath.
This house is obviously being built for sale: larger area, simpler materials, fewer of them. Externally, such a house is made to look attractive. There will be large heat losses in this house.
IN modern technologies construction low-rise buildings One material is used less and less often, for example, brick, ceramic blocks or tree. By combining different building materials, you can build a house with minimal construction costs. Such technologies make it possible, for example, to create walls 40 cm thick, which will provide the same thermal insulation as a meter-thick brick wall.
Most often, two or more building materials are used for the construction of private houses, and each will have its own specific and delimited functions. For example, from the same material they are created load-bearing walls, the other is used as insulation, and the third - in the form exterior finishing and protecting walls from climatic influences. It is also possible to build the first floor of a house from one material, and the second from another.
History of combined houses
In the Middle Ages, small but durable hut houses called “chalets” were built for shepherds in the Alps. They were built from several building materials; as a rule, the first floor was stone and the second floor was wooden. Such houses were two-story with a sloping gable roof, which protruded beyond the walls of the house, resting on columns, and formed a terrace. This alpine “chalet” style, of course, enhanced with the help of modern construction technologies and materials to perfection, is now very popular in Europe.
The construction of combined houses was very popular in pre-revolutionary Russia. Rich merchants often built the first floor of their houses from stone, placing a store and warehouse there. The second floor was made in the form of a wooden frame.
The main advantages of houses built using combined technology:
The creation of such houses occurs much faster than buildings made from any one building material. Therefore, this technology is used not only to reduce costs, but also to reduce construction time. The selection of materials that can be combined is carried out depending on climatic conditions, terrain, soil type, the wishes of the customer and his financial capabilities.
The first floor, which is built of brick, concrete and other non-combustible materials, is allocated for the kitchen, utility rooms, and bathroom. On the second floor there is a bedroom and other living rooms, as a rule, they leave wooden walls, which creates a favorable microclimate.
When constructing such buildings, there is no need to wait until the first floor subsides, as is done when creating standard log houses; you can immediately begin building the second wooden floor.
What are combined houses?
Features of a combined house made of concrete, wood and metal:
Buildings made from concrete blocks are very durable, but at the same time, such houses have low sound and heat insulation. InnovaStroy specialists were able to solve this problem. To build walls, hollow blocks are used, which are filled with insulation.
For the ground floor great solution there will be blocks with textured surface, which most often looks like natural stone.
If the land plot has complex terrain, a combination of wood, metal and concrete is used. In this version of a combined house, wooden structures are load-bearing, and iron piles and concrete protect the wood from moisture from groundwater.
This combination of materials is optimal for protecting wooden structures from climatic influences.
What is good about a combined brick and wood house:
To create load-bearing structures, well masonry is used, in the cavity of which foam concrete is poured or insulation is laid. Thanks to this, you can significantly save on material, as well as reduce the thickness of the walls.
Combined houses made of timber, which are lined with brick on the outside, are popular. Outwardly, they look the same as brick ones, but the cost of constructing such a building is much lower. At the same time, the house turns out to be very warm and cozy.
Brick adhesion to wooden structures This is unacceptable, because due to daily temperature changes, condensation will appear on the wood, it will get wet, and mold will form. To prevent this, a small air gap and ventilation holes are left between the wood and the brick.
Construction of combined houses using timber-frame technology:
The building structures are constructed from thin laminated veneer lumber, and the walls are insulated from the inside with special material. The outside of the house is sheathed with wide boards that imitate the walls of a log house.
This type of combination of materials can significantly reduce construction costs wooden house. At the same time, the building turns out to be very warm, and externally it looks exactly the same as a log house.
A box made of timber is assembled very quickly, and a frame is attached to it. This technology allows construction to continue without waiting for time for the timber to shrink.
The partitions between rooms in such a house are made of a frame, which is filled with insulation.
Features of combined houses created using the “log-in-a-log” technology:
Externally, such a structure looks like a log house, but its construction will cost much less.
The construction technology is unique in that the walls are assembled from logs of different diameters. It turns out to be a double wall; insulation is placed into the resulting cavity.
Another advantage of such walls is that all communications can be hidden in the cavity between them.
Such a house turns out to be much warmer than a classic log house, so its heating costs will be significantly lower.
The living conditions of villagers are largely determined by the rational structure of housing construction according to the types of houses, apartments and number of storeys, corresponding to socio-economic characteristics, demographic factors, and natural and climatic conditions. The primary element of development of a rural settlement is rural estate with yard- is a housing and economic complex consisting of a house and outbuildings directly related to personal plot, ensuring the maintenance of personal subsidiary plots (PHS) of varying sizes, ranging from small to highly developed.
The main types of social housing include semi-detached and multi-apartment block houses with outbuildings and apartment plots. The main types of social-private housing are one- or two-apartment houses. For some socially protected categories of the population, sectional type houses can be built. Distribution of apartment buildings into two groups - with and without apartment plots- it is advisable to carry out taking into account the proportion of families running private farms of various sizes.
In this case, families are divided into several groups depending on the size of their farm:
- minimal (garden, vegetable garden),
- limited (garden, vegetable garden, poultry, small livestock),
- developed (garden, vegetable garden, poultry, small and large livestock).
Each group of families has its own types of residential buildings and outbuildings.
For socially protected segments of the population, it is recommended to distribute apartment buildings by type based on the feasibility of resettling rural families, depending on the volume of personal plots:
- leading developed private household plots - in one- and two-apartment houses with apartment plots of up to 1500 sq. m. m;
- leading limited private household plots - in 3-6-apartment blocked houses with plots of up to 1200 sq. m. m;
- leading a minimum private household plot - in blocked 7- or more apartment buildings with plots of up to 800 sq. m. m.
Houses without apartment plots - sectional, corridor, gallery - are intended for the resettlement of low-income groups of the population, including elderly married couples and singles, demobilized military personnel with their families, refugees, and internally displaced persons. The difficulty of maintaining private household plots for families living in sectional-type houses leads to a decrease in the volume of production of products for personal consumption by the rural population and a decrease in the marketable part of private household plot production, which requires replenishment of this share of production through public production. Since increasing the production of agricultural products is an important economic and social task, the relationship between the types of houses and the conditions for running private household plots is determined by the annual costs of production, if it is not obtained in the private sector due to the difficulties of running private plots.
In general, taking into account the specifics of rural life predetermines the priority construction of houses of the estate type - one-two-apartment and blocked (see House projects, Townhouse projects).
Houses with apartment plots can be one-story, attic, or two-story.
- In one-story houses, living quarters are located on the same or different levels.
- Two-story houses are designed with a full or incomplete second floor and with apartments located on two or different levels.
- IN attic houses The premises are located on two levels.
In this case, the most appropriate houses are one-story 2-5-room houses, attic houses 3-5 rooms, two-story houses 4-5 rooms.
Determining the number of storeys of a house
When determining the number of storeys of a house, all above-ground floors are taken into account, including the attic, as well as the basement, if the top of the floor is at least 2 m above the planning level of the ground.
The floor of a residential building is considered to be the basement, if the floor level of the premises is below the planning level of the ground by no more than half the height of the premises, and in the basement - if the floor level is more than half the height of the premises.
If the number of floors is different in different parts of the building, as well as when the house is located on a site with a significant slope (when the number of floors increases due to steep terrain), the number of floors is determined separately for each part of the building, and the height of the house is calculated based on the maximum number of floors. In manor-type houses, it is advisable to place residential premises not only in one or two, but also in different levels with a height shift of half a floor. Such a displacement, as opposed to floor division, ensures good opportunity visual connections between individual zones. In addition, the shift by half a floor creates a feeling of direct connection between the apartment and the site, since it seems that the shift in levels follows the slope of the area. The layout of the house on several levels also ensures successful zoning and the creation of an expressive interior with a “flowing” space of the apartment.
Single-family, blocked houses
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Single-family house project |
Single-family houses are recommended for everyone climatic regions, with the exception of the harsh conditions of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, belonging to subdistricts 1B and 1D, due to specific forms of organization of household processes and the lack of opportunities for farming. Despite the many advantages of a single-family house, the requirements for increasing building density and economic efficiency predetermine the need to build two- and multi-apartment houses of different planning structures. For socially protected segments of the population, two-apartment houses are recommended among the main ones, designed to accommodate families of different categories, including related ones. Compared to a single-family house, a semi-detached house has somewhat limited planning options for both the apartment itself and the home as a whole (optimal orientation and insolation of some rooms are difficult). At the same time, a two-flat house is more economical in construction and operation. Reducing heat loss is one of the most important indicators of the cost-effectiveness of a solution. The two-apartment house maintains a convenient connection between each apartment and the land plot and outbuildings. A house with two apartments is convenient for related families. Expedient architectural solutions rural two-apartment dwellings of different planning structures, including methods of “pairing” two apartments, a layout with a shift of each block apartment, and a floor-by-floor arrangement. Blocked multi-apartment buildings with land plots directly adjacent to each apartment and with outbuildings are distinguished by their economic efficiency in construction and operation. Just like two-apartment buildings, multi-apartment block houses are recommended for public construction, and their use as social-private housing and for renting out housing (with the possibility of further purchase) is dictated not only by economic efficiency, but also by a number of other reasons. For example, areas near the central part of the village or public center may be allocated for multi-apartment blocked buildings, and they will first of all be equipped with all types of engineering equipment. Blocked houses can be one-story, attic, two- and three-story.
Two-story blocked ones are recommended for use both as row houses with apartments on one or two levels, and with their floor-to-floor arrangement. Isolation of apartments and direct connection of each apartment to its own land plot distinguishes 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and more apartment buildings of row blocking. Compared to single-family use apartment buildings ensures high building density and efficiency of its engineering equipment. Each apartment has a direct entrance from the street and access to a plot of up to 800 m2, depending on the size of the area allocated for development. With a row block, the greatest isolation of apartments and the best connection with the site is achieved in a 4-apartment building, in which the size of the plots can be quite large, including due to their redistribution in end and row block apartments. The size of the plot largely depends on the length of the ordinary block apartment along the street, which is especially important for multi-apartment block buildings. The length of a block apartment of more than 10 m is extremely necessary for a block house to organize a three-apartment plot of sufficiently large size and run a personal subsidiary plot. Blocked houses are recommended for all types of housing construction and in all climatic regions. For climatic subdistricts 1A, 1B and 1G, blocked houses should be designed with increased body depth and a small wall perimeter, including cross blocking. For climatic regions III and IV, houses of terrace type and in the form of continuous (carpet) buildings with courtyards can be used.
Carpet, as opposed to ordinary, allows you to create a dense residential development, organically connected with the environment. In one building it is advisable to combine apartments with different numbers rooms. The variety of types of apartments makes it possible to accommodate families with different numbers and composition of members and create buildings with an extraordinary solution. It is recommended to design block apartments with the possibility of using them in different combinations. The block-apartment design method makes it possible to shift one block relative to another horizontally and vertically, to use inserts, mainly of utility rooms, which enriches the plasticity of the volume of the building and the entire development. Blocked houses create a scale commensurate with humans and provide: a connection between housing and the surrounding nature, the inclusion of outbuildings, an apartment plot and a courtyard in the planning structure of the building, the possibility of running a personal subsidiary plot, and the involvement of family members (and especially children) in feasible agricultural work.
Sectional houses
In terms of construction costs, sectional type houses are more economical. Thanks to ensuring high building density, reducing costs for engineering equipment and external landscaping, as well as reducing construction time, they have become widespread in public construction in rural areas.
One of the advantages of a sectional house is that it is easy to create a different set of apartments according to the number of rooms (mainly one-, two- and three-room), ensuring the resettlement of families different composition, including singles and small families. In addition, sectional houses, as a rule, have all types of engineering equipment, which distinguishes them favorably from manor-type houses. It should be noted that fuel consumption is the lowest in a sectional house. For rural conditions, II-IV-storey sectional houses with a length of 1-4 sections with one- to five-room apartments are recommended; houses can be built in all climatic regions. However, an apartment in a sectional house is not directly connected to the apartment area and outbuildings; the layout of summer and outdoor areas is also difficult in them. utility rooms. The group of sectional type houses includes corridor and gallery houses. In a corridor house, apartments are grouped along internal corridors connected by staircases. The number of apartments can be from 8 to 50 with 1-3-room apartments. Depending on the number of apartments, it is recommended that corridor houses be 2-4 storey. The scope of application of corridor houses is limited to climatic regions I and II. A gallery building is characterized by a one-sided arrangement of apartments along the external galleries. In terms of the number and types of apartments, as well as the number of floors, such buildings do not differ from residential buildings of the corridor type. The use of gallery houses is advisable for climatic regions III and IV. Houses with glazed galleries play the role of windproof and are recommended for subdistricts 1A, 1B, 1G.
Mixed structure houses
The desire to overcome the disadvantages inherent in sectional houses has led to the creation of new architectural and planning solutions for apartment buildings, combining the economic efficiency of a sectional building and the advantages of a manor house. As a result, houses of a mixed structure appeared, in which apartments are arranged around a common communication hub, but each of them has direct access to its own apartment area. In such houses, apartments located on the ground floor or on two levels can be inhabited by low-income, large or multi-generational families. Recommended different types buildings of mixed structure, including sectional-blocked, corridor-sectional, gallery-blocked. They are characterized by the characteristics of corridor or gallery houses, respectively, which determines the number and types of apartments and the scope of their application.
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Combining materials is a favorite pastime of designers; in capital construction it is used to solve important practical problems. Proper combination of the physical qualities of stone and wood in the load-bearing walls of a building gives the developer a tangible benefit in cost and comfort.
It is these two factors that have made houses made of combined materials popular and widespread in modern suburban construction.
What combinations are reasonable and permissible when constructing such a structure?
Most often, stone (brick, monolithic concrete, aerated concrete or expanded clay blocks). The second floor is built from rounded logs or laminated veneer lumber.
It should be noted that combinations of different wall materials may also affect external finishing. Combined house allows you to use any façade decor options: brick walls The first floor can be finished with a blockhouse, insulating them using the “ventilated facade” technology.
The second frame floor can be improved decorative plaster or stone tiles. As an example, we invite you to look at the photo below.
Looking at such a house, you will not be able to unambiguously answer the question of what its load-bearing walls are made of. Although it is also used here combined technology construction of walls. The first floor of this building is brick, lined with siding. The second is a wooden frame finished with ceramic tiles.
Constructive options for combined houses
Despite the variety of facade decor, the construction of combined houses must comply with the main principle: 1st floor is stone, 2nd floor is wood. It provides the building with the necessary strength and creates conditions for comfortable living on the second floor. Another problem solved by the combination of materials is reducing the labor intensity and cost of construction.
Anyone who does not want to spend extra money on exterior decoration is doing the right thing. The combination of stone and wood is optimal not only for structural reasons, but also from an aesthetic standpoint. Therefore, do not hide behind the finishing what looks perfect in itself.
An example would be a mansion built in a deliberately rough combination natural stone and logs. It fully complies with the canons of country style.
It originates from the harsh mountainous terrain, invented by Alpine shepherds. It also used the idea of combining durable stone and warm wood.
Life in the mountains requires maximum reliability and functionality. Therefore, the first level of the chalet is always built from durable rock that is not afraid of snow debris, rockfalls and water. The second floor is designed to create comfort and coziness. Can't find one for these purposes best material than natural wood.
The “ancestral sign” of all buildings built in the chalet style is wide roof overhangs that protect the walls from heavy rains and melting snowdrifts.
Modern combined houses made of stone and wood are extremely diverse, since the choice of wall materials is very wide. If you are not satisfied with torn stone or flat limestone “flagstone”, then build the first floor from. They are quite durable and at the same time as warm as natural wood.
When preparing for construction, do not forget that houses made of foam blocks and wood require a reliable connection between the first and second floors. Cellular concrete is a rather fragile material. Therefore, it will not hold the steel anchors securing the second level support beam.
A competent solution for such a structure is to pour a monolithic reinforced concrete belt over the foam block walls. It increases the spatial rigidity of the building and allows you to securely fix the anchor bolts.
The appearance of a foam block wall is not very expressive. Therefore, it is better to cover it with blockhouse or siding, laying a vapor barrier and a layer of mineral wool insulation behind the façade cladding.
For combined construction cottage can be used. They are stronger than foam concrete, not as fragile and very warm. Finishing arbolite walls is not labor-intensive, since any decorative plaster adheres well to them.
The second floor can be built from planed timber. This material retains heat well in a residential floor and does not require finishing cladding.
If you need a three-level combined house made of brick and timber, then build it according to this scheme: ground technical floor - monolithic reinforced concrete, the first level is brick, the second is a frame or log house.
Talking about frame version walls of the second floor, we note that it will not only save your money, but will also allow you to flexibly change the internal layout, adapting it to family needs.
You can hide the frame of the second floor behind the finishing. Another interesting option- specially highlight it, turning it into an element of facade decor. For this purpose, half-timbering is best suited - an ancient frame system in which posts, beams and cross braces face the facade.
A serious problem with all cottages is dampness on the ground floor. A combined house solves it simply and functionally. The lower floor is reserved for utility rooms. Here you can equip a boiler room, a bathhouse, a workshop and a garage. Bedrooms, bathrooms, dressing rooms, playrooms and a kitchen are located on the second, drier floor.
A combined house and a combined facade are not the same thing!
As we have already said, the combination of different wall materials is the main feature of a combined building. In contrast, the combined façade of a house can be used on any residential building.
For example, by building a cottage from insulated sandwich panels, you can easily “disguise” it as a stone one. For this you can use ceramic tiles, sandstone, porcelain stoneware or rustic plaster. If ordinary, rather than facing, brick is used for laying walls, then a “combi-facade” will also be appropriate.
The photo shows a house being built from brick and timber. Obviously nondescript brickwork additional finishing will be required. It doesn’t have to be decorated like a stone. It is enough to fill the blockhouse along the guides and your house will be completely “wooden”. Another option is a combination of semicircular false logs on the first floor and laminated veneer lumber on the second.
Pros and cons of the combination idea
Having noted the main advantages of combined buildings: efficiency, planning flexibility, aesthetics and functionality, we will point out the disadvantages of such buildings.
The main one is different time“life” of stone and wood. In rocks it reaches 150 years. At best, the tree will last half a century. For light frames and panel walls this period will be even shorter. Therefore, a moment will inevitably come when the first stone floor is still quite strong and reliable, and the walls of the second floor already require repairs.
Since combined country houses in Russia are still quite young, there is no negative experience of different rates of aging of wall materials. Therefore, reviews from their owners are mostly positive.
To summarize, we advise everyone who has decided to build a combined cottage not to forget about different periods operation of the first and second floors. To extend the life of the walls, buy well-dried and antiseptic wood, and trust the assembly of the frame to experienced professionals, not hackers.
For wooden frame A properly assembled drainage system is required to prevent moisture from entering the wood. In addition, during the construction stage, constant quality control of the sealing of all cross sections of wooden posts and beams is required.
28 / 02 2014
02:19
Oryol Region 0
In Orel in the 19th century, the so-called mixed type of two-story building was very common - with the first stone and second wooden floor. One of the reasons for its spread was the “big fires” of the mid-19th century. After a series of similar fires, the previously almost entirely wooden city had to be rebuilt almost from scratch more than once. And the city authorities issued the “Regulations on the development of Orel”, which prescribed that during the construction of buildings on central streets it was mandatory to use less fire-hazardous bricks. But the townspeople were in no hurry to move to stone houses, considering them cold and not cozy. The two-story mixed house was a compromise between the preferences of city residents and the orders of the authorities.The eagle is two-story. Mixed houses.
By the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries there were a lot of them in the city.
1. The photo is taken from the book “Eagle Yesterday and Today”
In a two-story mixed house, the first, stone floor was usually used as a store, or rented out, as they would now say “for offices.” The second, wooden one, was inhabited by the owners of the estate and their residents. Later, they began to make living quarters on the first floors, but the second floor was still considered more prestigious for living.
I would like to point out right away that when talking about two-story houses, I do not take into account the so-called one-and-a-half-story buildings, with basement floors, the floor of the first floor of which was below ground level. There were and still are many of these in the city, but they cannot be fully considered two-story buildings. In addition, the purpose of one and a half and two-story houses it was often different. Most of the houses with basement floors were small single-family mansions. These were often built by merchants in order to store their goods in the first semi-underground floor and, if possible, trade them there. A craftsman could have a workshop there. The townspeople, who were not engaged in trade and craft, set up storage rooms, kitchens and other things in the basement floors. non-residential premises necessary in everyday life.
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And here two-story houses rarely intended for just one family. In most cases, they were built by enterprising townspeople who wanted to increase their existing capital by renting out one or both floors.
Active construction of two-story houses began in the second half of the 19th century, and was associated with an increase in the number of Orel residents. From 1863 to 1897, Orel's population doubled. Naturally, the demand for housing, including rental housing, was great, and the construction of apartment buildings, hotels, shops, and stores was a profitable investment.
Many of the two-story mixed buildings that have survived in Orel were originally apartment buildings, such as the “Benkovsky House” on 3rd Kurskaya Street No. 10.
I wrote about him here - http://daria-iz-orla.livejournal.com/40 684.html 
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And two houses No. 17 and 28 at the intersection of Gagarin and 1st Posadskaya streets.
About them - http://daria-iz-orla.livejournal.com/22 905.html 
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At one time, the largest surviving mixed-type house, the “house of tradesman Bunakov” on Karachevskaya No. 36, was also profitable.
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But the one next to it - No. 30, most likely, was one of the rare houses of this kind, where one family lived.
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I will tell you in more detail about each of these two buildings.
Close in purpose to apartment buildings were hotels and inns. The difference between them was that in hotels and inns people did not live permanently as in apartment buildings, but stayed for a few days, having arrived in Orel on trade or other business. Therefore, they were more often built near the trading areas of Orel, where many out-of-town merchants and artisans came. Such an inn, in all likelihood, was once house No. 11 on modern Normandy-Niemen Street, located near the Kromskaya trading square, where traders in livestock, hay and grain flocked from all over the province on special days.
About the house and the street - http://daria-iz-orla.livejournal.com/17 377.html 
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They were built in two-story wooden and stone houses and educational establishments, such as, for example, the St. Olginsky two-class parochial school, built in 1900 at the Vvedensky Convent. Its building in Transportny Lane is well preserved, although after 1917 it was converted into a residential building.
About her - http://daria-iz-orla.livejournal.com/23 637.html 
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One can only guess about the purpose of the rest of the surviving mixed buildings of Orel. Moreover, the appearance of many of them has noticeably changed.
The construction of mixed two-story houses ceased almost immediately after 1917. The houses that had already been built were soon nationalized, but their purpose for the most part did not change. The former apartment buildings remain multi-apartment residential buildings to this day. And their internal layout remained virtually unchanged - with several separate entrances to separate parts of the building, long corridors and rows of doors, balconies, verandas and narrow wooden stairs with turned balusters. Even St. Olga's school, having become just a residential building, still retained the original interior details and internal floor layout.
But the appearance of many buildings underwent significant changes in the twentieth century. And not in better side. Many houses had their entrance verandas and other outbuildings dismantled. Decorative roofs have been removed dormer windows and balustrades, old doors and windows were lost, carved and stucco decor was knocked off from the facades. All this turned out to be unnecessary to their new owners. But once upon a time the decorative decoration of all these buildings was a reflection of the time and the latest fashion trends in the architecture of the country. And under the influence of fashion, the appearance of two-story wood-and-stone buildings changed noticeably throughout the 19th century. This is especially noticeable in the example of the decoration of wooden floors of houses built in the middle and end of the 19th century.
The decor of the facades of such houses changed throughout the 19th century and was subject to everyone fashion trends appearing in Russian architecture. Using the example of Oryol mixed-type houses, one can trace all the metamorphoses that took place in stone and wooden architecture cities, changes in the wealth and tastes of the townspeople.
The earliest houses of this type known to me were built after the “great fires” of the mid-19th century and, like all the architecture of the city at that time, were decorated rather modestly. Their wooden parts were imitated and or counterfeited to look like stone. The first stone floors of early mixed buildings were necessarily plastered, and for particularly wealthy owners they were decorated with stucco. The second floors were covered with smooth planks. There might not have been any openwork carving there, or there might have been very little. Such houses include buildings No. 30 and 36 on Karachevskaya
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And houses No. 17 and 28 at the intersection of Gagarin and Posadskaya. They are shown in photo No. 1. And here is their appearance in 2008.
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They all have similar platbands - a simple window frame made of relief slats, with a carved plate at the top, but the carving motifs are different everywhere. In addition to the platbands, the original carved decorations of the houses on Karachevskaya also had a simple carved frieze. In buildings on Gagarin Street, as an additional decoration, panels are nailed under the windows - small rectangles made of thin slats, imitating a similar element of stucco molding on stone buildings.
The wooden floor of a building in mid-century buildings could also be plastered or covered with brick. In such houses it is not always possible to immediately identify a mixed structure, such as in house No. 8 on 1st Pushkarnaya Street, where the wooden floor was lined with brick and decorated with stucco, as if it were really stone.
About this house and its neighbors - http://daria-iz-orla.livejournal.com/43 833.html 
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Or, as in the so-called “Lobanovs’ house,” located at Staromoskovskaya No. 55, the three walls of the second floor visible from the street were plastered, and the wall facing the courtyard was wooden, with carved details.
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By the end of the 19th century, there were more and more carvings in the decoration of wooden floors. The shape of the platbands and the carvings decorating them becomes more complex. In addition to carved platbands and friezes, cornices with several rows of openwork plates appear. Such, for example, is the building No. 29 on Engels Street, with a beautiful carved cornice, frieze and finials with a stylized floral motif.
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In many two-story houses, verandas with thin openwork frames were made on the second floors, which in themselves were decorations of the facades. Even the wall cladding became not simple horizontal or vertical, but shaped. Its types had variations, from “herringbones”, which are actively used to this day, to complex geometric compositions of squares, rhombuses and relief inserts. This type of building includes house No. 11 on Normandy-Niemen, with a marvelous figured cladding of the walls, with the addition of relief overlays. Matching the cladding of the walls, this house also had platbands (only one has survived now) and other carved decorative elements - an openwork frieze, corners decorated with long carved boards and decorative bracket plates.
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This is what the right corner of the house looked like in the 1940s. A photo from the time of occupation.
20. Photo taken from the website http://www.orel-story.ru
The more decor appeared on the second floors of wooden-stone houses, the more modest their first, stone floors became. By the end of the century, stucco on stone floors had almost disappeared. Their walls were simply plastered. Sometimes wooden frames with shutters were made on the windows of the first floors. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the first floors of buildings were often left unplastered. The decor for their walls was now not stucco, but figured masonry and protruding rows of bricks.
The apartment house of the merchant Apollonov on Pokrovskaya Street, which has not survived to this day.
21. Photo taken from the book “Eagle Yesterday and Today”
The walls of the second floor could also be left without cladding - made of logs. But during this period they made more carvings than ever before. The so-called “Russian style” came into fashion, and under its influence, window frames began to be made voluminous and complex. The shape of the finials became noticeably more complex, with several rows of carved plates hanging over the frames. In addition to the carved top, openwork patterns appear on the sides of the casing and below, under the window. The carving of cornices and pediments became more intricate. Additional decorative elements like round dormer windows, and ridges, which were previously only made on one-story wooden houses.
An example of a house with a wooden floor in the “Russian style” is building No. 19 on 4th Kurskaya Street. It has very picturesque log walls that have never been painted, massive projecting architraves and a carved pediment with an elegant dormer window.
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Built in Russian style, and big house on the Left Bank of the Oka, located near the Friendship Bridge. Initially, its first floor was made of red brick, and the second was made of wood, carved.
A little was written about this house here - http://daria-iz-orla.livejournal.com/28 316.html 
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Both buildings have no analogues in the city in their shape and carved decoration.
In addition to the “Russian style,” the Art Nouveau style was very popular in the architecture of the early twentieth century. But it hardly showed up in the two-story mixed houses of Orel. Of the surviving buildings of this type, only one can be called a monument of Art Nouveau - No. 52 on 2nd Pushkarnaya Street. But in addition to modernism, it is strongly influenced by constructivism, which is rare for our city. I'll tell you more about this house.
