Power supply to the pumping station
graduate work
1 Technology and master plan of the pumping station
Pumps are energy machines in which the mechanical energy of the drive is converted into the energy of fluid flow. According to the principle of operation, all existing pumps are divided into three main classes: vane or blade (flow pumps), vortex pumps (entrainment pumps) and positive displacement pumps (displacement pumps).
The most common type of energy machines are vane pumps, used in most modern branches of technology.
In vane (blade) pumps, the conversion of engine energy occurs in the process of flow around the blades (blades) of the impeller and their forceful effect on the flow. In vortex pumps, the conversion of engine energy occurs in the process of intensive formation and destruction of vortices when entrained by fast-moving fluid particles in the impeller cells. And slowly moving liquid particles in the side channels or channels covering the top of the wheel ( vortex effect). When fluid moves in the wheel of a vortex pump between the suction and discharge sections, a centrifugal effect also occurs. In positive-displacement pumps, the conversion of engine energy occurs in the process of displacing a volume of liquid from the closed space of the pump into the pressure pipeline by a piston (plunger, rolling pin), membrane having a reciprocating motion, or gear teeth, screws, cams, retractable sliding plates during the rotational movement of these elements pump (rotary pumps).
Vane pumps are divided into centrifugal (radial), diagonal and axial (propeller). In centrifugal pumps, the movement of liquid in the impeller occurs from the central part to the periphery in radial directions, that is, there are no axial components of absolute speed in the flow of liquid particles. In diagonal pumps, fluid particles move along surfaces of rotation with generatrices inclined to the axis, that is, the axial and radial components of absolute speed are of the same order of magnitude. In axial pumps, fluid particles move in an axial direction. Vane pumps have low self-priming ability. Therefore, when starting up, their suction pipe and wheel are filled with liquid using various ways. Vane pumps are convenient for direct connection to modern types electric motors. Vane pumps are compact and lightweight.
Efficiency vane pumps reaches 0.9 - 0.92 and in the region of moderate pressures is not inferior to the efficiency. piston pumps. Therefore, for low and medium pressures and high flows, exclusively vane pumps are used. Vane pumps are widely used for supplying oil and petroleum products through pipelines, for supplying water into an oil reservoir during oil production, and for supplying highly aggressive and toxic liquids in the petrochemical industry. The factor limiting the speed and suction height of a vane pump is cavitation. When the pump sucks liquid from the reservoir, the pressure in the supply pipeline, as the liquid moves into the pump, drops and, at the entrance to the wheel, may become less than the elastic pressure of the saturated vapor of the liquid. Cold boiling of the liquid occurs. The steam bubbles formed at the inlet in the area of high pressure at the outlet of the impeller instantly condense, which is accompanied by characteristic crackling and noise. This phenomenon is called pump cavitation. If cavitation develops strongly, the pump may completely fail.
Cavitation is accompanied by a number of undesirable phenomena in pump operation:
Erosion of wall material. The resulting steam bubbles entering the area high blood pressure, instantly condense, when closed, the liquid particles surrounding the bubble move accelerated towards the center of the bubble, and when the bubble completely disappears, these particles collide, creating an instantaneous local increase in pressure, which can reach large values. Such pressures on the working surfaces of the wheel channels lead to strong impacts, chipping, and corrosion of the wall material;
Increased vibration, which leads to rapid wear of bearings;
Rapid chemical erosion of the working parts of the pump due to the release of vapors of a chemically active liquid. Chemical erosion also increases with an increase in the vapor phase content of oxygen dissolved in the pumped liquid and transferred to the vapor phase during cavitation;
Narrowing of the flow area of the supply channels and complete failure of the pumps during active cold boiling, which is associated with the release of dissolved gases, including air, from the liquid when it passes through a vacuum region.
Vortex pumps are most widely used in stationary and mobile installations with a power not exceeding several tens of kilowatts for pumping low-viscosity liquids that do not contain abrasive impurities. The pressure of vortex pumps is 2 - 5 times greater than the pressure of centrifugal pumps at the same values of wheel diameter and rotation speed, but they are characterized by low efficiency. (0.25 - 0.5).
Displacement pumps are characterized by the fact that their working parts periodically form closed volumes of liquid and displace these selected portions of liquid, increasing the pressure in the discharge pipeline. Features of positive displacement pumps are the constant, almost hermetically sealed separation of the suction and discharge chambers, as well as the ability to self-prime. The flow of a volumetric pump is determined by the geometric dimensions of its working parts and the number of cycles per unit of time. Delivery volume of volumetric pumps from 0.8 to 800 m 3 /h. In positive displacement pumps, the pressure value is fundamentally unlimited.
Areas of use various types pumps depending on their flow and pressure are shown in Fig. 1.1.
Centrifugal pumps, used in a wide range of pressures and flows, are distinguished by a variety of designs. They are made vertical and horizontal, both single-stage and multi-stage, one-way and two-way entry.
Such a variety of parameters and purposes of centrifugal pumps has caused many different constructive solutions. Designers of centrifugal pumps have to compare the advantages of different design solutions and, by analyzing them, find the most optimal one for each specific case.
Determination of the number and unit flow (pressure) of the pumping station is carried out based on the full flow (pressure) of the pumping station, according to the conditions optimal number centrifugal pumps, based on the need to maneuver the flow of pumped liquid and reliability of power supply.
Technology system pumping unit is shown in Fig. 1.2.
A pumping station is an enclosed space in which it is necessary to create conditions for the work of maintenance personnel. Pumps and their drives are strong sources of heat in the room. For example, some parts of the pumping unit (electric motor) are constantly heated above 100 °C. These heat sources have a rather serious effect on the microclimate inside the pumping station. IN summer months During operation of the pumping station, the air temperature in the room can reach a level at which comfortable and productive human work is impossible. In addition, periodic replacement of air is necessary in any room. Room ventilation serves these purposes. In the diploma it is necessary to implement ventilation based on experience already arranged systems ventilation at existing pumping stations.
Two supply fans in a block with heaters, they are installed on the sides of the main gate intended for supplying transport. Heaters are necessary to create a thermal curtain in winter time, which increases heating efficiency and reduces drafts from doors. One more block supply ventilation with a heater is installed at the main entrance to the workshop from the street. Three exhaust fans are installed from the rear wall of the pumping station.
In designs pumping units There are many metal parts that are subject to thermal and mechanical stress during operation, and as a result of this process they wear out. To manufacture simple new parts and maintain old ones in good condition, as well as for scheduled and emergency repairs of machine components and assemblies, a group of metalworking machines and automatic welding machines is installed in the workshop. List of typical installed equipment:
One drilling machine;
Two screw-cutting lathes;
One milling machine;
One cylindrical grinding machine;
One roughing and grinding machine;
Two welding transformers.
A crane is required to install the pumps. An overhead crane is needed to replace large parts of pumps and electric motors. The purpose of the crane is to lift and deliver pumps to their destination.
If a fire occurs, it must be extinguished. For this purpose, two fire pumps are installed on either side of the main gate.
Thus, the main electrical receivers of the pumping station are the motors of pump drives, fans, workshop equipment drives, crane drive, as well as general lighting production area.
General plan pumping station is shown in Fig. 1.3.
2 Determination of rated electrical
pumping station loads
Automation of reclamation pumping station
In land reclamation, pumping stations during irrigation are used to fill reservoirs, lift water to the command marks of irrigated fields, drain irrigation waste and pump groundwater...
Types and calculation of wave power station
We calculate the volume of one section (Fig. 3.2). Rice. 3.2...
Hydraulic drive for translational motion of the feed drive of a horizontal machine
The required maximum supply of working fluid for the hydraulic executive body is determined:...
According to the assignment data, a system with a counter-reservoir at the end of the network is adopted (Figure 1)...
Second lift pumping station
Station design flows are calculated in Table 1 Table 1 - Station design flows Delivery Calculation, l/s Note Maximum Qst.max = 0.9Рmax Qday/100 = =0.9*5.6*60000/(100*3.6) = 840 l/s Pmax=5.6, Pmin=2.5; Minimum Qst.min = 1.1 РminQday/100 = =1...
Second lift pumping station
The pressure losses in the network sections in the machine room are summarized in Table 10. Table 10 - Pressure losses in the sections Network section Pos. In Fig. 5 Q, l/s dу, mm V, m/s hуch, m AB 1 840 1000 1.31 0.13 172 - - - 1.2 7 - - - 0.2 10 - - 1...
Project of a 450 MW condensing power plant in Nazarovo
Master plan - a plan for the placement of a power plant, its main and auxiliary facilities at the selected production site...
Contact network design
The station installation plan is the main source document for drawing up the contact network plan. The installation plan of the station contact network indicates the necessary data for drawing up requests for equipment and materials...
where Nst is the static pressure. Z1 -- water level mark in the mixer treatment facilities(tank) Z2 -- mark lowest level water in the water well. hs...
Design of a first lift pumping station
Two options for the station plan were considered: A, B. Option A. Arrangement of type D pumps in one row and installation of a pressure flute above the pump axis. It has no major shortcomings. The length of the machine room is greater than in option B. Option B...
Calculation automatic installation water fire extinguishing
In standby mode, the supply and distribution pipelines of sprinkler systems are constantly filled with water and are under pressure, ensuring constant readiness to extinguish a fire...
1.1 Purpose of the pumping station, classification of premises according to the reliability of power supply The pumping station is intended for land reclamation. It contains a machine room, a repair area, a unit room, a welding station, service and utility rooms...
Technical operation electrical equipment and networks of the pumping station
The pumping station uses electrical energy for powering the drives of the main pumps and consumers own needs. Consumers of their own needs include engines of mud, drainage and fire pumps, oil pressure units...
Maintenance and repairs electrical equipment air cooling gas
To start, regulate and stop the drive electric motors of pumps, as well as to control electrified auxiliary mechanisms, pumping stations have electrical equipment...
Power supply and electrical equipment of the pumping station
Automation and telemechanization of pumping stations should ensure uninterrupted operation of the station in the absence of permanent maintenance personnel. During the initial period of operation (1 - 2 years), pumping stations are usually under constant supervision of operating personnel, which must be taken into account when designing premises.
The pumping station building includes: a machine room in which the pumping units are located; switchgear room; panel room; transformer chambers; workshop for minor repairs; premises for operating personnel; sanitary unit. When laying out the building, the possibility of expanding the machine room should be taken into account. The switchgear room, switchboard room, and transformer chambers are located at one end of the machine room.
Distances from the pumping station to residential and public buildings are adopted taking into account the standards for permissible noise levels in residential buildings.
It is necessary to provide an entrance with a solid surface to the pumping station building. road surface for road transport.
Pipeline collectors and shut-off valves in pumping stations of heating networks, unlike, for example, pumping stations of a water supply system, are not redundant.
Individual pumps with fittings and measuring instruments installed on their pressure and suction pipes must be disconnected from the manifolds by valves. In booster pumping stations, depending on the operating mode of the network on the supply and return pipelines network water A pressure regulator, cut-off regulator, check valve and relief valve can be installed. Check valves, as well as control valves and other devices in which pressure losses occur, are installed on the pressure pipelines of pumps. They are not recommended to be placed on pump suction lines to avoid cavitation.
When regulating pump pressure by throttling, the regulator is installed on the pressure manifold of the supply or return pipeline. If the pumps are located on the return line, then the pressure regulator installed on the pressure manifold maintains the set pressure in the return line suction manifold. When regulating pump pressure by bypass, the pressure regulator is installed on the pump bypass.
It is also recommended to provide a bypass line around the pumps to maintain circulation in the heating networks when the pumps are stopped. In this case, a check valve is installed on the bypass line. During operation of the pumping station, the check valve remains closed due to excess pressure in the pressure line. When the pumps stop, the check valve opens and allows circulation in the heating networks behind the pumping station. In this case, it is necessary to check the pressure of consumers in operating modes of the heating network with the booster pumps turned off.
The mud trap is located in front of the equipment and instruments protected from contamination (counting along the flow of the coolant).
Shut-off valves (valves) must be installed on the supply and return network water pipelines at the inlet and outlet of the pumping station.
In the event that the heating network is cut into hydraulically independent zones to replenish network water losses due to leaks, a make-up line is provided in the pumping station circuit. On the make-up line, make-up pumps with check valves on their pressure pipes, a pressure (make-up) regulator, a water meter for measuring the flow of network water with leaks and shut-off valves (gates, valves) are installed.
Shut-off valves allow you to repair or replace equipment and fittings installed on the make-up line without shutting down the entire pumping station.
When the pressure in the return line of the heating network ensures the maintenance of a given static pressure in the cut-off zone, make-up pumps and check valves are not installed on the make-up line.
Booster pumping stations are designed to communicate extra energy liquid production from wells in order to supply it to the central processing center in cases where the distance from the well clusters and gas-metering units (group metering units) is large and the wellhead pressure is not enough to transport the gas-liquid mixture. On DNS The first stage of separation is carried out at a pressure of 0.3-0.8 MPa, due to hydraulic losses during transport, as well as the pressure that must be maintained at the end of the gas pipeline, in particular before the GPP (gas processing plant), for its normal operation. After separation, the liquid is sent to the receiving pumps, and the separated oil gas is sent under its own pressure to the gas processing plant.
The booster pumping station consists of the following blocks:
· collection and pumping of oil leaks;
· pumping unit;
· spark plugs for emergency gas release.
All DNS blocks are unified. Horizontal oil and gas separators (OGS) with a volume of 50 m 3 or more are used as a buffer tank. The booster station has a reserve buffer capacity and a pumping unit. According to the technological scheme of the DNS, buffer tanks are intended for:
· receiving oil in order to ensure a uniform flow of oil to the receiving pumps;
· separation of oil from gas;
· maintaining a constant head of about 0.3 - 0.6 MPa at the pump intake.
To create a calm liquid mirror, the internal plane of the buffer tank is equipped with lattice transverse partitions. Gas from the buffer tanks is discharged into the gas collection manifold.
The pump unit includes several pumps, a ventilation system, a liquid leakage collection system, a process control system and a heating system. Each pump has an electric motor. The process parameters monitoring system is equipped with secondary sensors, with the output of instrument readings to the control panel in the control room of the booster station. The pump unit is equipped with several protection systems when the pump operating parameters deviate from the operating parameters:
1. Automatic shutdown of pumps in the event of an emergency decrease or increase in pressure in the discharge line. Control is carried out using electrical contact pressure gauges.
2. Automatic shutdown of pumps in the event of an emergency increase in the temperature of pump bearings or electric motors. Control is carried out using temperature sensors.
3. Automatic closing of pump discharge valves in case of their shutdown.
4. Automatic activation of exhaust ventilation when the maximum permissible gas concentration in the pumping room is exceeded, while the pumps must be automatically turned off.
The leak collection and pumping unit consists of from a drainage tank with a volume of 4 - 12 m 3, equipped with an HB 50/50 pump with an electric motor. This block is used to collect leaks from pump seals and from safety valves buffer tanks. Liquid is pumped out from the drainage tank to receive the main process pumps. The level in the tank is controlled using float sensors, depending on the specified upper and lower levels.
How DNS works
Oil from group metering units enters buffer tanks and is separated. Then the oil is supplied to the receiving pumps and further into the oil pipeline. The separated gas under a pressure of up to 0.6 MPa enters the field gas collection manifold through a pressure control unit. Through the gas collection manifold, gas is supplied to a gas compressor station or to a gas processing plant (GPP). Gas flow is measured by a chamber diaphragm installed on the common gas line. The oil level in the buffer tanks is maintained using a float level gauge and an electric valve located on the pressure oil pipeline. When the maximum permissible liquid level in the liquid gas station is exceeded, the level sensor transmits a signal to the control device of the electric drive valve, it opens, and the level in the liquid gas station decreases. When the level drops below the minimum permissible level, the electrically driven valve closes, thereby ensuring an increase in the liquid level in the oil pumping system. To ensure uniform distribution of oil and pressure, the buffer tanks are connected to each other by a bypass line.
Booster pumping stations are designed to carry out the first stage of separation of oil from gas for the purpose of further separate transport of oil by centrifugal pumps, and gas under separation pressure. Booster pumping stations are produced in block versions of two types.
The first type includes booster pumping stations based on separation units with block pump pumping (BP). 12 standard sizes of blocks have been developed: from BN-500-9 to BN-2000-26. Block code: BN - block pumping; the first number is the pump’s liquid flow in m 3 /day, the second is the discharge pressure in MPa. Booster pumping stations of various flows and pressures are assembled from blocks. The station consists of a process block, a panel block, a sewer block and an emergency gas release valve. Technological block includes a technological tank and hydrocyclones, one of which is reserve.
The second type includes DNS-7000, DNS-1.4000, DNS-20000, where the number indicates the flow of pumping units in m 3 /day. Pump discharge pressure is 1.9-2.8 MPa. The technological unit consists of a buffer tank block (where gas separation is carried out) and a pump block 8ND-9xZ. In the indicated DNS there are, respectively, two, three, four technological units, and in each station there is one reserve technological unit. In addition, the booster station includes: units for collecting and pumping out oil leaks, low-voltage equipment and instrumentation, as well as Switchgear and an emergency gas release spark plug.
DNS operating parameters:
1) The volume of liquid pumped out to the oil treatment plant (oil treatment unit).
2) The volume of liquid received at the booster station
3) The volume of water collected in absorption.
4) Pressure at the pump intake, at the outlet.
5) Water content of the incoming liquid pumped out to the oil treatment plant.
6) Temperatures of working units (pumps)
7) Loading pumps
CNS are equipped with central nervous system pumps ( centrifugal pumps) of various capacities from TsNS-60 to TsNS-3000
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The technological equipment of the pumping station is located in light common or individual buildings, block boxes or in the open air. The main and auxiliary equipment of block-packaged pumping stations is supplied from manufacturing plants mainly in the form of fully prepared blocks. The units are not opened or inspected before installation, which significantly reduces equipment installation time.
The technological equipment of pumping stations, in addition to the pumping units themselves, has a pipeline system for the pumped liquid, an oil system, ventilation systems for electric motors, an oil cooling system, a system for lubrication of seals and collection of leaks of the pumped liquid, etc. Starting and stopping the pump drive motors is associated with the position of the process communication valves .
The technological equipment of pumping stations, in addition to the pumping units themselves, contains a pipeline system for the pumped liquid, an oil system, ventilation systems for electric motors, an oil cooling system, a system for lubrication of seals and collection of pumped liquid leaks, etc. Starting and stopping the pump drive motors is associated with the position of the process communication valves .
To centralize the control of the technological equipment of the pumping station, the PUSK-71 automation system was put into operation with a unified set of automation tools, which allows using a different set of components to control both the main and intermediate pumping stations (PS) with a different number of pumping units and auxiliary mechanisms. This system provides automatic remote and local control of valves on the suction and discharge lines of a pumping station and its other facilities. Protection of control objects is automatic. In the tenth five-year plan, up to 160 pumping stations were equipped with the PUSK-71 system. Operating experience of the system has shown that it ensures the safety of operating units and auxiliary equipment during a short-term (up to 3 s) power interruption when checking serviceability protective devices with the unit turned on.
Persons who do not know the technological equipment of the pumping station, operating rules, technological pumping scheme, as well as the control scheme shut-off valves, are not allowed to work. Instructions on measures must be posted in a visible place at the pumping station. fire safety and a diagram of the piping of pumps, pipelines, valves and stationary fire extinguishing installations.
This is explained by the fact that everything technological equipment pumping station was supplied to construction sites in the form of separate units, workpiece parts.
The rapid development of technology requires the introduction of new modern means Instrumentation, automation and control systems for technological equipment of pumping stations.
Cluster pumping stations, built using conventional methods, required 16 - 17 months for construction, installation of equipment, adjustment and commissioning. This is explained by the fact that all the technological equipment of the pumping station was supplied to construction sites in the form of separate units and blank parts.
To automate various types of pumping stations of main oil pipelines, generate information for automated system for controlling oil pipeline technological processes and receiving control actions, the VNIIKAneftegaz Institute has developed Blik-1 equipment. The equipment is a multifunctional complex, including pneumatic and electrical devices. The system provides: software control technological equipment of the pumping station, automatic protection of the technological equipment of the station in emergency situations, automatic switching on backup technological equipment, automatic regulation pressure at the discharge and suction of the station, centralized control and signaling of equipment status and process parameters.
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Main technological equipment and R&D facilities
Main types of oil pumping stations
Oil pumping stations are designed to transport oil from fields to consumers. Oil pumping stations of main oil pipelines are divided into head and intermediate ones.
Head NPCs are intended for receiving oil from installations for its preparation, measuring and pumping it from tanks to the main pipeline.
The principal technological diagram of the main pumping station is shown in Fig. 13.1.1.
It includes a booster pumping station (1), a filter and meter platform (2), a main pumping station (3), a pressure regulator platform (4), a pig launching platform (5) and a tank farm (6). Oil from the field is sent to site (2), where it is first cleaned from foreign objects in mud filters, and then passes through turbine flow meters, which serve to operational control for its quantity. Next, it is sent to the tank farm (6), where it is settled from water and mechanical impurities, and commercial accounting is carried out. To pump oil into the pipeline, a booster pump (1) and a main pump (3) are used. Along the way, oil passes through a platform of filters and meters (2) for the purpose of operational metering, as well as a platform of pressure regulators (4) in order to establish the required flow rate in the main oil pipeline. The platform (5) is used for launching into the oil pipeline cleaning devices- scrapers.
Intermediate NPCs designed to increase the pressure of pumped oil in the main pipeline. Intermediate oil pumping stations are placed along the oil pipeline route in accordance with hydraulic calculation after 50-200 km. The technological diagram of the intermediate pumping station is shown in Fig. 13.1.2.
To ensure a sufficiently reliable level of synchronous operation of adjacent pump stations, main pipelines are divided into operational sections, average length which are accepted within 400-500 km. The distances between pumping stations are determined by hydraulic calculation depending on the operating pressure and throughput of the oil pipeline, subject to compliance with standard gaps from the borders of the pumping station to buildings and structures of populated areas, shift camps and industrial enterprises.
A general view (panorama) of the pumping station is shown in Fig. 13.1.3 (see color insert).
Main technological processes at the pumping station
The technological scheme of the oil pumping station provides for the following technological processes:
pumping oil according to the “pump to pump” scheme;
automatic transition to pumping oil through the main oil pipeline past the station in the event of its shutdown;
reverse pumping of oil through the main oil pipeline;
reception and launch of diagnostic tools without stopping the station;
discharge of oil from the shock wave into an oil storage tank;
collection of leaks from pumps, emptying by gravity of dirt filters and receiving pipelines of the wave smoothing system unit into an oil collection tank;
pumping oil from the collection tank with a vertical pumping unit into the receiving pipeline of the main pumps;
emptying of above-ground sections of pipelines oil pumping station from oil during repair work;
when the emergency level of oil in oil storage tanks is reached, it is planned to turn off the pumping units and then disconnect them from the main pipeline;
washing out paraffin in a collection tank with oil using a vertical pumping unit;
operational accounting of oil entering the oil pumping station, as well as monitoring of large leaks using an ultrasonic meter.
The NPS provides the following main functional systems:
technological;
electricity supply;
water supply;
sewerage;
ventilation;
heat supply;
fire extinguishing;
technological communication, automation;
repair support;
life support for watch personnel.
