Luminous flux is light energy emitted by a point source. Since it depends on the distance, it is expressed in spatial angles.

Lumen is a unit of measurement of the power of light radiation, which is estimated by the sensation of light to the human eye.

The unit of measurement for luminous flux, lumens, can be thought of as the total amount of light. For example, a 40 W incandescent lamp will create a luminous flux corresponding to 415 lumens, a fluorescent lamp will create a flux of 3200 lumens. Place any optical system around the light source, the amount of light (lumens) will be the same. Thus, if the number of lumens is not written on a non-directional light source, then it is not clear how it will illuminate.

Illumination and brightness

Illuminance is the amount of light, it quantifies light, which falls on a particular surface area of ​​the body. It depends on the wavelength of light, because the human eye perceives the brightness of different wavelengths of light differently, in other words, different colors.

Illuminance is calculated for different wavelengths separately. People perceive the brightest colors as:

• green - light with a wavelength of 550 nanometers;
• yellow orange. They are located next to it on the spectrum.

Light coming from red, blue and purple flowers, have a short or long wavelength, so they are perceived as darker. The concept of illumination is often correlated with the concept of brightness.

When lighting an area with the same lamp, a large area will be less illuminated than a small one.

Difference between brightness and illuminance

The Russian language gives two answers to the question of what brightness is. Brightness means a characteristic of luminous bodies, that is, a physical quantity. It also defines a subjective concept that depends on many factors, for example:

• structural features of human eyes;
• amount of light in the room.

The less light there is environment, the brighter the light source appears to us. You should distinguish between brightness and illumination and remember the following:

• brightness is the light that is reflected from the surface of a luminous object;
• Illuminance is the light that falls on the illuminated surface.

In astronomy, brightness includes two concepts, where stars emit and planets reflect. In this science, stellar brightness is measured on a photometric scale, and the greater brightness of the star is correlated with a smaller value. The most negative values ​​are bright stars.

The unit of luminance (candela per square meter) is used for applied or physiological purposes.

The lux unit is used to calculate light levels. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. The foot-candle is also used to measure illumination. She is consulted in the fields of cinema and photography and some others. The foot is in the name because the foot-candle means the candela illumination of a square foot of surface, measuring in one foot intervals.

Photometer

A photometer is a device that measures illumination. The light enters the photodetector, then is converted into an electrical signal and measured. There are photometers that operate on a different principle. Mostly photometers show light levels in lux, but there are also those who use other units. Those photometers, also called exposure meters, are involved in determining shutter speed and aperture, thereby helping photographers and cameramen. In addition, photometers are used to determine the level of safe illumination in other areas, for example, in crop production, in museums, where it is necessary to maintain the required illumination.

Safe flow of light at work

Working in a dark or dimly lit room can cause various health problems, be it blurred vision, depression or other physiological and psychological disorders. For this reason, in the workplace, as part of occupational safety regulations, minimum safe lighting requirements are included. The final measurement result produced by the photometer includes the area of ​​light propagation. These indicators ensure sufficient illumination of the entire room.

Light flux and museum exhibits

The speed at which museum exhibits will deteriorate and fade depends on the illumination and the intensity of the flow from the light source. Museum workers are working to determine the illumination of exhibits. This is done in order to ensure that there is a safe amount of luminous flux on museum units, as well as to ensure a sufficient level of illumination for visitors while viewing the exhibit.

The illumination level can be measured with a photometer, which is not easy to do because it should be installed as close to the exhibit as possible, and this requires removing the protective glass, turning off the alarm and obtaining permission. This task is made easier in another way, which is often used by museum staff. Instead of a photometer, a camera is used, which is not a replacement for a photometer in situations where more precise measurements found problem with lighting, but it is quite enough to identify a deviation from the norm.

You can determine the exposure with your camera based on readings of the light level. The exposure illumination level is easy to determine using simple calculations. Museum staff resort to a formula or use a table, where exposure is represented in illuminance units. When making calculations, do not forget that the camera absorbs a certain amount of light, so you should take this into account.

Before providing a plant with the light it needs for photosynthesis, you need to know how much each crop needs. Gardeners and plant growers know this. They measure light levels to make sure each plant gets the amount of light it needs. Photometers are often used for such procedures.

Photometers are also widely used in laboratory practice. For example, a range of samples is determined with the help of which chemical composition. A special class of such devices includes a flame photometer. He detects alkali metals in samples, such as sodium, lithium, potassium. To detect them, you need to burn the sample at high temperature and use a photometer to analyze the flame spectrum. This problem is much more difficult to solve in other ways.

Modern photometers convert light radiation into electrical impulses; they are recorded using the principle of an ammeter and voltmeter, and then converted into a computer format.

A photometer is an instrument covering many fields of knowledge, such as chemistry, molecular biology, physics, materials science and others. The photometer is widely used in industry, laser and optical products. In addition to the chemical laboratory, the photometer finds application in forensic laboratories.

Thus, from the above, you have learned about the units of measurement of light, which It is better to buy lamps with the specified number of lumens that the concepts of illumination and brightness are different, but the amount of light can be measured special device.

Light is simply necessary for every person to have a great mood and mental health. Thanks to it, we get the opportunity to see objects, distinguish their shape and structure of materials, because artificial extension daylight hours allows you to increase efficiency and productivity. When choosing fixtures and lamps for yourself, do not forget that the light must be selected correctly. Indoors for various purposes A variable approach to lighting intensity is acceptable. And in order to choose the right lamps, you need to know how light is measured.

and artificial

All human health experts unanimously declare that the best source of light for people is a natural source of light. It promotes the production of a number of vitamins and microelements in the body, and is also most beneficial for the eyes. Every object can be seen in natural light without distortion or glare.

But unfortunately, modern world dictates its conditions, and we can no longer do without artificial light sources in the dark, otherwise the life of cities would come to a complete stop. Each apartment contains a lot various lamps, quite often we have no idea how light is measured and what we need to pay attention to in the store when buying a variety of sconces, floor lamps and lampshades.

What kind of light is there?

No less important than the selection of light intensity is the category or type of lighting. As we have already said, the most pleasant and safe light is a natural source of lighting. It has a warm tint and is least harmful to the eyes. The closest thing to a similar tone were old incandescent lamps with a reddish tint of light output. They did not irritate the eyes and copied the sunlight entering the apartment windows.

Modern lamps have many variations in the working element and type of light. Before purchasing a new lamp, be sure to check what type of light is indicated on the packaging. For example, warm light will be ideal for residential premises. And neutral is usually used in offices and large production premises. Cold light is often used in watchmaking workshops, where its bluish tint helps to distinguish small parts. Cold shades of light are also welcome in subtropical countries, where they create a feeling of additional coolness and transparency of the air.

Based on the above, you can always choose the right type of light bulb that will create the desired mood and level of comfort in a relaxing home atmosphere. Psychologists have proven that the type of light plays a serious role in shaping the working mood in enterprises. Naturally, labor productivity also depends on this.

What parameters are used to measure light intensity?

The average buyer does not even think about how light is measured and how much it is important information. After all, light, being measured, is measured according to many quantitative and qualitative parameters. They must be taken into account when planning renovations in the apartment and counting the number of light bulbs needed for each room.

Light can be measured according to the following characteristics:

• intensity;
• strength;
• brightness.

You won’t be able to determine all the necessary parameters just by eye, so you should take care of purchasing devices that will help you maintain your vision and a positive psychological attitude at any time of the day.

How is the brightness of light measured?

Brightness is a very important characteristic of a light source. It is the brightness of the lighting that allows us to see all the objects around us clearly and in contrast. Brightness enhances spatial perception and exposure of whites and blacks. In addition, it is the brightness of the light source that determines the degree of comfort when reading printed text, and this, as is known, directly affects eye health.

If we are talking about brightness, then remembering in what units light is measured is very easy. The candela is most often used to measure the brightness of a light source. This unit indicates the brightness of the burning of one candle; it is from it that all others are repelled measuring instruments. Sometimes experts also use other units of measurement - lambert and apostilbe.

What device can measure the brightness of lighting?

Modern specialized equipment stores are always ready to provide customers with a large number of various instruments for measuring the brightness of light. Brightness meters and colorimeters do the job best. They are able to give you information not only on the degree of brightness in a particular room, but also determine color temperature rooms.

Devices with advanced functionality are suitable for professional photographers involved in studio shooting. And for household needs, a regular brightness meter that does not have additional options is suitable.

In what

Luminous Intensity - According to school course In physics, it can be described as light energy that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain period of time. This energy can change direction depending on the given trajectory.

Light energy is measured in candelas. That is, having bought a brightness meter for home use, you can always measure not only the brightness, but also the intensity of the light.

Light intensity: what is it measured in?

Light intensity is often called illuminance and is also important when choosing luminaires and various types lamps Even a child can remember how light intensity is measured, although some nuances should be taken into account here.

If we are talking about falling on a certain surface, then it is necessary to measure in lumens. But if you want to find out the degree of illumination of objects or surfaces, you need to talk about lux.

Such subtleties often frighten buyers who have heard somewhere that light is measured in lumens, and are perplexed by the incomprehensible units of measurement indicated on the packaging of the light bulb. A very common device - a lux meter - will help you cope with the problem of determining the degree of illumination in a room.

Luxometer - a device that preserves healthy vision

If you have difficulty remembering in what units light is measured, then a lux meter will save your time and nerve cells. This device has small size and weight, most often it consists of a display and a measuring part.

You can use this assistant at home, in educational institutions or office premises. To obtain data, you just need to turn on the light source and take measurements. Within a few seconds you will see the result on the display, which will show how safe your light bulbs and lamps are for the eyes.

for apartments and other residential premises

In order to choose lighting that is comfortable for the eyes, it is not enough to know how light is measured. You also need to have information about lighting standards, which you should use when planning the location. lighting fixtures in the apartment.

Each room and space has its own required level of illumination, which is measured in lux. For example, the children's room should be the most illuminated room in the apartment. There cannot be less than two hundred suites here, otherwise the baby’s health will be at great risk.

The kitchen and other rooms can be illuminated with one hundred and fifty lux, but utility rooms and corridors can get by with fifty lux. Compliance with these standards guarantees your family a comfortable existence, excellent mood and vision that even an eagle will envy.

If you care about your family, you should know exactly what light bulbs are installed in the lamps in your apartment. After all, every sane person dreams of returning from work to a home where cheerful children and a caring wife in a good mood are waiting for him. And an important role in making the dream finally become a reality is played by well-chosen lighting.

Today we will talk about room illumination, how it is measured and with what instruments it can be measured.

Important Factors

One of the important factors that is taken into account both during the construction of a building and during its operation is the level of illumination.

This indicator is very important because it affects the health of a person’s eyes, his ability to work, and his physical and psycho-emotional state.

Therefore, room illumination is included in labor protection provisions.

Building lighting is divided into two components - natural lighting and artificial.

Natural is daytime solar lighting, which enters the building through technological openings made in it during construction - windows.

Artificial lighting

At night, illumination is produced artificially - with all kinds of electric lamps.

Artificial lighting can also be used in the daytime with weak daylight, as well as in buildings where it is technologically impossible to make the appropriate number of windows, for example, ground floors buildings or basements.

The state of the atmosphere is also taken into account, geographical position.

In what units is illumination measured?

Illumination is measured in lux (Lx) and corresponds to the luminous flux that falls on a certain unit of room area. Often the square meter of the room is used for measurement. Exist .

The calculation of illumination also includes the characteristics of visual performance.

7 levels of visual work have been defined, which take into account the tension in a person’s eyes when performing a particular job.

The greatest illumination is required for rooms in which high-precision work is performed, while the least lighting is installed for rooms monitoring the production process.

The conditions for performing work and staying in the premises are also taken into account.

This criterion is divided into 4 subcategories - constant work, periodic work with constant stay in the premises, periodic work with periodic stay and simply monitoring communications.

Types of lighting

4 types of artificial lighting are used:

• General (with this lighting, a uniform distribution of the light flux is produced over the entire area of ​​the room. It is achieved by uniformly dispersing light sources over the entire area while maintaining the distance between them);
• Local (used for improved lighting of a separate work area);
• Combined (includes general and local lighting);
• Emergency (rarely used. Designed to provide lighting when the main light source is turned off).

Types of lamps for room lighting

Artificial illumination is achieved through the use of electric lamps, which convert electricity into light flux.

At one time, incandescent lamps were the most common. The wide power range of these lamps made it possible to select a light source with the luminous flux required for certain conditions.

Recently, they have become less in demand because they are economically expensive.

The second type of lamps used for lighting is fluorescent.

These light sources are gas-discharge, in which the luminous flux occurs due to the conversion of an electrical discharge by a phosphor into a luminous flux.

These lamps are more economical because during operation they do not spend part of the energy consumed to generate heat, as happens in incandescent lamps.

The third type of lamps used for indoor lighting is LED. This type of lamp is the most economical.

The economic efficiency of all types of lamps is taken from the calculation of the amount of luminous flux emitted by the lamp and the energy costs that go to providing illumination.

According to this calculation, the table of energy consumption to produce a certain luminous flux looks like this:

Table of lamp power consumption when emitting a certain luminous flux
Lamp type	Incandescent lamp	scenic		Luminous flux (Lm)
Power consumption (W)

Light measurements

Indoor illumination is a quantity that can be measured. Measurements are made using a device - a lux meter.

Illumination measurements are carried out separately for natural and artificial lighting.

The lux meter works on this principle - its design includes a photocell, which receives the luminous flux.

When hit by light, it releases a stream of electrons, after which the photocell becomes a conductor electric current.

Since the magnitude of the transmitted current is directly proportional to the illumination of the photocell, the conducted current acts as an illumination meter.

The instrument readings are displayed on a scale or display.

Light measurements are taken in different places in the room.

A special feature of using the device is its use only on straight horizontal surfaces and away from electromagnetic sources.

The device first determines general illumination premises, and then the illumination of the workplace itself.

1. Luminous flux

Luminous flux is the power of radiant energy, assessed by the light sensation it produces. Radiation energy is determined by the number of quanta that are emitted by the emitter into space. Radiation energy (radiant energy) is measured in joules. The amount of energy emitted per unit time is called radiation flux or radiant flux. The radiation flux is measured in watts. The luminous flux is designated Fe.

where: Qе - radiation energy.

The radiation flux is characterized by the distribution of energy in time and space.

In most cases, when talking about the distribution of radiation flux over time, they do not take into account the quantum nature of the occurrence of radiation, but understand this as a function that gives a change in time of instantaneous values ​​of the radiation flux Ф(t). This is acceptable because the number of photons emitted by the source per unit time is very large.

According to the spectral distribution of the radiation flux, sources are divided into three classes: with line, stripe and continuous spectra. The radiation flux of a source with a line spectrum consists of monochromatic fluxes of individual lines:

where: Фλ - monochromatic radiation flux; Fe - radiation flux.

For sources with a striped spectrum, radiation occurs within fairly wide areas of the spectrum - bands separated from one another by dark intervals. To characterize the spectral distribution of the radiation flux with continuous and striped spectra, a quantity called spectral flux density

where: λ - wavelength.

The spectral radiation flux density is a characteristic of the distribution of the radiant flux over the spectrum and is equal to the ratio of the elementary flux ΔФeλ corresponding to an infinitesimal area to the width of this area:

Spectral radiation flux density is measured in watts per nanometer.

In lighting engineering, where the main receiver of radiation is the human eye, to evaluate effective action radiation flux, the concept of luminous flux is introduced. Luminous flux is the flux of radiation, assessed by its effect on the eye, the relative spectral sensitivity of which is determined by the average spectral efficiency curve approved by the CIE.

In lighting technology, the following definition of luminous flux is used: luminous flux is the power of light energy. The unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm). 1 lm corresponds to the luminous flux emitted in a unit solid angle by a point isotropic source with a luminous intensity of 1 candela.

Table 1. Typical light quantities light sources:

Types of lamps	Electric Energy, W	Luminous flux, lm	Luminous output lm/w
	100 W	1360 lm	13.6 lm/W
Fluorescent Lamp	58 W	5400 lm	93 lm/W
Sodium lamp high pressure	100 W	10000 lm	100 lm/W
Sodium lamp low pressure	180 W	33000 lm	183 lm/W
High pressure mercury lamp	1000 W	58000 lm	58 lm/W
Metal halide lamp	2000 W	190000 lm	95 lm/W

The light flux Ф falling on a body is distributed into three components: reflected by the body Фρ, absorbed by Фα and transmitted Фτ. When using the following coefficients: reflection ρ = Фρ /Ф; absorption α =Фα /Ф; transmission τ = Фτ / Ф.

Table 2. Light characteristics of some materials and surfaces

Materials or surfaces	Odds			Character of reflection and transmission
	reflections ρ	absorption α	transmittance τ
Chalk	0,85	0,15	-	Diffuse
Silicate enamel	0,8	0,2	-	Diffuse
Mirror aluminum	0,85	0,15	-	Directed
Glass mirror	0,8	0,2	-	Directed
Frosted glass	0,1	0,5	0,4	Directional-scattered
Organic milk glass	0,22	0,15	0,63	Directional-scattered
Opal silicate glass	0,3	0,1	0,6	Diffuse
Silicate milk glass	0,45	0,15	0,4	Diffuse

2. Light power

The distribution of radiation from a real source in the surrounding space is not uniform. Therefore, the luminous flux will not be an exhaustive characteristic of the source if the distribution of radiation in different directions of the surrounding space is not simultaneously determined.

To characterize the distribution of light flux, the concept of spatial density of light flux in different directions of the surrounding space is used. The spatial density of the luminous flux, determined by the ratio of the luminous flux to the solid angle with the vertex at the point where the source is located, within which this flux is evenly distributed, is called luminous intensity:

where: F - luminous flux; ω - solid angle.

The unit of luminous intensity is the candela. 1 cd.

This is the luminous intensity emitted in a perpendicular direction by a blackbody surface element with an area of ​​1:600000 m2 at the solidification temperature of platinum.
The unit of luminous intensity is the candela, cd is one of the basic quantities in the SI system and corresponds to a luminous flux of 1 lm, uniformly distributed within a solid angle of 1 steradian (avg). A solid angle is a part of space enclosed inside a conical surface. Solid angleω is measured by the ratio of the area it cuts out from a sphere of arbitrary radius to the square of the latter.

3. Illumination

Illuminance is the amount of light or luminous flux incident on a unit surface area. It is designated by the letter E and measured in lux (lx).

The unit of illumination lux, lux has the dimension lumen per square meter (lm/m2).

Illumination can be defined as the density of luminous flux on an illuminated surface:

Illumination does not depend on the direction of propagation of the light flux onto the surface.

Here are some generally accepted illumination indicators:

Summer, day under a cloudless sky - 100,000 lux

Street lighting- 5-30 lux

Full moon on a clear night - 0.25 lux

4. The relationship between luminous intensity (I) and illuminance (E).

Inverse square law

Illumination at a certain point on a surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is defined as the ratio of luminous intensity to the square of the distance from this point to the light source. If we take this distance as d, then this relationship can be expressed by the following formula:

For example: if a light source emits light with an intensity of 1200 cd in a direction perpendicular to the surface at a distance of 3 meters from this surface, then the illuminance (Ep) at the point where the light reaches the surface will be 1200/32 = 133 lux. If the surface is at a distance of 6 m from the light source, the illumination will be 1200/62 = 33 lux. This relationship is called "inverse square law".

Illumination at a certain point on a surface not perpendicular to the direction of light propagation is equal to the luminous intensity in the direction of the measurement point, divided by the square of the distance between the light source and the point on the plane multiplied by the cosine of the angle γ (γ is the angle formed by the direction of incidence of the light and the perpendicular to this plane).

Hence:

This is the law of cosine (Figure 1).

Rice. 1. To the law of cosine

To calculate horizontal illumination, it is advisable to change the last formula by replacing the distance d between the light source and the measurement point with the height h from the light source to the surface.

In Figure 2:

Then:

We get:

Using this formula, the horizontal illumination at the measurement point is calculated.

Rice. 2. Horizontal illumination

6. Vertical illumination

Illumination of the same point P in a vertical plane oriented towards the light source can be represented as a function of the height (h) of the light source and the angle of incidence (γ) of luminous intensity (I) (Figure 3).

luminosity:

For surfaces of finite dimensions:

Luminosity is the density of the luminous flux emitted by a luminous surface. The unit of luminosity is the lumen per square meter of luminous surface, which corresponds to a surface of 1 m2 that uniformly emits a luminous flux of 1 lm. In the case of general radiation, the concept of energetic luminosity of the radiating body (Me) is introduced.

The unit of energetic luminosity is W/m2.

Luminosity in this case can be expressed through the spectral energy luminosity density of the emitting body Meλ(λ)

For a comparative assessment, we reduce the energy luminosities to the luminosities of some surfaces:

Sun surface - Me=6 107 W/m2;

Incandescent lamp filament - Me=2 105 W/m2;

The surface of the sun at the zenith is M=3.1 109 lm/m2;

Fluorescent lamp bulb - M=22 103 lm/m2.

This is the intensity of light emitted per unit surface area in a specific direction. The unit of measurement for brightness is candela per square meter (cd/m2).

The surface itself can emit light, like the surface of a lamp, or reflect light that comes from another source, like the surface of a road.

Surfaces with different properties reflections under the same illumination will have different degrees of brightness.

The brightness emitted by a surface dA at an angle Ф to the projection of this surface is equal to the ratio of the intensity of light emitted in a given direction to the projection radiating surface(Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Brightness

Both the luminous intensity and the projection of the emitting surface do not depend on distance. Therefore, brightness is also independent of distance.

Some practical examples:

Sun surface brightness - 2000000000 cd/m2

Brightness fluorescent lamps- from 5000 to 15000 cd/m2

Full moon surface brightness - 2500 cd/m2

Artificial road lighting - 30 lux 2 cd/m2

Often, lighting in a house or apartment is determined by a minimum of parameters. This is the lighting design and placement. And even knowing about illumination standards, many simply do not take them into account. This is certainly not a critical error. But if you select lighting according to the rules and standards of illumination, correctly calculate how much light is needed for a certain room in an apartment, you can achieve a stable psycho-emotional and physical state for a person.

How many lumens are needed for 1m2

An integral part of a comfortable stay at home or at work is lighting. Few people know that the right light helps relieve psychological stress or, on the contrary, concentrate on work. But before moving on to calculations, it is necessary to understand the measurement values. Lumen (Lm) is a unit of measurement of luminous flux, Lux (Lx) - the illumination of a surface is measured in lux. 1 lux is equal to 1 lumen per square meter.

Calculation (measurement) of lighting intensity is carried out using a simple formula (AxBxC) in which:

• A – required illumination according to SNiP standards;
• B – room area (sq. m);
• C – Height coefficient.

The height coefficient is a correction value and is calculated depending on the height of the ceiling. 2.5 and 2.7 – coefficient equal to one; if 2.7 and 3 meters - 1.2; ceilings with a height of 3 and 3.5 meters - 1.5; from 3.5 to 4.5 meters – coefficient is 2.

Table of illumination standards according to SNiP in lux (Lx):

For office premises	Norm (degree) of illumination	For residential premises	Illumination standards
Office using computers		Living rooms, kitchens
Drawing office
Meeting room		Bathroom
Ladder		Ladder
		Library
Utility rooms
		Wardrobe

We make a calculation. Suppose you need to find out the required amount of light for a children's room, the area of ​​which is 15 square meters, with a ceiling height of 2.7 m. For accuracy, we use a calculator. Multiply the illumination value by square meters and by the height coefficient - 200 x 15 x 1 = 3000. Accordingly, the luminous flux should be 3000 lumens (Lm).

Divide rooms of irregular shape into shapes (for example, a square and a triangle), and perform the calculation separately for each.

You can measure the level of illumination at home with a lux meter.

Living space lighting

Lighting in the house is as important as the interior. First of all, they divide the entire space into areas that differ not only in size, but also in functionality.

Namely:

1. Hallway– its location implies the absence natural light, so they create something artificial in the hallway. For this purpose, directional lighting devices with wide dispersion angles are used.
2. Living room (hall)- a room with many functions. Therefore, maximum functionality is achieved with lighting, combining general with spot lighting.
3. Kitchen- an area that has separate work areas, in which spot lighting is added to the general one.
4. Bedroom– intended directly for rest and sleep. For bedrooms, soft and warm tones of artificial light are selected. Also, it makes sense for them to adjust the lighting intensity.
5. Bathroom– as in previous cases, local lighting is added to the main one.

When choosing a lighting fixture for a bathroom, you need to make sure that this sample has a high degree of protection (IP) from humidity.

Proper lighting in the apartment will help not only emphasize or highlight a certain area, but also erase visual boundaries.

LED lamps for residential premises

Some time ago, LED lighting was considered unacceptable for the home. The main factors were the high price, as well as the brightness and color of the lighting.

But today, such lighting is becoming relatively inexpensive. And the choice in power, design, range and size is simply huge. The only limitation can be your imagination, where and how to use LED lamps. Also, such lamps have a number of advantages.

Advantages:

• Low energy consumption (allows long-term use to quickly recoup the cost of the lamp);
• Durability (if you choose a quality product, the service life is many times longer than that of conventional incandescent, fluorescent and halogen lamps);
• Does not heat up during operation (which increases the possibilities of placement in accordance with the design).

And these are not all indicators. The best option lighting, can be selected by spectrum and brightness (all values ​​are indicated on the product packaging). For your home, choose lamps that provide warm light.

When choosing LED lamps, please pay attention to the manufacturer. The more famous the brand, the better the product.

An important factor is environmental friendliness. LED lamps do not emit UV radiation, and they do not create fluctuations in light output.

If you decide to do good lighting in the house, it is better to choose LED lamps for this.

Illumination standards for office premises: required value

It's not so common to find offices in which Special attention was given to lighting. Usually these are luminous squares with luminescent flickering, built into the ceiling. But light affects both the psychological and emotional state of a person. With proper lighting, you can achieve high employee productivity throughout the day.

The level of illumination in the office is determined by two standards:

• Russian – illumination level (required scale), recommended within 300 – 400 lux (Lx);
• International standard (European standards) – 500 lux (Lx).

Lighting is divided into general (direct and reflected), light from light sources is scattered throughout the entire office area, and local (lighting directly at the workplaces themselves), illumination is carried out by various lighting devices for local lighting (table lamps and lamps).

The placement of lighting fixtures parallel to the windows is the most correct; this ensures that the light from the lamps matches the light from the windows.

Important and individual approach for each workplace in the office, this is due to the difference in lighting needs for each employee. This is influenced by factors such as vision and age.

Children's playground lighting: standards

Modern playgrounds, of course, differ from sports ones, but in terms of their functionality they can be equated to each other. In addition to the usual slides, swings and carousels, many sports equipment are added for the physical development of children. Therefore, competent and effective lighting for children's playgrounds is simply necessary.

With these characteristics, for children playgrounds important parameters need to be taken into account.

List of parameters:

• Ensuring comfort and safety;
• Injury prevention;
• Possibility to be on site in the evening (especially in winter).

The lighting standard for children's playgrounds according to the Russian standard is 10 lux. But as sites are improved, the required (normal) level of illumination should be 70 - 100 lux.

The level of color rendering is of great importance when lighting children's playgrounds. For easy identification of small and moving objects.

In accordance with the size, the optimal ratio of height and location of lighting fixtures is selected for various playgrounds. These include cantilever (up to 10 meters high) and local (up to 4 meters high). The power of a separate street lighting device is calculated according to SNiP standards.

If the site is not sufficiently illuminated, the lighting must be improved by adding lighting fixtures.

It is worth taking into account the aesthetic component by choosing lamps that highlight the exterior of the site.

How many watts are needed to illuminate a room: converting lumens to watts

The questions - how to determine what lighting should be in a separate room or one room, how to convert lux into watts, how to select and calculate the required number of lamps - have fairly simple answers.

Let's do the calculation using an example. We need to illuminate a hall of 20 m2 with a chandelier with five incandescent light bulbs. What power in watts should I choose for lamps?

To calculate you will need:

• Illumination level;
• Area in square meters.

We multiply the illumination rate by square meters. 150 x 20 = 3000. The total luminous flux should be 3000 Lumens. This means that for normal lighting you will need 5 lamps of 60 watts each. If we convert to European standards, we get 4000 lumens.

Due to outdated standards, multiply the illumination standard by 1.5 times.

Do not forget, unlike incandescent lamps, there are several other types of artificial lighting sources that are more reliable and economical.

What are lighting standards (video)

The right light is needed not only at home or in the office. It is necessary for comfortable rest in a hotel, walking down the street, its use in kindergartens and shopping malls is important. The only difference is purpose and functionality. Based on the tests conducted, psychologists have proven that with well-designed lighting, not only the psycho-emotional, but also the general condition of a person improves.