Operational requirements for a computer workstation - this is a system of criteria on the basis of which the equipment, ease of use and compliance with sanitary standards of the workplace at a personal computer are assessed. All these criteria are formulated by various institutions and structures and subsequently formed into unified SanPiN.

Workplace characteristics

To understand the mechanisms by which the organization of workplaces in the field of health, safety and ecology is regulated, it is necessary to clearly understand the conceptual apparatus. The most commonly used terms in this area are:

• Work zone - a zone up to 2 m high above the territory where work functions are performed.
• The workplace is a limited area within which an employee stays from 2 hours to half the time during the working day. It is possible that in the process of performing his functions, an employee constantly moves between different areas on the territory of the enterprise; in this case, all points on the route of his constant movements will act as a workplace.
• Atmospheric ionization is the presence of microparticles with an electrical charge in the surrounding air. In the natural environment, the process of their occurrence is natural. A person needs a certain amount of ions in the atmosphere. If they are deficient, there is a drop in performance and the inability to complete assigned tasks with the required level of tension and concentration. The number of ions in the air is estimated in relation to the cubic. cm of its volume.

There is a huge amount of microelements in the atmosphere. To assess their presence, specialized instruments are used to detect their specific gravity in the air. For example, for buildings where offices are located, it will be especially important to determine the content of oxygen and related compounds, since it is the sufficiency of oxygen that will affect the intensity of functioning of employees.

• Illumination - originates from physics terminology, means the amount of light radiation per unit area. Calculated by the formula:

E - illumination level (unit of measurement - lux (lx));

F - volume luminous flux in lumens (lm);

S is the area of ​​the illuminated area in square meters. m.

However, you need to keep in mind that recalculating the light flux in lumens is quite difficult task which can only be performed by a very highly qualified specialist. To simplify the process, the standard radiation is shown on the lamp; based on this data and specialized tables, anyone can carry out the appropriate calculation. In particular, in labeling electric lamps at 75 W the flux is 935 Lm.

In addition, radiation does not reach surfaces in a straight line, but, as a rule, with a significant deviation from it. In this case, the light intensity is significantly reduced. To take this factor into account, it is necessary to enter the appropriate correction factor into the calculation:

E = (F / S) × Kp,

where Kp - correction factor. To apply it, you need to refer to special tables. At the same time, to confirm sufficient illumination of production premises, it is better to involve a trained specialist. In the case of repairs or redevelopment in a small office, it will be enough to apply a coefficient of 0.5: in rooms of this class, no more than 50% of the radiation reaches the corresponding planes.

• Index natural light used to characterize the amount of natural light entering a room through windows. Defined like this:

KEO = E M / E N,

KEO - natural illumination coefficient;

E M - degree of illumination of the internal space at a certain point M;

E N - degree of illumination outside the windows of the room.

• Brightness is the ratio of the intensity of light to the area emitting it.
• Noise is a disordered combination of sound vibrations with various parameters. The greatest negative effect on the body is produced by the repetition and intensity of sound.

Repeatability (frequency) - the number of oscillations of a sound wave per unit time. Sound is nothing more than vibrations of air. In this case, different numbers of them can be carried out within 1 second. The unit of change for this value is 1 hertz, equal to 1 oscillation per 1 second.

Intensity is the strength of sound that is transmitted by sound vibrations. It is measured in decibels.

• Microclimate - reflects the summary environmental characteristics of the work space.
• Diffuse reflective materials include objects whose surface does not reflect light.
• SanPiN - sanitary rules and regulations. In most cases, they incorporate the provisions of several normative acts and regulations. An example is SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4, which defines the conditions for working with a PC. They synthesized the content of the law “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” dated March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ and the Regulations on state sanitary and epidemiological regulation.

Criteria for assessing the suitability of places and premises for work

The following area standards are considered sufficient to perform the functions of one employee:

• at least 6 sq. m for a place with a PC;
• not less than 20 cubic meters m of space around the workplace.

The office must have windows to ensure the presence of both natural and artificial lighting. In addition, it must be equipped with a heating and ventilation system. Finishing is carried out with the obligatory use of materials that do not reflect light. Flooring It is arranged smoothly, made of materials that prevent the accumulation of dust, and is easy to clean. It is also necessary to have a fire extinguisher and medications in the office.

These are the most common requirements for work premises and workplaces in company.

Limitations on temperature, humidity and the presence of harmful impurities in the air

Environmental and climatic requirements formulated in SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96, hygienic standards GN 2.2.5.686-98 and GOST 12.1.005-76:

• Maintaining indoor temperatures not lower than +22…+24 °C in winter and +20…+25 °C in summer.
• Permissible air humidity is 40–60%.
• Mandatory air circulation at a speed of 0.1 m/s.
• The permissible proportion of air ionization: from 400 to 50,000 ions per 1 cm 3, having a positive charge, and from 600 to 50,000 ions per 1 cm 3, having a negative charge.
• The maximum permissible concentration of harmful impurities is different for individual types of substances. The current standard was created with the expectation that their presence in the air will not have a negative impact on an employee during a week of continuous exposure. Changes in concentration must be continuously monitored. If in environment Several types of hazardous impurities are detected, then their total permissible concentration is determined:

K1/PK1 + K2/PK2 + K3/PK3 + … ≤ 1;

K1, K2, K3 - degree of concentration of a particular substance;

PC1, PC2, PC3 - the maximum permissible concentration of a given impurity.

Required level of lighting in the workplace

Currently the following are in effect: workplace lighting requirements:

1. For natural light, it is stipulated that it can be equal to or exceed the value:
   • 1.2 KEO - for places with permanent snow cover;
   • 1.5 KEO - for other areas.

In this case, the light should fall on workplace From the left side.

1. For light of artificial origin the following is provided:
   • its use to illuminate the entire room;
   • uniformity (without interruptions and changes in brightness);
   • no reflections from various types surfaces (monitors, tables);
   • value of at least 300 lux in industrial buildings;
   • increasing the value to 500 lux in places where you work with business papers and technical documents.

The allowed lighting brightness value is:

• for luminous surfaces - 200 cd/sq. m,
• for reflections on the monitor screen - up to 40 cd/sq. m.

1. Fluorescent ceiling public lamps are used as a light source for offices with computers. Incandescent lamps with a reflector are possible as additional sources.

Noise parameters that the work area must meet

For places where computer work is carried out, the maximum permissible sound level at frequencies perceived by humans should not exceed 50 dBA. To fulfill this requirement, you must:

• follow the standards regarding the territorial location of work areas;
• apply specialized materials in the process of finishing cabinets;
• realize additional measures to ensure sound absorption.

Conditions for organizing the workplace

When creating computer jobs, the following parameters should be taken into account:

• there must be at least 1.2 m between the sides of the monitors;
• there must be at least 2 m between the back of one monitor and the front of the other;
• Each seat is equipped with a foot shelf measuring 300 by 400 mm, adjustable in height up to 150 mm.

There are also certain requirements for a table as an element of workplace equipment:

• tabletop width from 600 mm, length - from 1,200 mm, distance from floor to tabletop - from 680 to 800 mm;
• the table surface should not form reflections;
• availability of sufficient free legroom;
• availability of space for a keyboard.

There are also a number of selection criteria for an armchair or chair:

• creating and maintaining optimal working posture;
• seat size not less than 400 by 400 mm;
• ability to adjust height from 440 to 550 mm;
• backrest measuring at least 300 by 380 mm;
• the presence of armrests of the appropriate size;
• non-electrifying and non-slip upper part of the seat and backrest.

Assessing the workplace from a health perspective

Due to the fact that the work process affects the health of the worker, strict control over the condition of the workplace is necessary. In order to ensure this control, the following are provided:

• determination of periods of work and non-working time;
• implementation of procedures related to health improvement and prevention;
• determination of the mechanism for passing medical examinations;
• checking compliance with the conditions for working with a PC by certain categories of employees.

Compliance with fire protection and electrical safety conditions

In order to ensure electrical safety, specialized rules for working with equipment are established for each workplace, with which the employee must be familiarized with a signature.

Fire safety also requires the implementation of a whole range of measures to familiarize workers with basic rules. Here it is necessary to provide workplaces with fire extinguishing equipment and outline evacuation routes in case of emergency.

Compliance of places with sanitary and hygienic criteria

All sanitary and hygienic requirements for the workplace are observed through the application of the procedures described above in the text. Examples include the following:

• Most requirements for materials for renovation of premises indicate the possibility of their easy cleaning;
• workplace layout involves minimizing the rate of spread of infection and ensuring compliance with employee evacuation parameters.

Conditions for organizing production sites

For execution purposes requirements for production premises and jobs in the field of safety, one must be guided not only by SanPiNs, but also by building codes and standards (SNiPs). As a rule, their norms are partially duplicated, but there are also differences that must be taken into account.

Compliance with occupational health and safety conditions requires carrying out on a regular basis a whole range of measures of both a preventive and control nature. In accordance with legal requirements, for this purpose the company must have a specially trained responsible person or a separate specialist who is responsible only for these issues.

Nowadays, the computer has become a part of our lives: we cannot do without it either at home or at work. Of course, everyone different conditions labor: some work at the computer only a couple of hours a day, while others do not work the entire shift because of it. Although modern technologies are constantly being improved, workers can “accrue” health problems by working at a computer even for a small amount of working time. Today we will tell the employer what requirements apply to organizing a workplace with a computer, what the work and rest schedule should be for employees working at a computer, and whether they are entitled to medical examinations.

What harmful factors affect the employee?

According to Standard instructions on labor protection when working on a personal computer TOI R-45-084-01 When operating a computer, an employee may be influenced by the following dangerous and harmful production factors:

• increased level of electromagnetic radiation;
• increased level of static electricity;
• reduced air ionization;
• static physical overload;
• overstrain of visual analyzers.

In addition, if an employee long time works at a computer, he may experience pain in the spine and venous insufficiency, loss (or deterioration) of vision due to eye strain, chronic stress due to the need to constantly make decisions on which work efficiency depends.

However, if you organize workplaces correctly (room, lighting, microclimate), you can significantly reduce the impact of harmful factors on workers’ health and reduce the likelihood of developing complications.

Workplace organization

In modern companies, most employees spend their working day at the computer. Often in a room of 10 square meters. m employ five, or even six people. Meanwhile, the requirements for organizing a workplace when working at a computer are established by SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work.” Thus, the area per workplace of an employee who spends more than four hours a day at a computer depends on the type of monitor:

• if the computer is equipped with a monitor based on a cathode ray tube, the area must be at least 6 square meters. m;
• if the computer is equipped with an LCD or plasma monitor, the area can be 4.5 square meters. m.

At the same time, in the room where computers are used, it is recommended to orient the windows to the north and northeast. Well, if computers are used in rooms without natural light (for example, a warehouse or office in ground floor), then the employer must organize artificial lighting in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documentation, and this requires calculations to justify compliance with natural lighting standards and safety for the health of employees.

Note that the illumination of both premises and workplaces is given Special attention, since the level of illumination directly affects the intensity of visual fatigue. General lighting when in use fluorescent lamps should be made in the form of continuous or broken lines of lamps located on the side of the workstations, parallel to the user’s line of sight when the monitors are arranged in a row. If computers are located around the perimeter of the room, the lines of lights should be located locally above the desktop, closer to its front edge, facing the operator.

Particular attention in SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 given to the illumination on the table surface: it should be in the range from 300 to 500 lux. Lamps local lighting should not be too bright and should not create glare on the surface of the screen, since its illumination should not exceed 300 lux. To ensure standardized illumination values ​​in offices, windows and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.

At all SanPiN2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 The organization of the workplace is regulated in sufficient detail. Thus, when placing workstations with computers, the distance between desktops should be at least 2 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors should be at least 1.2 m.

note

Workstations with PC when performing creative work, requiring significant mental stress or high concentration of attention, it is recommended to isolate from each other with partitions 1.5 - 2 m high ( clause 9.3SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03).

The design of the desktop should ensure optimal placement on work surface equipment used, taking into account its quantity and design features, the nature of the work performed. Optimal sizes desktop surfaces for computers should be considered: width - from 800 to 1,400 mm, depth - 800 and 1,000 mm with a non-adjustable height of 725 mm.

The monitor on the table should be placed at a distance of 60 - 70 cm from the user’s eyes, but no closer than 50 cm, taking into account the size of alphanumeric characters and symbols. The keyboard should be placed on the table surface at a distance of 100 - 300 mm from the edge facing the user, or on a special, height-adjustable work surface separated from the main table top.

The chair should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture and allow it to be changed in order to reduce tension in the muscles of the back and cervical-shoulder region. It is best if the work chair is lift-and-swivel, adjustable in height and backrest angles, and the adjustment of each parameter should be independent, easy to implement and have a reliable fixation.

The computer user's workstation should be equipped with a footrest ( clause 9.3 And 10.5 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). The stand must have a width of at least 0.3 m, a depth of at least 0.4 m, height adjustment up to 0.15 m and the angle of inclination of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20°. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.

Besides, SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 requirements have been established for the levels of electromagnetic fields, noise, vibration, and microclimate.

For your information

In rooms equipped with PCs, daily wet cleaning should be carried out, as well as systematic ventilation after every hour of operation ( clause 4.4 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). In addition, the premises must be equipped with heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

The optimal parameters of the microclimate in a room with computers are:

• air temperature - from 19 to 21°;
• relative humidity - from 62 to 55%;
• air speed - no more than 0.1 m/s.

Work breaks

To prevent premature fatigue of computer users, it is recommended to organize a work shift by alternating work with and without using a computer (clause 1.3 of Appendix 7 to SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). If the work requires constant interaction with the monitor (typing texts or data entry, etc.) with intense attention and concentration, excluding the possibility of periodically switching to other types of work activities not related to the PC, it is recommended to organize breaks for 10 - 15 minutes every other every 45 - 60 minutes of operation.

These are the breaks:

Note that, depending on the category of work activity and the level of workload during a work shift when working at a computer, the duration of breaks can vary from 50 to 90 minutes (for an 8-hour shift) and from 80 to 140 minutes (for a 12-hour shift). The duration and beginning of each break are established by the employer in the internal labor regulations ( Art. 109 Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

To reduce neuro-emotional stress and eliminate the influence of physical inactivity and hypokinesia, it is advisable to organize physical exercise minutes. They are different in content and are intended for a specific effect on a particular muscle group (for example, for a general effect, improving cerebral circulation, relieving fatigue from the shoulder girdle and arms, etc.).

Conducting medical examinations

According to clause 13.1 SanPiN2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 persons who work at a computer more than 50% of the working time (professionally associated with the operation of electronic computers) must undergo medical examinations. Consequently, the employer is obliged to organize both preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic medical examinations. Let us remember that due to Art. 213 Labor Code of the Russian Federation These medical examinations are carried out at the expense of the employer.

note

According to Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2011 No.  302n “On approval of lists of harmful production factors and work, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of workers employed in hard work and at work with hazardous and (or) dangerous conditions labor" persons who work at a computer at least 50% of the working time must be examined by a neurologist and ophthalmologist once every two years.

Pregnant women, upon presentation of a certificate confirming this fact, must be transferred to work that does not involve the use of computers, or their time working on such machines is limited (no more than three hours per work shift), subject to compliance with hygienic requirements. Please note that such a transfer requires an application from the pregnant woman.

Special assessment of working conditions

First of all, we note that in connection with the adoption Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No.  426-FZ “On special assessment of working conditions”(Further - Law no.  426-FZ) the employer must identify harmful and dangerous production factors and assess their impact on the health of workers using a procedure special assessment working conditions, which replaced the certification of workplaces based on working conditions.

The introduction of a special assessment made some adjustments in relation to workplaces with computers. Thus, in accordance with the previously existing procedure for certification of workplaces, which was approved By order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 26, 2011 No.  342n, workplaces in which workers were exclusively occupied with personal electronic computers (personal computers) and (or) operated desktop-type copying equipment, single stationary copying machines used periodically for the needs of the organization itself, other office organizational technology, as well as household appliances, not used in the production process, were not subject to assessment for the presence of harmful and dangerous production factors.

Now in force Art. 3 Law no.  426-FZ In relation to such workplaces, it is necessary to conduct a special assessment of working conditions.

For your information

Those employers who have already assessed working conditions through certification before 2014 (including those in whom no harmful factors were detected as a result of the inspection) may not conduct a special assessment of working conditions for five years from the day the procedure was completed certification, but no more than until December 31, 2018 ( clause 4 And 6 tbsp. 27 Law no.  426-FZ). If desired, a special assessment can be completed earlier than this date.

Law no.  426-FZ It has been established that working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger are divided into four classes:

optimal (1st class), acceptable (2nd class), harmful (3rd class) and dangerous (4th class). In turn, harmful working conditions are divided into subclasses (3.1 - 3.4). So, if, according to the results of a special assessment of working conditions, workplaces with computers are classified as hazardous working conditions of the 3rd or 4th degree or hazardous working conditions, the employer will have to provide employees working in such workplaces with certain guarantees and compensation.

In particular, due to Art. 92 Labor Code of the Russian Federation they need to establish a reduced working week - no more than 36 hours.

Also, employees whose working conditions at their workplaces, based on the results of a special assessment, are classified as harmful working conditions of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th degree or hazardous working conditions are entitled to additional annual paid leave ( Art. 117 Labor Code of the Russian Federation). We would like to remind you that the minimum duration of such leave is seven days.

These workers have the right to expect increased wages. Let us recall that according to Art. 147 Labor Code of the Russian Federation the minimum amount of increase in wages for employees engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions is 4% of the tariff rate (salary) established for various types work under normal working conditions. Specific amounts of wage increases are established by the local employer normative act or a collective or labor agreement.

Labor protection instructions

Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation To ensure safe working conditions, the employer has certain responsibilities. One of them is the development and approval of rules and instructions on labor protection, taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization or another body authorized by employees.

Because the technological process does not stand still, but is constantly improving and developing; it is necessary to review the instructions at least once every five years. However, labor protection instructions may be revised ahead of schedule:

• when intersectoral and sectoral rules and standard instructions on labor protection change;
• when the working conditions of employees change;
• when introducing new equipment and technology;
• based on the results of the analysis of materials from the investigation of accidents, industrial accidents and occupational diseases.

To develop instructions you should use Guidelines, according to which instructions for an employee are developed based on his position, profession or type of work performed by him, on the basis of intersectoral or industry standard instructions on labor protection (and in its absence - interindustry or sectoral rules on labor protection), safety requirements set out in the operational and repair documentation of equipment manufacturing organizations, as well as in the technological documentation of the organization, taking into account specific production conditions.

Let us remind you that the employee must be familiar with such instructions before signing employment contract based Art. 68 Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

electrical safety

Office equipment, including computers, is classified as electrical appliances, therefore, the employer must ensure the electrical safety of workers. To avoid short circuit, which means that in case of fire and electrical injury, the premises where workstations with computers are located must be equipped with protective grounding (grounding) in accordance with the technical requirements for operation ( clause 3.7 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03).

In addition, due to the Interindustry Rules for Labor Protection (Safety Rules) during the operation of electrical installations (POT R M-016-2001. RD 153-34.0-03.150-00), approved Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 2001 No.  3 , By Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2000 No.  163 (hereinafter -), all personnel working with devices through which current passes (in particular, computers) must be assigned electrical safety group I. Assignment to such a group is made through instruction, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) a test of acquired skills safe ways work or providing first aid in case of injury electric shock with recording in the journal of the established form (Appendix 6 to POT R M-016-2001. RD 153-34.0-03.150-00).

Employer's liability

Current legislation provides for liability for violation of labor legislation, including labor protection rules. After all, every employee has the right to working conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements.

Thus, the state labor inspectorate, when carrying out control activities, can check:

• availability of labor protection instructions (by profession and type of work);
• compliance with legal requirements on special assessment of working conditions;
• the presence in local regulations of fixed provisions on regulated breaks when working at a computer;
• actual compliance with labor safety standards (how workplaces with computers are located, whether instructions are provided to employees, etc.).

Compliance with SanPiN is checked by Rospotrebnadzor, and it actively fines employers:

• for violation of lighting standards on the desktop ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated November 22, 2012 in case No.  A19-5282/2012);
• for the lack of footrests at the workplaces of users of personal electronic computers ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated December 29, 2010 in case No.  А33-8142/2010);
• for non-compliance of computer users' work chairs with SanPiN requirements ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated September 16, 2013 in case No.  A58-6877/2012).

Finally

As we found out, working at a computer is not so harmless, and the presence of employees who spend more than 50% of their working time behind a monitor screen imposes certain responsibilities on the employer - conducting medical examinations, special assessments of working conditions, and possibly providing increased wages, provision of additional paid leave.

From the point of view of sanitary standards, working at a computer can be made safe. To do this, you need to provide workers the right chairs and tables, arrange monitors and tables according to SanPiN rules, and also provide workers with breaks from work. Then neither GIT inspectors nor Rospotrebnadzor inspectors will be able to fine employers, and workers will perform their functions much more efficiently.

At the end of a busy day at the computer, do you get up from your desk with a feeling of stiffness in your neck, back and shoulders and a “heavy” head? And you involuntarily think about buying “that same” ergonomic chair that promises comfort at work?

In fact, there may be two reasons for your discomfort.
One of them is inadequate vision correction. Trying to get a better look at the image on the screen, you lean forward with your whole body, stretch your neck or throw your head back, trying to look through the bottom of the glasses. In such an uncomfortable position, the muscles of the neck, back and shoulders are tense, which leads to pain.
Another cause of muscle pain is improper organization of the workplace.

Dear computer sitters and monitor watchers, I continue to remind everyone (including myself;) the rules of ergonomics when working at a computer.
It is also useful to pass on this information from the older generation to help the younger generation, so that our shift does not have sagging chests, deteriorate eyesight, or cramp their fingers.
In short, so that communication with your iron friend is as safe as possible for your health.

General provisions

The main health hazards when working at a computer, as with any sedentary work, are the following nonspecific (i.e., not specifically related to working at a computer) factors:

1. Prolonged physical inactivity. Any position with prolonged fixation is harmful to the musculoskeletal system, in addition, it leads to stagnation of blood in the internal organs and capillaries.
2. Non-physiological position of various parts of the body.

The physiological position for humans is the so-called fetal position, which can easily be experienced by yourself if you completely relax in salt water. When the muscles are relaxed and only the natural resting tone affects them, the body comes to a certain position.
It is recommended to try it and remember it, especially for the limbs.

For the back and neck in an upright position, it is physiologically different - when the lumbar and cervical curves of the spine are clearly expressed, with a straight vertical line passing through the back of the head, shoulder blades and tailbone.
Correct posture must be learned by the “body” by controlling it for some time, and then it will be maintained automatically.
The easiest way is to get up flat wall and press your heels, calves, buttocks, shoulder blades, elbows and back of your head tightly against it. Achieving an ideal is not easy in general, especially during work, but we must strive for this - at least for individual parts bodies.

1. Long-term repeated monotonous movements. Here, not only the fatigue of those muscle groups that perform these movements is harmful, but also the psychological fixation on them (the formation of stable foci of excitation of the central nervous system with compensatory inhibition of its other areas). Although it is the repeated monotonous loads that are most harmful. Through fatigue, they can lead to physical damage to joints and tendons. The most well-known among MS users is tenosynovitis of the carpal tendons, associated with entering information using a mouse and keyboard.
2. And, finally, a long stay in a closed, and even worse, stuffy and smoky room.
3. Light, electromagnetic and other radiation mainly from the monitor - but this is a specific damaging factor when working with a computer.

To combat 1, 3 and 4 damaging factors, the recommendations are simple - you need to take breaks at least once an hour, walk around, and warm up.
If you smoke, go to another room to smoke - this is both a warm-up and less harmful to health and the safety of equipment.

It's even better to do a couple of physical exercises to suit your taste. It’s very good to create a set of exercises for yourself to independently unlock the spine, for example, Office gymnastics: How to relieve back tension

If any problems have already arisen, it is better to contact a specialist, fortunately there are enough of them now. They usually call themselves chiropractors.
Well, you can do it yourself Prevention of carpal tunnel syndrome: a set of wrist exercises

Don't forget - your eyes also need rest and warm-up!!!

If due to attention strain (especially during an online fight) you begin to blink rarely, blink consciously, every 5 seconds somewhere, or actively “blink” when the tactical situation becomes less tense. ;)
This not only helps to moisturize the cornea and remove dead cells, but also massages the eyeballs, which is also useful.

Additionally, you can massage the eyeballs with your fingers, from the outer corner to the inner, then in a circular motion in and out.
The eyelids should be closed. It is also useful to roll your eyes with your eyelids closed.

Warm-up for the muscles of accommodation (sharpening the lens) is as follows: stand in front of a window from which you can see the distance, and alternately focus your gaze on the frame, then on the horizon.

Correct ergonomics of the computer workplace

How to work efficiently, without harm to health, with comfort and pleasure? Ergonomics is designed to answer these questions.

• Place the monitor directly opposite you, at a distance of 60-75 cm, but not closer than 50 cm.
  Eye level should be at the top third of the screen.
• Choose a desk with a work surface height of 68-80 cm and sufficient legroom.
• The work chair should be height adjustable. And the back tilted forward corresponds to the physiological curves of the spine.
• While working, your arms and legs should be parallel to the floor. Armrests provide comfortable hand position. Use a footrest if necessary.
• Place the keyboard at a distance of 10-30 cm from the edges of the table.
• It is advisable to use a music stand or document clip.

Healthy Habits

Straight back. It's worth paying close attention to the old advice: sit up straight and don't slouch! This needs to be constantly monitored.
But a properly selected chair or armchair, which can be adjusted according to your figure and the location of the keyboard and monitor, is very helpful in maintaining good posture. the back of the chair should support the lower half of the back, but tilt so as not to impede movement during work.
It is better to remove your wallet and other items from the back pockets of your trousers. Nothing should interfere with hip flexion.
Your posture at the computer should not cause pain from straining the muscles of your back and hips.

Shoulders relaxed, elbows bent at right angles. When you place your fingers on the keyboard, your shoulders should not be tense and your arms should be bent at approximately 90 degrees. This ensures good blood circulation.
If your chair has armrests, make sure they don't rest on your elbows or force your shoulders up too high, putting pressure on your neck.

Head position. The head should be straight with a slight tilt forward. Try to position your monitor and work documents so that you don’t have to constantly turn your head from side to side. This may cause pain in the neck, shoulders and back.

Vision. Oddly enough, the size of the monitor does not matter. In most cases for home use A 15" monitor is sufficient, although a 17" screen is usually much easier to see small parts.

The brightness of the monitor should be selected so that it is minimal. This not only extends the life of the monitor, but also reduces visual fatigue. However, so that when the screen brightness is low, you do not have to look closely at the dim image.
The room lighting should be dim and subdued.
It is best to sit sideways by the window.

It is better to cover curtains or blinds, and general lighting It’s better to turn it off or make it minimal. It is best to leave only dim local lighting aimed at the book or document you are working with.

Keyboard

Mastering touch typing is a very useful keyboard skill.

The optimal height of a table or pull-out shelf for a keyboard is 68 - 73 cm above the floor. The height of the chair and table should be chosen so as to minimize strain on the muscles of the shoulders, arms and wrists. Wrists may touch the table in front of the keyboard. But under no circumstances should you transfer at least part of your body weight to them.

The keyboard is height adjustable. Choose the most convenient angle of inclination for yourself. Some keyboards, such as Microsoft Natural Keyboard 9cm. photo above), have great opportunities for adjustment.
These keyboards have a split in the middle of the letter section and a special shape designed to allow the wrists to rest more naturally over the keys. However, it makes sense to have such a keyboard only if you write a lot and master the ten-finger touch typing method. In other cases, there is no ergonomic gain from such a keyboard.

In computer stores you can find special supports and pillows for installation in front of the keyboard, designed to rest your wrists and prevent tunnel syndrome- acute pain due to overload and damage to the tendons of the wrists. These devices aren't much use unless you get used to using them correctly. But taking regular short breaks from typing can really help. So it’s better to get into this habit than to clutter your desk with unnecessary tools.

Mouse

Even when working with a mouse, you should develop good habits.

A mouse seems to many to be a very simple device: just roll it and click buttons. However, there are rules in this that should be strictly followed:

Main areas

What should you pay special attention to in order to make your office workplace comfortable? I present to your attention four main zones:

Zone 1. Back and legs. Pain and discomfort in the lower back occurs due to incorrect back position, stooping, incorrect leg position - or, in a word, due to violation of the ergonomic requirements of the computer workplace.
Back pillows and footrests will help solve the problem. The combination of a supportive pillow and footrest will relieve muscle tension, which will help prevent discomfort and lower back pain.
Zone 2. Wrist. Poor hand positioning on a keyboard or mouse can cause serious injury to your hands, wrists, and forearms. The most common disease is carpal tunnel syndrome.
Supporting pads for the keyboard and mouse will help solve the problem. With their help, the load on the central carpal nerve is reduced, preventing the development of CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) in office employees.
Zone 3. Neck, shoulders, eyes. If, working in an office, you have to bend your back and neck when working with a monitor and documents, this leads to increased stress and muscle tension, which causes pain and discomfort in the muscles of the back, neck and shoulder part of the body.
Laptop and monitor stands, as well as document holders, will help solve the problem. They reduce strain on your shoulders, neck, and eyes by ensuring the screen and documents are aligned correctly with your eyes.
Zone 4. Organization of the workplace space. If the ergonomics of the computer workstation in the office is not organized correctly, then we are constantly spinning around, moving things from place to place, wasting working time, and also risk losing an important document.
Accessories and cleaning products will help solve the problem. A well-organized office workspace and each workplace guarantees order, and, as a result, increased productivity.

Ergonomic experts emphasize the importance of taking short but frequent breaks from using the computer. Frequent change of occupation - The best way avoid possible troubles. Moving more is the most important skill.
based on materials from www.ixbt.com, www.vseozrenii.ru[, digrim.ru, diyjina.narod.ru

Good afternoon friends! The topic of today's article is organizing a computer workplace. I hope the information will be useful not only to office workers and remote workers, but also to attentive parents and everyone who comes into contact with a PC in one way or another.

Beautiful pictures on the topic of remote work present us with a girl comfortably lounging on the sofa with a laptop, and next to her there is also a baby, not taking her eyes off the monitor.

But this cannot be called a work environment, and besides, everyone knows that doing so is harmful. Let's not succumb to provocation and will analyze in order how to create a business corner so that you can be in front of the computer with minimal losses to your health.

In the office

Office workers who spend at least 8 hours in front of a monitor risk damaging their eyesight and posture. In addition, not all employers pay due attention to equipment installation standards. But to limit harm to health, make the most of the recommendations of experts:

1. Computers in the room should be no closer than 2 meters from each other, and in no case opposite.

2. It is advisable to install the monitor in a corner.

3. 50 cm is the minimum distance from the eyes to the screen.

4. Place the keyboard 10 - 30 cm from you.

5. The system unit and other PC elements should not be placed close to a wall or other objects to avoid overheating.

6. The office must have adequate ventilation and air humidification. If this is not enough, ventilate the room.

7. Window and lamp light should fall from the left.

8. In rooms without natural light, you need to combine general (ceiling) and task (wall, table) light. It is desirable that it should not be directed, but diffuse.

9. Install a footrest if the employer has not taken care of this.

10. The laser printer emits harmful radiation, and it is advisable to install it as far as possible from the desk, preferably in a separate room. Jet printer not harmful. When placing, please note: both of them are afraid of dust, direct solar lighting and proximity to heating devices.

11. If you are right-handed, place your phone and organizer to your right.

At home

At home, it is much easier to properly arrange your workplace. And doing this is no less important, because those who process some of the documentation on the weekend or are busy have to sit at the computer for a long time.

If conditions permit, separate work area from the bedroom. This will benefit you too, and less dust will accumulate in your equipment. In the absence of a separate room, you can use a partition. In the photo, part of the loggia is reserved for the office.

A competent space design will not only put you in a businesslike mood, but will also protect your health. Remember about good lighting. White ceiling, light walls(recommended beige, light green, lemon color) reflect light well, which is important for the eyes. Psychologists unanimously claim that the color green creates a calm environment and at the same time increases productivity.

Be sure to place your computer in a well-lit area and place the light on the left side, close to the front edge of the monitor.

Contrary to popular belief, flowers do not protect against harmful radiation, yes it is modern models PC and small. Therefore, instead of thickets on the windowsill, it is better to place one small plant to maintain air humidity, for example, aloe.

Purchase furniture in accordance with the standards:

12. A computer desk must be between 680 and 800 mm in height, have a working surface depth of at least 600 mm, and a width of at least 1,200 mm. It’s good if there is a separate pull-out shelf for the keyboard.

13. Instead of a chair, use a special chair that is adjustable in height, distance from the back to the front edge of the seat and the angle of the backrest. A quality chair has armrests, a rounded front seat surface and is covered in non-electrifying fabric that is easy to clean.

Creative people will find it useful to place ideas near the table that can be written down or put on sticky notes. And, of course, a couple of inspiring little things: your vacation photo or any beautiful object. And the productivity of freelancing will increase a couple of motivating quotes.

Yes, working from home requires powerful self-stimulation - otherwise there is a danger of becoming lazy. Perhaps communication will give you new strength.

Rules for parents

By spending a lot of time at the computer, we unwittingly set an example for children. Alas, in modern society it will not be possible to “take and abolish” this technique for minors. But you can protect them from harmful influences using the following rules:

14. The main rule: the computer should not be a primary interest for children. Develop other hobbies in a timely manner.

15. Remember the dangers of a child spending a long time at the computer. A first grader is allowed to communicate with a “friend” for half an hour a day; after 15 minutes, at least a 10-minute break is required. For schoolchildren over 12 years old - 2 hours, duration of one session - up to 30 minutes.

16. The lighting in the room should be sufficient, but not excessive. IN dark room You can't sit at the computer!

17. Furniture must be appropriate for the child’s height (see picture).

18. There should be enough space for knees under the table.

19. Make sure that your child’s feet reach the floor; use a special footrest.

20. Even sitting in orthopedic chair, the child may slouch - control his posture.

The following figure shows how to sit at the computer correctly.

Order in the workplace

Try to keep only necessary items on the table. Minimalism increases focus on the process. Here is an example of obvious overkill.

If you don’t print documents too often, you can place the printer on a nearby table - it will be an extra reason to get up and stretch.

Avoid the habit of eating and drinking in front of a screen. This has been shown to interfere with the normal absorption of food. And, of course, it’s dangerous for technology (especially sweet tea for laptops).

Do not forget about timely cleaning using special napkins.

Safety precautions when working at a computer

Safety rules are often the last thing we think about. But, if a fire caused by improper operation seems to be something incredible, then equipment breakdown is quite common. Therefore, adhere to simple rules:

21. Before starting work, make sure that the electrical wiring is in good condition, the socket and plug are not cracked, the wires are not hanging over the edge of the table, or lying on the floor, where there is a danger of crushing them with something heavy.

22. In a house with small children, an outlet with protection from external influences is desirable.

23. Cords should not come into contact with heating devices to avoid damage.

24. Avoid overloading the network with household appliances, as this may lead to overheating of the wires, which will lead to a fire if the automation is not working.

25. You cannot work on a computer with visible external damage.

26. Do not place foreign objects on the system unit: this interferes with normal cooling and damages the PC.

27. Do not work in a damp room or with wet hands.

28. Do not place liquids (water in a cooler or tea in a glass) near the computer.

29. Remove dust from all areas of your computer in a timely manner. Clean the system unit as needed (about once a year).

30. Do not leave the computer running for a long time and do not abuse shutdown - use sleep mode.

No matter how comfortable you sit in a cozy chair, keep in mind that prolonged sedentary work increases fatigue. Therefore, even if you are carried away by an interesting task, do not spare time for rest. Sometimes, during short-term gymnastics or walking, the thought works even better than when concentrating on the letters.

Therefore, dear colleagues, observe following tips doctors:

31. Try to take breaks from work every 1.5 - 2 hours. If this is difficult in the office, at least change your position more often, stretch, turn in your chair, and do leg exercises.

32. Don't forget about your eyes: blink more often while working, allow yourself to look away from the screen for a couple of minutes and close your eyes. In this case, it is useful to do various exercises: rotate the pupils clockwise and counterclockwise, gently tap on the head with the pads of your fingers, lightly press on the eyelids.

33. When looking through papers while working, keep them on stands to reduce strain on your eyes. If you have to read a lot of texts that do not require continuous editing, it is better to print them out.

34. Sedentary work causes your neck to become stiff - to avoid this, from time to time it is recommended to turn it in different directions, raise and lower your shoulders.

35. After finishing working with the computer, do not rush to immediately relax in front of the TV - it is better to relax a little with your eyes closed, take a walk, listen to silence or do physical labor.

And remember that active weekends and vacations are very useful for people engaged in sedentary work. Be in nature, travel.

Subscribe, we are glad to be useful to you!

To put it briefly, a workplace is an open or closed area of ​​territory or space, equipped with the necessary production means, within which the employee is engaged in work activities. It can also be assigned to a group of employees. Typically, a certain part of the general production cycle is carried out at the workplace.

It is logical that in order to achieve high labor productivity, it is necessary to provide conditions under which his performance will be the highest.

Important! The employer should adapt workplaces, taking into account not only the specific type of activity and qualifications, but also the individual physical and psychological characteristics of each employee.

General requirements for workplace organization

These requirements are regulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards (SanPiN) and other legal documents.

The main goal of organizing a workplace is to ensure high-quality and efficient performance of work in compliance with established deadlines and with full use of the equipment assigned to the employee.

To achieve this, organizational, technical, ergonomic, sanitary, hygienic and economic requirements are imposed on the workplace.

What requirements must an employee’s workplace meet?

Occupational safety is a primary requirement!

The most important requirement when organizing a workplace is to ensure safe comfortable conditions for work, preventing the occurrence of occupational diseases and accidents. This entire set of measures is called occupational safety and health.

In other words, labor protection, in essence, is a system of legislative acts in conjunction with socio-economic, organizational, technical, hygienic and therapeutic measures and means that ensure safe conditions work and maintaining the health of enterprise employees.

To do this you need to create favorable conditions labor in accordance with sanitary standards, safety precautions, ergonomics, aesthetics.

Indoor microclimate

The legislation of our country strictly regulates the temperature and humidity of indoor air. In particular, when average daily temperature outdoors below 10°C, the amplitude of its fluctuations indoors should be 22-24°C. When the ambient temperature is higher than the specified value - 23-25°C. In case of temporary non-compliance with these conditions in one direction or another, the length of the working day is reduced (SanPiN 2.2.4.3359-16 dated June 21, 2016 No. 81).

Protection from the harmful effects of computer technology

Since today it is impossible to imagine office work without a PC, there are standards for employees who use computer equipment in their work. For example, when working with a computer with a flat-panel monitor, the workplace must have an area of ​​at least 4.5 square meters. m, when using a kinescope monitor - 6 sq.m. After each hour of operation, the room must be ventilated (SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 dated May 30, 2003). The same regulatory act regulates the height, width and depth of the feet under the desk, and stipulates the mandatory presence of a footrest with a corrugated surface.

The level of electrostatic and electromagnetic fields, radiation and ultraviolet radiation, radio frequency ranges and other factors harmful to the health of employees are also regulated.

Attention! IN basements The use of copiers, printers and other office equipment is prohibited, and for ordinary offices, appropriate standards are established for the distance between technical means(SanPin 2.2.2. 1332-03).

Lighting requirements

Also, the relevant articles of SanPin establish standards for lighting. For example, the illumination in the room should be between 300 and 500 lux. When using artificial lighting, lighting parameters must ensure good visibility of the information displayed on the personal computer screen. For local lighting, lamps installed on work tables or specially equipped panels for vertical installation are recommended (SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.).

Noise requirements

The maximum threshold for noise level is 80 decibels (SanPin 2.2.4. 3359-16).
Regulatory documents provide for the installation of special foundations or shock-absorbing pads under the main noise-producing equipment and other equipment, as well as the use of noise-absorbing materials.

Providing conditions for eating

The procedure for eating at the workplace is regulated by Article 108 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, SNiP 2.09.04-87:

• if the number of employees is less than 10 people, a space of at least 6 square meters is required. m, equipped with a dining table;
• with up to 29 employees, the required area is twice as large;
• if the enterprise employs up to 200 employees, it is obligatory to have a canteen-serving area;
• if the number of employees exceeds 200, the canteen must be provided with raw materials or semi-finished products.

Unregulated situations

If situations arise that are not regulated by sanitary and hygienic standards (the roof is leaking, the toilet is faulty, etc.), the employee has the right to refuse work. In this case, the employer is obliged to offer him other employment until the problem is completely eliminated. If such a decision is impossible, according to Article 157 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to declare downtime and pay a penalty in the amount of at least 2/3 of the employee’s average salary.

Of the ergonomic requirements for the workplace, the following should be additionally noted:

1. Selection of a rational location of the working surface and zone, taking into account the anthropometric data of a particular employee.
2. Provision of measures to prevent or reduce premature fatigue of the employee, the occurrence of stressful situation taking into account the physiological, psychophysiological characteristics of a person and his character. By the way, according to psychologists, workers who constantly use electronic computers in their work are much more exposed to stress than their less “advanced” colleagues.
3. Ensuring speed, safety and ease of maintenance in both normal and emergency operating conditions.

Technical parameters include equipment with innovative technology, devices, laboratory equipment, load-moving mechanisms, etc.

Employer's liability

According to the requirement of Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the relevant federal executive body establishes the procedure for certification of workplaces in order to determine factors affecting the safety of working conditions in production. The employer is responsible for every violation of established legislation.

For the first violation, officials and individual entrepreneurs are warned or subject to a fine of 2,000 to 5,000 rubles. The same for organizations - a warning or a fine in the amount of 50-80 thousand rubles (Article 5.27.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, part 1).

In case of repeated violation, part 5 of this article already provides for more severe penalties:

• officials are subject to a fine of 30-40 thousand rubles or disqualification from one to three years;
• the fine for individual entrepreneurs is similar, or their activities may be administratively suspended for up to 90 days;
• organizations can be fined 100-200 thousand rubles or also be subject to administrative suspension of their activities.

Instead of a conclusion

Based on the state of workplaces at a particular enterprise or office, one can judge not only the level of work organization and production culture in them, but also their solidity and the degree of trust potential and existing clients have in them.