Heat pump units (HPU) use natural renewable low-potential thermal energy environment(water, air, soil) and increase the potential of the main coolant to more high level, while spending several times less primary energy or fossil fuel. Heat pump units operate according to the thermodynamic Carnot cycle, in which low-temperature liquids (ammonia, freon, etc.) serve as the working fluid. The transfer of heat from a source of low potential to a higher temperature level is carried out by the supply of mechanical energy in the compressor (steam - compression HPI) or additional heat supply (in absorption HPI).

The use of HPI in heat supply systems is one of the most important intersections of low-temperature technology with thermal power engineering, which leads to energy saving of non-renewable energy sources and environmental protection by reducing CO2 and NOx emissions into the atmosphere. The use of HPI is very promising in combined systems heat supply in combination with other technologies for the use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, bioenergy) and allows you to optimize the parameters of the associated systems and achieve the highest economic indicators.

Let us choose R 22 as the working refrigerant, which has the following parameters: refrigerant flow Oa = 0.06 kg/s; boiling point Т0 = 3 °С; condensation temperature Tc = 55 °C; coolant temperature at the evaporator inlet from a low potential source Ґн = 8 °C; temperature of the coolant (water) at the condenser outlet f = 50 °C; coolant flow in the condenser Ok = 0.25 kg/s; coolant temperature difference in the condenser D4 = 15 °C; power consumed by the compressor, N = 3.5 kW; heating capacity of HPP = 15.7 kW; conversion factor ctn = 4.5.

A schematic diagram of a vapor compression pump is shown in Fig. 7.2 and includes an evaporator, compressor, condenser and throttle.

4 - expansion throttle valve; 5 - refrigerant evaporation coil;

6 - evaporation tank; 7 - water is a low-potential energy source

8 - drain to NIE; 9 - water from the heating system or plumbing;

The main difference between a heat pump and all other heat sources is its exceptional ability to use renewable low-temperature environmental energy for heating and water heating needs. About 80% of the output power is actually “pumped out” by the heat pump from the environment, using the dissipated energy of the Sun.

How does a heat pump work?

The refrigerator, as everyone knows, transfers heat from the inner chamber to the radiator and we take advantage of the cold inside the refrigerator. A heat pump is a refrigerator in reverse. It transfers dissipated heat from the environment into our home.

The coolant (which is water or brine), taking a few degrees from the environment, passes through the heat pump’s heat exchanger, called the evaporator, and transfers the heat collected from the environment to the internal circuit of the heat pump. The internal circuit of the heat pump is filled with refrigerant, which, having a very low boiling point, passes through the evaporator and turns from liquid to gaseous. This occurs at low pressure and a temperature of 5°C. From the evaporator, the refrigerant gas enters the compressor, where it is compressed to high pressure And high temperature. Next, the hot gas enters the second heat exchanger - the condenser, where heat exchange occurs between the hot gas and the coolant from the return pipeline of the home heating system. The refrigerant transfers its heat to the heating system, cools down and again turns into a liquid state, and the heated coolant of the heating system is supplied to the heating devices.

Benefits of a heat pump

• - Cost-effective. Low power consumption is achieved due to high efficiency(from 300% to 800%) and allows you to get 3-8 kW of thermal energy per 1 kW of actually expended energy, or up to 2.5 kW of cooling power at the output.
• - Environmentally friendly. An environmentally friendly heating and air conditioning method for both the environment and the people in the room. The use of heat pumps means saving non-renewable energy resources and protecting the environment, including by reducing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The heat pumps of the installation, carrying out a reverse thermodynamic cycle on a low-boiling working substance, draw renewable low-potential thermal energy from the environment, increase its potential to the level required for heat supply, spending 1.2-2.3 times less primary energy than with direct combustion fuel.
• - Safety. There is no open flame, no soot, no exhaust, no diesel smell, no gas leakage, no fuel oil spill. There are no fire hazardous fuel storage facilities.
• - Reliability. Minimum moving parts. High work resource. Independence from the supply of fuel material and its quality. Protection against power outages. Virtually no maintenance required. The service life of a heat pump is 15-25 years.
• - Comfort. The heat pump operates silently (no louder than a refrigerator), and weather-compensating automation and multi-zone climate control create comfort and coziness in the premises.
• - Flexibility. The heat pump is compatible with any circulation system heating, and its modern design allows it to be installed in any room.
• - Versatility in relation to the type of energy used (electrical or thermal).
• - Wide power range (from fractions to tens of thousands of kW).

Applications of heat pumps

The scope of application of heat pumps is truly limitless. All of the above advantages of this equipment make it possible to easily solve the issues of heat supply to the urban complex and facilities located far from communications, be it farming, cottage village or a gas station on the highway. In general, the heat pump is universal and applicable in both civil and industrial as well as private construction.

Today, heat pumps are widely used throughout the world. The number of heat pumps operating in the USA, Japan and Europe amounts to tens of millions of units.

The production of heat pumps in each country is primarily focused on meeting the needs of the domestic market. In the USA and Japan greatest application received air-to-air heat pump units (HPU) for heating and summer air conditioning. In Europe - water-to-water and water-to-air HPUs. In the United States, more than sixty companies are engaged in the research and production of heat pumps. In Japan, the annual production of HPI exceeds 500 thousand units. In Germany, more than 5 thousand installations are commissioned annually. In Scandinavian countries, mainly large HPPs are used. In Sweden, by 2000, more than 110 thousand heat pump stations (HPS) were in operation, 100 of which had a capacity of about 100 MW or more. The most powerful TPS (320 MW) operates in Stockholm.

The popularity of heat pumps in Western Europe, the USA and the countries of Southeast Asia is largely due to the mild climatic conditions in these regions (with average temperatures above zero in winter), high fuel prices and the presence of targeted government programs to support this area of ​​the climate market.

The situation with heat pumps in our country is fundamentally different, and there are reasons for this. Firstly, the features of the Russian climate with low temperatures in winter time have special requirements for the parameters of heat pumps and the conditions for their installation. In particular, as the power of the heat pump increases, the problem of heat removal arises, since the heat transfer of media (reservoir, soil, air) is limited and quite small.

In addition, gas prices are artificially low in Russia, so there is no talk of tangible economic benefits from using this type of equipment, especially in the absence of a culture of consumption and energy saving. We do not have government support for the energy substitution program; there were and are no domestic manufacturers of heat pumps.

At the same time, Russia’s needs for such equipment are enormous, and the entire “line” of heat pumps with a capacity of 5, 10, 25, 100 and 1000 kW seems to be in demand. So, in middle lane In Russia, to heat a house with an area of ​​100 m2, it is necessary to have a thermal power of 5-10 kW, and a pump with a thermal power of 100 kW is sufficient for heating typical schools, hospitals and administrative buildings. Heat pumps with a capacity of 1000 kW are convenient for the tasks of returning thermal waste and using hot springs. According to experts, the cost of installing a heat pump in Russian conditions is estimated at approximately $300 per 1 kW of thermal power with a payback period of the equipment of two to four years, which primarily depends on fuel prices and climatic conditions of a particular region.

The commissioning of about 100 thousand heat pumps with a total thermal capacity of 2 GW will provide heat to 10 million people with an average heat pump service life of 15 years. Sales of such equipment could reach more than half a billion dollars a year.

Doctor of Technical Sciences V.E. Belyaev, chief designer of OMKB Gorizont,
Doctor of Technical Sciences A.S. Kosoy, Deputy Chief Designer of Industrial Gas Turbines,
chief project designer,
Ph.D. Yu.N. Sokolov, head of the heat pump sector of OMKB Gorizont,
FSUE MMPP Salyut, Moscow

The use of heat pump units (HPU) for energy, industry and housing and communal services enterprises is one of the most promising areas of energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technologies.

A fairly serious analysis of the state and prospects for the development of work in this area was made at a meeting of the subsection “Cogeneration and centralized heat supply” of the Scientific and Technical Council of RAO UES of Russia on September 15, 2004.

The need to create and implement a new generation of HPI is associated with:

♦ huge backlog Russian Federation and the CIS countries in the field of practical implementation of HPI, the ever-increasing needs of large cities, remote settlements, industry and housing and communal services enterprises in the development and use of cheap and environmentally friendly thermal energy (TE);

♦ availability powerful sources low-grade heat (groundwater, rivers and lakes, thermal emissions from enterprises, buildings and structures);

♦ ever-increasing restrictions on the use of natural gas (NG) for heat-generating installations;

♦ opportunities to use advanced conversion technologies accumulated in aircraft engine manufacturing.

In the conditions of market relations, the most important technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of power generating installations are the cost and profitability of the energy produced (taking into account environmental requirements) and, as a consequence, minimizing the payback period of power installations.

The main criteria for meeting these requirements are:

♦ achieving the maximum possible fuel utilization factor (FUF) in a power plant (the ratio of useful energy to fuel energy);

♦ maximum possible reduction in capital costs and construction time for a power plant.

The above criteria were taken into account when implementing the new generation HPI.

For the first time, for the practical implementation of large-scale HPIs, it was proposed to use water vapor (R718) as a working fluid. The very idea of ​​using water vapor for HPI is not new (moreover, it was used by V. Thomson when demonstrating the performance of the first such real machine back in 1852 - author's note). However, due to the very significant specific volumes of water vapor at low temperatures (compared to traditional refrigerants), the creation of a real water vapor compressor for use in vapor compression HPIs has not yet been implemented.

The main advantages of using water vapor as a working fluid for HPP compared to traditional refrigerants (freons, butane, propane, ammonia, etc.) are:

1. Environmental friendliness, safety and ease of technological maintenance, availability and low cost of the working fluid;

2. High thermophysical properties, thanks to which the most expensive items HPU (condenser and evaporator) become compact and cheap;

3. Significantly higher coolant temperatures to the consumer (up to 100 °C and higher) compared to 70-80 °C for freons;

4. The possibility of implementing a cascade scheme for increasing the temperature from a low-potential source to a heat consumer (according to the Lorentz cycle) with an increase in the conversion coefficient to HPI (kHPU) by 1.5-2 times compared to traditional ones;

5. Possibility of generating chemically purified water (distillate) in HPP;

6. Possibility of using the compressor and condenser TNU for:

♦ suction of water vapor from the output of heating turbines with the transfer of waste heat to the heat consumer, which additionally leads to an increase in the vacuum at the outlet of the turbine, an increase in its generated power, a reduction in the consumption of circulating water, the cost of pumping it and thermal emissions into the atmosphere;

♦ suction of low-potential water vapor (waste) from energy technology installations

woks for chemical production, drying, etc. with the transfer of waste heat to the heat consumer;

♦ creation of highly efficient ejection devices for steam turbine condensers, suction of multicomponent mixtures, etc.

Schematic diagram of the operation of HPI on water vapor and its design features

In Fig. 1 shown circuit diagram operation of HPI when using water vapor (R718) as a working fluid.

A feature of the proposed scheme is the possibility of organizing the selection of heat from a low-temperature source in the evaporator due to the direct evaporation of part of the water supplied to it (without heat exchange surfaces), as well as the possibility of transferring heat to the heating network in the condenser HPU both with and without heat exchange surfaces (mixing type ). The choice of design type is determined by the connection of the HPI to a specific low-potential source and the requirements of the heat consumer for the use of the coolant supplied to it.

For the practical implementation of large-scale HPI using water vapor, it is proposed to use the commercially produced aviation axial compressor AL-21, which has the following important features when using it to operate on water vapor:

♦ high volumetric productivity (up to 210 thousand m3/h) at a compressor rotor speed of about 8 thousand rpm;

♦ the presence of 10 adjustable steps to ensure efficient operation of the compressor in various modes;

♦ the ability to inject water into the compressor to improve operating efficiency, including reducing power consumption.

In addition, to increase operational reliability and reduce operating costs, it was decided to replace the rolling bearings with plain bearings, using a water-based lubrication and cooling system instead of the traditional oil system.

To study the gas-dynamic characteristics of a compressor when operating on water vapor in a wide range of defining parameters, testing design elements and demonstrating the reliability of compressor operation under full-scale test conditions, a large-scale test bench (closed type, diameter pipelines 800 mm, length about 50 m).

As a result of the tests, the following important results were obtained:

♦ the possibility of efficient and stable operation of the compressor on water vapor at n=8000-8800 rpm with a volumetric flow rate of water vapor up to 210 thousand m3/h has been confirmed.

♦ the possibility of achieving high vacuum at the compressor inlet (0.008 ata) has been demonstrated;

♦ the experimentally obtained compression ratio in the compressor πκ=5 was 1.5 times higher than the required value for the HPI with a conversion factor of 7-8;

♦ a reliable design of compressor sliding bearings on water has been developed.

Depending on the operating conditions of the HPI, 2 types of its layout are offered: vertical (HPI in one unit) and horizontal.

For a number of modifications of the proposed vertical arrangement of the HPP, it is possible to replace the tubular condenser with a spray-type condenser. In this case, the condensate of the working fluid of the HPU is mixed with the coolant (water) to the consumer. The cost of HPP is reduced by approximately 20%.

The following can be used as a compressor drive:

♦ built-in turbo drive with a power of up to 2 MW (for HPP with a capacity of up to 15 MW);

♦ remote high-speed turbo drives (for HPPs with a capacity of up to 30 MW);

♦ gas turbine engines with utilization of fuel cells from the output;

♦ electric drive.

In table Table 1 shows the characteristics of HPIs running on water vapor (R718) and freon 142.

When used as a low-potential heat source with a temperature of 5-25 °C, freon 142 was chosen as the working fluid of the HPU for technical and economic reasons.

A comparative analysis shows that for HPP using water steam, the capital costs are between the water coolant and the working fluid (freon).

temperature range of low-potential source:

♦ 25-40 OS - 1.3-2 times lower than for traditional domestic freon HPIs and 2-3 times lower than for foreign HPIs;

♦ 40-55 OS - 2-2.5 times lower than for traditional domestic freon HPIs and 2.5-4 times lower than for foreign HPIs.

Table 1. Characteristics of HPI running on water vapor and freon.

* - when operating on freon, the evaporator and condenser of the HPU are made with heat exchange surfaces

**-T- turbo drive; G- gas turbine (gas piston); E - electric drive.

In work under real operating conditions of HPP at a thermal power plant, the possibility of efficient transfer of waste heat from steam turbine with a HPI conversion coefficient equal to 5-6. In the one proposed in and shown in Fig. In diagram 2, the HPI conversion coefficient will be significantly higher due to the exclusion of the HPI evaporator and, accordingly, the absence of a temperature difference between the low-temperature source and the working steam at the compressor inlet.

Currently, the creation of highly efficient and environmentally friendly heat-generating power plants based on HPP is an extremely urgent task.

The results of the implementation of HPI are described. various types for the needs of heat supply, industrial enterprises and housing and communal services.

Based on real tests of HPI at CHPP-28 of Mosenergo OJSC, 2 specific schemes for transferring waste heat to cooling towers using HPI to the heating network were proposed (direct transfer to the return heating main and for heating the make-up network water).

The ways of creating highly efficient compression HPPs using water vapor when used as a low-potential heat source in the temperature range from 30 to 65 °C with a gas turbine compressor drive and heat recovery from exhaust gases from the gas turbine unit are analyzed. The results of the technical and economic analysis showed that, depending on the conditions, the cost of generated heat by HPP can be several times lower (and the CIT several times higher) than with traditional heat generation at CHP plants.

An analysis of the efficiency of using heat pumps in centralized systems hot water supply (DHW). It has been shown that this efficiency significantly depends on current energy tariffs and the temperature of the low-grade heat used, therefore the problem of using HPP must be approached carefully, taking into account all specific conditions.

TNU as alternative source DHW for centralized heating consumers in heating season

In this work, on the basis of accumulated experience, we analyze the possibility and technical and economic indicators of a more in-depth use of HPP for domestic hot water supply, in particular, almost 100% displacement of heat from traditional thermal power plants for these purposes during the heating season.

As an example, the possibility of implementing such an approach for the largest Moscow region of the Russian Federation is considered when using two sources as waste heat:

♦ the warmth of natural water sources: the Moscow River, lakes, reservoirs and others with an average temperature of about 10 °C;

♦ waste heat from sewage and other sources;

♦ waste heat into cooling towers (from the output of steam turbines of thermal power plants during the heating period in the ventilation pass mode with a steam temperature at the outlet of 30-35 °C). The total amount of this heat is about 2.5 thousand MW.

Currently on DHW needs The Moscow region consumes about 5 thousand MW of thermal energy (approximately 0.5 kW per person). The main amount of heat for domestic hot water supply comes from thermal power plants through the centralized heat supply system and is carried out at the central heating point of the Moscow city heating network. Heating of water for DHW (from ~10 °C to 60 °C) is carried out, as a rule, in 2 series-connected heat exchangers 7 and 8 (Fig. 3), first from the heat of the network water in the return heating main and then from the heat of the network water in the direct heating main . At the same time, ~650-680 tce/h of GHG is consumed for the needs of hot water supply.

The implementation of a scheme for the expanded (integrated) use of the above sources of waste heat for domestic hot water supply using a system of two heating units (on freon and water steam, Fig. 4) allows almost 100% compensation of about 5 thousand MW of heat during the heating period (accordingly, saving a huge amount of GHG , reduce thermal and harmful emissions into the atmosphere).

Naturally, if there are operating CHPPs during the non-heating period, it is not practical to transfer heat using HPPs, since CHPPs, due to the lack of heat load, are forced to switch to the condensation mode of operation with the discharge of a large amount of heat from the burned fuel (up to 50%) into the cooling towers.

The heat pump installation TNU-1 with a working fluid running on freon (R142) can provide heating of water from ~10 °C at the entrance to the evaporator 10 to ~35 °C at the exit from it, using water with a temperature of about 10 °C with kHNU about 10 °C as a low-temperature natural source 5.5. When used as a low-temperature source of waste water from industrial enterprises or housing and communal services, its temperature can significantly exceed 10 °C. In this case, kTNU will be even higher.

Thus, TNU-1 can with great efficiency provide 50% heating of water for hot water supply with a total amount of transferred heat up to 2.5 thousand MW and above. The scale of implementation of such HPIs is quite large. With an average unit thermal power of HPP-1 of about 10 MW, the Moscow region alone would require about 250 such HPPs.

When kHPU = 5.5, it is necessary to spend about 450 MW of electrical or mechanical power to drive HPU compressors (when driven, for example, from a gas turbine unit). Heat pump units TNU-1 should be installed close to the heat consumer (at the central heating station of the city heating network).

Heat pump units TNU-2 are installed at thermal power plants (Fig. 4) and are used during the heating period as a low-temperature source of steam from the output of heating turbines (ventilation passage of part low pressure(CHND)). In this case, as noted above, steam with a temperature of 30-35 °C enters directly into compressor 13 (Fig. 2, there is no HPU evaporator) and after its compression it is supplied to condenser 14 of the heat pump installation TNU-2 to heat water from the return network main.

Structurally, steam can be taken, for example, through the safety (relief) valve of the low-pressure pump of steam turbine 1. Compressor 13, creating a significantly lower pressure at the outlet of low-pressure turbine 1 (than in the absence of HPP-2), accordingly, reduces the condensation (saturation) temperature of the steam and “turns off” the turbine condenser 3.

In Fig. Figure 4 schematically shows the case when waste heat is transferred by condenser 14 to the return heating main to PSV 4. In this case, even with the transfer of all waste heat from the output of the low pressure turbine to the return heating main, the temperature in front of the PSV will increase by only ~5 °C, while slightly increasing the heating pressure steam from turbine extraction at PSV 4.

It is more efficient to first transfer part of the waste heat to heat the make-up network water (instead of its traditional heating with extracted steam from the turbine), and then transfer the rest of the waste heat to the return heating main (this option is not shown in Fig. 4).

An important result of the proposed approach is the possibility of displacing up to 2.5 thousand MWTE (transmitted by peak hot water boilers). With a unit power of TNU-2 on water steam equal to ~6-7 MW, 350-400 such installations would be required to transfer such an amount of heat.

Considering very low level temperature difference in the HPI (~15 °C between the low-temperature source and the temperature of the return network water), the conversion coefficient of the HPI-2 will be even higher (kHPU ~6.8) than for the HPI-1. At the same time, to transfer ~2.5 thousand MWTE to the heating network, it is necessary to spend a total of about 370 MW of electrical (or mechanical) energy.

Thus, in total, with the help of HPP-1 and HPP-2, up to 5 thousand MW of heat can be transferred during the heating season to the needs of the Moscow region’s hot water supply system. In table 2 provides a technical and economic assessment of such a proposal.

A gas turbine drive with N=1 -5 MW and an efficiency of 40-42% (due to heat recovery from exhaust gases) can be used as a drive for TNU-1 and TNU-2. In case of difficulties associated with the installation of a city heating network of a gas turbine unit at the central heating station (additional supply of SG, etc.), an electric drive can be used as a drive for the HPP-1.

Technical and economic assessments were made for tariffs for fuel and thermal energy at the beginning of 2005. An important result of the analysis is the significantly lower cost of generated thermal energy using HPP (for HPU-1 - 193 rub./Gcal and HPU-2 - 168 rub./Gcal ) compared with traditional way its generation at the thermal power plant of Mosenergo OJSC.

It is known that currently the cost of fuel energy, calculated using the so-called “physical method of separating fuel into electricity and heat production,” significantly exceeds 400 rubles/Gcal (fuel tariff). With this approach, heat production even at the most modern thermal power plants is unprofitable, and this unprofitability is compensated by an increase in electricity tariffs.

In our opinion, this method of dividing fuel costs is incorrect, but is still used, for example, by Mosenergo OJSC.

In our opinion, given in table. 2, the payback period for HPI (from 4.1 to 4.7 years) is not long. When calculating, 5 thousand hours of HPI operation per year were assumed. In fact, in the summer, these installations can operate, following the example of advanced Western countries, in a centralized cooling mode, while significantly improving the average annual technical and economic performance indicators.

From the table 2 it can be seen that the CIF for the indicated HPI varies in the range from ~2.6 to ~3.1, which is more than 3 times higher than its value for traditional CHPPs. Taking into account the proportional reduction of thermal and harmful emissions into the atmosphere, pumping costs and losses of circulating water in the system: turbine condenser - cooling tower, increasing the vacuum at the outlet of low pressure turbines (during the operation of HPP-2) and, accordingly, the generated power, technical and economic advantages the said proposals will be even more significant.

Table 2. Feasibility study for the use of HPI using water vapor and freon.

№	Name	Dimension	HPI type
			TNU-1 on freon	TNU-2 on water steam
1	Low temperature source temperature	°C	10	35
2	Temperature to consumer	°C	35	45-55
3	Q-wildebeest (single)	MW	10	6-7
4	Q HPI for DHW, total Q heat recovery from the output of the gas turbine unit* Q total to the consumer	MW	2500 -450 -2950	2500 -370 -2870
5	kTNU	-	5,5	6,8
6	Total power of gas turbine engines to drive compressors	MW	-455	-368
7	Total consumption of natural gas on the gas turbine engine of the compressor	τ a.c./h	140	113
8	Q fuel on gas turbine engine	MW	1138	920
9	WHALE	-	2,59	3,12
10	Specific cost of constructing a HPI with a gas turbine engine drive	USD/kW thousand USD/Gcal	220 256	200 232
11	Total capital costs	million US dollars	-649	-574
12	Hours of use per year	h	5000
13	Costs per year, of which: - fuel (1230 rub./t fuel equivalent); - depreciation charges (6.7%/year); - other (maintenance, wages and salaries, etc.).	million rubles	2450 862 1218 370	2070 695 1075 300
14	Cost of the entire volume of generated fuel per year (400 rubles/Gcal or 344 rubles/MWh)	million rubles	5070	4936
15	Fuel cost	rub./Gcal	193	168
16	Profit per year	million rubles million US dollars	2620 -94	2866 -102
17	Payback period (with return of depreciation charges)	in years	-4,7	-4,1

* - additional heat when recovering the heat of flue gases from gas turbine drive units can be used to displace part of the heat from the thermal power plant to the centralized heat supply.

Taking into account the inevitable increase in energy prices upon Russia's accession to the WTO, restrictions on the use of GHGs for energy and the need for the widespread introduction of highly efficient energy-saving and environmentally friendly energy technologies, the technical and economic advantages of introducing HPP will continue to grow.

Literature

1. New generation of heat pumps for heat supply purposes and the efficiency of their use in a market economy // Materials of the meeting of the subsection of Heat supply and centralized heat supply of the Scientific and Technical Council of RAO UES of Russia, Moscow, September 15, 2004.

2. Andryushenko A.I. Fundamentals of thermodynamics of cycles of thermal power plants. - M.: Higher. school, 1985

3. Belyaev V.E., Kosoy A.S., Sokolov Yu.N. Method for obtaining thermal energy. RF Patent No. 2224118 dated 07/05/2002, FSUE MMPP Salyut.

4. Sereda S.O., Gelmedov F.Sh., Sachkova N.G. Calculated estimates of changes in the characteristics of a multi-stage

compressor under the influence of water evaporation in its flow part, MMPP "Salyut"-CIAM // Thermal power engineering. 2004. No. 11.

5. Eliseev Yu.S., Belyaev V.V., Kosoy A.S., Sokolov Yu.N. Problems of creating a highly efficient vapor compression unit of a new generation. Preprint of FSUE MMPP Salyut, May 2005.

6. Devyanin D.N., Pishchikov S.I., Sokolov Yu.N. Development and testing at CHPP-28 of Mosenergo OJSC of a laboratory stand for approbation of schemes for using HPI in the energy sector // “Heat Supply News”. 2000. No. 1. P. 33-36.

7. Protsenko V.P. On the new concept of heat supply of RAO UES of Russia // Energo-press, No. 11-12, 1999.

8. Frolov V.P., Shcherbakov S.N., Frolov M.V., Shelginsky A.Ya. Analysis of the efficiency of using heat pumps in centralized hot water supply systems // “Energy Saving”. 2004. No. 2.

Heat supply in Russia, with its long and quite severe winters, requires very high fuel costs, which are almost 2 times higher than the cost of electricity supply. The main disadvantages of traditional heat supply sources are low energy, economic and environmental efficiency. In addition, high transport tariffs for the delivery of energy resources aggravate negative factors inherent in traditional heat supply.

A very indicative guideline for assessing the possibility of using heat pump units in Russia is foreign experience. It varies in different countries and depends on climatic and geographical features, the level of economic development, the fuel and energy balance, the ratio of prices for the main types of fuel and electricity, traditionally used heat and power supply systems, etc. Under similar conditions, taking into account the state of the Russian economy, foreign experience should be considered as a real path of development in perspective.

A peculiarity of heat supply in Russia, in contrast to most countries of the world, is the widespread use of centralized heat supply systems in large cities.

Although over the past few decades the production of heat pumps has sharply increased throughout the world, in our country HPPs have not yet found widespread use. There are several reasons:

Traditional focus on centralized heat supply;

Unfavorable ratio between the cost of electricity and fuel;

HP production is carried out, as a rule, on the basis of the refrigeration machines that are closest in parameters, which does not always lead to optimal characteristics TN;

In the recent past there was a very long haul from HP design to its commissioning.

In our country, the design of HP began to be addressed in 1926 /27/. In industry, since 1976, TN worked at a tea factory (Samtredia, Georgia) /13/, at the Podolsk Chemical and Metallurgical Plant (PCMZ) since 1987 /24/, at the Sagarejoy Dairy Plant, (Georgia), in the Moscow region dairy and livestock farm "Gorki-2" since 1963

In addition to industry, VTs are used in mall(Sukhumi) for heat and cold supply, in a residential building (Bucuria village, Moldova), in the Druzhba boarding house (Yalta), climatological hospital (Gagra), Pitsunda resort hall.

Back in the seventies, effective heat recovery using a heat pump unit was carried out at the Pauzhetskaya geothermal station in Kamchatka. TNU successfully used an experimental system for geothermal supply of heat to a residential area and the Sredne-Parutinsky greenhouse farm in Kamchatka. In these cases, geothermal sources were used as low-potential energy sources /12/.

The use and especially the production of heat pumps in our country is developing very late. VNIIkholodmash was a pioneer in the field of creation and implementation of heat pumps in the former USSR. In 1986-1989 VNIIkholodmash has developed a number of vapor compression heat pumps with a heating capacity from 1 7 kW to 11.5 MW in twelve water-to-water sizes. Also sea water as a source of low-temperature heat for heat pumps with a heating capacity of 300 - 1000 kW "water-to-air" heat pumps for 45 and 65 kW. Most of the heat pumps of this series have passed the stage of manufacturing and testing, prototypes at five refrigeration engineering plants. Four standard sizes were mass-produced heat pumps with a heating capacity of 14; 100; 300; 8500 kW. Their total production until 1992 was 3000 units. The thermal power of the current fleet of these heat pumps is estimated at 40 MW /16, 17/.

During this period it was developed whole line fundamentally new heat pumps - absorption, compression-resorption, compression, operating on butane and water as a working substance, etc.

Subsequently, there was a decline in demand for heat pumps. Many mastered machines and new developments turned out to be unclaimed.

However, in recent years the picture has begun to change. Real economic incentives for energy saving have emerged. This is due to rising energy prices, as well as changes in the ratio of electricity tariffs and different kinds fuel. In many cases, the requirements for environmental friendliness of heat supply systems come to the fore. In particular, this applies to luxury individual houses. New specialized companies have appeared in Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities, designing heat pump installations and producing only heat pumps. Thanks to the efforts of these companies, a fleet of heat pumps with a total thermal capacity of about 50 MW has now been put into operation.

In a real market economy in Russia, heat pumps have the prospect of further expansion of their use, and the production of heat pumps can become commensurate with the production of refrigeration machines of the corresponding classes. This prospect can be assessed when considering the conditions of heat and power supply in the main areas of application of heat pump installations: the housing and communal sector, industrial enterprises, health resorts and sports complexes, and agricultural production.

In the housing and communal services sector, heat pump units are most widely used in world and Russian practice, mainly for heating and hot water supply (DHW). Main directions:

Autonomous heat supply from heat pump units;

The use of heat pump units has already been existing systems centralized heating.

For autonomous heat supply In individual buildings, urban areas, and populated areas, mainly vapor-compression heat pumps with a thermal power of 10 - 30 kW are used per unit of equipment in an individual building and up to 5 MW in areas and populated areas.

The program “Development of Non-Traditional Energy in Russia” is currently being implemented. It includes a section on the development of heat pump installations. The development forecast is based on assessments of heat pump manufacturers, as well as their users in the regions of the country, the needs of different capacities and the possibilities of their production. Most of the approximately 30 large projects involve the use of heat pump systems for the housing and communal sector, including in the district heating system.

A number of works are being carried out within the framework of regional programs for energy saving and replacement of traditional heat supply systems with heat pump units: Novosibirsk region, Nizhny Novgorod region, Norilsk, Neryungri, Yakutia, Divnogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory. The average annual commissioning of thermal capacity will be about 100 MW.

Under these conditions, the heat production by all operating heat pumps in 2005 amounted to 2.2 million Gcal, and the replacement of organic fuel was 160 thousand tons of standard fuel, the total thermal power annual output 300 MW. Thus, a breakthrough in the spread of heat pump units is planned in Russia.

As for heat pumps with high thermal power from 500 kW to 40 MW, after 2005 the annual commissioning of thermal power averaged 280 MW, and after 2010 - up to 800 MW. This is due to the fact that during this period it is planned to widely use heat pumps in district heating systems.

In agricultural production, the main areas of application of heat pumps are the primary processing of milk and the heat supply of stalls.

On dairy farms, a significant share of energy costs, up to 50%, falls on the drive of compressors of refrigeration machines designed to cool freshly milked milk and heat water for sanitary and technological needs. This combination of needs for heat and cold creates favorable conditions for the use of heat pumps. A significant amount of heat is removed with the ventilated air of the stalls, which can be successfully used as a low-potential source for small heat pumps. On livestock farms, a heat pump system provides simultaneous air conditioning in stalls and heat supply to production premises.

Application decentralized systems heat supply based on heat pump units in areas where heating network are absent, or in new residential areas, it avoids many of the technological, economic and environmental disadvantages of district heating systems. Only regional boiler houses running on gas can be competitive with them in terms of economic parameters.

There are currently a significant number of such installations in operation. And in the future, the need for them will rapidly increase.

Saving, replacement, of fossil fuels using heat pumps occurs due to the beneficial involvement of low-grade heat emissions at thermal power plants. This is achieved in two ways:

Direct use of cooling process water CHP as a source of low-grade heat for a heat pump;

Using return network water as a source of low-grade heat for the heat pump, returned to the thermal power plant, the temperature of which is reduced to 20 - 25 ° C.

The first method is implemented when the heat pump is located near a thermal power plant, the second - when it is used near heat consumers. In both cases, the temperature level of the low-grade heat source is quite high, which creates the prerequisites for the operation of a heat pump with a high conversion coefficient.

The use of heat pumps in district heating systems can significantly improve the technical and economic performance of urban energy systems, providing:

Increase in thermal power by the amount of recovered heat previously released into the process water cooling system;

Reducing heat loss when transporting network water in main pipelines;

An increase in the heating load by 15 - 20% at the same consumption of primary network water and a reduction in the deficit in network water at central heating stations in microdistricts remote from the thermal power plant;

The emergence of a backup source to cover peak heat loads.

To operate in a centralized heating system, large heat pumps with a heating capacity of several megawatts for installation at heating points and up to several tens of megawatts for use at thermal power plants are required.

At industrial enterprises, heat pump units are used to recover the heat of water circulation systems, the heat of ventilation emissions and the heat of waste water.

With the help of HPP it is possible to transfer most of the waste heat to the heating network, about 50 - 60%. Wherein:

There is no need to expend additional fuel to produce this heat;

The environmental situation would improve;

By lowering the temperature of the circulating water in the turbine condenser, the vacuum will significantly improve and the electrical output from the turbines will increase;

The losses of circulating water and the costs of pumping it will be reduced.

Until recently, it was believed that the use of heat pump units in enterprises supplied with heat from thermal power plants was obviously uneconomical. These estimates are currently being revised. Firstly, they take into account the possibility of using the technologies discussed above in the housing and communal services sector when centralized heating. Secondly, the real price ratios for electricity, heat from thermal power plants and fuel are forcing some enterprises to switch to own generators heat and even electricity. With this approach, the use of heat pump units is most effective. Particularly great fuel savings are achieved by “mini-CHPs” based on a diesel generator running on natural gas, which simultaneously drives the heat pump compressor. Thermal installation At the same time, it provides heating and hot water supply to the enterprise.

The use of a heat pump unit in combination with the use of heat from ventilation emissions is also promising for enterprises. Air heating is typical for many industrial enterprises. Ventilation exhaust heat recovery installations make it possible to preheat the outside air entering the workshop to 8 0 C. The temperature of the network water heated in the heat pump installation required for heating heating air, does not exceed 70 0 C. Under these conditions, the heat pump installation can operate at a sufficiently high conversion coefficient.

Many industrial enterprises also require artificial refrigeration. Thus, in artificial fiber factories, technological air conditioning is used in the main production workshops to maintain temperature and humidity. Combined heat pump systems: heat pump - refrigeration machine, simultaneously producing heat and cold, are the most economical.

Currently in Russia, HPIs are manufactured to individual orders by various companies. For example, in Nizhny Novgorod, the Triton company produces heat pumps with a heating capacity from 10 to 2000 kW with compressor power from 3 to 620 kW. The working substance is R-142; m≈ 3; TN cost from 5,000 to 300,000 US dollars. Payback period 2 - 3 years.

To this day, JSC Energia remains practically the only serial manufacturer of vapor compression heat pumps in our country. Currently, the company is mastering the production of absorption heat pump units, as well as turbocompressor heat pumps with large unit power over 3 MW.

The Energia company manufactured and launched about 100 heat pump units of various capacities throughout the former USSR. The first units were installed in Kamchatka.

In Fig. 8.1. Some of the facilities where heat pumps from JSC Energia operate.

CJSC Energia produces heat pumps with a heating capacity of 300 to 2500 kW with a guarantee of operation from 35 to 45 thousand hours. The price of a heat pump is set at 160 - 180 USD. per 1 kW heating output (Q in).

Since its founding, CJSC Energia has put into operation heat pump units of various capacities in the CIS and neighboring countries. In total, CJSC ENERGY from 1990 to 2004 implemented 125 heat pumps of various capacities at 63 facilities in Russia and neighboring countries.

Rice. 8.1. Heat pumps of ZAO Energia installed:

Heat pump installation in secondary school No. 1, Karasuk, Novosibirsk region and heat pump NT - 1000 at the thermal power plant in the village of Rechkunovka, Novosibirsk

Below is a brief summary of the largest facility presented by ZAO Energia, Novosibirsk, table. 8.1..

Table 8.1. Some objects where heat pumps of JSC Energia operate

Object name	Heat source	Total power, kW	Type of heat pumps	Launch year
Tyumen, Velizhansky water intake, heating of the village	Drinking water 7-9 °C		2 pumps NT-3000
Karasuk, Novosibirsk region, heating high school №1	Ground water 24 °C		2 pumps NKT-300
Gornoaltaisk, Central Control System, building heating	Ground water 7 - 9 °C		1 pump NKT-300
P/household "Mirny", Altai Territory, heating of the village	Ground water 23 °C		3 pumps NKT-300
Lithuania, Kaunas, artificial fiber plant, heating of plant workshops.	Process discharges – water 20 °C		2 pumps NT-3000	1995 1996
Moscow, Interstroyplast (People's Windows), water cooling for extruders	Process water 16 °C		1 pump NT-500
Kazakhstan, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kaz Zinc JSC, heating feed water before chemical water treatment from 8 to 40 °C	Recycled process water (cooling tower replacement)		1 pump NT-3000
Krasnoyarsk, MSC, heating Institute of Ecology	Yenisei – water in winter is about 2 °C		1 pump NT-500
Yelizovo, Kamchatka region, water intake, building heating	Drinking water 2 - 9 °C		1 pump NKT-300

In the Nizhny Novgorod region, the development and production of HP with

1996 - engaged in the research and production company Triton Ltd. CJSC. Over the past period, HPs of various capacities have been designed and installed:

TN-24, Q = 24 kW, residential heating F = 200 m 2. NIT - groundwater. Installed in the village of Bolshiye Orly, Borsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region, 1998.

TN-45, Q = 45 kW, heating of a complex of administrative buildings, warehouses and a garage, F > 1200 m 2, NIT - groundwater. Installed in the Moscow region, Nizhny Novgorod in 1997. Owner - Symbol LLP.

TN-600, Q = 600 kW, heating, hot water supply of a hotel complex and three cottages, F > 7000 m 2, NIT - groundwater. Installed in Avtozavodsky district, Nizhny Novgorod in 1996. Owner - GAZ.

TN-139, Q = 139 kW, heating, hot water supply industrial building F > 960 m 2, NIT - ground. Installed in Kanavinsky district, Nizhny Novgorod in 1999. Owner - GZhD.

TN-119, Q = 119 kW, heating, hot water dispensary F > 770 m 2, NIT - groundwater. Installed in Borsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region in 1999. Owner: Tsentrenergostroy.

TN-300, Q = 300 kW, heating, school hot water F > 3000 m 2, NIT - groundwater. Put into operation in Avtozavodsky district, Nizhny Novgorod in 1999. Owner is the education department of the district administration.

TN-360, Q = 360 kW, heating, hot water supply of the recreation center F > 4000 m 2, NIT - groundwater. Put into operation in Dalnekonstantinovsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region in 1999. Owner - "Gidromash".

TN-3500, Q = 3500 kW, heating, hot water supply, ventilation of the administrative building of the new depot F > 15000 m 2, NIT - return water, heat supply systems of the Sormovskaya CHPP. Kanavinsky district, Nizhny Novgorod 2000. Owner - GZhD.

Two HP Q = 360 and 200 kW, for the Penza region, 2 Gcal - for Tuapse.

With the participation of specialists from the Institute of High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHT RAS), a number of pilot demonstration installations and systems using heat pumps for heat supply to various objects have been developed and created /48/.

In the Moscow region village. In 2001, in Gribanovo, on the territory of the testing ground of NPO Astrophysics, a solar heat pump system for heating the laboratory building was put into trial operation. A vertical ground heat exchanger with a total length of about 30 m (technology of JSC Insolar-Invest) was used as a source of low-grade heat for the heat pump. Heating devices- fan coil units and floor heater. Solar collectors provide hot water supply, excess solar heat in the summer they are pumped into the ground to accelerate the restoration of its temperature regime.

In 2004 OJSC "Insolar-Invest" an experimental automated heat pump unit (ATNU) designed for heating was put into operation tap water in front of the boilers of the district thermal station of Zelenograd, table. 8.2.

Untreated domestic wastewater accumulated in the receiving tank of the main sewerage system is used as a low-potential heat source. pumping station(GKNS). ATNU is designed to test the technology for recycling the heat of untreated Wastewater, determining the impact of the installation on the operating parameters of the thermal station, checking the economic efficiency and developing recommendations for the creation of similar installations in the Moscow municipal economy.

Table 8.2. Main design and operational parameters of ATNU

ATNU includes five main parts:

Heat pump thermal unit (HTU);

Pipelines of the low-grade heat collection system (LHS);

Heat exchanger;

Pressure sewerage pipelines;

A group of fecal supply pumps in the State Committee for Water Supply.

Untreated wastewater, having a temperature of 20 0 C, from the receiving tank is supplied by Flygt fecal pumps to a heat exchanger-recovery, where it transfers heat to the intermediate coolant (water), cooling to a temperature of 15.4 0 C, and then returns to the tank. The total wastewater flow is 400 m 3 /h.

The untreated wastewater circulation circuit is designed taking into account the operating practices of pressure pipelines of sewerage systems. The flow rate in the channels of the heat exchanger-recovery ensures that there is no formation of deposits on the heat exchange surfaces.

The intermediate coolant, heated in the heat exchanger-recovery to a temperature of 13 0 C, is supplied to the heat pumps, where it is cooled to a temperature of 8 0 C, giving off heat to the refrigerant of the vapor-compression circuit, and is again sent to the heat exchanger-recovery.

Application of heat pumps in a ring circuit in Russia.

Examples of the use of single heat pump units are mainly considered. These installations include one or more heat pumps that operate independently of each other and perform a specific heat supply function. There is a complex ring heat pump system that allows you to achieve maximum efficiency and savings. Several heat pumps are installed in the ring system, which are used to produce both heat and cold, depending on the needs of different parts of the building. There is very little information about such systems.

Some time ago, a company supplying heat pumps in Russia implemented a project to modernize the heating and air conditioning system in one of the Moscow hotel and entertainment centers /54/. Let's look at how this system works (Fig. 8.2.

The water circuit consists of a water pump and a low-temperature storage tank, due to the volume of which heat accumulation increases and the water temperature in the circuit is stabilized. All VTs are connected to this circuit.

Arrows show the direction of heat movement. Behind the circulation pump, water-to-water heat pumps are installed, which heat the water in the complex’s pools. There can be several pools, of different volumes and with different water temperatures. A heat pump is installed for each pool.

HP "water - air", cooling air in kitchen areas that serve restaurants, bars, cafes, staff canteens. There is always a large heat release in these rooms and the HP cools the air in them, taking heat into the common water circuit.

Rice. 8.2. An example of a ring heat pump.

HP "water - water" is used to utilize excess heat through the hot water supply (DHW) system. Heat is taken from the water of the administrative and office premises. For air conditioning, each of these rooms has its own reversible heat pump for heat or cold. In the warm season, all these pumps will cool the air, and in the cold season, heat it.

All these HPs are combined into one ring with HPs in other parts of the building with their heat needs and surpluses (technical and functional rooms, cafe Restaurant, winter Garden, refrigeration rooms) and heat exchange occurs between them.

For normal operation of the heat pump, the water temperature in the circuit must be in the range from 18 0 C to 35 0 C. If the number of heat pumps operating in the heating mode is equal to the number of heat pumps operating in the cooling mode, then the system does not require heat to be supplied from the outside or removed to the outside . The ring system operates most efficiently at outdoor temperatures from -4 0 C to +14 0 C. The energy costs for operating the entire ring circuit consist only of the costs of operating the circulation pump and individual heat pumps in the premises. There is no need for expensive sources of thermal energy, gas or electric heaters, or obtaining it from outside.

At lower outside temperatures and a lack of heat in the water circuit, the temperature in it may drop below 18 0 C. Then, to heat the water circuit to the required parameter, you can use external sources - a city heating plant, a boiler or a geothermal heat pump pumping heat from groundwater or from a nearby reservoir. Sources such as groundwater or a river, having a temperature of 4 0 C, will be sufficient to heat the water in the circuit to a level of 18 0 C and, thus, for the normal operation of all heat pumps in the building.

Unfortunately, in Russia this approach is still hampered by high costs at the design stage and the lack of economic measures to stimulate energy-saving and environmentally friendly solutions. Ring heat pump systems can also use other low-grade heat sources. At many sites: large laundries, enterprises using water in technological processes, there is a significant flow of wastewater of sufficiently high temperature. In this case, it makes sense to include a heat pump in the ring system that utilizes this heat.

The water circuit also includes a low-temperature storage tank. The larger the volume of this tank, the more heat, which can be used if necessary, the system is capable of accumulating. The ring system can completely take over the heating function - a monovalent system. However, it is possible to use heat pumps simultaneously with a traditional heating system - a bivalent system. If there is a sufficient number of heat sources connected to the ring at the facility, and with small needs for hot water, the ring system can fully satisfy these needs.

The ring heat pump system can be used exclusively for air conditioning purposes in rooms where there is only such a need. But ring air conditioning systems are especially effective in buildings where there are many rooms with different purposes that require different air temperatures. TN as an air conditioner works more efficiently than many other known air conditioning devices.

The basis for the high efficiency of heat pumps lies precisely in the fact that the energy spent inside the building to produce heat is not dumped “down the drain”, but is used inside the building where it is needed. Heat is accumulated and efficiently transferred within the ring system.

The second important factor of economic efficiency is the possibility of using low-potential “free” heat sources - artesian wells, reservoirs, sewers. With the help of compressors, using a source with a temperature of 4 °C, we get hot water 50 - 60 0 C, spending 1 kW of electricity to obtain 3 - 4 kW of thermal energy. If using a conventional system steam heating, the efficiency is only 30 - 40%, then with heat pumps the efficiency increases several times.

In particular, in the described hotel and entertainment center the following results were achieved.

Capital costs for the purchase and installation of equipment have been reduced by 13 - 15% compared to the chiller-fan coil system. Simplified system engineering communications compared to a central air conditioning system. A comfortable microclimate has been created in the premises: pressure, humidity and air temperature meet hygienic requirements. Total costs for heating and hot water supply are reduced by more than 50% compared to central heating.

A ring heat pump system does not require complex and expensive control and monitoring devices to optimize its operation. It is enough to use several thermostats and thermostats to maintain the temperature in the water circuit within specified limits. For additional convenience and visual control, you can use expensive automation.

At a given temperature range in the water circuit of the ring system of 18 - 35 0 C, condensation does not form on the pipes and there is no noticeable heat loss. This is an important factor when the system is significantly branched (distribution, risers, connections, of which there can be quite a lot in buildings with complex architecture).

When using HP in a room ventilation system, the number and total length of air ducts can be reduced compared to central installations air conditioning. Heat pump units are located directly in the air-conditioned rooms or in those adjacent to them, that is, the air is conditioned directly on site. This avoids transporting finished air through long air ducts.

In Russia, the first such TH-based system was installed in 1990 at the Iris Congress Hotel. This is a ring bivalent air conditioning system from the American company ClimateMaster. For heating the hotel uses a heated kitchen, laundry, technical premises, refrigeration and freezer units, heat is exchanged during air conditioning of hotel rooms, conference rooms, fitness centers, restaurants, and administrative premises. 15 years of operation of the system have shown the reliability of the equipment and the feasibility of its use in our climate.

When designing a heat pump system for an object, it is necessary, first of all, to study all possible low-potential heat sources and all possible consumers of high-potential heat at this object, to evaluate all heat inflows and all heat losses. You should choose those sources for disposal where heat is released fairly evenly and over a long period of time. Accurate and accurate calculations will ensure stable and cost-effective operation of the HP. The total capacity of waste heat pumps should not be uselessly excessive. The system must be balanced, but this does not mean that the total powers of heat sources and consumers should be close, they can vary, and their ratio can also change significantly when operating conditions of the system change. The flexibility of the system allows you to select its optimal option during design and provide for the possibility of its further expansion. It is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the climatic conditions of the region. Climatic conditions are the key to choosing an effective climate system.

In southern latitudes, the main task is to cool the air and release heat outside, the utilization of which for heating is pointless. Suitable here traditional systems chiller - fan coils or similar. IN northern latitudes required too a large number of energy for heating the facility, a lot of high-potential heat that will have to be supplied to the system. Therefore, it will be necessary to install a bivalent system, a HP in combination with a heating system. IN temperate climate in middle latitudes it is advisable to use a monovalent ring system, where its efficiency is maximum.

Today there is a widespread opinion that TN is too expensive. The costs of installing and assembling equipment are high, and given the current heat prices in Russia, the payback period is too long. However, practice shows that installing heat pump systems at large and medium-sized facilities allows you to save 10 - 15% on capital investments, not to mention operating costs. In addition, ring systems minimize the consumption of energy resources, the prices of which are increasing at an ever faster rate.

According to Research.Techart calculations, in 2009, 5.3 MW of heat pumps were installed in Russia. The dynamics of the Russian geothermal pump market, according to Research.Techart forecasts, will be low in the medium term, which is associated with the crisis in the economy. However, in some regions the market can develop very actively.

The trend towards increasing demand from the infrastructure and housing sectors will continue, and the main volume of sales will be HSPs with a thermal capacity of 15 - 38 kW. The consumption structure regarding the types of PTN will not change. An increase in the share of domestic products in the total market volume is predicted.

In the long term, the leading factor in market development will be the implementation of the state energy strategy. After 2016 it is predicted active growth market. In area technical characteristics a transition to PHP with carbon refrigerants is expected. At the same time, the consumption of both low- and medium-power and high-power heat pumps will increase, which is due to the prospects for using wastewater heat recovery systems. Against the backdrop of increasing demand, active development of the domestic production base will begin - the number of Russian manufacturers will increase and they will occupy leading positions in the market.

By 2020, the PTN market volume may reach 8,000 - 11,000 units, 460 - 500 MW. Forecast of the PTN market volume for 2030 - the moment of completion of the implementation of the current Energy Strategy of Russia - 11,000 - 15,000 units, 500 - 700 MW.

They become less and less profitable and lose their relevance. Burning gas or liquid fuels in boilers puts a strain on the budget like never before. Significant savings can be achieved if you use heat pumps for heating the house. They are based on the principle of consuming free natural energy, which is everywhere. You just need to take it.

Return on investment

Liquefied gas and diesel fuel cannot compete with heat pumps either in terms of operating costs or operating comfort. Use for heating solid fuel difficult to automate and requires a lot of labor. Electricity is a comfortable but expensive form of energy. To connect electric boiler you need a separate powerful line. Still in domestic conditions natural gas remained the most popular and convenient type of fuel. But it has a number of disadvantages:

1. Registration of permits.
2. Coordination of the project with regulatory authorities and neighbors.
3. Some insertion and connection operations can only be performed by authorized organizations.
4. Periodic verification of the meter.
5. Limited network distribution and remote connection points.
6. High costs for laying the supply line.
7. Gas-using equipment is a source of potential threat and requires regulated control.

The only significant drawback of a heat pump is the high capital investment at the stage of purchasing equipment and installation. Standard price heating system on heat pump with a geothermal heat exchanger consists of the cost of the work of drillers and specific equipment with installation. The kit includes:

• probe set;
• propylene glycol;
• indirect heating boiler for hot water;
• set pumping equipment and automation.

The work is carried out by qualified personnel with professional tool. The slightly higher initial costs are balanced by serious advantages:

1. The heat pump system is very economical, which allows you to recoup the additional costs in just a few seasons.
2. There are ample opportunities to implement flexible automated control with a minimum of maintenance.
3. Comfort of use.
4. Well suited for installation in residential areas thanks to its aesthetic and modern design.
5. Cooling of premises based on the same set of equipment.
6. When working for cooling, in addition to the active operating mode, it is possible to use low temperature natural water and soil to implement passive mode without unnecessary energy consumption.
7. The low power of the equipment does not require laying a large-section power cable.
8. No need for permits.
9. Possibility of using existing wiring of heating devices.

To produce 1 kW of thermal power, it is enough to spend no more than 250 W. For heating private households per 1 sq.m. area consumes only about 25 W/hour. And this includes hot water supply. Energy efficiency can be further improved by improving the insulation of your home.

How it works

A heat pump, the operating principle of which is based on the Carnot cycle, spends energy not on heating the coolant, but on pumping external heat. The technology is not new. Heat pumps have been working in our homes as part of refrigerators for decades. In a refrigerator, heat moves from the chamber to the outside. The latest heating installations implement reverse process. Despite the low temperature outside, there is plenty of energy there.

It becomes possible to take heat from a colder body and give it to a hotter one, thanks to the property of a substance to consume energy during evaporation and release it during condensation, as well as increase its temperature as a result of compression. The necessary conditions for boiling and evaporation are created by changing pressure. A liquid with a low boiling point - freon - is used as a working fluid.

In a heat pump, transformations occur in 4 stages:

1. The liquid working fluid, cooled below the ambient temperature, circulates through the coil in contact with it. The liquid heats up and evaporates.
2. The gas is compressed by the compressor, causing its temperature to rise.
3. In the cooler inner coil, condensation occurs and heat is released.
4. The liquid is bypassed through a throttling device to maintain a pressure difference between the condenser and the evaporator.

Practical implementation

Direct contact of the evaporator and condenser with the external and internal environment is not typical for heating systems based on heat pumps. Energy transfer occurs in heat exchangers. The coolant pumped through the external circuit transfers heat to the cold evaporator. The hot condenser transfers it to the home heating system.

The effectiveness of such a scheme strongly depends on the temperature difference between the external and internal environments. The smaller it is, the better. Therefore, heat is rarely taken from the outside air, whose temperature can be very low.

Based on the location of energy intake, the following types of installations are distinguished:

• "ground-water";
• "water-water";
• "air-water".

Safe non-freezing liquids are used as a coolant in ground and water systems. It could be propylene glycol. The use of ethylene glycol for such purposes is not allowed, since if the system depressurizes, it will cause poisoning of soils or aquifers.

Ground-water installations

Already at a shallow depth, the temperature of the soil depends little on weather conditions, so the soil is an effective external environment. Below 5 meters, conditions do not change at any time of the year. There are 2 types of installations:

• surface;
• geothermal.

In the first, long trenches are dug in the area to a depth below the freezing level. They are laid out in rings plastic pipes solid section and covered with earth.

In geothermal systems, heat exchange occurs at depth, in wells. High and constant temperatures in the depths of the earth provide a good economic effect. Wells with a depth of 50 to 100 m are drilled on the site in the quantity required by calculation. For some buildings, 1 well may be enough, for others, 5 will not be enough. Heat exchange probes are lowered into the well.

Water-to-water installations

Such systems use the energy of water that does not freeze in winter at the bottom of rivers and lakes or groundwater. There are 2 types of water installations depending on the location of heat exchange:

• in a body of water;
• on the evaporator.

The first option is the least expensive in terms of capital investment. The pipeline is simply sunk to the bottom of a nearby body of water and secured to prevent it from floating up. The second is used when there are no bodies of water in the immediate vicinity. They are drilling 2 wells: supply and receiving. From the first, water is pumped into the second through a heat exchanger.

Air-to-water units

The air heat exchanger is simply installed next to the house or on the roof. Outside air is pumped through it. Such systems are less efficient, but cheaper. Installation in leeward locations helps improve performance.

Self-assembly of the system

If you really want, you can try installing a heat pump yourself. A powerful freon compressor, a coil of copper pipes, heat exchangers and others are purchased Consumables. But there are many subtleties in this work. They consist not so much in performing installation work, but in correct calculation, configuration and balancing of the system.

It is enough to choose the freon line poorly for the liquid that gets into the compressor to instantly disable it. Difficulties may also arise with implementation automatic regulation system performance.