Any owner of a city apartment has been surprised at least once by the numbers on the heating receipt. It is often unclear on what basis heating fees are calculated for us and why often the residents of the neighboring house pay much less. However, the numbers do not come out of nowhere: there is a standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating, and it is on its basis that the final amounts are formed, taking into account the approved tariffs. How to understand this complex system?

Where do the standards come from?

The standards for heating residential premises, as well as the standards for the consumption of any utility service, be it heating, water supply, etc., are a relatively constant value. They are adopted by the local authorized body with the participation of resource supply organizations and remain unchanged for three years.

To put it more simply, the company supplying heat to a given region submits documents to local authorities justifying the new standards. During the discussion, they are accepted or rejected at city council meetings. After this, the consumed heat is recalculated, and the tariffs that consumers will pay are approved.

Thermal energy consumption standards for heating are calculated based on the climatic conditions of the region, type of house, wall and roof material, wear utility networks and other indicators. The result is the amount of energy that has to be spent on heating 1 square of living space in a given building. This is the standard.

The generally accepted unit of measurement is Gcal/sq. m – gigacalorie per square meter. The main parameter is the average ambient temperature during the cold period. Theoretically, this means that if the winter was warm, you will have to pay less for heating. However, in practice this usually does not work out.

What should be the normal temperature in the apartment?

Apartment heating standards are calculated taking into account the fact that a comfortable temperature must be maintained in the living space. Its approximate values:

• In the living room optimal temperature amounts to from 20 to 22 degrees;
• Kitchen - temperature from 19 to 21 degrees;
• Bathroom - from 24 to 26 degrees;
• Toilet - temperature from 19 to 21 degrees;
• Corridor - from 18 to 20 degrees.

If in winter time in your apartment the temperature is below the specified values, which means your home receives less heat than heating standards require. As a rule, in such situations, worn-out city heating networks are to blame, when precious energy is wasted into the air. However, the heating standards in the apartment are not met, and you have the right to complain and demand a recalculation.

Heating costs are increasing every year, and many consumers are interested in what they pay for and why the numbers on their bills are getting larger. The cost of heating is calculated according to the heat consumption standard, and in apartment buildings it depends on the heated area and on general house expenses.

Every consumer should know how heating charges are calculated according to the standard in order to be able to control the fairness of charges in management company.

The size of the heating fee depends on various factors

In Russia, there are two main documents by which heating fees are calculated. The first of them is government decree No. 354 of 05/06/11. It regulates the rules for providing utility services to residents apartment buildings. This document became an alternative to government decree No. 307 of May 23, 2006, but in practice the old decree is still in effect.

The decision on the rules by which payments are calculated is made at the local level; the region chooses for itself best option. There is a very important difference between them: according to the Rules established in Resolution No. 354, heating fees are charged only during heating season, and not distributed over the entire year. On the one hand, this simplified the calculation methodology, on the other, it led to an increase in the financial burden on the consumer.

According to the new rules, in the period from October to May it rises sharply, as the cost of heating begins to be included in it. Many consumers are finding it difficult to pay increased bills, leading to more debt. According to the traditional method established in the rules. Resolution No. 307, consumers pay approximately the same amount for an apartment throughout the year, and it is adjusted taking into account the general increase in tariffs.

The amount of payment for heat depends on the installed general building meter, the presence of heat meters in apartments, as well as the presence of distribution sensors in residential and non-residential premises.

Calculation of fees for an uninstalled communal meter

A common house meter allows you to save

If an apartment building is not equipped with a common building, the heating fee is calculated based on three main factors:

• Heating standard. This is the number of gigacalories that are required to heat one square meter to the required temperatures. meters of area. Each region sets its own standard depending on climatic conditions.
• Heating tariff. This is the cost of one gigacalorie of heat established for a given region.
• The size of the heated area. IN apartment building it does not include the area of ​​the loggia or balcony.

Thus, the calculation of the heating fee in this case is carried out using a relatively simple formula:
The amount of the fee = standard * tariff *, standard and tariff are set by regional authorities.

The final cost of heat does not depend on the number of calories of thermal energy actually consumed, so this method of calculation is used less and less. Currently, a campaign is underway throughout Russia to improve the energy efficiency of heat supply, so heat meters are being actively installed.

Calculation of fees when a communal meter is installed

A more common situation today is that a common building has been installed in an apartment building, while the apartments do not have individual heat consumption meters. The design of utilities in many houses is such that individual meters simply cannot be included in the heating system, and each consumer does not have the opportunity to independently increase or decrease the heating . In this case, the calculation is based on four main parameters:

• The total amount of thermal energy consumed by the house is determined by the readings of the general house meter. Its installation allows you to avoid paying for heat lost along the way due to uninsulated heating mains and other problems of heating networks.
• Heated area of ​​a consumer's apartment or non-residential premises.
• Total heated area of ​​the building. All residential premises are taken into account, as well as entrances, attached shops connected to the general heating system, etc.
• The statutory tariff for thermal energy. Tariffs are determined by local authorities.

The calculation formula is as follows: Heat payment = total volume * apartment area/house area * established tariff. In this way, the distribution of fees becomes more equitable, since each house actually pays only for itself.

However, even in this case, the calculation system is not ideal: since consumers do not have the ability to control heat consumption, they often have to simply “heat the street”, releasing heat outside due to its excess. However, you will still have to pay for it in full. Because of this, it is becoming more and more popular modern version calculations with individual meters.

Calculation of fees for installed individual meters

An individual meter allows you to pay for the heat actually consumed

If all apartments have individual heat consumption meters installed, the calculation will become more complex, but in the end the consumer pays for the energy actually used, and this option turns out to be the most profitable. The following parameters are taken into account when calculating:

• The amount of heat consumed by one residential or non-residential premises is determined by the readings of an individual meter. At least 95% of the premises in the building must be equipped with metering devices.
• The amount of heat consumed by the entire house is taken into account based on the readings of the common house meter.
• The area of ​​the apartment for which the heating fee is calculated.
• Total heated area of ​​the house. Residential and non-residential premises.
• The tariff set by the government for thermal energy.

All these parameters are taken into account when calculating using the following formula: Board size = ( individual warmth+ total heat * apartment area/total area) * tariff.

The sum of the individual meter readings is subtracted from the readings of the common house meter, and the remainder is divided among all consumers. Thus, the residents of the house independently pay for heating the entrance and other general purpose premises, but the main calculation is carried out on the basis of individual meters.

This allows you to significantly reduce heating costs, since you don’t have to pay for worn-out networks and endless utility breakdowns. And yet, the option with individual meters is not always possible to implement: most often a common house meter is installed in the house, and as a result, residents still have to partially pay for each other. This also causes difficulties in the fight against debtors: it is impossible to disconnect them from a single heating system, and as a result they continue to use the heat paid for by other people.

The procedure for calculating payment for heat according to the rules of 2006

According to the rules, recalculation must be carried out every year

If payment for heat is calculated according to the old rules, and a common building meter is installed in the house, then the final figures in consumer receipts will depend on how much heat the apartment building consumed during the past year.

This value is divided by the total area of ​​the building, taking into account both residential apartments and non-residential premises such as offices and shops. The result is the amount of heat per 1 sq. meter of area, it is divided into 12 months.

After this, the resulting average monthly energy consumption is multiplied by the tariff approved by the local government. The resulting value must be multiplied by the area of ​​the apartment. An example of a calculation based on 2011 tariffs for Izhevsk. According to the general house meter, the total amount of thermal energy consumed in one year was 990 gigacalories.

The total area of ​​all apartments in the house and premises common use is 5500 meters. After calculation, it turns out that during the year per 1 sq. meter spent 0.015 gigacalories per month. The resulting average monthly volume is multiplied by the cost of 1 gigacalorie of heat at the established tariff. 943.60 (tariff) * 0.015 * 1.18 (VAT) = 16.70 rubles per 1 sq. meter of heated area.

The resulting value must be multiplied by the area of ​​each specific apartment. If, for example, it is 45 sq. meters, then the final monthly heating cost will be 751.5 rubles per month. It is this figure that residents will see on their bills throughout the year, since it is not the amount of heat spent per month that is taken into account, but the average monthly consumption obtained based on the results of last year.

How is the heating fee calculated according to these rules if a common house meter is not installed in the house? In this case, a standard is used - the amount of thermal energy required for heating. For each house it is determined separately; this information should be in open access. When contacting the management company, the tenant apartment building must receive all the information about how the payment for heat is calculated.

According to the rules of Resolution No. 307, a recalculation must be carried out in the house every year. It takes into account the amount of heat consumed in the past year, and a new fee is calculated based on it.

If the figures in the payment raise doubts and seem to be inflated, he has the right to demand a recalculation. To do this, a statement is written and sent to the management company; it must indicate the time frame for which the recalculation must be carried out. Utilities do not have the right to refuse requests; a response is provided within 4 days. If, after re-calculation, an overpayment is revealed, it must be deducted from the amount of debt for the next month.

Knowledge of the laws allows you to fight for your rights and seek justice. Regular tariff increases create a serious burden on, so it is necessary to achieve fair accounting of heat losses.

How to calculate heating fees can be found in the video:

Recently, residents of apartment buildings have had many questions about heating tariffs. And this is not surprising, because most of the total utility payments It is the costs of heating supply that take up.

At central heating In multi-apartment residential buildings, thermal energy is supplied by specialized heat supply organizations, the tariffs for which are approved by the regional energy commission. Tariffs remain unchanged until the next tariff regulation.

Often, residents of apartment buildings confuse the payment for heating 1 square meter of area, which is billed to them, with the tariff set by the competent authorities. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the payment for heating is just a calculated value and depends directly on the amount of thermal energy spent on heating.

Examples of calculating payment for heating services

So, how do the competent authorities calculate the heating payment and the amount of thermal energy consumed? There are two options here:

If there is a metering device, the volume of thermal energy is determined by the meter in accordance with current legislation. Then the amount of payment for heating is determined using the following formula: [the amount of thermal energy expended] is multiplied by the value of the current tariff. If a common house heat meter is installed, then the amount of energy consumed is determined for the previous year. It does not matter whether it is part of the year or whole year consumption of thermal energy was taken into account by the meter.

If a common house meter was used for part of the year, then for the remaining period of time the volume of thermal energy is calculated according to the terms of the contract with the energy supply organization. Once the amount of energy consumed per year has been determined, it is divided by the total area of ​​the apartment building, including non-residential premises that are not common property.

The result is the value of thermal energy consumption per 1 square meter of total area. For clarity, let’s imagine the following situation: the amount of thermal energy consumed per year was 990 Gcal. The total area of ​​premises in an apartment building is 5,500 square meters (excluding common areas).

The amount of thermal energy consumption per 1 square meter of area in this case will be: (990 / 5500) / 12 = 0.015 Gcal/m2 per month. Since the amount of thermal energy consumed is divided into 12 months, this value must be accepted for payment every month throughout the year, and not just during the heating period.

Now let’s calculate the heating fee for the end consumer, that is, a resident of an apartment building. According to the formula Vt × Tt = average monthly volume of thermal energy consumption for heating for the previous year (Gcal/sq. m) × thermal energy tariff established in accordance with current legislation Russian Federation. Then we multiply the resulting figure by the total area of ​​the room.

Often, after yet another payment of unaffordable heating bills, residents of apartment buildings feel deceived. In some apartments you have to constantly freeze, in others, on the contrary, they open the windows to ventilate the rooms from excess heat. These examples show how imperfect it can be centralized system heat supply, and payment for heat is unfair.

The above problems can be resolved by installing apartment heating meters. In this case, apartment owners who plan to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing their home for insulation receive the maximum possible benefit.

Before moving on to choosing a meter and calculating the required amount of energy, it is recommended to understand the thermal wiring diagrams of apartment buildings:

1. Single-pipe circuits with vertical type wiring - it is necessary to install one meter on the riser and a temperature sensor on each of the radiators.
2. Two-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring require the installation of a separate meter and temperature sensor on each radiator.
3. Single-pipe circuits with horizontal type wiring - it is enough to install one heat meter on the riser.

If the first two wiring diagrams are available in an apartment building, residents often opt for the option of installing a common building meter. If the wiring is designed according to the third type, in this case it will be most profitable to install a separate meter for the apartment.

Types of heat meters

As measuring instruments To determine the volume of liquid passed through each of the radiators, ultrasonic or mechanical thermal energy consumption controllers can be used.

The simplest ones, according to their design and functional features, are mechanical type meters. The operation of these devices is based on the conversion of translational energy of fluid movement into rotational movements of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic models are based on measuring the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations both in the direction of fluid flow and against the flow.

Most ultrasonic heat meters are powered by autonomous energy sources in the form of lithium batteries.

The charge of such batteries is usually sufficient for continuous operation for more than 10 years.

What is needed to install a heat meter?

To install a separate meter in an apartment building, you will need the following:

• obtain information about the technical conditions of the installation from the heat supply organization or the balance holder of the building;
• develop an installation project by involving specialists who have a license to carry out this type of activity;
• install a heat meter, strictly following the requirements technical specifications and a previously developed installation project;
• enter into an agreement with the heat energy supplier on payment based on meter readings.

Main nuances when calculating heat

A common situation is when housing is purchased immediately after the completion of construction of an apartment building. One of the main problems in this case is the independent calculation of the necessary heat supply and installation of the heating system with your own hands.

To figure out the required amount of thermal energy for quality heating housing needed:

1. Decide on heat transfer - the number of battery sections in each room, as well as the proper placement of radiators in the room.
2. Select reliable, efficient pipes.
3. Decide which one shut-off valves will be installed.
4. Select the most efficient type of radiators, taking into account the features of the centralized heating system.

Extremely important nuance What remains is the installation of an individual meter at the entrance to the housing. Fortunately, the horizontal wiring typical of modern new buildings allows for installation of the meter at minimal cost. In combination with automatic or manual adjustment heat flow A heat meter will provide significant savings.

Formula for calculating heating for apartment buildings using a common meter

The most common option in multi-storey building installation of a common meter for calculating the consumed thermal energy is recommended.

When installing a single meter on the riser of an apartment building, the calculation is made according to the formula - Po.i = Si * Vt * TT, where:

Si – total area of ​​an apartment building;
Vt – volume of consumed thermal energy on average per month, based on indicators for the entire previous year (Gcal/sq.m.);
TT – tariffs for thermal energy consumption (RUB/Gcal).

1. Divide the meter readings taken for the previous year by 12 months.
2. Divide the resulting value by the total area of ​​the building, taking into account all heated rooms: basements, attics, entrances (we get the thermal energy consumption of each square of area on average per month).

Based on the above, several logical questions arise. First of all, how to determine the indicators of energy consumption in the house for the previous year, if general device just installed accounting? It's quite simple. For the first year after installing the meter, residents pay as before - according to the tariffs. Only next year will it be possible to use the above formula to accurately calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat based on the area of ​​the apartment?

The amount of thermal energy required for a specific apartment is calculated using a simple formula. So, on average, 10 square meters of living space requires no more than a kilowatt of heat. Available values ​​are adjusted based on special regional coefficients:

• for houses that are heated in southern regions countries, the required amount of energy should be multiplied by a factor of 0.9;
• for the European part of the country, in particular the Moscow region, a coefficient of 1.3 is used;
• for the extreme northern and eastern regions, the need for heat during heating increases by 1.5–2 times.

An example of self-calculation for a separate apartment

As an example, it is enough to give a simple heating calculation. Let’s say that calculations are being made of the required amount of thermal energy for housing, which is located in an apartment building in the Amur region.

As you know, this region is characterized by rather harsh climatic conditions.

Let's take an apartment in a multi-storey building with an area of ​​60 m2. As noted above, heating 10 m2 of housing requires approximately a kilowatt of thermal energy. Based on the climate characteristics of the above region, in in this case a regional coefficient of 1.7 will be used.

We convert the area of ​​the apartment from units to tens, obtaining an indicator of 6, which we multiply by the value of 1.7. As a result, we calculate the required value of 10.2 kilowatts or 10,200 watts.

Possible errors

The above calculation method is incredibly simple. However, there are significant errors here, which may be caused by the following:

1. The amount of thermal energy required is more closely related to the volume of the room. It is quite natural that heating apartments with a ceiling height of about 3 meters requires more heat.
2. The presence of a significant number of windows and doors compared to monolithic walls increases the consumption of thermal energy.
3. It is easy to guess that the heat consumption for apartments located at the ends and in the middle of the building, in the presence of standard radiators, is extremely different.

Instructions for calculating heat according to the volume of living space

The basic, standardized value of sufficient thermal power per cubic meter of apartment space is 40 watts. Based on it, you can calculate the required amount of heat for both housing as a whole and individual rooms.

To calculate as accurately as possible the sufficient amount of thermal energy, it is necessary not only to multiply the volume indicators by 40, but also to add about 100 watts for each window and 200 watts for the doors. Ultimately, the same regional coefficients should be applied as in the case of calculations by housing area.

Receipts for public utilities, who came this month in mailboxes residents of Volgograd, caused a real shock among the townspeople. Monthly "utility" two-room apartments exceeded five thousand rubles, one-room apartments - four thousand. The most questions were raised by the amounts for heating.

Heating Concessions helped us figure out how to charge for heating in apartment buildings.

“And although the resource supplying organization does not provide settlement services, we are ready to understand payments for heat together with consumers,” they say at Concessions. “We will understand it using the example of a layout of a single payment document recommended by the State Housing Supervision Inspectorate of the Volgograd Region.”

So, how to check the calculations: have you been charged for heating correctly?

If there is a communal heat meter

If a communal metering device is installed in an apartment building, then the fee is calculated based on the readings of the metering device (MU).

Looking for in payment document table “Information on common building PU for calculation in the current period.” In the table we find the line “Heating”. The “ODPU” column contains numbers, in our example it is 171.925. This is the amount of heat in gigacalories (Gcal) consumed by the entire house in the past month.

The information block to the left of this table indicates general information about the house, including “Total area of ​​residential premises” and “Total area of ​​non-residential premises”. If we add these two figures, we find out the total area of ​​​​the premises of the entire house, in our example it is 8091.9 square meters (8051.5 sq. m + 40.4 sq. m = 8091.9 sq. m).

Next, we divide the total amount of heat by the total area of ​​​​the premises in the house - we get the heat consumption per square meter, in our case - 0.02125 Gcal (171.925 Gcal / 8091.9 = 0.02125). To calculate how much heat was spent heating a particular apartment, you need to multiply the consumption per square meter by the total area of ​​the apartment: 0.02125 x 64.8 = 1.377 Gcal. This figure is indicated in the “Volume” column of the “Heating” line.

According to the tariffs established by the Tariff Regulation Committee, one gigacalorie for the population in Volgograd costs 1,643.5 rubles (column “Tariff, rub.”).

Now we can calculate the heating fee: 1643.5 x 1.377 = 2263.1 rubles. If the owner of the apartment does not have recalculations, installment payments, or fines from the management company in his favor, the charges will coincide with the total amount for heating. However, there are other methods for calculating heat payments; for example, not all management organizations include the area of ​​non-residential premises in the calculation.

Management organizations take readings from common house metering devices once a month and transmit them to the settlement center. Representatives of the owners have the right to be present when testimony is taken (as a rule, this is done by the Council of the apartment building).

If there is no counter

If the house is not equipped with a meter, the heating fee is calculated based on the standards. In our payment bill example, the standard is indicated as a guide; for this house it is 0.023 Gcal per square meter.

If there is no heat meter, to calculate the payment amount, the standard is multiplied by the total area of ​​the apartment and the tariff amount.

The standards were established by the Tariff Regulation Committee of the Volgograd Region for various types houses depending on the year the building was built, material, degree of improvement and other factors.

From these calculations it is clear that the final amount of the heating fee does not depend on heat losses in the networks, or on the quality of insulation, or on the length of the heating main supplying heat to the house, or on the floor on which the apartment is located, or even on the number of registered her tenants.

Homeowners pay only for the heat that enters their home - according to the standard or according to a meter that is installed at the entrance to the house. In this case, the total amount of heat consumed is divided among all residents - in proportion to the area of ​​the apartments. Therefore, if your neighbors’ batteries are very hot, but in your apartment they are barely warm, this is a reason to seek debugging from the management company intra-house system heating so that all apartments are warm.

Elena Ivanova

Photo by Maria Chasovitina