Requirements for premises when working at a computer
The premises must have natural and artificial lighting. Location of workstations behind monitors for adult users in basements not allowed.
The area per workstation with a computer for adult users must be at least 6 m2, and the volume must be at least -20 m3.
Rooms with computers must be equipped with heating, air conditioning or effective supply and exhaust ventilation systems.
For interior decoration of rooms with computers, diffusely reflective materials with a reflectance coefficient for the ceiling of 0.7-0.8 should be used; for walls - 0.5-0.6; for the floor - 0.3-0.5.
The floor surface in computer operating rooms must be smooth, without potholes, non-slip, easy to clean and wet, and have antistatic properties.
There should be a first aid kit and a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in the room to extinguish a fire.
Requirements for microclimate, ionic composition and concentration of harmful chemical substances in indoor air
At the workplaces of personal computer users, optimal microclimate parameters must be ensured in accordance with SanPin 2.2.4.548-96. According to this document, for category 1a of severity of work, the air temperature should be no more than 22-24 o C in the cold period of the year, 20-25 o C in the warm period of the year. Relative humidity should be 40-60%, air movement speed -
ha - 0.1 m/s. For supporting optimal values The microclimate uses a heating and air conditioning system. To increase indoor air humidity, use humidifiers with distilled or boiled drinking water.
The ionic composition of the air must contain the following number of negative and positive air ions; the minimum required level is 600 and 400 ions per 1 cm 3 of air; the optimal level is 3,000-5,000 and 1,500-3,000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air; the maximum permissible is 50,000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air. To maintain the optimal ionic composition of the air, dust removal and disinfection of indoor air, it is recommended to use devices from the Diod plant of the Ellion series.
Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces
Computer rooms should have natural and artificial lighting. Natural lighting is provided through window openings with a coefficient natural light KEO is not lower than 1.2% in areas with stable snow cover and not lower than 1.5% in the rest of the territory. The luminous flux from the window opening should fall on the operator’s workplace on the left side.
Artificial lighting in computer operating rooms should be provided by a system of general uniform lighting.
The illumination on the table surface in the area where the document is placed should be 300-500 lux. It is allowed to install local lighting fixtures to illuminate documents. Local lighting should not create glare on the surface of the screen and increase the screen illumination to more than 300 lux. Direct glare from light sources should be limited. The brightness of luminous surfaces (windows, lamps) in the field of view should be no more than 200 cd/m2.
Reflected gloss on work surfaces is limited by the right choice lamp and the location of workplaces in relation to the natural light source. The brightness of glare on the monitor screen should not exceed 40 cd/m2. Blindness rate for general sources artificial lighting in the premises should be no more than 20, the discomfort indicator in administrative and public premises should not be more than 40. The brightness ratio between working surfaces should not exceed 3:1 - 5:1, and between working surfaces and the surfaces of walls and equipment 10:1.
For artificial lighting of rooms with personal computers, lamps of the LPO36 type with mirrored grilles, equipped with high-frequency ballasts, should be used. It is allowed to use luminaires of direct light, mainly reflected light of type LPO13, LPO5, LSO4, LPO34, LPO31 with fluorescent lamps of type LB. The use of lamps is allowed local lighting with incandescent lamps. Lamps should be located in the form of solid or broken lines on the side of workstations parallel to the user's line of sight for different locations of computers. With a perimeter arrangement, the lines of lamps should be located locally above the desktop closer to its front edge, facing the operator. The protective angle of the lamps must be at least 40 degrees. Local lighting fixtures must have a non-translucent reflector with a protective angle of at least 40 degrees.
To ensure the standard values of illumination in the premises, glass should be cleaned window openings and lamps at least twice a year and carry out timely replacement of burnt-out lamps.
Requirements for noise and vibration in premises
Noise levels in workplaces of personal computer users should not exceed the values established by SanPiN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 and amount to no more than 50 dBA. At workplaces in premises housing noisy units, the noise level should not exceed 75 dBA, and the vibration level in the premises is within the permissible values according to SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96 category 3, type “b”.
The noise level in rooms can be reduced by using sound-absorbing materials with maximum odds sound absorption in the frequency range 63-8000 Hz for finishing walls and ceilings. An additional sound-absorbing effect is created by plain curtains made of thick fabric, hung in a fold at a distance of 15-20 cm from the fence. The width of the curtain should be 2 times the width of the window.
Requirements for the organization and equipment of workplaces
Workplaces with personal computers in relation to the light openings should be located so that natural light falls from the side, preferably from the left.
Layout plans for workstations with personal computers must take into account the distances between desktops with monitors: the distance between the side surfaces of the monitors is at least 1.2 m, and the distance between the monitor screen and the back of another monitor is at least 2.0 m.
The desktop can be of any design that meets modern requirements ergonomics and allowing for convenient placement of equipment on the work surface, taking into account its quantity, size and nature of the work performed. It is advisable to use tables that have a special work surface separate from the main tabletop for placing the keyboard. Work tables with adjustable and non-adjustable heights are used work surface. If there is no adjustment, the table height should be between 680 and 800 mm.
The depth of the working surface of the table should be 800 mm (allowed at least 600 mm), the width - 1,600 mm and 1,200 mm, respectively. The working surface of the table should not have sharp corners or edges, and have a matte or semi-matte finish.
The work desk must have legroom of at least 600 mm high, at least 500 mm wide, at least 450 mm deep at knee level and at least 650 mm deep at leg level.
Fast and accurate reading of information is ensured by positioning the screen plane below the user's eye level, preferably perpendicular to the normal line of sight (normal line of sight 15 degrees down from the horizontal).
The keyboard should be located on the table surface at a distance of 100-300 mm from the edge facing the user.
To make it easier to read information from documents, movable stands (lecterns) are used, the dimensions of which in length and width correspond to the dimensions of the documents placed on them. The music rest is placed in the same plane and at the same height as the screen.
To ensure a physiologically rational working posture and create conditions for changing it during the working day, lift-and-swivel work chairs with a seat and backrest that are adjustable in height and tilt angles, as well as the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat, are used.
The design of the chair should ensure:
the width and depth of the seat surface is at least 400 mm;
seat surface with rounded front edge;
adjustment of the height of the seat surface within the range of 400-550 mm and tilt angle forward up to 15 degrees and backward up to 5 degrees.;
the height of the back support surface is 300±20 mm, the width is at least 380 mm and the radius of curvature of the horizontal plane is 400 mm;
the angle of inclination of the backrest in the vertical plane is within 0±30 degrees;
adjustment of the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat within 260-400 mm;
stationary or removable armrests with a length of at least 250 mm and a width of 50-70 mm;
adjustment of the armrests in height above the seat within 230±30 mm and the internal distance between the armrests within 350-500 mm;
the surface of the seat, back and armrests should be semi-soft, with a non-slip, non-electrifying, airtight coating, easily cleaned from contamination.
Workplace must be equipped with a footrest with a width of at least 300 mm, a depth of at least 400 mm, height adjustment up to 150 mm and an inclination angle of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20 degrees. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.
Work and rest mode when working with a computer
The work and rest regime provides for compliance with a certain duration of continuous work on a PC and breaks, regulated taking into account the duration of the work shift, types and categories of work activity.
Types of work activities on a PC are divided into 3 groups: group A - work on reading information from the screen with a preliminary request; group B - work on entering information; Group B - creative work in dialogue mode with a PC.
If during a work shift the user performs different types work, then his activities are classified as belonging to the group of work on which at least 50% of the work shift time is spent.
Categories of severity and intensity of work on a PC are determined by the level of load during the work shift: for group A - by the total number of characters read; for group B - by the total number of characters read or entered; for group B - based on the total time of direct work on the PC. The table shows the categories of severity and intensity of work depending on the level of load during the work shift.
The number and duration of regulated breaks, their distribution during the work shift is established depending on the category of work on the PC and the duration of the work shift.
With an 8-hour work shift and working on a PC, regulated breaks should be set:
for the second category of work - 2 hours from the start of the work shift and 1.5-2.0 hours after a lunch break lasting 15 minutes each or lasting 10 minutes every hour of work;
for the third category of work - 1.5-2.0 hours from the start of the work shift and 1.5-2.0 hours after a lunch break lasting 20 minutes each or lasting 15 minutes every hour of work.
With a 12-hour work shift, regulated breaks should be established in the first 8 hours of work similar to breaks during an 8-hour work shift, and during the last 4 hours of work, regardless of the category and type of work, every hour lasting 15 minutes.
The duration of continuous work on a PC without a regulated break should not exceed 2 hours.
When working on a PC during the night shift, the duration of regulated breaks increases by 60 minutes, regardless of the category and type of work activity.
Unregulated breaks (micro-pauses) lasting 1-3 minutes are effective.
It is advisable to use regulated breaks and micro-pauses to perform a set of exercises and gymnastics for the eyes, fingers, as well as massage. It is advisable to change sets of exercises after 2-3 weeks.
PC users who perform work with a high level of tension are advised to have psychological relief during regulated breaks and at the end of the working day in specially equipped rooms (psychological relief rooms).
Medical, preventive and health measures. All professional PC users must undergo mandatory preliminary medical examinations upon entry to work, periodic medical examinations with the mandatory participation of a therapist, neurologist and ophthalmologist, as well as a general blood test and ECG.
Women are not allowed to work on a PC from the time of pregnancy and during breastfeeding.
Myopia, farsightedness and other refractive errors must be fully corrected with glasses. For work, glasses must be used that are selected taking into account the working distance from the eyes to the display screen. In case of more serious visual impairments, the question of the possibility of working on a PC is decided by an ophthalmologist.
To relieve fatigue of accommodative muscles and train them, computer programs type Relax.
For those who work intensively, it is advisable to use such the latest tools prevention of vision, such as glasses LPO-trainer and ophthalmic simulators DAK and “Sniper-ultra”.
Leisure is recommended to be used for passive and active recreation (exercise on exercise machines, swimming, cycling, running, playing tennis, football, skiing, aerobics, walks in the park, forest, excursions, listening to music, etc.). Twice a year (in spring and late autumn) it is recommended to take a course of vitamin therapy for a month. You should stop smoking. Smoking should be strictly prohibited in workplaces and in rooms with PCs.
The premises must have natural and artificial lighting. The location of workstations behind monitors for adult users in basements is not permitted.
Area per one with a computer for adult users should be at least 6 m2, and the volume should be at least -20 m3.
Rooms with computers must be equipped with heating, air conditioning or effective supply and exhaust ventilation systems.
For interior decoration In the interior of rooms with computers, diffusely reflective materials with a reflection coefficient for the ceiling of 0.7-0.8 should be used; for walls - 0.5-0.6; for the floor - 0.3-0.5.
Floor surface in areas where computers are used, it must be level, without potholes, non-slip, easy to clean and wet, and have antistatic properties.
There should be a first aid kit and a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in the room to extinguish a fire.
Requirements for microclimate, ionic composition and concentration of harmful chemicals in indoor air
Workplaces of personal computer users must be provided with optimal parameters microclimate in accordance with SanPin 2.2.4.548-96. According to this document, for category 1a of severity of work, the air temperature should be no more than 22-24 o C in the cold period of the year, 20-25 o C in the warm period of the year. Relative humidity should be 40-60%, air movement speed -
ha - 0.1 m/s. To maintain optimal microclimate values, a heating and air conditioning system is used. To increase indoor air humidity, use humidifiers with distilled or boiled drinking water.
The ionic composition of the air must contain the following number of negative and positive air ions; the minimum required level is 600 and 400 ions per 1 cm 3 of air; the optimal level is 3,000-5,000 and 1,500-3,000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air; the maximum permissible is 50,000 ions per 1 cm 3 of air. To maintain the optimal ionic composition of the air, dust removal and disinfection of indoor air, it is recommended to use devices from the Diod plant of the Ellion series.
Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces
Computer rooms should have natural and artificial lighting. Natural lighting is provided through window openings with a natural lighting coefficient KEO of no less than 1.2% in areas with stable snow cover and no less than 1.5% in the rest of the territory. The luminous flux from the window opening should fall on the operator’s workplace on the left side.
Artificial lighting in computer operating rooms should be provided by a system of general uniform lighting.
The illumination on the table surface in the area where the document is placed should be 300-500 lux. It is allowed to install local lighting fixtures to illuminate documents. Local lighting should not create glare on the surface of the screen and increase the screen illumination to more than 300 lux. Direct glare from light sources should be limited. The brightness of luminous surfaces (windows, lamps) in the field of view should be no more than 200 cd/m2.
Reflected glare on work surfaces is limited by the correct choice of luminaire and the location of workstations in relation to the natural light source. The brightness of glare on the monitor screen should not exceed 40 cd/m2. The glare index for sources of general artificial lighting in premises should be no more than 20, the discomfort index in administrative and public premises should not be more than 40. The brightness ratio between working surfaces should not exceed 3:1 - 5:1, and between working surfaces and wall surfaces and equipment 10:1.
For artificial lighting of rooms with personal computers, lamps of the LPO36 type with mirrored grilles, equipped with high-frequency ballasts, should be used. It is allowed to use luminaires of direct light, mainly reflected light of type LPO13, LPO5, LSO4, LPO34, LPO31 with fluorescent lamps of type LB. It is allowed to use local lighting fixtures with incandescent lamps. Lamps should be located in the form of solid or broken lines on the side of workstations parallel to the user's line of sight for different locations of computers. With a perimeter arrangement, the lines of lamps should be located locally above the desktop closer to its front edge, facing the operator. The protective angle of the lamps must be at least 40 degrees. Local lighting fixtures must have a non-translucent reflector with a protective angle of at least 40 degrees.
To ensure the standard values of illumination in the premises, the glass of window openings and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.
Requirements for noise and vibration in premises
At the workplaces of personal computer users, they should not exceed the values established by SanPiN 2.2.4/2.1.8.562-96 and amount to no more than 50 dBA. At workplaces in premises housing noisy units, the noise level should not exceed 75 dBA, and the vibration level in the premises is within the permissible values according to SN 2.2.4/2.1.8.566-96 category 3, type “b”.
The noise level in rooms can be reduced by using sound-absorbing materials with maximum sound absorption coefficients in the frequency range 63-8000 Hz for finishing the walls and ceilings of rooms. An additional sound-absorbing effect is created by plain curtains made of thick fabric, hung in a fold at a distance of 15-20 cm from the fence. The width of the curtain should be 2 times the width of the window.
Requirements for the organization and equipment of workplaces
Workplaces with personal computers in relation to the light openings should be located so that natural light falls from the side, preferably from the left.
Workplace layouts with personal computers, the distances between desktops with monitors must be taken into account: the distance between the side surfaces of the monitors is at least 1.2 m, and the distance between the monitor screen and the back of another monitor is at least 2.0 m.
Desktop can be of any design that meets modern ergonomic requirements and allows for convenient placement of equipment on the work surface, taking into account its quantity, size and nature of the work performed. It is advisable to use tables that have a special work surface separate from the main tabletop for placing the keyboard. Work tables with adjustable and non-adjustable working surface height are used. If there is no adjustment, the table height should be between 680 and 800 mm.
Table working surface depth should be 800 mm (allowed at least 600 mm), width - 1,600 mm and 1,200 mm, respectively. Working surface The table should not have sharp corners or edges, and have a matte or semi-matte finish.
The work desk must have legroom with a height of at least 600 mm, a width of at least 500 mm, a depth at knee level of at least 450 mm and at the level of the outstretched legs of at least 650 mm.
Fast and accurate reading of information is ensured by positioning the screen plane below the user's eye level, preferably perpendicular to the normal line of sight (normal line of sight 15 degrees down from the horizontal).
Keyboard should be located on the table surface at a distance of 100-300 mm from the edge facing the user.
To make it easier to read information from documents, movable stands (lecterns) are used, the dimensions of which in length and width correspond to the dimensions of the documents placed on them. The music rest is placed in the same plane and at the same height as the screen.
To ensure a physiologically rational working posture and create conditions for changing it during the working day, lift-and-swivel work chairs with a seat and backrest that are adjustable in height and tilt angles, as well as the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat, are used.
The design of the chair should ensure:- the width and depth of the seat surface is at least 400 mm;
- seat surface with rounded front edge;
- adjustment of the height of the seat surface within the range of 400-550 mm and tilt angle forward up to 15 degrees and back up to 5 degrees.;
- the height of the back support surface is 300±20 mm, the width is at least 380 mm and the radius of curvature of the horizontal plane is 400 mm;
- the angle of inclination of the backrest in the vertical plane is within 0±30 degrees;
- adjustment of the distance of the backrest from the front edge of the seat within 260-400 mm;
- stationary or removable armrests with a length of at least 250 mm and a width of 50-70 mm;
- adjustment of the armrests in height above the seat within 230±30 mm and the internal distance between the armrests within 350-500 mm;
- the surface of the seat, back and armrests should be semi-soft, with a non-slip, non-electrifying, airtight coating, easily cleaned from contamination.
The workplace must be equipped with a footrest with a width of at least 300 mm, a depth of at least 400 mm, height adjustment up to 150 mm and an inclination angle of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20 degrees. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.
Work and rest mode when working with a computer
The work and rest regime provides for compliance with a certain duration of continuous work on a PC and breaks, regulated taking into account the duration of the work shift, types and categories of work activity.
Types of work activities on a PC are divided into 3 groups: group A - work on reading information from the screen with a preliminary request; group B - work on entering information; Group B - creative work in dialogue mode with a PC.
If during a work shift the user performs different types of work, then his activity is classified as a group of work for which at least 50% of the work shift time is spent.
Categories of severity and intensity of work on a PC are determined by the level of load during the work shift: for group A - by the total number of characters read; for group B - by the total number of characters read or entered; for group B - based on the total time of direct work on the PC. The table shows the categories of severity and intensity of work depending on the level of load during the work shift.
The number and duration of regulated breaks, their distribution during the work shift is established depending on the category of work on the PC and the duration of the work shift.
With an 8-hour work shift and working on a PC, regulated breaks should be set:- for the first category of work, 2 hours from the start of the shift and 2 hours after a lunch break of 15 minutes each;
- for the second category of work - 2 hours from the start of the work shift and 1.5-2.0 hours after a lunch break lasting 15 minutes each or lasting 10 minutes every hour of work;
- for the third category of work - 1.5-2.0 hours from the start of the work shift and 1.5-2.0 hours after a lunch break lasting 20 minutes each or lasting 15 minutes every hour of work.
With a 12-hour work shift, regulated breaks should be established in the first 8 hours of work similar to breaks during an 8-hour work shift, and during the last 4 hours of work, regardless of the category and type of work, every hour lasting 15 minutes.
The duration of continuous work on a PC without a regulated break should not exceed 2 hours.
When working on a PC during the night shift, the duration of regulated breaks increases by 60 minutes, regardless of the category and type of work activity.
Unregulated breaks (micro-pauses) lasting 1-3 minutes are effective.
It is advisable to use regulated breaks and micro-pauses to perform a set of exercises and gymnastics for the eyes, fingers, as well as massage. It is advisable to change sets of exercises after 2-3 weeks.
PC users who perform work with a high level of tension are advised to have psychological relief during regulated breaks and at the end of the working day in specially equipped rooms (psychological relief rooms).
Medical, preventive and health measures. All professional PC users must undergo mandatory preliminary medical examinations upon entry to work, periodic medical examinations with the mandatory participation of a therapist, neurologist and ophthalmologist, as well as a general blood test and ECG.
Women are not allowed to work on a PC from the time of pregnancy and during breastfeeding.
Myopia, farsightedness and other refractive errors must be fully corrected with glasses. For work, glasses must be used that are selected taking into account the working distance from the eyes to the display screen. In case of more serious visual impairments, the question of the possibility of working on a PC is decided by an ophthalmologist.
To relieve fatigue of accommodative muscles and train them, computer programs such as Relax are used.
For those who work intensively, it is advisable to use the latest means of vision prevention, such as LPO-trainer glasses and DAK and Sniper-Ultra ophthalmological simulators.
Leisure is recommended to be used for passive and active rest(gym exercises, swimming, cycling, running, playing tennis, football, skiing, aerobics, walks in the park, forest, excursions, listening to music, etc.). Twice a year (in spring and late autumn) it is recommended to take a course of vitamin therapy for a month. You should stop smoking. Smoking should be strictly prohibited in workplaces and in rooms with PCs.
Ensuring electrical and fire safety in the workplace
Electrical safety.
At the user's workplace there is a display, keyboard and system unit. When you turn on the display on the cathode ray tube, a high voltage several kilovolts. Therefore, it is forbidden to touch the back of the display, wipe dust from the computer while it is turned on, or work on the computer in wet clothes and with wet hands.
Before starting work, you should make sure that there are no power cords hanging from the table or hanging under the table, that the plug and power cord are intact, that there is no visible damage to the equipment and work furniture, that the near-screen filter is not damaged and that it is grounded.
Currents static electricity induced during computer operation on the monitor, system unit and keyboard cases can lead to discharges when touching these elements. Such discharges do not pose a danger to humans, but can lead to computer failure. To reduce the magnitude of static electricity currents, neutralizers, local and general air humidification, and the use of floor coverings with antistatic impregnation are used.
Fire safety
Fire safety - the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of one occurring, the impact on people of its dangerous factors is prevented and the protection of material assets is ensured.
Fire protection is a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the safety of people, preventing fire, limiting its spread, as well as creating conditions for successful fire extinguishing.
Fire safety is ensured by a fire prevention system and a fire protection system. In all office premises There must be a “Plan for evacuation of people in case of fire”, regulating the actions of personnel in the event of a fire and indicating the location of fire equipment.
Fires in CCs pose a particular danger as they are associated with large material losses. Feature
CC - small areas of premises. As is known, a fire can occur due to the interaction of flammable substances, an oxidizer and ignition sources. All three main factors necessary for a fire to occur are present in the premises of a computer center.
The flammable components at the CC are: Construction Materials for acoustic and aesthetic finishing of premises, partitions, doors, floors, punched cards and punched tape, cable insulation, etc.
Ignition sources in the CC can be electrical circuits from computers, devices used for Maintenance, power supply, air conditioning devices, where overheated elements are formed as a result of various disturbances, electric sparks and arcs that can cause flammable materials to ignite.
Modern computers have a very high density of elements. electronic circuits. Connecting wires and cables are located in close proximity to each other. When electric current flows through them, a significant amount of heat is released. In this case, the insulation may melt. Ventilation and air conditioning systems are used to remove excess heat from the computer. When operated continuously, these systems pose an additional fire hazard.
Fire hazard category B is established for most premises of the CC.
One of the most important tasks of fire protection— protection of building premises from destruction and ensuring their sufficient strength under impact conditions high temperatures in case of fire. Taking into account the high cost of the electronic equipment of the computer center, as well as the category of its fire hazard, buildings for the computer center and parts of the building for other purposes in which computers are located must be of the first and second degree of fire resistance. For the manufacture of building structures As a rule, brick, reinforced concrete, glass, metal and other non-combustible materials are used. The use of wood should be limited, and if used, it must be impregnated with fire retardants.
Nowadays, the computer has become a part of our lives: we cannot do without it either at home or at work. Of course, everyone different conditions labor: some people work at the computer only a couple of hours a day, while others don’t work the entire shift because of it. Although modern technologies are constantly being improved, workers can “acquire” health problems by working at a computer even for a small amount of working time. Today we will tell the employer what requirements apply to organizing a workplace with a computer, what the work and rest schedule should be for employees working at a computer, and whether they are entitled to medical examinations.
What harmful factors affect the employee?
According to Standard instructions on labor protection when working on a personal computer TOI R-45-084-01 When operating a computer, an employee may be influenced by the following dangerous and harmful production factors:- increased level of electromagnetic radiation;
- increased level of static electricity;
- reduced air ionization;
- static physical overload;
- overstrain of visual analyzers.
However, if you organize workplaces correctly (room, lighting, microclimate), you can significantly reduce the impact of harmful factors on workers’ health and reduce the likelihood of developing complications.
Workplace organization
In modern companies, most employees spend their working day at the computer. Often in a room of 10 square meters. m employ five, or even six people. Meanwhile, the requirements for organizing a workplace when working at a computer are established by SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and organization of work.” Thus, the area per workplace of an employee who spends more than four hours a day at a computer depends on the type of monitor:- if the computer is equipped with a monitor based on a cathode ray tube, the area must be at least 6 square meters. m;
- if the computer is equipped with an LCD or plasma monitor, the area can be 4.5 square meters. m.
Note that the illumination of both premises and workplaces is given Special attention, since the level of illumination directly affects the intensity of visual fatigue. General lighting using fluorescent lamps should be made in the form of continuous or broken lines of lamps located on the side of the workstations, parallel to the user’s line of sight when the monitors are arranged in a row. If computers are located around the perimeter of the room, the lines of lights should be located locally above the desktop, closer to its front edge, facing the operator.
Particular attention in SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 given to the illumination on the table surface: it should be in the range from 300 to 500 lux. Local lighting lamps should not be too bright and should not create glare on the surface of the screen, since its illumination should not exceed 300 lux. To ensure standardized illumination values in offices, windows and lamps should be cleaned at least twice a year and burnt-out lamps should be replaced in a timely manner.
At all SanPiN2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 The organization of the workplace is regulated in sufficient detail. Thus, when placing workstations with computers, the distance between desktops should be at least 2 m, and the distance between the side surfaces of video monitors should be at least 1.2 m.
note
Workstations with PC when performing creative work, requiring significant mental stress or high concentration of attention, it is recommended to isolate from each other with partitions 1.5 - 2 m high ( clause 9.3SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03).
The design of the work table should ensure optimal placement of the equipment used on the work surface, taking into account its quantity and design features, the nature of the work performed. Optimal sizes desktop surfaces for computers should be considered: width - from 800 to 1,400 mm, depth - 800 and 1,000 mm with a non-adjustable height of 725 mm.
The monitor on the table should be placed at a distance of 60 - 70 cm from the user’s eyes, but no closer than 50 cm, taking into account the size of alphanumeric characters and symbols. The keyboard should be placed on the table surface at a distance of 100 - 300 mm from the edge facing the user, or on a special, height-adjustable work surface separated from the main table top.
The chair should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture and allow it to be changed in order to reduce tension in the muscles of the back and cervical-shoulder region. It is best if the work chair is lift-and-swivel, adjustable in height and backrest angles, and the adjustment of each parameter should be independent, easy to implement and have a reliable fixation.
The computer user's workstation should be equipped with a footrest ( clause 9.3 And 10.5 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). The stand must have a width of at least 0.3 m, a depth of at least 0.4 m, height adjustment up to 0.15 m and the angle of inclination of the supporting surface of the stand up to 20°. The surface of the stand should be corrugated and have a rim 10 mm high along the front edge.
Besides, SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 requirements have been established for the levels of electromagnetic fields, noise, vibration, and microclimate.
For your information
In rooms equipped with PCs, daily wet cleaning should be carried out, as well as systematic ventilation after every hour of operation ( clause 4.4 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). In addition, the premises must be equipped with heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.
The optimal parameters of the microclimate in a room with computers are:
- air temperature - from 19 to 21°;
- relative humidity - from 62 to 55%;
- air speed - no more than 0.1 m/s.
Work breaks
To prevent premature fatigue of computer users, it is recommended to organize a work shift by alternating work with and without using a computer (clause 1.3 of Appendix 7 to SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03). If the work requires constant interaction with the monitor (typing text or data entry, etc.) with intense attention and concentration, excluding the possibility of periodically switching to other types of work activities not related to the PC, it is recommended to organize breaks for 10 - 15 minutes every other every 45 - 60 minutes of operation.These are the breaks:
Note that, depending on the category of work activity and the level of workload during a work shift when working at a computer, the duration of breaks can vary from 50 to 90 minutes (for an 8-hour shift) and from 80 to 140 minutes (for a 12-hour shift). The duration and beginning of each break are established by the employer in the internal labor regulations ( Art. 109 Labor Code of the Russian Federation).To reduce neuro-emotional stress and eliminate the influence of physical inactivity and hypokinesia, it is advisable to organize physical exercise minutes. They are different in content and are intended for a specific effect on a particular muscle group (for example, for a general effect, improving cerebral circulation, relieving fatigue from the shoulder girdle and arms, etc.).
Conducting medical examinations
According to clause 13.1 SanPiN2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 persons who work at a computer more than 50% of the working time (professionally associated with the operation of electronic computers) must undergo medical examinations. Consequently, the employer is obliged to organize both preliminary (upon entry to work) and periodic medical examinations. Let us remember that due to Art. 213 Labor Code of the Russian Federation These medical examinations are carried out at the expense of the employer.note
According to Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2011 No. 302n “On approval of lists of harmful production factors and work, during the performance of which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) are carried out, and the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations (examinations) of workers employed in hard work and at work with hazardous and (or) dangerous conditions labor" persons who work at a computer at least 50% of the time must be examined by a neurologist and ophthalmologist once every two years.
Pregnant women, upon presentation of a certificate confirming this fact, must be transferred to work that does not involve the use of computers, or their time working on such machines is limited (no more than three hours per work shift), subject to compliance with hygienic requirements. Please note that such a transfer requires an application from the pregnant woman.
Special assessment of working conditions
First of all, we note that in connection with the adoption Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 426-FZ “On special assessment of working conditions”(Further - Law no. 426-FZ) the employer must identify harmful and dangerous production factors and assess their impact on the health of workers using a procedure special assessment working conditions, which replaced the certification of workplaces based on working conditions.The introduction of a special assessment made some adjustments in relation to workplaces with computers. Thus, in accordance with the previously existing procedure for certification of workplaces, which was approved By order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated April 26, 2011 No. 342n, workplaces in which workers were exclusively occupied with personal electronic computers (personal computers) and (or) operated desktop-type copying equipment, single stationary copying machines used periodically for the needs of the organization itself, other office organizational technology, as well as household appliances, not used in the production process, were not subject to assessment for the presence of harmful and dangerous production factors.
Now in effect Art. 3 Law no. 426-FZ In relation to such workplaces, it is necessary to conduct a special assessment of working conditions.
For your information
Those employers who have already assessed working conditions through certification before 2014 (including those in whom no harmful factors were detected as a result of the inspection) may not conduct a special assessment of working conditions for five years from the day the procedure was completed certification, but no more than until December 31, 2018 ( clause 4 And 6 tbsp. 27 Law no. 426-FZ). If desired, a special assessment can be completed earlier than this date.
Law no. 426-FZ It has been established that working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger are divided into four classes:
optimal (1st class), acceptable (2nd class), harmful (3rd class) and dangerous (4th class). In turn, harmful working conditions are divided into subclasses (3.1 - 3.4). So, if, according to the results of a special assessment of working conditions, workplaces with computers are classified as hazardous working conditions of the 3rd or 4th degree or hazardous working conditions, the employer will have to provide employees working in such workplaces with certain guarantees and compensation.
In particular, due to Art. 92 Labor Code of the Russian Federation they need to establish a reduced working week - no more than 36 hours.
Also, employees whose working conditions at their workplaces, based on the results of a special assessment, are classified as harmful working conditions of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th degree or hazardous working conditions are entitled to additional annual paid leave ( Art. 117 Labor Code of the Russian Federation). We would like to remind you that the minimum duration of such leave is seven days.
These workers have the right to expect increased wages. Let us recall that according to Art. 147 Labor Code of the Russian Federation the minimum amount of increase in wages for employees engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions is 4% of the tariff rate (salary) established for various types work under normal working conditions. Specific amounts of wage increases are established by the local employer normative act or a collective or labor agreement.
Labor safety instructions
Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation To ensure safe working conditions, the employer has certain responsibilities. One of them is the development and approval of rules and instructions on labor protection, taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization or another body authorized by employees.Because the technological process does not stand still, but is constantly improving and developing; it is necessary to review the instructions at least once every five years. However, labor protection instructions may be revised ahead of schedule:
- when intersectoral and sectoral rules and standard instructions on labor protection change;
- when the working conditions of employees change;
- when introducing new equipment and technology;
- based on the results of the analysis of materials from the investigation of accidents, industrial accidents and occupational diseases.
Let us remind you that the employee must be familiar with such instructions before signing employment contract based Art. 68 Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
electrical safety
Office equipment, including computers, is classified as electrical appliances, therefore, the employer must ensure the electrical safety of workers. To avoid short circuit, which means that in case of fire and electrical injury, the premises where workstations with computers are located must be equipped with protective grounding (grounding) in accordance with technical requirements manual ( clause 3.7 SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03).In addition, due to the Interindustry Rules for Labor Protection (Safety Rules) during the operation of electrical installations (POT R M-016-2001. RD 153-34.0-03.150-00), approved Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation dated January 5, 2001 No. 3 , By Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2000 No. 163 (hereinafter -), all personnel working with devices through which current passes (in particular, computers) must be assigned electrical safety group I. Assignment to such a group is made through instruction, which, as a rule, should end with a knowledge test in the form of an oral survey and (if necessary) a test of acquired skills safe ways work or providing first aid in case of injury electric shock with recording in the journal of the established form (Appendix 6 to POT R M-016-2001. RD 153-34.0-03.150-00).
Employer's liability
Current legislation provides for liability for violation of labor legislation, including labor protection rules. After all, every employee has the right to working conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements.Thus, the state labor inspectorate, when carrying out control activities, can check:
- availability of labor protection instructions (by profession and type of work);
- compliance with legal requirements on special assessment of working conditions;
- the presence in local regulations of fixed provisions on regulated breaks when working at a computer;
- actual compliance with labor safety standards (how workplaces with computers are located, whether instructions are provided to employees, etc.).
- for violation of lighting standards on the desktop ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated November 22, 2012 in case No. A19-5282/2012);
- for the lack of footrests at the workplaces of users of personal electronic computers ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated December 29, 2010 in case No. А33-8142/2010);
- for non-compliance of computer users' work chairs with SanPiN requirements ( Resolution of the FAS VSO dated September 16, 2013 in case No. A58-6877/2012).
Finally
As we found out, working at a computer is not so harmless, and the presence of employees who spend more than 50% of their working time behind a monitor screen imposes certain responsibilities on the employer - conducting medical examinations, special assessments of working conditions, and possibly providing increased wages, provision of additional paid leave.From the point of view of sanitary standards, working at a computer can be made safe. To do this, you need to provide workers the right chairs and tables, arrange monitors and tables according to SanPiN rules, and also provide workers with breaks from work. Then neither GIT inspectors nor Rospotrebnadzor inspectors will be able to fine employers, and workers will perform their functions much more efficiently.
To put it briefly, a workplace is an open or closed area of territory or space, equipped with the necessary production means, within which the employee is engaged in work activities. It can also be assigned to a group of employees. Typically, a certain part of the general production cycle is carried out at the workplace.
It is logical that in order to achieve high labor productivity, it is necessary to provide conditions under which his performance will be the highest.
Important! The employer should adapt workplaces, taking into account not only the specific type of activity and qualifications, but also the individual physical and psychological characteristics of each employee.
General requirements for workplace organization
These requirements are regulated by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Sanitary and Epidemiological Rules and Standards (SanPiN) and other legal documents.
The main goal of organizing a workplace is to ensure high-quality and efficient performance of work in compliance with established deadlines and with full use of the equipment assigned to the employee.
To achieve this, organizational, technical, ergonomic, sanitary, hygienic and economic requirements are imposed on the workplace.
What requirements must an employee’s workplace meet?
Occupational safety is a primary requirement!
The most important requirement when organizing a workplace is to ensure safe comfortable conditions for work, preventing the occurrence of occupational diseases and accidents. This entire set of measures is called occupational safety and health.
In other words, labor protection, in essence, is a system of legislative acts in conjunction with socio-economic, organizational, technical, hygienic and therapeutic measures and means that ensure safe conditions work and maintaining the health of enterprise employees.
To do this you need to create favorable conditions labor in accordance with sanitary standards, safety precautions, ergonomics, aesthetics.
Indoor microclimate
The legislation of our country strictly regulates the temperature and humidity of indoor air. In particular, when average daily temperature outdoors below 10°C, the amplitude of its fluctuations indoors should be 22-24°C. When the ambient temperature is higher than the specified value - 23-25°C. In case of temporary non-compliance with these conditions in one direction or another, the length of the working day is reduced (SanPiN 2.2.4.3359-16 dated June 21, 2016 No. 81).
Protection from the harmful effects of computer technology
Since today it is impossible to imagine office work without a PC, there are standards for employees who use computer equipment in their work. For example, when working with a computer with a flat-panel monitor, the workplace must have an area of at least 4.5 square meters. m, when using a kinescope monitor - 6 sq.m. After each hour of operation, the room must be ventilated (SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 dated May 30, 2003). The same regulatory act regulates the height, width and depth of the feet under the desk, and stipulates the mandatory presence of a footrest with a corrugated surface.
The level of electrostatic and electromagnetic fields, radiation and ultraviolet radiation, radio frequency ranges and other factors harmful to the health of employees are also regulated.
Attention! The use of copiers, printers and other office equipment is prohibited in basements, and for ordinary offices, appropriate standards for the distance between technical equipment have been established (SanPin 2.2.2. 1332-03).
Lighting requirements
Also, the relevant articles of SanPin establish standards for lighting. For example, the illumination in the room should be between 300 and 500 lux. When using artificial lighting, lighting parameters must ensure good visibility of the information provided by the screen personal computer. For local lighting, lamps installed on work tables or specially equipped panels for vertical installation are recommended (SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.).
Noise requirements
The maximum threshold for noise level is 80 decibels (SanPin 2.2.4. 3359-16).
Regulatory documents provide for the installation of special foundations or shock-absorbing pads under the main noise-producing equipment and other equipment, as well as the use of noise-absorbing materials.
Providing conditions for eating
The procedure for eating at the workplace is regulated by Article 108 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, SNiP 2.09.04-87:
- if the number of employees is less than 10 people, a space of at least 6 square meters is required. m, equipped with a dining table;
- with up to 29 employees, the required area is twice as large;
- if the enterprise employs up to 200 employees, it is obligatory to have a canteen-serving area;
- if the number of employees exceeds 200, the canteen must be provided with raw materials or semi-finished products.
Unregulated situations
If situations arise that are not regulated by sanitary and hygienic standards (the roof is leaking, the toilet is faulty, etc.), the employee has the right to refuse work. In this case, the employer is obliged to offer him other employment until the problem is completely eliminated. If such a decision is impossible, according to Article 157 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the employer is obliged to declare downtime and pay a penalty in the amount of at least 2/3 of the employee’s average salary.
Of the ergonomic requirements for the workplace, the following should be additionally noted:
- Selection of a rational location of the working surface and zone, taking into account the anthropometric data of a particular employee.
- Provision of measures to prevent or reduce premature fatigue of the employee, the occurrence of stressful situation taking into account the physiological, psychophysiological characteristics of a person and his character. By the way, according to psychologists, workers who constantly use electronic computers in their work are much more exposed to stress than their less “advanced” colleagues.
- Ensuring speed, safety and ease of maintenance in both normal and emergency operating conditions.
Technical parameters include equipment with innovative technology, devices, laboratory equipment, load-moving mechanisms, etc.
Employer's liability
According to the requirement of Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the relevant federal executive body establishes the procedure for certification of workplaces in order to determine factors affecting the safety of working conditions in production. The employer is responsible for every violation of established legislation.
For the first violation, officials and individual entrepreneurs are warned or subject to a fine of 2,000 to 5,000 rubles. The same for organizations - a warning or a fine in the amount of 50-80 thousand rubles (Article 5.27.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, part 1).
In case of repeated violation, part 5 of this article already provides for more severe penalties:
- officials are subject to a fine of 30-40 thousand rubles or disqualification from one to three years;
- the fine for individual entrepreneurs is similar, or their activities may be administratively suspended for up to 90 days;
- organizations can be fined 100-200 thousand rubles or also be subject to administrative suspension of their activities.
Instead of a conclusion
Based on the state of workplaces at a particular enterprise or office, one can judge not only the level of work organization and production culture in them, but also their solidity and the degree of trust potential and existing clients have in them.
Today, personal computers are used almost everywhere. With their help, it is possible to achieve a fairly high degree of automation of workers’ labor, reduce the amount of work performed self made to a minimum. However, using a personal computer (PC) has not only a positive effect. PC users are exposed to dangerous and harmful factors, such as increased noise levels, electric current, electromagnetic radiation, static and psychological stress, and other factors.
Exposure to these harmful factors leads to decreased performance caused by increased fatigue. In addition to reduced productivity high levels noise leads to hearing impairment. Electromagnetic radiation also adversely affects health. In addition, the PC is a source of danger from electric shock and can also cause a fire.
All dangerous and harmful production factors in accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 are divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.
When developing a software product, the developer is exposed to the following harmful factors:
1) physical:
Increased levels of electromagnetic radiation;
Increased level of static electricity;
Increased dust levels in the working area;
Reduced air humidity in the working area;
Increased ambient temperature;
Reduced or increased air mobility in the working area;
Increased noise and vibration levels;
Increased or decreased light levels.
2) psychophysiological:
Intellectual, sensory and emotional stress;
Long-term static loads;
Monotony of work;
A large amount of information processed per unit of time.
Frequent and prolonged work at the computer has a negative impact on the health and well-being of workers. However, the risk of damage to health can be significantly reduced if the organization of the employee’s workplace is taken with full responsibility, and also if certain organizational and technical protective measures are observed. A correctly selected PC, provided with a hygienic certificate, can significantly reduce the possible consequences of potential exposure to electromagnetic fields. At the same time, it is necessary to strictly observe all rules and requirements when organizing the workplace and, if necessary, apply protective measures to minimize the risk of exposure to harmful factors.
Organization of the workplace when working with a computer
Workplaces of workers must be organized in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 “Hygienic requirements for personal electronic computers and work organization.”
The area per workstation of PC users with a VDT based on a cathode ray tube must be at least 6 m2, with a VDT based on flat discrete screens (liquid crystal, plasma) - 4.5 m2.
In relation to the light openings, PCs should be positioned so that natural light falls from the side, mainly from the left. Light shining from the front onto your work area tires your eyesight. Light coming from behind impairs visibility and creates glare on the screen. Workplaces with PCs should not be placed close to power cables and bushings, high-voltage transformers, technological equipment, which interferes with the operation of the PC.
The design of the work table should ensure optimal placement of the equipment used on the working surface, taking into account its quantity and design features, and the nature of the work performed.
The design of the work chair (chair) should ensure the maintenance of a rational working posture when working on a PC, allow you to change the posture in order to reduce the static tension of the muscles of the cervical-shoulder region and back to prevent the development of fatigue. The type of work chair (chair) should be selected taking into account the user’s height, nature and duration of work with a PC.
The height of the working surface of the table for adult users should be adjusted within 680 - 800 mm; If this is not possible, the height of the working surface of the table should be 725 mm. The PC user's workstation should be equipped with a footrest. The keyboard should be placed on the table surface at a distance of 100 - 300 mm from the edge facing the user or on a special, height-adjustable work surface separated from the main table top.
The monitor screen should be located at the optimal distance from the user's eyes - 600-700 mm, but not closer than 500 mm.
The PC workstation must be autonomous.
The main sources of pulsed electric and magnetic, as well as electrostatic fields - the monitor and the PC system unit - should be as far away from the user as possible.
It is necessary to ensure reliable grounding (grounding) of the system unit and the PC power supply, as well as grounding of the protective filter and local network.
Carrying out periodic monitoring of grounding resistance (grounding) is mandatory. It is necessary to ground the system unit not only through the grounding contact of the three-pin power plug, but by connecting the system unit case to the room ground loop with a separate conductor.
The protective filter of the PC monitor must be reliably grounded. Most the right way is the connection of the filter to the body of the PC system unit. It is not recommended to connect the protective screen filter to other neutralized electrical installations.
It is necessary to ensure greatest removal user from power sockets and power cords. It is not recommended to use two-wire extension cords, carriers and surge protectors, as well as similar devices with three-pin sockets and power plugs, but with an unused ground contact. The use of such devices can be permitted if there is a separate grounding (grounding) of the PC system unit.
When organizing the power supply to the workplace, it is advisable to provide for the possibility of changing the polarity of plugging in the power plug of the system unit and PC monitor and marking the phase and neutral wires. This will allow, when measuring electromagnetic fields, to quickly select and record the orientation of connecting the power plug in which the fields at the workplace are minimal.
When organizing a workplace with a large number of peripheral devices, when the user is practically surrounded by various office equipment, it is necessary to reliably ground (ground) each peripheral device and monitor the serviceability of the bus information circuits connecting these devices.
Optimal workplace layout - a layout in which the areas where the PC user is located and where the power cables are located are completely separated technical means workplace, including power sockets.
When placing several workstations with a PC in a room, it is necessary to take into account that the distance between the side surfaces of adjacent monitors must be at least 1.2 m, and between the back surface of one monitor and the screen of another - at least 2.0 m.
When placing a significant number of workplaces in a room, to ensure electromagnetic safety it is necessary to ensure:
Autonomous placement of individual workplaces, their autonomous power supply;
The maximum possible distance from each user of network elements and equipment of neighboring workstations.
