Brief biographical information

The outstanding Russian encyclopedist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was born in Moscow, November 25, 1887. He received his higher education at the Moscow Agricultural Institute, which he graduated in 1911. While still studying at the institute, Nikolai Ivanovich studied issues of agriculture and selection. Since the early twenties, he has headed various genetic research institutions. In fact, Vavilov headed domestic genetics.

Thanks to the persistence and enthusiasm of Nikolai Ivanovich, from $1920 to $1940, it was possible to equip numerous expeditions to study plant resources characteristic of Central Asia, the Mediterranean and other regions.

The collection of cultivated plants, which was collected during these numerous expeditions and is preserved at VIR (All-Union Institute of Plant Growing), consists of more than $300,000 specimens.

Based on an analysis of the collected material, Vavilov put forward whole line scientific theories in the field of genetics and selection, and made a huge contribution to the significant development of biological science. About $300$ was published under his name scientific works on selection, agriculture, geography, organization Agriculture. Nikolai Ivanovich paid considerable attention to the peculiarities of organizing agriculture and introducing scientific achievements into it.

In $1926, Vavilov, for fruitful research work in the field of selection, establishing the centers of origin of cultivated plants, as well as for the discovery of the law of homological series, was nominated for the V.I. Lenin Prize. In $1940, he was awarded the gold medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky for research into the geography of plants in Afghanistan and in the same year - the Great Gold Medal of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition for successful work in the field of selection and seed production.

Then Vavilov actively continued to work for the benefit of science. From $1929, he was an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences and an academician of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, was elected president ($1929-1935), and later vice-president of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences ($1935-1940).

Unfortunately, the prominent scientist was undeservedly arrested in 1940 and died in the dungeons of the NKVD in 1943. And domestic genetics not only suffered a heavy loss, but was also banned for many years.

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

During numerous expeditions to various parts of the globe, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov managed to study the world's plant resources and establish that the greatest diversity of forms of the species is concentrated in the areas of direct origin of this species.

Note 1

Based on studies of materials collected during expeditions, using the biogeographical method, he identified eight main centers of origin of cultivated plants and gave a description of the most important agricultural crops that were the first to arise in the selected areas. N.I. Vavilov managed to establish not only the primary centers of origin of cultivated plants, which are associated with ancient centers of civilization and the place of primary cultivation of these plants, but also to identify secondary centers that are directly related to subsequent periods of agricultural culture.

What centers did N.I. identify? Vavilov? He indicated approximately the territories of the eight most important centers of plant origin.

The Chinese center is the birthplace of soybeans, buckwheat, kaoliang, radish, millet, cherries, and plums.
The Indian center is recognized as the birthplace of rice, sugar cane, citrus fruits, eggplant, black pepper, cucumber.
The Central Asian center gave the world varieties of soft wheat, beans, peas, hemp, turnips, garlic, carrots, pears, and apricots.
The Central Asian center became the birthplace of various types of wheat, rye, barley, figs, and roses.
The Mediterranean center is the region of origin of sugar beets, cabbage, parsley, and olives.
The Abyssinian center in Africa is the birthplace of durum wheat, sorghum, coffee and bananas.
From the territories of Northern Mexico and central regions North America types of corn, cotton, tobacco, and pumpkin came to us.
South American Center is the birthplace of potatoes and pineapple.

The significance of N.I.’s scientific heritage Vavilova

From his expeditions, Vavilov brought valuable plant samples that were collected in the centers of their origin. Hundreds of thousands of these specimens are reproduced annually in the collections of the Institute of Plant Growing, which today bears the name of N.I. Vavilov. They are actively used by breeders as source material for creating new varieties. The only continent (except Antarctica) on which agriculture has not developed for a long time is Australia. Therefore, its territory was not studied in detail and was not included in the system of world centers of plant origin. Only in recent years have scientists begun to use acacias and eucalyptus trees in other regions of the world in their work.

Judging by a comparison of the genetics of cultivated and wild wheat, the most likely area of origin of cultivated wheat is located near the modern city of Diyarbakir in southeastern Turkey. Analysis of ancient spikelets found by archaeologists shows that in the period from 10,200 to 6,500 years ago, wheat was gradually domesticated - the percentage of grains carrying a gene that gives resistance to shedding gradually increased.

Buckwheat
Buckwheat is native to Northern India, where it is called “black rice.” In the 15th century BC. e. it penetrated into China, Korea and Japan, then into the countries of Central Asia, the Middle East, the Caucasus and only then into Europe

Rice
Grows mainly in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, rice (Oryza sativa), which is one of the oldest food crops. Its domestication occurred about 9 thousand years ago.

Barley
The oldest examples of cultivated barley were found in Syria and belong to one of the oldest Neolithic cultures before the ceramic period. It is also found in the most ancient Egyptian tombs. Like wheat, it was domesticated during the Neolithic revolution in the Middle East at least 10 thousand years ago.

Corn
Corn was introduced into culture 7-12 thousand years ago in the territory of modern Mexico.

In the photo: on the left is the wild ancestor of corn - Teosinte, on the right is domesticated corn.

Agree, it’s not a bad idea to domesticate an inconspicuous weed.

Potato
The homeland of potatoes is South America, where you can still find wild potatoes. The introduction of potatoes into culture (first through the exploitation of wild thickets) began approximately 14 thousand years ago.

Turnip
Western Asia is considered its homeland. This is one of the oldest cultivated plants. Turnips were introduced into culture about 40 centuries ago. The ancient Egyptians and Greeks cultivated turnips widely, but considered them food for slaves and the poorest peasants.

N.I. Vavilov identified 7 centers of origin of cultivated plants.

1. South Asian tropical (Indian, or Indonesian-Indochinese).

2. East Asian (Chinese, or Sino-Japanese).

3. South-West Asian (Foremost Asian and Central Asian).

4. Mediterranean.

5. Abyssinian (Ethiopian).

6. Central American (South Mexican, or Central American).

7. South American (Andean).

The centers of origin of the most important cultivated plants are associated with ancient centers of civilization and places of plant selection.

Center name	Geographical position	Cultivated plants
South Asian tropical	Tropical India, Indochina, Southern China, islands of Southeast Asia	Rice, sugarcane, cucumber, eggplant, black pepper, banana, sugar palm, sago palm, breadfruit, tea, lemon, orange, mango, jute, etc. (50% cultivated plants)
East Asian	Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan	Soybean, millet, buckwheat, plum, cherry, radish, mulberry, kaoliang, hemp, persimmon, Chinese apples, opium poppy, rhubarb, cinnamon, olive, etc. (20% of cultivated plants)
South-West Asian	Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, South-West India	Soft wheat, rye, flax, hemp, turnip, carrots, garlic, grapes, apricot, pear, peas, beans, melon, barley, oats, cherries, spinach, basil, Walnut etc. (14% of cultivated plants)
Mediterranean	Countries along the Mediterranean Sea	Cabbage, sugar beet, olive (olive), clover, single-flowered lentils, lupine, onion, mustard, rutabaga, asparagus, celery, dill, sorrel, caraway seeds, etc. (11% of cultivated plants)
Abyssinian	Ethiopian Highlands of Africa	Durum wheat, barley, a coffee tree, grain sorghum, bananas, chickpeas, watermelon, castor beans, etc.
Central American	Southern Mexico	Corn, long-staple cotton, cocoa, pumpkin, tobacco, beans, red peppers, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, etc.
South American	South America along the West Coast	Potatoes, pineapple, cinchona, cassava, tomatoes, peanuts, coca bush, garden strawberries and etc.

As evidenced by modern data, the centers of origin of animals and the areas of their domestication, or domestication (from the Latin domesticus - domestic), are the territories of ancient civilizations.

In the Indonesian-Indochina center, animals that did not form large herds were apparently domesticated for the first time: dogs, pigs, chickens, geese, and ducks. Moreover, the dog, most of whose breeds are descended from the wolf, is one of the most ancient domestic animals.

In Western Asia, it is believed that sheep were domesticated, their ancestors being the wild mouflon sheep. Goats were domesticated in Asia Minor. Domestication of the aurochs, a now extinct species, probably occurred in several areas of Eurasia. As a result, numerous breeds of cattle arose. The ancestors of the domestic horse - tarpans, which were finally exterminated at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, were domesticated in the steppes of the Black Sea region. In the American centers of plant origin, animals such as llama, alpaca, and turkey were domesticated.

Sheep
Sheep were domesticated by humans already in ancient times, more than 8 thousand years ago in the territory of modern Turkey, Syria, and northern Mesopotamia.

Pigs
The pig was domesticated by humans about 7,000 years ago (according to some studies, much earlier), and was distributed mainly in Western countries, East Asia and Oceania.

Cows
Domestication began during the Early Neolithic, approximately 8,500 years ago, following the domestication of goats, sheep and pigs. Domestication took place in the Altai-India-Iran triangle. Tur in Central Asia and zebu in Hindustan were selected. Genetic studies carried out in 1994 showed that modern cows do not belong to the same ancestral line, as was long believed. Possibly full genome decoding cows, completed in 2009, will add to our knowledge in this matter.

Thanks to Wikipedia and other online reference books and dictionaries. From the generally known data it is clear how simultaneously a boom in plant cultivation took place in different places on the Earth. And what can we boast about over the past few thousand years? Humanity has only recently approached genetic engineering and began producing genetically modified products.

The dawn of agriculture and the construction boom on Earth occurred in the same countries and at the same time. The people of the Earth did not have regular connections with each other, otherwise we would not have such a significant difference in architectural styles in different parts of the Earth. Despite the fact that the construction principles are the same. Agriculture is also experiencing rapid development, but the cultures are different.

Why did this happen and develop rapidly? In different places of the Earth and at different times, this development either flared up, then died out, and over time completely disappeared? The answer lies in the formation and development of religion.

Science, religion, magic are spheres of human activity aimed at developing and theoretically systematizing objective knowledge about reality. Their goals and objectives are identical: collecting, analyzing life experience and passing it on to make people’s lives easier.

Religion is a special form of awareness of the world, which includes a set of moral norms and types of behavior, rituals, religious activities and the unification of people in organizations.

At one time, priests took over this function. When the priests found a way to influence material objects with sound, we can only guess. But let's take a closer look at how they worked with sound.

Could the priests be very different from other homo-sapiens?

Archeology has not found high-tech tools. Not in Egypt, not in America, not anywhere else. This means they were equal in terms of development. The priests differed from the laity in their acquired unique abilities. But not much".

There was a significant difference in one “little thing” - in the structure of the vocal cords and something else (more about this in the second article, the link will be at the bottom of the page). Typically, the vocal cords of homo sapiens produce sound vibrations in the frequency range from 16-20 Hz to 15-20 kHz. And the vocal cords of the priests produced sound in a much wider range. Including at the ultrasound level.

Data taken from Wikipedia (ru.wikipedia.org)

Selection of materials and idea - Dolzhenko S.N.

Plant breeding

Selection is the science of creating new and improving existing breeds of animals, plant varieties, and strains of microorganisms.

Selection is based on methods such as hybridization and selection. The theoretical basis of selection is genetics.

Breeds, varieties, strains are artificially created by man populations of organisms with hereditarily fixed characteristics: productivity, morphological, physiological characteristics.

The pioneer in the development of the scientific foundations of breeding work was N.I. Vavilov and his students. N.I. Vavilov believed that selection is based on the correct choice of initial individuals for work, their genetic diversity and the influence of the environment on the manifestation of hereditary characteristics during the hybridization of these individuals.

To be successful, the breeder needs varietal diversity source material, for this purpose N.I. Vavilov collected a collection of varieties of cultivated plants and their wild ancestors from all over the globe. By 1940, the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing had 300 thousand samples.

In search of source material for obtaining new plant hybrids, N.I. Vavilov organized in the 20s and 30s. XX century dozens of expeditions around the world. During these expeditions, N.I. Vavilov and his students collected more than 1,500 species of cultivated plants and a huge number of their varieties. Analyzing the collected material, N.I. Vavilov noticed that in some areas there is a very large diversity of varieties of certain types of cultivated plants, while in other areas there is no such diversity.

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

N.I. Vavilov suggested that the area of greatest genetic diversity of any type of cultivated plant is the center of its origin and domestication. In total, N.I. Vavilov established 8 centers of ancient agriculture, where people first began to grow wild plant species.

1. The Indian (South Asian) center includes the Hindustan Peninsula, South China, and Southeast Asia. This center is the birthplace of rice, citrus fruits, cucumbers, eggplants, sugar cane and many other types of cultivated plants.

2. The Chinese (East Asian) center includes Central and Eastern China, Korea, and Japan. In this center, millet, soybeans, buckwheat, radishes, cherries, plums, and apple trees were cultivated by humans.

3. The South-West Asian center covers the countries of Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, North-West India. This is the birthplace of soft varieties of wheat, rye, legumes (peas, beans), flax, hemp, garlic, and grapes.

5. The Mediterranean center includes European, African and Asian countries located along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. This is the homeland of cabbage, olives, parsley, sugar beets, and clover.

6. The Abyssinian center is located in a relatively small area of modern Ethiopia and on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. This center is the birthplace of durum wheat, sorghum, bananas, and coffee. Apparently, of all the centers of ancient agriculture, the Abyssinian center is the most ancient.

7. The Central American center is Mexico, the islands Caribbean Sea and parts of Central America. Here is the birthplace of corn, pumpkin, cotton, tobacco, and red pepper.

8. The South American Center covers the western coast of South America. This is the birthplace of potatoes, pineapple, cinchona, tomatoes, and beans.

All these centers coincide with the places of existence of the great civilizations of antiquity - Ancient Egypt, China, Japan, Ancient Greece, Rome, the Mayan and Aztec states.

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin

Location

Cultivated plants

1. South Asian tropical

2. East Asian

3. South-West Asian

4. Mediterranean

5. Abyssinian

6. Central American

7. South American

Tropical India, Indochina, Southeast Asian Islands

Central and Eastern China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan

Asia Minor, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, South-West India

Countries along the Mediterranean Sea

Abyssinian

highlands of africa

Southern Mexico

West coast of South America

Rice , sugar cane, citrus fruits, eggplants, etc. (50% of cultivated plants)

Soybean, millet, buckwheat, fruit and vegetable crops - plum, cherry, etc. (20% of cultivated plants)

Wheat, rye, legumes, flax, hemp, turnips, garlic, grapes, etc. (14% of cultivated plants)

Cabbage, sugar beets, olives, clover (11% of cultivated plants)

Durum wheat, barley, coffee tree, bananas, sorghum

Corn, cocoa, pumpkin, tobacco, cotton

Potatoes, tomatoes, pineapple, cinchona.

9. Basic methods of plant breeding

1. Mass selection for cross-pollinated plants (rye, corn, sunflower). The selection results are unstable due to random cross-pollination.

2. Individual selection for self-pollinating plants (wheat, barley, peas). The offspring from one individual is homozygous and is called a pure line.

3. Inbreeding (inbreeding) is used for self-pollination of cross-pollinated plants (for example, to obtain lines of corn). Inbreeding leads to "depression" as recessive unfavorable genes become homozygous!

Aa x Aa, AA + 2Aa + aa

4. Heterosis (“life force”) is a phenomenon in which hybrid individuals are significantly superior in their characteristics to their parent forms (yield increase up to 30%).

Stages of obtaining heterotic plants

1. Selection of plants that give the maximum effect of heterosis;

2. Preservation of lines through inbreeding;

3. Obtaining seeds as a result of crossing two inbred lines.

Two main hypotheses explain the effect of heterosis:

The dominance hypothesis - heterosis depends on the number of dominant genes in a homozygous or heterozygous state: the more pairs of genes there are dominant genes, the greater the effect of heterosis.

Overdominance hypothesis - a heterozygous state for one or more pairs of genes gives the hybrid superiority over the parental forms (overdominance).

Cross-pollination of self-pollinators is used to obtain new varieties.

Cross-pollination of self-pollinators makes it possible to combine the properties of different varieties.

6. Polyploidy. Polyploids are plants that have an increase in the chromosome number that is a multiple of the haploid one. In plants, polyploids have greater mass vegetative organs, have larger fruits and seeds.

Natural polyploids are wheat, potatoes, etc.; varieties of polyploid buckwheat and sugar beets have been bred.

The classic way to obtain polyploids is to treat seedlings with colchicine. Colchicine destroys the spindle and the number of chromosomes in the cell doubles.

7. Experimental mutagenesis is based on the discovery of the effects of various radiations to produce mutations and the use of chemical mutagens.

8. Distant hybridization - crossing plants related to different types. But distant hybrids are usually sterile, since their meiosis is disrupted.

In 1924, the Soviet scientist G.D. Karpechenko obtained a fertile intergeneric hybrid. He crossed radish (2n = 18 radish chromosomes) and cabbage (2n = 18 cabbage chromosomes). The hybrid has 2n = 18 chromosomes: 9 rare and 9 cabbage, but it is sterile and does not form seeds.

Using colchicine, G.D. Karpechenko obtained a polyploid containing 36 chromosomes; during meiosis, rare (9 + 9) chromosomes were conjugated with rare, cabbage (9 + 9) with cabbage. Fertility was restored.

In this way, wheat-rye hybrids (triticale), wheat-wheatgrass hybrids, etc. were subsequently obtained.

9. Use of somatic mutations.

By using vegetative propagation it is possible to preserve a beneficial somatic mutation. In addition, only through vegetative propagation are the properties of many varieties of fruit and berry crops preserved.

10 . Technological scheme for obtaining potato concentrate

Scientists from the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Food" (patent of the Republic of Belarus for invention No. 15570, IPC (2006.01): A23L2/385; authors of the invention) simplified the technological scheme for obtaining potato concentrate, reduced energy costs and labor intensity of its production : Z.Lovkis, V.Litvyak, T.Tananaiko, D.Khlimankov, A.Pushkar, L.Sergeenko; applicant and patent holder: the above-mentioned RUP). The invention is intended to provide a potato concentrate used in the formulations of non-alcoholic, low-alcohol and alcoholic drinks with improved organoleptic characteristics.

The proposed method for producing potato concentrate includes several stages: preparation of potato raw materials, which use fresh potatoes and (or) benign dry and mashed potato waste; its thermal and subsequent two-stage treatment with amylolytic enzymes; separation of the formed precipitate by filtration; concentration of the filtrate by evaporation; its acidification by one or more organic acids; subsequent temperature control.

After thermostatting, aqueous and (or) aqueous-alcoholic infusions are added to the resulting concentrate. aromatic plants in a certain amount to a final dry matter content of 70±2%. The range of these plants is wide: cumin, purple coneflower, medicinal hyssop, coriander, sweet clover, oregano, immortelle, balsamic tansy, peppermint, tarragon wormwood and others.

Plant growing arose simultaneously in the Old and New Worlds 7-8 thousand years BC. The process of domestication initially occurred independently in geographically isolated areas of the globe on all five continents and, of course, in species of the surrounding flora. The floristic composition of domesticated species was endemic to large geographical areas, in other words, domestic flora was used.

In the history of human civilizations, a period of land (often caravan) and sea communications and material connections between different geographical civilizations began. This was accompanied by the spread of seeds and fruits of endemic domesticated plants, so that it was sometimes difficult to determine the homeland of a cultivated species. In the process of formation and expansion of areas higher plants botanical-geographical and genetic centers of origin of cultivated plants were determined. The domestication of plants in various geographical conditions was accompanied by such natural patterns of evolution as mutations of various types, polyploidy and introgression during natural hybridization.

The doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants was formed on the basis of the ideas of Charles Darwin (“The Origin of Species,” Chapter 12, 1859) about the existence of geographic centers of origin of biological species. In 1883, A. Decandolle published a work in which he established the geographic regions of the initial origin of the main cultivated plants. However, these areas were confined to entire continents or other fairly large territories. Within half a century after the publication of Decandolle's book, knowledge in the field of the origin of cultivated plants expanded significantly; Monographs were published on cultivated plants from various countries, as well as individual plants. This problem was most systematically developed in 1926-1939 by N. I. Vavilov. Based on materials about the world's plant resources, he identified 7 main geographic centers of origin of cultivated plants.

South Asian tropical center (about 33% of the total number of cultivated plant species).

East Asian center (20% of cultivated plants).

South-West Asian center (14% of cultivated plants).

Mediterranean center (approximately 11% of cultivated plant species).

Ethiopian center (about 4% of cultivated plants).

Central American Center (approximately 10%)

Andean (South American) center (about 8%)

1. South Asian Tropical Center, which includes three centers: Indian (with the richest cultural flora), Indochinese (with South China) and Island (Sunda Islands, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, etc.).
2. East Asian Center, including temperate and subtropical zones of Central and Eastern China, most of the island. Taiwan, Korea and Japan; in this gene center, Vavilov distinguished two foci: primary - Chinese and secondary - mainly Japanese.
3. South West Asian Center- it included the territories of the inner mountainous Asia Minor (Anatolia), Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia and North-West India; Vavilov also included the Caucasian, Western Asian, and North-West Indian centers here; in his opinion, the South-West Asian center is the most important area of origin of European crop species - cereals, legumes and fruits; this center has produced many of its own indigenous cultures.

Vavilov emphasized that for many of the most important cultivated plants of the center one can trace the continuous transition from cultivated to wild forms and establish the connections between them. He wrote: “In an exceptional species diversity wild relatives of wheat, rye and various fruits are concentrated here"

4. Mediterranean center, located on the shores of the warm Mediterranean Sea, is characterized not only by the presence of the greatest civilizations on its territory in the past, but also by the active process of speciation.
5. Abyssinian center(with the adjacent Mountain Arabian focus) is the birthplace of sorghum, used for grain.
6. Central American Center, including Mexico; in it, Vavilov identified three foci: mountainous South American, Central American and West Indian island; in his opinion, 90 (out of a thousand) types of food, technical, medicinal plants and, of course, such as corn, sweet potatoes, long-staple cotton, a number of cucurbits, cocoa and many others.
7. Andean center in South America, within the Andes mountain system; in it, Vavilov distinguished three centers: the Andean itself - the regions of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, where the birthplace of potatoes and other tuberous plants is located; Chiloan, located in the southern part of the territory of Chile and on the adjacent island that is part of this state. Chiloe - this hearth gave rise to cultivated potatoes; Bogotan (Bogota) focus, located in the eastern part of Colombia (proposed by S. M. Bukasov and S. V. Yuzepchuk).

Most of the centers coincide with ancient centers of agriculture, and these are predominantly mountainous rather than flat areas. The scientist identified primary and secondary centers of origin of cultivated plants. Primary centers are the homelands of cultivated plants and their wild ancestors. Secondary centers are areas where new forms emerge not from wild ancestors, but from previous cultural forms, concentrated in one geographical location, often far from the primary center.

Not all cultivated plants are cultivated in their places of origin. Migration of peoples, navigation, trade, economic and natural factors have at all times contributed to the numerous movement of plants to other regions of the Earth.

In other habitats, plants changed and gave rise to new forms of cultivated plants. Their diversity is explained by mutations and recombinations that appear in connection with the growth of plants in new conditions.

A study of the origin of cultivated plants led N.I. Vavilov to the conclusion that the centers of formation of the most important plant crops are largely associated with centers of human culture and with centers of domestic animal diversity. Numerous zoological studies have confirmed this conclusion.

The concepts of gene centers were further developed in the works of E. N. Sinskaya. She continued the research begun by N. I. Vavilov on the geography of cultivated plants, adhering to his botanical-geographical differential method, but supplemented and specified this method. When solving the problem of the origin of cultivated plants, Sinskaya took into account the presence in gene centers not only of their relatives, but also of species close to them. Sinskaya sought to identify broader geographical connections, mutual influence and interpenetration of cultural floras of the main centers. She introduced, as a result of a thorough analysis of the composition of cultural floras of different regions, a new, broader concept of a historical-geographical (or geographic) region.

E. N. Sinskaya distinguished five main geographical regions, and within almost each of them - its own subregions. The first geographical region is the Ancient Mediterranean with three subregions: Western Asia, Middle-Southwestern Asia and the Mediterranean itself.

Sinskaya believes that in ancient times relatively few cultivated plants were brought here, but a very large number of them spread from this area throughout the world. Many wild relatives of cultivated plants are also concentrated here.

In the second of the subregions of the Ancient Mediterranean geographical region (in Middle-Southwestern Asia), Sinskaya includes the mountainous and foothill regions of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Northwestern India and Western China. The zones of influence of the named subregion were Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Southwestern Siberia. Sinskaya divides this subregion into two main parts: the territory of more ancient and primitive mountain agriculture and the territory of less ancient irrigated agriculture of the plains.

To the second geographical region - East Asian - E. N. Sinskaya attributes two subregions: North-East Asian and South-East-Central China.

The third region - South Asian - also unites two sub-regions: one of them includes the southern regions of China, India, Bangladesh, Fr. Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indochina, the other - Malaysia and the Malacca Peninsula.

The fourth geographical region is African, the fifth is New World with two subregions: Central Mexican and South American.

N.I. Vavilov, who was unable to study Africa in detail, identified only the Abyssinian focus in it; He was unable to visit Australia either. E. N. Sinskaya also does not consider Australia as an independent region, since few cultivated plants emerged from there; the same should be said about Polynesia. For the first time, Sinskaya identifies the African region for the development of cultural flora. As it turned out later, it was here that the cultivation of many useful plants began.

The South Mexican and South American centers of origin of cultivated plants, as well as the Central American and Andean ones, identified in 1935 by N.I. Vavilov, were united by E.N. Sinskaya into one region - the New World.

Thus, having outlined the areas of development of cultural flora, Sinskaya showed what plant resources each of the areas of origin of cultivated plants gave humanity and how their further settlement occurred.

Following N.I. Vavilov and E.N. Sinskaya, the development of the doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants was continued by P.M. Zhukovsky. In the period from 1968 to 1971, P. M. Zhukovsky increased the number of gene centers to twelve. In a publication dating back to 1971, he named the following gene centers: Sino-Japanese, Indonesian-Indochina, Australian, Hindustan, Central Asian, Western Asian, Mediterranean, African, Euro-Siberian, Central American, South American and North American. For each gene center, he provided a list of the most important primary and secondary plants and their wild relatives genetically related to them.

A.I. Kuptsov, based on the polymorphism of many cultivated plants established by scientists, comparing these data with historical and archaeological ones, outlined ten centers of ancient autochthonous agriculture, where the first cultivated plants arose in ancient times: Near East, Mediterranean, Central Asian, Ethiopian, Chinese, Indian , Indonesian, Mexican, Peruvian and Western Sudanese. Kuptsov considers them to be the primary centers of the emergence of cultivated plants; Subsequently, as a result of contacts between peoples and states, secondary centers of the cultural flora of the world arose.

Since the initial basis for the creation of cultivated plants were also wild species, it is necessary to pay some attention to the analysis of the latter when characterizing gene centers. Over the course of many millions of years, these species were formed in one or another region of the globe, and the man who appeared next to them drew from their mass various plant forms necessary to maintain their existence, and later - the source material for domestication and, finally, for introduction into the world. culture, adapting it to your needs.

Analytically comparing the floristic regions of the Earth as developed by A. L. Takhtadzhyan and the gene centers of origin of cultivated plants identified by N. I. Vavilov, supplemented by E. N. Sinskaya, P. M. Zhukovsky and A. I. Kuptsov, we are convinced that that geographically they coincide to some extent.

Most of the agricultural centers of ancient civilized states arose completely autochthonously, which is why they are original. Here, the tribes turning to agriculture began to domesticate plants from the wild flora surrounding them, and the first cultivated plants were created from them.

As for the floristic regions of the globe, so for the gene centers of origin of cultivated plants, family, generic, and to some extent, species endemism is very important.

Having analyzed from this point of view the question of the gene centers of origin of cultivated plants, we can somewhat expand this concept to include the views of a number of researchers. However, it is based on those gene centers (megacenters) of origin of cultivated plants that were outlined by N. I. Vavilov and outlined by P. M. Zhukovsky.

The largest Russian scientist - geneticist N.I. Vavilov made a huge contribution to plant breeding. He found that all cultivated plants grown today in different regions world, have certain geographical

centers of origin. These centers are located in tropical and subtropical zones, that is, where cultivated agriculture originated. N.I. Vavilov identified 8 such centers, i.e. 8 independent areas for introducing various plants into cultivation.

The diversity of cultivated plants in the centers of their origin, as a rule, is represented by a huge number of botanical varieties and many hereditary variants.

The law of homological series of hereditary variability.

1. Species and genera that are genetically close are characterized by similar series of hereditary variability with such regularity that, knowing the series of forms within one species, one can predict the presence of parallel forms in other species and genera. The closer the species and genera are genetically located in the general system, the more complete the similarity in the series of their variability.

2. Entire families of plants are, in general, characterized by a certain cycle of variability passing through all the genera and species that make up the family.

This law was derived by N.I. Vavilov based on the study of a huge number of genetically similar species and genera. The closer the relatedness between and within these taxonomic groups, the greater the genetic similarity they share. Comparing different types and genera of cereals, N.I. Vavilov and his collaborators found that all cereals have similar characteristics, such as branching and density of the ear, pubescence of scales, etc. Knowing this, N.I. Vavilov suggested that such groups have similar hereditary variability: “if you can find an awnless form of wheat, you can also find an awnless form of rye.” Knowing the possible nature of changes in representatives of a certain species, genus, family, the breeder can specifically search for, create new forms and either weed out or preserve individuals with the desired genetic changes.

EXAMPLES OF TASKS

Part A

A1. The domestication of animals and plants is based on

1) artificial selection 3) domestication

2) natural selection 4) methodical selection

A2. In the Mediterranean center of cultivated plants there were

1) rice, mulberries 3) potatoes, tomatoes

2) breadfruit, peanuts 4) cabbage, olive, rutabaga

A3. An example of genomic variation is

1) sickle cell anemia

2) polyploid form of potato

3) albinism

3) color blindness

A4. Roses similar in appearance and genetically, artificially

bred by breeders form

1) breed 2) variety 3) species 4) variety

A5. The benefit of heterosis is

1) the appearance of clean lines

2) overcoming the uncrossability of hybrids

3) increasing productivity

4) increasing the fertility of hybrids

A6. As a result of polyploidy

1) fertility occurs in interspecific hybrids

2) fertility disappears in interspecific hybrids

3) a clean line is maintained

4) the viability of hybrids is inhibited

A7. Inbreeding in breeding is used for

1) enhancing hybrid properties

2) producing clean lines

3) increasing the fertility of offspring

4) increasing the heterozygosity of organisms

A8. The law of homologous series of hereditary variability allowed breeders to more reliably

1) breed polyploid forms

2) overcome the lack of interbreeding between different species

3) increase the number of random mutations

4) predict the production of desired traits in plants

A9. Inbreeding increases

1) heterozygosity of the population

2) frequency of dominant mutations

3) homozygosity of the population

4) frequency of recessive mutations

Part B

IN 1. Establish a correspondence between the features of the selection method and its name.

Part C

C1. Compare the results from the use of such selection methods as inbreeding and polyploidy. Explain these results.

3.9. Biotechnology, cellular and genetic engineering, cloning. The role of cell theory in the formation and development of biotechnology. The importance of biotechnology for the development of breeding, agriculture, microbiological industry, and preservation of the planet’s gene pool. Ethical considerations development of some research in biotechnology (human cloning, targeted changes in the genome)

Basic terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: biotechnology, genetic engineering, cell engineering.

Centers of plant origin

Groups of cultivated plants by origin

Among the flora of the globe, there is a significant number (more than 2500) species of a group of plants cultivated by humans and called cultivated. Cultivated plants and the agrophytocenoses formed by them replaced meadow and forest communities. They are the result of human agricultural activity, which began 7-10 thousand years ago. Wild plants that become cultivated inevitably reflect a new stage in their life. The branch of biogeography that studies the distribution of cultivated plants, their adaptation to soil and climatic conditions in various regions of the globe and includes elements of agricultural economics is called the geography of cultivated plants.

According to their origin, cultivated plants are divided into three groups: the youngest group, weed-field species and the most ancient group.

1. The youngest group of cultivated plants comes from species that still live in the wild. For plants of this group, it is not necessary to establish the center of the beginning of their cultivation. special labor. These include fruit and berry crops(apple tree, pear, plum, cherry, gooseberry, currant, raspberry, strawberry), all melons, some root vegetables (beets, rutabaga, radishes, turnips).

2. Field weed species became objects of culture where the main crop produced low yields due to unfavorable natural conditions. Thus, with the advancement of agriculture to the north, winter rye replaced wheat; Camelina, an oilseed crop widespread in Western Siberia, used to obtain vegetable oil, is a weed in flax crops.

3. For the most ancient cultivated plants, it is impossible to establish the time when their cultivation began, since their wild ancestors have not been preserved. These include sorghum, millet, peas, beans, beans, and lentils.

The need for source material for the selection and improvement of varieties of cultivated plants led to the creation of the doctrine of their centers of origin. The teaching was based on Charles Darwin's idea of the existence of geographical centers of origin of biological species. The geographical areas of origin of the most important cultivated plants were first described in 1880 by the Swiss botanist A. Decandolle. According to his ideas, they covered quite vast territories, including entire continents. The most important research in this direction, half a century later, was carried out by the remarkable Russian geneticist and botanical geographer N.I. Vavilov (1887–1943), who studied the centers of origin of cultivated plants on a scientific basis.

Differentiated method of N. I. Vavilov

N.I. Vavilov proposed a new method, which he called differentiated, for establishing the initial center of origin of cultivated plants, which consists in the following. A collection of the plant of interest collected from all places of cultivation is studied using morphological, physiological and genetic methods. Thus, the area of concentration of the maximum diversity of forms, characteristics and varieties of a given species is determined. Ultimately, it is possible to establish centers of introduction into culture of a particular species, which may not coincide with the territory of its widespread cultivation, but are located at significant distances (several thousand kilometers) from it. Moreover, the centers of origin of cultivated plants currently cultivated on the plains of temperate latitudes sometimes turn out to be in mountainous regions.

Striving to put genetics and selection to work National economy countries, N.I. Vavilov and his associates during numerous expeditions in 1926–1939. collected a collection of about 250 thousand specimens of cultivated plants. As the scientist emphasized, he was mainly interested in plants of temperate zones, since the enormous plant wealth of South Asia, Tropical Africa, Central America and Brazil, unfortunately, can only be used on a limited scale in our country.

Geographic centers of origin of cultivated plants

For the emergence of a large source of origin of cultivated plants

N. I. Vavilov believed a necessary condition In addition to the wealth of wild flora and species suitable for cultivation, there is the presence of an ancient agricultural civilization. The scientist came to the conclusion that the vast majority of cultivated plants are associated 7 the main geographical centers of their origin: South Asian tropical, East Asian, South-West Asian, Mediterranean, Ethiopian, Central American and Andean.

Outside these centers there was a significant territory that required further study in order to identify new centers of domestication of the most valuable representatives of wild flora. The followers of N.I. Vavilov - A.I. Kuptsov and A.M. Zhukovsky continued research into the study of the centers of cultivated plants. Ultimately, the number of centers and the territory they covered increased significantly; there were 12 of them.

Brief characteristics of the centers

1. Chinese-Japanese. World crop production owes the origin of many cultural species. Among them are rice, multi-row and hulless barley, millet, chumiza, hulless oats, beans, soybeans, radishes, many types of apple trees, pears and onions, apricots, very valuable types of plums, oriental persimmon, possibly orange, mulberry tree, sugar cane Chinese, tea tree, short-staple cotton.

2. Indonesian-Indochine. This is the center of many cultivated plants - some varieties of rice, bananas, breadfruit, coconut and sugar palms, sugar cane, yams, Manila hemp, the largest and tallest types of bamboo.

3.Australian. The flora of Australia has given the world the fastest growing woody plants - eucalyptus and acacia. 9 wild cotton species, 21 wild tobacco species and several types of rice have also been identified here. In general, the flora of this continent is poor in wild edible plants, especially with juicy fruits. Currently, crop production in Australia almost entirely uses crops of foreign origin.

4. Hindustan. The Hindustan Peninsula was of great importance in the development of crop production in ancient Egypt, Sumer and Assyria. This is the birthplace of common wheat, an Indian subspecies of rice, some varieties of beans, eggplant, cucumber, jute, sugar cane, and Indian hemp. Wild species of apple, tea tree and banana are common in the mountain forests of the Himalayas. The Indo-Gangetic plain is a huge plantation of cultivated plants of world importance - rice, sugar cane, jute, peanuts, tobacco, tea, coffee, banana, pineapple, coconut tree, oilseed flax. The Deccan plateau is famous for its orange and lemon crops.

5. Central Asian. On the territory of the center - from the Persian Gulf, the Hindustan Peninsula and the Himalayas in the south to the Caspian and Aral seas, lake. Balkhash in the north, including the Turan Lowland, fruit trees are of particular importance. Since ancient times, apricots, walnuts, pistachios, oleaster, almonds, pomegranates, figs, peach, grapes, and wild apple trees have been cultivated here. Some varieties of wheat, onions, primary types of carrots and small-seeded forms of legumes (peas, lentils, fava beans) also arose here. The ancient inhabitants of Sogdiana (modern Tajikistan) developed high-sugar varieties of apricots and grapes. Wild apricot still grows in abundance in the mountains of Central Asia. The varieties of melons bred in Central Asia are the best in the world, especially the Chardzhou melons, which remain suspended throughout the year.

6. Western Asian. The center includes Transcaucasia, Asia Minor (except for the coast), the historical region of Western Asia Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula. From here come wheat, two-row barley, oats, the primary crop of peas, cultivated forms of flax and leeks, some types of alfalfa and melons. It is the primary center of the date palm, home to quince, cherry plum, plum, cherry and dogwood. Nowhere in the world is there such an abundance of wild wheat species. In Transcaucasia, the process of the origin of cultivated rye from field weeds, which still infests wheat crops, has been completed. As wheat moved north, winter rye, as a more winter-hardy and unpretentious plant, became a pure crop.

7. Mediterranean. This center includes the territory of Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece and the entire northern coast of Africa. Western and Eastern Mediterranean - homeland wild grapes and the primary center of its culture. Wheat, legumes, flax, and oats evolved here (oats with stable immunity to fungal diseases survived in the wild in Spain on sandy soils). In the Mediterranean, the cultivation of lupine, flax, and clover began. Typical element flora has become olive Tree, which became a culture in ancient Palestine and Egypt.

8. African. It is characterized by a variety of natural conditions from moist evergreen forests to savannas and deserts. At first, only local species were used in crop production, and then those introduced from America and Asia. Africa is the birthplace of all types of watermelon, the center of cultivation of rice and millet, yams, some types of coffee, oil and date palms, cotton and other cultivated plants. The origin of the tableware pumpkin kulebasa, cultivated everywhere in Africa, but unknown in the wild, raises questions. A special role in the evolution of wheat, barley and other grain plants belongs to Ethiopia, on whose territory their wild ancestors did not exist. All of them were borrowed by farmers already cultivated from other centers.

9. European-Siberian. It covers the territory of all of Europe, except the Iberian Peninsula, the British Isles and the tundra zone; in Asia it reaches the lake. Baikal. The emergence of sugar beet crops, red and white clovers, and northern, yellow and blue alfalfa is associated with it. The main significance of the center lies in the fact that European and Siberian apple trees, pears, cherries, forest grapes, blackberries, strawberries, currants and gooseberries were cultivated here, the wild relatives of which are still common in local forests.

10. Central American. It occupies the territory of North America, bounded by the northern borders of Mexico, California and the Isthmus of Panama. In ancient Mexico, intensive crop production developed with the main food crops being corn and some types of beans. Pumpkin, sweet potato, cocoa, pepper, sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke, shag and agave were also cultivated here. Nowadays, wild potato species are found in the center.

11. South American. Its main territory is concentrated in the Andes mountain system with rich volcanic soils. The Andes are the birthplace of ancient Indian potato species and various types tomatoes, peanuts, melon tree, cinchona tree, pineapple, rubber plant hevea, Chilean strawberry. Long-staple cotton originated in South America. There are many wild species tobacco

Teaching n. I. Vavilova about the centers of origin of cultivated plants

North American. Its territory coincides with the territory of the United States. It is particularly interesting primarily as the center of a large number of wild grape species, many of which are resistant to phylloxera and fungal diseases. The center is home to over 50 wild herbaceous species of sunflower and the same number of species of lupine, about 15 species of plums, large-fruited cranberries and highbush blueberries have been cultivated, the first plantations of which have recently appeared in Belarus.

Secondary centers of plant origin

The problem of the origin of cultivated plants is quite complex, since sometimes it is impossible to establish their homeland and wild ancestors. Often a cultivated plant occupies large areas and is of great importance in crop production not in the center of cultivation, but far beyond its borders. In this case, they speak of secondary centers of cultivated plants. Let us give examples of secondary centers.

1. For rye from Transcaucasia and Chilean potatoes, this is the temperate zone of Eurasia.

2. Peanuts from Northern Argentina are Africa.

3. Soybean is of Manchurian origin - the USA, where it occupies an area of about 20 million hectares.

4. Peruvian long-staple cotton is from Egypt.

Many scientists believe that cherries as a crop have been known for more than 2 thousand years. Its homeland is Asia Minor (Eastern and Central China) and the Caucasus. Cherry pits were found during excavations of pile buildings of primitive people in Switzerland, southern Germany and Italy. In Ancient Greece (IV century BC)

Centers of origin of cultivated plants and modern growing areas

BC) it was first mentioned by the father of botany, Theophrastus. The first more or less accurate distinction between cherries and cherries was made in the botanical work Herbarius, published in 1491.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia, a wild species is widespread - steppe cherry, growing in the form of a low shrub. This cherry is characterized by high winter hardiness; specimens with large fruits, but their taste is too sour, often with astringency and bitterness, so they are unsuitable for fresh consumption. The best specimens of wild steppe cherries, transferred to the gardens, served as the basis cultivars cherries in ancient Russian gardens.

In the 11th–13th centuries, southern varieties of common cherries were brought from Byzantium to the southern regions of Ancient Rus', primarily to Kyiv. With the transfer of the grand ducal capital from Kyiv to Vladimir, the common cherry came to the Vladimir lands. When grown together southern varieties common cherries and local varieties of steppe cherries, they were cross-pollinated, and random seedlings grew from the hybrid seeds, more or less successfully combining high quality fruits with good winter hardiness.

The common cherry differs from the steppe cherry in its larger tree size and much more tasty and sweet fruits. But in winter hardiness it is significantly inferior to steppe cherry varieties.

The first cherry orchards near Moscow were planted by Yuri Dolgoruky, bringing seedlings from Suzdal. Developed with great detail and knowledge practical advice in “Domostroy” of the 16th century regarding the preparation for future use (drying, pickling, pickling) of various berries, including cherries. The first accurate information about Vladimir cherry as a variety became known in 1657. Due to the high taste qualities of the fruit, this cherry was very popular in the 19th century, when large industrial orchards were planted with it. This is exactly the garden depicted by A.P. Chekhov in his famous play.

But low yields and small fruits are significant shortcomings of this variety.

At the end of the 19th century, the local variety Lyubskaya was discovered in the gardens of the southern part of the former Kursk province (now Belgorod region). It was distinguished by high and regular yield, large beautiful fruits, but their taste was very mediocre, overly sour and astringent, so they were only suitable for jam and compotes.

These two varieties - Vladimirskaya and Lyubskaya - became the main ones in the cherry orchards of central Russia for many years.

For the first time, breeding work with cherries in our country began at the end of the 19th century by I.V. Michurin. But breeding work with this crop in Russia acquired a special scope in the 30–80s of the 20th century. Many new varieties have been created.

In 2007, the only cherry museum in Russia was opened in the village of Bolshie Bakaldy, Nizhny Novgorod region. The history of the Bakalda gardens begins in the 17th century, when the lands were in the possession of the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov. Already at this time, the first industrial production in the region was established in Bakaldy, the so-called cooking plant, where juices, marinades, and liqueurs were prepared from cherries. The brewhouse has survived to this day, turning into the Bolshebakaldsky cannery. Bakalda gardens are mentioned in the Brockhaus and Efron Dictionary, “Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire” by P.P. Semenov, published since 1863: “In terms of gardening, the villages of Bakaldy, Ketros and Polyana are remarkable. Bakalda cherries are not much inferior to Vladimir ones and have gained fame in the Volga provinces; they come true on the Lyskovskaya pier,” and in other works.

Cherry - origin

Chinese (East Asian) Center

The Chinese center covers the mountainous regions of central and western China with adjacent lowland areas. The basis of this focus is the temperate zone along the Yellow River. Characterized by relatively high temperature conditions, a very high degree of moisture, a moderate growing season.

Rice - Japanese variety
Zinke or Zinke (Tibetan barley) - naked variety
Millet
Chumiza
Kaoliang
Paisa (Echinochloa frumentacea) - Japanese millet, wild millet, barnyard grass, annual plant family of cereals.
Adzuki or Angular bean (Vigna angularis)
Oats - naked variety
Radish - Daikon and Loba
Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis)
Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis)
Asparagus salad (Lactuca asparagus)
Onion
Sweet onion
Short-staple cotton (woody form) - controversial
Perilla
Actinidia - primary focus
Walnut
Hazel
Mandarin
Kinkan
Persimmon
Schisandra
chinese bitter gourd
Unabi
Tea tree
Tung wood
White Mulberry (Mulberry)
camphor laurel
Bamboo - some types
Ginseng
Chinese artichoke
Sugarcane - local varieties
Loquat japonica (Loqua)
Ropeman
Purple raspberry
Red voskovnitsa

Also, the center is the primary focus of the formation of the subfamilies Apple and Plum and the genera of their components, including:

Apple Pear Apricot Cherry Plum Almond Peach Hawthorn

Indo-Malay (Southeast Asian) center

The Indo-Malayan Center complements the Indian Center of Origin of cultivated plants, including the entire Malay Archipelago, the Philippines and Indochina. Very high humidity and temperature, year-round vegetation. Experienced some influence from the Chinese and Hindustani centers

Rice is the primary focus
Breadfruit
Banana
Coconut palm
Sugar palm
Sago palm
Areca
Sugarcane - in collaboration with Hindustan Center
Shaddock
Durian
Manila hemp
Sweet potato
Pak choi
Wax gourd
China - debatable
Lemon - secondary focus
Pomelo
Bergamot
Pomeranian
Betel
Cardamom
Mangosteen
Allspice
Black pepper
Nutmeg
Longan
Trichosanth

Indian (Hindustan) center

The Indian (Hindustan) center covers the Hindustan Peninsula, excluding the northwestern states of India, as well as Burma and the Indian state of Assam. It is characterized by fairly high humidity and high temperatures, as well as a long growing season. Experienced some influence from the Indo-Malayan center (rice, sugarcane, citrus)

Eggplant
Cucumber
Orange - possibly a secondary focus

Lemon - primary focus
Citron
Rice - Indian variety
Dagussa
Golden beans
Dolichos
Luffa
Sugarcane - in association with Indo-Malay Center
Kenaf
Sharozern wheat
Mango
Coconut palm - secondary focus
Endive
Escarole
Basil
Gray mustard
Opium poppy
Buckwheat
Sugar Palm - in association with Indo-Malay Center
Short-staple cotton - controversial

Central Asian center

The Central Asian center includes the northwestern part of India (Punjab), the northern part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and the Western Tien Shan. Very low moisture (often groundwater), sufficient high temperatures with strong daily and seasonal fluctuations, moderate duration of the growing season (rainy season). This center experienced a very strong influence from Chinese and Western Asia. Thus, for almost all fruit crops that originated here, it is secondary.

Wheat - some hexaploid species ( Triticum compactum, Triticum inflatum)
Lentils - small grain variety
Lucerne - together with the Western Asian Center
Apricot - secondary outbreak
Grapes are one of the hotbeds
Almond - secondary focus
Pistachio - secondary outbreak
Apple tree - secondary focus
Pear - secondary focus
Cherry - secondary focus
Plum - secondary focus
Walnut - secondary focus
Garnet - secondary focus
Figs - secondary outbreak
Bulb onions
Slime Bow
Chives
Aflatun onion
Multi-tiered onion
Garlic is the main (possibly primary) focus
Golden beans - secondary focus
Chickpea - secondary focus
Hemp

Western Asian center

The Western Asian center is concentrated in Western Asia, including inner Asia Minor, all of Transcaucasia, Iran and mountainous Turkmenistan.

Vavilov’s doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants

Very low humidity, high temperatures (unlike Central Asian and Mediterranean centers rare negative temperatures), prolonged dry periods. Experienced the influence of the Mediterranean and Central Asian centers. It is almost impossible to determine the boundaries of these three centers, since they overlap greatly.

Wheat - most types (including T. aestivum, T. durum, T. turgidum, T. polonicum)
Spelled - all types and varieties
Barley - two-row
Oats - secondary focus
Peas
Flax - oilseed forms
Lallemancia
Lucerne - jointly with the Central Asian Center
Plum - primary focus
Hazelnut
Dogwood
Apple tree - secondary focus
Pear is one of the main foci
Cherry - secondary focus
Cherry plum
Figs - primary focus
German medlar - together with the Mediterranean Center.
Walnut - secondary focus
Chestnut
Grapes are one of the hotbeds
Bird cherry is the main focus
Pistachio
Persimmon - secondary focus
Hawthorn - secondary focus
Apricot - secondary outbreak
Cherry - secondary outbreak
Date palm
Leek
Melon - secondary center
Pasternak - primary center
Spinach
Salad - in collaboration with the Mediterranean Center.
Watercress
Tarragon - debatable
Savory - together with the Mediterranean Center.
Marjoram - together with the Mediterranean Center.
Lovage
Aegilops
Sainfoin
Vika Mogar - controversial Barberry

Mediterranean center

Mediterranean center - Balkans, Greece, Italy and most of the Mediterranean coast. It is characterized by a not very long growing season (especially its northern parts), sufficient moisture and moderate temperatures. Experienced the influence of the Western Asian center.

Oats - primary focus
Lupine
China - debatable
Flax - spinning forms
Clover - primary focus
Olive Tree
Carob
Noble laurel
Grapes are the main focus
Cork oak
White mustard
White cabbage
Red cabbage
Kohlrabi
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Savoy cabbage
Kale
Rapeseed - controversial (possibly in Western Europe)
Peas - together with the Western Asian Center
garden bean
Zucchini (and some other varieties of pumpkin) - secondary focus
Carrot
Parsley - primary focus
Parsnip
Celery
Beet
Chard
Radish
Radish
Turnip - secondary focus
Swede
Turnips
Scorzonera spanish
Goatbeard
Chicory
Salad - in collaboration with the Western Asian Center
Sour sorrel
Rhubarb
Asparagus
Artichoke
Katran
Melissa officinalis
Hyssop Dragonhead Mint Anise Coriander Fennel Cumin
Borage Herb Horseradish Safflower Dill

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At the dawn of humanity, people had to be content only with what the surrounding nature provided. Our ancestors collected fruits different trees, berries, grains of wild cereals and seeds of legumes, tubers and bulbs were dug up. The transition from gathering to plant cultivation was a long one. Archaeologists believe that agriculture has existed for at least 10 thousand years, and attempts to domesticate plants began at least 40–50 thousand years ago. Even then, protecting wild plants useful plants, the women weeded out the grass around them and loosened the soil.

Plants were introduced into culture in different ways. Seeds of wild fruit trees and berry bushes fell into the soil near a person’s home and germinate here. People often spilled the grains of grain plants near their homes onto the ground, which contained a lot of decomposed waste. Plants from such seeds developed much better than in the steppe or forest. This could have given our ancestors the idea of growing them near their homes, instead of looking for them in forests and steppes.

Primitive man collected the plants that surrounded him: on the mainland of Eurasia - some species, in Africa - others, in America - others. Therefore, many different species were cultivated on different continents. Most crops come from Europe, Asia and Africa. Of the 640 most important cultivated plants in the world, more than 530 come from these parts of the world, with about 400 originating from South Asia. About 50 cultivated species have appeared in Africa, and North and South America are home to more than 100 of them. There were no cultivated plants in Australia before the arrival of Europeans.

The doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants was created by the outstanding Soviet scientist N. I. Vavilov. He established 7 main centers of their origin: 5 in the Old World and 2 in the New.

The most ancient of modern cereal grains are wheat, barley, millet, rice and corn. Cultivated wheat species are descended from at least three wild cereals growing in Asia Minor, southern Europe and northern Africa. Wheat culture already existed in the Neolithic era. During excavations of Neolithic settlements in Europe, grains of wheat, seeds of peas, lentils and beans were found. The homeland of rice is India and Indochina. Many wild forms of this plant have been found there. Relatively late, around the beginning of our era, rye appeared in Transcaucasia or Asia Minor, and a little earlier - oats. The homeland of corn and potatoes is South and Central America. We owe the appearance of cultivated varieties of tomatoes, capsicums, pumpkins, and beans to Peru and Mexico. Central America produced tobacco, and North America produced sunflower. Vegetable crops - cabbage, turnips, radishes, beets, carrots, onions - were known in ancient times and originate from the Mediterranean.

In the tropical countries of South America, sweet potatoes, pineapples and peanuts were cultivated. Indochina gave oranges, lemons and others citrus plants. Coffee comes from Ethiopia, where its wild ancestor still grows. Tea was introduced into culture in the mountainous regions of Burma. Cocoa was known in Mexico even before Europeans arrived there. Cocoa beans even played the role of money there.

In very distant times, man began to cultivate spinning plants.

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

In Europe, flax was introduced into the culture, in China - hemp, in America and Asia - cotton.

Later, with the development of navigation, especially during the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the migration of cultivated plants from one continent to another began. Thus, corn, pumpkin, beans, tomatoes, peppers, sunflowers and tobacco migrated to Europe from America.

From year to year, from century to century, farmers, improving the methods of cultivating crops, simultaneously improved the plants themselves, selecting for sowing the seeds of the most productive of them or those with some special properties. valuable property.

The gradual improvement of cultivated plants was not the work of one generation - it lasted for millennia. Agricultural tribes gradually settled across the Earth, and cultivated plants spread along with them. With the appearance and spread of cultivated plants on Earth, the living conditions of people changed. The emergence and development of agriculture led to a huge shift in the history of human society.

Who determined the centers of origin of cultivated plants

The homeland of many tuberous plants, including potatoes, some medicinal plants (cocaine bush, cinchona tree, etc.). Previously, it was believed that the main centers of ancient agricultural crops were the wide valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges, Nile and other large rivers, but Vavilov showed that almost all cultivated plants appeared in the mountainous regions of the tropics, subtropics and temperate zones. This does not only apply to fruit crops(including berries and nuts), which were domesticated mainly in forest areas.

Therefore (and due to the peculiarities of selection) gardening has more extensive areas of its origin. South Asian tropical center. The meaning of reed for a person?
Sugar cane is mined for you and me... everyone eats sugar, nowadays you can rarely find beet sugar, so in Asia people work for our “sweet” life. It grows in water, workers sail in a canoe and cut it with a special tool, then it cleaned and evaporated, thereby leaving real sugar on the walls of the vessel in which the cane is evaporated. East Asian Center.
Vegetables
Vegetables are the most valuable food product. The indispensability of vegetables in the diet is determined by the fact that they are the main suppliers of carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts, phytoncides, essential oils and dietary fiber necessary for the normal functioning of the body.QUENTIN TARANTINO & ROGER AVARY South-West Asian Center. The importance of grapes for humans? Grapes as an agricultural plant have the valuable property of making the most beneficial use of solar energy, with the help of which in its leaves inorganic forms of matter - carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with the participation of numerous elements mineral nutrition plants are converted into valuable organic substances. That is why grape berries, along with their high taste qualities, have great nutritional and medicinal value.QUENTIN TARANTINO & ROGER AVARYThe importance of forage grasses for humans and livestock?
Forage grasses are agricultural crops grown for animal feed.
Forage grasses are of great and varied importance, play an important role in strengthening the food supply, and are characterized by high productivity. They are grown for hay, haylage, green fodder, silage and as pasture crops.
Forage grasses are valuable animal feed. They contain proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and various vitamins necessary for normal growth and development of animals. Based on their lifespan, forage grasses are divided into perennial and annual. They are grown both in pure form and in mixtures with other herbs.QUENTIN TARANTINO & ROGER AVARYThe importance of grain sorghum?

Thus, grain sorghum is a very valuable, but still not widespread grain forage crop. It has not been sufficiently studied and therefore its potential capabilities are realized very poorly

Central American Center. What does cocoa mean for humans?
Some other species from the Theobroma genus are also grown to produce the cocoa drink: Theobroma bicolor and Theobroma subincanum. To obtain a hot drink and nutritious paste like chocolate, another type of theobroma is cultivated in South America - cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum). The fruits of all these plants contain a tonic substance
QUENTIN TARANTINO & ROGER AVARY Andean (South American) center. The importance of potatoes for humans? Potato is one of the most important agricultural crops. In global crop production, it occupies one of the first places along with rice, wheat and corn. The importance of potatoes in human life, even difficult to evaluate. Potatoes are a versatile crop. This is an extremely important human food product. It is rightly called the second bread. Potato tubers, depending on their purpose, contain up to 25% dry matter, including: starch - 22%, proteins - 3%, fiber about 1%, fat - 0.3%, as well as ash substances, vitamins C , B, PP, etc. Young tubers are especially rich in vitamins

Construction and finishing. Equipment. Wallpaper. Coloring. Facade

Tropical center of origin of cultivated plants. Cherry - origin. Centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

The significance of N.I.’s scientific heritage Vavilova

Plant breeding

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of plant origin

Teaching n. I. Vavilova about the centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin of cultivated plants and modern growing areas

Cherry - origin

Chinese (East Asian) Center

Vavilov’s doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

see also

Who determined the centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

The significance of N.I.’s scientific heritage Vavilova

Plant breeding

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of plant origin

Teaching n. I. Vavilova about the centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin of cultivated plants and modern growing areas

Cherry - origin

Chinese (East Asian) Center

Vavilov’s doctrine of the centers of origin of cultivated plants

Centers of origin of cultivated plants

see also

Who determined the centers of origin of cultivated plants

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