I will highlight two:
Millefleur(Millefleurs - from French - “many flowers”) - a pattern of small flowers on cotton fabrics; the name was first used in tapestry art, where images were often placed against a background depicting flowers.
Fleur-de-lis or "Fleur de lis" - a sign of royal power in France. This image decorates the coats of arms and flags of various cities around the world - Florence, Quebec, New Orleans and many others. Many researchers believe that Fleur-de-lis is an image of an iris, not a lily. One way or another, this symbol is often found in designs of textiles, wallpaper, tiles, etc.
Just different style floral patterns:
Turkish cucumbers (paisley)
An oriental trace in the traditions of modern interior ornaments is “paisley”. Its main design looks like a curved drop; it is suitable if you are planning to decorate a room in an oriental style.
Paisley Flourish Lace Pattern
Arabesque
The coloring of the fabric consists of ornate patterns in the form of stylized flowers and leaves.
Damask pattern
Damask pattern is also arabesque. The roots of the damask pattern go back to ancient times, when in the Syrian city of Damascus, textile craftsmen began to create unique patterns on them. Damask can be called a seamless pattern of any size, most often with vertical axes. The style is most often ornamental and floral. The damask pattern is easy to recognize - it is like a stencil applied to the base, most often of quite impressive size.
Ikat
Ikat is one of the most complex techniques for creating silk fabrics and a print with an oriental flavor, which is actively used by European designers, trying to add a little exoticism to their collections. However, the ornament has long ceased to be only textile; now it can also be found on ceramic tiles, and on wallpaper sheets.
Ikat is translated from Malaysian as “to entwine, to bind.” The essence of the method is that the threads are dyed before they enter the loom, and not after it, as is usually the case. They are pulled into bundles and twisted - with tape or strings, similar to how a silkworm caterpillar wraps itself in threads. Original “cocoons” are placed in the dye and all the threads acquire color, with the exception of those that have been pulled together.
Modern ikat is a print created on a computer and applied to a coating using digital printing.
Damask pattern using the ikat technique
Ikat Art Damask Pattern
Grille (tellis)
Very popular now modern ornament"lattice". The typical geometric “imperial trellis” pattern can be seen in decoration, fabrics, and furniture upholstery. Lattice patterns will make both modern and classic interiors more attractive. It is especially good to include them in a monochrome design. The “lattice” is unobtrusive and goes well with any type of furniture.
Round Circle Lattice Trellis Geometric Pattern
Hourglass Geometric Lattice Swirls Trellis Pattern
Mac Trellis Pattern
Lattice Trellis Allower Pattern
Floral Trellis Pattern
quatrefoil
The quatrefoil ornament has very ancient roots, leading to the basics of heraldry and other things. traditional patterns. It consists of repeating elements, each of which is a circle of the same diameter. Something similar can be found in Moroccan traditions. This pattern is not only used for drawing, even some household and decorative items are made in the shape of this ornamental figure.
It can be seen on screens, partitions, in the most various elements interior It is suitable for practically any design style, with the only difference being that different styles it can be used at varying intensities. For example, modern technical trends allow it in minimal quantities.
Ornament_chetyrehlistnik
Quatrefoil Lattice Trellis Allower Pattern
Moroccan prints
An integral part of Moroccan culture are patterns that combine Moorish, Arabic and a mixture of Berber styles. In the form that is known to us now, Moroccan ornament appeared back in the 13th century. Complex, rich designs were used everywhere: on the floor, household items, and walls of mosques.
Casablanca Moroccan Allow Pattern
Morocco Large Geometric Pattern
Moroccan Lattice Trellis Allower Pattern
Morrocan Lattice Trellis Pattern
Moroccan Allow Pattern
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Marrakech Trellis
A few more ethnic prints (I will only talk about those that can be found quite often).
Meander
And the “meander” style, which is black and white closed geometric patterns, has been known since the Neolithic. A border composed of right angles folded into a continuous line. Received its name from the meandering river Meander (now Greater Menderes) in Asia Minor (Ephesus). In Ancient Greece, the meander symbolized eternity achieved by reproduction: an aging creature, replaced by a young one, thereby becomes immortal; the old essence shrinks, and the new unfolds.
Now, in design, it is considered a typical Greek pattern. “Meander” is used mainly for edging, for example, carpets, curtains or walls. This is a kind of decorative border.
Instead of the name meander, you can find something else:
A-la-Greek
translated from French “à la grecque” - “in Greek”, an antique geometric rectilinear ornament that decorated the friezes and cornices of buildings, as well as the hems of clothes. The ornament looks like an alternation of intertwined straight lines, meanders, located horizontally and vertically.
Typically, an alagrek is a strip of meanders, bounded above and below by wide lines. Depending on the number of such stripes, complex and simple alagrek are distinguished. The combination of several of these types of alagreks allows you to create complex ornamental compositions, complemented by patterns or images.
Aztecs
Another variety of ethnic prints are Aztec patterns. They have their origins in the woven, carved and painted designs of the ancient civilizations of Latin America, India and Africa. Aztec ornaments are zigzags and waves, chess squares, spirals, circles and triangles, elements of ladder and step patterns.
The traditional palette is rich and deep colors: red, blue, green, yellow and their various shades.
Mexican ornament
Mexican ethnic print is no less interesting color combinations. The colors of Mexican prints evoke thoughts of sultry deserts, cacti and the scorching sun. The prints are dominated by brown, sand, red and green color. Unlike other prints, Mexican motifs often use black, which creates an original contrast with yellow, white, red and green. In Mexican prints you can often find a zigzag meander pattern and alternating small colored squares.
African patterns
African prints are directly related to bright colors tropical jungle. In most cases, the print is an alternation of zigzag stripes, various circles and ovals in yellow, red and green. In addition, one African print can consist of several repeating patterns. Quite often, the ornament of African prints depicts idols and gods, which are painted no less brightly.
Chinese ornament
The Chinese have many patterns, a wide variety, including very complex geometric and floral ones. I will note one variety, which is often called the “Chinese pattern” - chains:
Animal prints
Snake print - creating a pattern that imitates the pattern of snake skins.
Tiger print - imitation of the colors of tiger skin.
Leopard print - imitation of the color of leopard skin.
Zebra print - imitation of the colors of zebra skin.
What very famous thing have you forgotten?
State budgetary educational institution
primary vocational education
Professional Lyceum No. 24, Sibay
Methodological development of a lesson in the discipline
“Fundamentals of composition and color science”
on the topic of: « Ornament. Types of ornaments"
Developed by: master of training I qualification category
G.K. Zainulina
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Modern world culture is the owner of a huge heritage in the field of all types of fine arts. While studying the greatest monuments of architecture, painting, sculpture and decorative and applied arts, one cannot ignore another area of artistic creativity. We are talking about ornament. Using the role of a particular object, an ornament (Latin: Ornamentum - decoration) cannot exist separately outside a specific work of art; it has applied functions. A work of art is the object itself, decorated with ornaments.
Upon careful study of the role and function of the ornament, it becomes obvious that its significance in the system of expressive means of a work of art is much greater than the decorative function, and is not limited to its applied nature. Unlike color, texture, plasticity, which cannot exist outside a certain object without losing its imagery, an ornament can retain it even in fragments or when redrawn. In addition, a number of ornamental motifs are characterized by stability, which allows a certain motif to be used over a long period of time and on various objects, in different materials, without depriving it of the logic of its ornamental form.
Ornament is part of the material culture of society. Careful study and mastery of the rich heritage of this component of world artistic culture contributes to the development of artistic taste, the formation of ideas in the field of cultural history, and makes the inner world more significant. The creative development of decorative and ornamental art of previous eras enriches the practice of modern artists and architects.
Lesson topic. Ornament. Types of ornaments.
Lesson objectives. 1. Familiarization of students with ornament and its types. Tell
about the structure of ornaments, about the diversity and unity of ornaments
tal motives of countries and peoples.
2. Formation of skills and knowledge. Develop analytical skills
work, establish connections and relationships. Develop skills
plan your activities, students' memory.
3. Cultivate affability and friendliness. Form a message
strikingness, responsibility and determination.
Lesson type. Lesson on communicating new material.
Educational and methodological support and technical support. Textbook by N.M. Sokolnikov “Fine Arts”, “Fundamentals of Composition”, illustrations, reproductions of great artists.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
a) checking the attendance of students according to the magazine;
b) checking appearance;
c) checking the availability of educational supplies.
2. Checking homework.
Frontal survey:
a) What is coloristics (color science)?
b) Tell us about the history of the development of color science.
c) What contribution did Leonardo da Vinci make to the history of color development?
d) Tell us about Leonardo da Vinci’s idea of a six-color color scheme.
e) What contribution to the history of the development of color science did Newton, Roger de Pille, M.V. Lomonosov and Runge make?
3. Communication of new material.
Ornament is a pattern built on rhythmic alternation and organized arrangement of elements.
The term "ornament" is related to the word "decoration". Depending on the nature of the motifs, the following types of ornaments are distinguished: geometric, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic and combined.
Rhythm in an ornament is the alternation of pattern elements in a certain sequence.
The pattern can be flat or voluminous. A flat pattern is created by completely or partially superimposing one shape on another by interpenetrating these shapes.
A flat pattern can be repeated many times. This repetition is called motive, or rapport.
The most common ornaments are ribbon, mesh and compositionally closed.
A ribbon (strip) ornament is constructed from identical, repeating or alternating elements located along a curve or straight line.
Repeating elements of the same size create monotony and uniformity of rhythm, alternating elements give rise to a more “live” composition with an increasing and wave-like rhythm.
Alternating or repeating elements can be different in size, that is, they are built on the contrast of shapes (large, medium, small) with their different movements. Contrast helps to identify the figurative characteristics of the forms used.
Contrast can also manifest itself in the distribution of black and white spots of tone, when some spots are strengthened and others are weakened.
The principle of light contrast is of great importance, which is expressed in the fact that any color darkens on light, and brightens on dark. This phenomenon applies to varying degrees to both achromatic (black and white) and chromatic colors.
The ribbon pattern can be in the form of a horizontal, vertical or inclined strip. This type of ornament is characterized by openness, that is, the importance of its continuation. Let us consistently trace how a striped pattern is constructed, located vertically, horizontally or in the form of an inclined strip. We draw a strip for the required width of the ornament, dividing it into squares and rectangles, respectively, and draw axes of symmetry in them. Then we place pre-stylized forms, taken, for example, from sketches of plants, on a plane, building alternating elements of the ornament.
After that, we see if we are satisfied with what happened. If not, add smaller or medium-sized forms (according to the three-component principle of these forms).
When completing the composition, you need to determine where the darkest and lightest spots will be, how they will be repeated on the plane, where the gray spots will be located and whether they will complement the dark or light elements of the ornament.
The basis of the mesh ornament is a cell with an ornamental motif inscribed in it - rapport. The cell size may vary.
Mesh patterns are more typical for fabrics. A cell can be repeated many times. The mesh pattern is constructed similarly to the strip pattern. The main task in its construction is to correctly apply the axes of symmetry.
Symmetry in art is the precise pattern of arrangement of objects or parts of an artistic whole.
Origin History
Ornament(Latin ornemantum - decoration) - a pattern based on repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; intended for decorating various objects. Ornament is one of the oldest types of human visual activity, which in the distant past carried symbolic and magical meaning and symbolism. In those days when people switched to a sedentary lifestyle and began to make tools and household items. The desire to decorate your home is common to people of any era. And yet, in ancient applied art, the magical element prevailed over the aesthetic, acting as a talisman against the elements and evil forces. Apparently, the very first ornament adorned a vessel made of clay, when the invention of the potter's wheel was still far away. And such an ornament consisted of a series of simple dents made on the neck with a finger at approximately an equal distance from each other... naturally, these dents could not make the vessel more convenient to use. However, they made it more interesting (pleasant to the eye) and, most importantly, “protected” it from the penetration of evil spirits through the neck. The same applies to decorating clothes. Magic signs on it protected the human body from evil forces. Therefore, it is not surprising that spell patterns were placed on the collar, sleeves, and hem. The emergence of ornament goes back centuries and, for the first time, its traces were recorded in the Paleolithic era (15-10 thousand years BC). In Neolithic culture, ornament had already reached a wide variety of forms and began to dominate. Over time, ornament loses its dominant position and cognitive significance, retaining, however, an important organizing and decorating role in the system of plastic creativity. Each era, style, and successively emerging national culture developed its own system; therefore, ornament is a reliable sign that works belong to a certain time, people, or country. The purpose of the ornament was determined - to decorate. Ornament reaches special development where conventional forms of reflecting reality predominate: in the Ancient East, in pre-Columbian America, in Asian cultures of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in the European Middle Ages. In folk art, since ancient times, stable principles and forms of ornament have been developing, which largely determine national artistic traditions. For example, in India, the ancient art of rangoli (alpona) - an ornamental design - prayer has been preserved.
Types and types of ornament
There are four types of ornaments:
Geometric ornament. Geometric pattern consists of dots, lines and geometric shapes.
Floral ornament. The floral ornament is made up of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches, etc.
Zoomorphic ornament. Zoomorphic ornament includes stylized images of real or fantastic animals.
Anthropomorphic ornament. Anthropomorphic ornament uses male and female stylized figures or individual parts of the human body as motifs.
Types:
Ornament in a strip with linear vertical or horizontal alternation of motif (ribbon). This includes friezes, borders, frames, borders, etc.
Closed ornament. It is arranged in a rectangle, square or circle (rosette). The motif in it either does not have a repetition, or is repeated with a rotation on the plane (the so-called rotational symmetry).
TO geometric include ornaments whose motifs consist of various geometric shapes, lines and their combinations.
Geometric shapes do not exist in nature. Geometric correctness is an achievement of the human mind, a method of abstraction. Any geometrically correct forms look mechanical, dead. The fundamental basis of almost any geometric form is a really existing form, generalized and simplified to the limit. One of the main ways to create a geometric ornament is the gradual simplification and schematization (stylization) of motifs that were originally of a figurative nature.
Elements of geometric patterns: lines - straight, broken, curved; geometric shapes - triangles, squares, rectangles, circles, ellipses, as well as complex shapes obtained from combinations of simple shapes.
Fine is an ornament whose motifs reproduce specific objects and forms of the real world - plants (floral ornament), animals (zoomorphic motifs), humans (anthropomorphic motifs), etc. Real motifs of nature in the ornament are significantly processed, and not reproduced, as in painting or graphics. In ornamentation, natural forms require one or another measure of simplification, stylization, typification and, ultimately, geometrization. This is probably due to the repeated repetition of the ornamental motif.
Nature and the world around us lie at the heart of ornamental art. In the creative process of designing an ornament, one has to discard unimportant details and details of objects and leave only the general, most characteristic and distinctive features. For example, a chamomile or sunflower flower may look simplified in the ornament.
The natural form is transformed by the power of imagination with the help of conventional forms, lines, spots into something completely new. The existing form is simplified to an extremely generalized, familiar geometric form. This makes it possible to repeat the shape of the ornament many times. What was lost by the natural form during simplification and generalization returns to it through the use of artistic ornamental means: rhythmic turns, different scales, flatness of the image, coloristic solutions of forms in the ornament.
How does the transformation of natural forms into ornamental motifs occur? First, a sketch is made from life, conveying the similarities and details as accurately as possible (the “photography” stage). The meaning of transformation is the transition from a sketch to a conventional form. This is the second stage - transformation, stylization of the motif. Thus, stylization in ornament is the art of transformation. From one sketch you can extract various ornamental solutions.
The method of forming an ornament and the choice of ornamental forms, as a rule, are consistent with the capabilities of the visual medium.
Regularities of compositional constructions
THE CONCEPT OF ORNAMENT COMPOSITION
Composition(from Latin composito) - composition, arrangement, construction; the structure of a work of art, determined by its content, nature and purpose.
Creating a composition from scraps of fabric means choosing an ornamental and color theme, design, plot, determining the overall and internal dimensions of the work, as well as the relative position of its parts.
Ornamental composition- this is the composition, construction, structure of the pattern.
The elements of an ornamental composition and at the same time its means of expression include: point, spot, line, color, texture. These elements (means) of composition in the work are transformed into ornamental motifs.
Speaking about the patterns of ornamental compositions, first of all we need to talk about proportions. Proportions determine other patterns of constructing ornamental compositions (meaning rhythm, plasticity, symmetry and asymmetry, statics and dynamics.
RHYTHM AND PLASTIC
Rhythm in an ornamental composition the pattern of alternation and repetition of motifs, figures and intervals between them is called. Rhythm is the main organizing principle of any ornamental composition. The most important characteristic of an ornament is the rhythmic repetition of motifs and elements of these motifs, their tilts and turns, the surfaces of the spots of the motifs and the intervals between them.
Rhythmic organization- this is the relative position of motifs on the compositional plane. Rhythm organizes a kind of movement in the ornament: transitions from small to large, from simple to complex, from light to dark, or repetition of the same shapes at equal or different intervals. Rhythm can be:
1) metric (uniform);
2) uneven.
Depending on the rhythm, the pattern becomes static or dynamic.
Rhythmic structure determines the rhythm of motives in vertical and horizontal rows, the number of motives, the plastic characteristics of the form of motives, the features of the arrangement of motives in rapport.
Motive- part of the ornament, its main forming element.
Ornamental compositions in which the motif is repeated at regular intervals are called rapport.
Rapport- minimal and simple in shape area occupied by the motif and the gap to the adjacent motif.
The regular repetition of rapport vertically and horizontally forms a rapport grid. The rapports are adjacent to each other, without overlapping each other and leaving no gaps.
Depending on the shape of the surface they decorate, the ornaments are: monorapport or closed; linear-rapport or tape; mesh-rapport or mesh.
Monoportrait ornaments represent final figures (for example, coat of arms, emblem, etc.).
In linear-rapport ornaments, the motif (rapport) is repeated along one straight line. A ribbon pattern is a pattern whose elements create a rhythmic sequence that fits into a two-way tape.
Mesh-rapport ornaments have two transfer axes - horizontal and vertical. A reticular pattern is a pattern whose elements are located along many axes of transfer and create movement in all directions. The simplest mesh-rapport ornament is a grid of parallelograms.
In complex ornaments, it is always possible to identify a grid, the nodes of which make up a certain system of ornamental points. Rapports of complex shape are constructed as follows. In one of the repeats of a rectangular grid, broken or curved lines are drawn from the outside to the right and top sides, and the same lines are drawn to the left and bottom, but inside the cell. Thus, a complex structure is obtained, the area of which is equal to a rectangle.
These figures fill the area of the ornament without gaps.
The composition of the mesh ornament is based on five systems (grids): square, rectangular, regular triangular, rhombic and oblique parallelogram.
In order to determine the type of grid, you need to connect repeating
ornamental elements.
A rhythmic row presupposes the presence of at least three or four ornamental elements, since a row that is too short cannot fulfill
organizing role in composition.
The novelty of the composition of the ornament, as noted by the famous expert in the field of the theory of ornament on fabric V.M. Shugaev, is manifested not in new motifs, but mainly in new rhythmic structures, new combinations of ornamental elements. Thus, rhythm in the composition of the ornament is given special importance. Rhythm, along with color, is the basis for the emotional expressiveness of an ornament.
Plastic in ornamental art it is customary to call smooth, continuous transitions from one form element to another. If during rhythmic movements the elements are at a certain distance from each other, then during plastic movement they merge.
Depending on the emotional impact, ornamental forms are conventionally divided into heavy and light. Heavy shapes include square, cube, circle, ball, light shapes include line, rectangle, ellipse.
SYMMETRY
Symmetry- this is the property of a figure (or ornamental motif) to be superimposed on itself in such a way that all points occupy their original position. Asymmetry is the absence or violation of symmetry.
In the visual arts, symmetry is one of the means of constructing an artistic form. Symmetry is usually present in any ornamental composition; it is one of the forms of manifestation of the rhythmic principle in the ornament.
Basic elements of symmetry: plane of symmetry, axis of symmetry, translation axis, plane of sliding reflection.
Plane of symmetry - an imaginary plane that divides a figure into two mirror equal parts
- figures with one plane of symmetry,
A figure with two planes of symmetry,
- with four planes of symmetry.
4. Rules for constructing an ornament.
Showing and explaining the construction of ornaments:
a) tape;
b) mesh.
5. Consolidation of the studied material.
1. Frontal survey:
What is the purpose of the ornament?
What types of ornaments depending on the structure do you know?
What types of ornaments, depending on the prevailing motifs in them, do you know?
Find signs of ornaments from different peoples of the world with the same motifs.
What types of ornaments do you know?
What is an ornament? What is the art of ornamentation?
What is rhythm in ornament? What is rapport?
What is called symmetry in art?
What is a plane of symmetry?
2. Performing exercises:
a) construction of a ribbon ornament;
b) construction of a mesh ornament.
6. Summing up.
7. Homework.
Come up with your own ornaments in a circle, square and stripe, using geometric shapes or vegetation.
Russian culture originated many centuries ago. Even in pagan times, Russians decorated themselves and their living space (house, yard, household items) with original patterns. If a pattern repeats and alternates individual details, it is called an ornament.
Folk ornament necessarily uses traditional motifs. Each nation has its own. Russian ornaments are no exception. When we hear this phrase, embroidered shirts and towels immediately appear in our imagination. They feature horses, ducks, roosters and geometric shapes.
Traditional Russian ornament
Excursion into history
The primary unit of society is the family. And it is to families that we owe the first folk patterns. In ancient times, animals and plants had totemic significance. Each family believed that it had one patron or another. For generations, family members used objects with symbols of their family, considering them protection and help.
Gradually, the family drawing went beyond the family and became the property of relatives. Several genera exchanged their patterns. Thus, the entire tribe was already using symbols that originally belonged to certain families.
Over time, there were more patterns, and the circle of their users expanded. This is how Russian folk ornaments appeared in Russia.
Even in the exterior of the houses, symbolism could be traced It can be noted that in different areas were used different colors for needlework. There is a simple explanation for this. In the old days, only natural dyes were used. They were produced in a handicraft way. So, the availability of raw materials for paints often determined the entire palette of works.
IN different regions We had our favorite “decorations”. It is no coincidence that “paisley” is one of the motifs for ornaments in the eastern regions. The homeland of the “Indian cucumber” is Persia in the east.
Meaning and significance
A creative fusion of nature and religion. This is how we can briefly describe national, including Russian, ornaments. In other words, an ornament is a symbolic description of the world.
Elements of ornament were not only decoration. They carried a semantic and ritual load. They can not only be viewed, but also read. Very often these are conspiracies and amulets.
Each character has a specific meaning:
- Alatyr is perhaps the most important of the Russian and Slavic signs. This is a symbol of the infinite universe, the dual unity of the world and its balance. The source of life, consisting of male and female principles. The eight-pointed Alatyr Star and the Alatyr Stone were often used in patterns. They were expected to help in various life situations.
Holy Alatyr - Another symbol that was very revered and often used in patterns is the World Tree of Life (or Tree of Kingship). It was believed that it grows on Alatyr Stone and the gods rest under its crown. So people tried to protect themselves and their family under the branches of the Tree of Life and with the help of the celestials.
One of the options for depicting the Tree of Reign - Various swastikas are also a popular motif in Russian and Slavic needlework. Of the swastikas, you can find Kolovrat more often than others. An ancient symbol of the sun, happiness and goodness.
Variants of the image of the sun symbol among the Slavs - Orepei or Arepei is a diamond shape with combs on the sides. Its other names: Comb Diamond, Oak, Well, Burdock. It was considered a symbol of happiness, wealth, and self-confidence. When placed on different parts of clothing, it had different interpretations.
Orepei symbol - Animals and plants that surrounded people and were deified by them are a constant theme in the patterns.
Slavic symbolism is very diverse Of particular importance was the number of alternations of elements in the ornament. Each number carried an additional semantic load.
Beauty and protection
The aesthetic meaning of the ornaments was combined with the totemic one. Magi and shamans applied symbols to ritual clothing and utensils. Ordinary people also put special meaning into traditional drawings. They tried to protect themselves with embroidery as a talisman, applying it to certain parts of clothing (to protect the body). Table linen, household items, furniture, and parts of buildings were also decorated with appropriate patterns (to protect the family and home).
The simplicity and beauty of ancient ornaments make them popular today.
Amulet dolls were decorated with traditional ornaments Trades and crafts
Gradually, with the development of civilization, ancient patterns were transformed, some became identification marks of individual folk crafts. They developed independent crafts. Usually crafts have a name corresponding to the area where they are produced.
The most popular are:
- Porcelain and ceramics "Gzhel". Her style is a characteristic drawing with blue paint on a white background. Named after the settlement of Gzhel, Moscow region, where the production is located.
Gzhel painting is an ancient craft - “Zhostovo painting” can be recognized by flower bouquets on a black (less often green, blue, red) metal tray, varnished. The fishing center is located in Zhostovo (Moscow region). This craft began in Nizhny Tagil, where the production of Nizhny Tagil trays still exists.
Luxurious Zhostovo painting - "Khokhloma" is a decorative painting on wood. It is characterized by black, red and sometimes green patterns on a golden background. Her homeland and place of registration is Nizhny Novgorod region.
Khokhloma is still popular today - The settlement of Dymkovo is the birthplace of Dymkovskaya, and the city of Kargopol is, accordingly, Kargopolskaya, the village of Filimonovo is Filimonovskaya, Stary Oskol is the birthplace of Starooskolskaya clay toys. They all have a characteristic pattern and color.
Stary Oskol clay toys - Pavlovo Posad wool shawls business card Pavlovsky Posad. They are characterized by voluminous printed floral pattern. Red and black are their traditional colors.
The traditional Pavloposad scarf is a truly luxurious accessory The continuation can be very long: Fedoskino and Palekh miniatures, Gorodets painting, Orenburg down scarf, Vologda, Yelets, Mtsensk lace. And so on. It is very difficult to list everything.
Drawing in folk style
Today, many people wear clothes and use things in folklore style. Many craftswomen want to create something unique themselves. They can take the finished product as a basis or create their own sketch.
To successfully complete this idea, you first need to:
- Decide whether it will be a separate pattern or an ornament.
- Break down the drawing into simple details.
- Take graph paper, make a marking, marking each fragment and its middle.
- First the simplest detail draw in the center.
- Gradually, step by step, we add the following fragments.
And now the unique pattern is ready.
Anyone can draw a pattern like this. About Russian embroidery
The patterns, techniques, and colors of Russian embroidery are very diverse. The art of embroidery has a long history. It is closely related to the way of life, customs and rituals.
Color is an important component of needlework.
People endowed it with sacred properties:
- Red is the color of life, fire and sun. Of course it was often used in embroidery. After all, it is also beauty. As a talisman, it was designed to protect life.
- White is the color of pure snow. Symbol of freedom and purity. He was considered a protector against dark forces.
- Blue color of water and clear sky. Symbolized courage and strength.
- Black in the ornament meant earth. Zigzag and wave, respectively, an unplowed and plowed field.
- Green is grass, forest and their help to man.
Traditional Russian embroidery The thread was also endowed with certain qualities:
- Linen is a symbol of masculinity.
- Wool is protection, patronage.
In combination with patterns, special-purpose products were created.
For example:
- Roosters and red horses were supposed to protect the baby.
- To successfully complete the work, they embroidered with green and blue linen.
- They embroidered with wool against illnesses and against bad influences.
- Women's clothes were often embroidered in black to protect motherhood.
- The men were protected by a green and blue pattern.
Of course, a special set of symbols and designs was developed for each occasion and person.
This embroidery will look elegant on any fabric. Folk costume
Folk costume embodies and reflects traditions. For centuries, craftswomen have transformed plain fabric into a unique work of art. From an early age, girls learned the secrets of needlework. By the age of fifteen, they had to prepare themselves everyday and festive clothes and a set of towels, tablecloths and valances for several years.
The cut of the suit itself is simple, rectangular. Linen or wool fabric of various qualities. Women pulled the fabric (removed some of the threads) and received new fabric. Hemstitching and other embroideries were done on it.
Russian folk costume is diverse Of course, clothing varied in characteristic patterns depending on the area. It can be divided into two groups:
- Central Russian. Differs in multicolor. Among the techniques, counted satin stitch, cross stitch, braids, and hemstitch stitches are often used. In the southern regions, lace, ribbons or strips of fabric are also used to decorate clothes. The design is often geometric. Orepey was especially loved in different versions.
- Northern. Its characteristic techniques are satin stitch (colored and white), cross stitch, painting, white stitching and cutouts. Artistic motifs were used more often than geometric ones. The compositions were performed mainly in one color.
Russian embroidery is unique. It is distinguished by stylized images of animals and plants, as well as a wide variety of geometric patterns.
Keeping traditions
Exploring national traditions and handicraft techniques using preserved items, modern masters adapt them to modern requirements. Fashionable original things are created on their basis. These are clothes, shoes, underwear.
One of the recognized fashion designers who includes folk motifs in each of his collections is Valentin Yudashkin. Foreign couturiers, for example Yves Saint Laurent, are also inspired by the Russian heritage.
Russian collection of Yves Saint Laurent In addition, folk crafts continue traditions and improve skills in accordance with modern requirements. You can add enthusiasts who are not indifferent to traditional creativity. They independently study, collect and create in folk style.
Russian patterns continue to bring beauty and joy to people, and also preserve historical information.
Repeating dots and lines may have been the first human-made images. Thousands of years have passed since then, but repeating patterns still decorate our clothes, dishes and the walls of our houses. What is an ornament? How it has changed over time, and how ancient ornaments and patterns can be used in the interior modern house? We will try to consider the most popular patterns and ornaments that arose in ancient times, and have still not lost either their relevance or their bewitching beauty.
Mosaic with centric design, Brecci by Eidos Glass
What is an ornament?
Any ornament inherently represents a set of sequentially repeating individual elements or their groups. Rapport of ornament is the rhythmic repetition of one or more of these elements. The ornament does not just decorate the surface on which it is applied, it gives it a certain rhythm, giving completeness to the composition, and actively influences our perception of the surface. A pattern can easily make a plane appear closer or further, higher or lower, visually bend it or wrap it into a spiral. In ancient times, patterns on clothing and household items were a kind of language that made it possible to determine the gender, family and social status, and profession of the owner, or acted as talismans and amulets against evil spirits. Now, as a rule, they do not carry much meaning, although they often have their own rich history, which we are not even aware of.
All the endless variety of ornaments invented by man can be easily divided into 3 main groups:
- geometric patterns
- plant ornaments (phytomorphic), which are various stylized images of plants
- meander patterns in the form of a continuous broken line
Mosaic from various types ornament in modern interior, Versace Home by Gardenia Orchidea
The selection of the most successful patterns in the history of mankind never stops. Some ornaments, invented many centuries ago, are still actively used in interior design in various styles.
Geometric patterns
The set of basic elements in geometric patterns is, of course, small, but of greater interest is the possibility of their endless combination with each other. In modern interiors they are actively used various options horizontal and vertical stripes that can significantly influence our perception of space, as well as squares, rhombuses, chevrons and circles.
Speaking of more complex geometric patterns with a rich history, Special attention I would like to highlight tartan, which is also sometimes called Scottish check, and quatrefoil, which, despite the name, refers specifically to geometric patterns.
Tartan
Classic tartan, Tecnofloor Industria Chimica
The tartan pattern is formed by the intersection of horizontal and vertical lines different colors. Thus, a certain sequence of lines and squares is created, which is usually called “tartan”, although formally “tartan” can be called any checkered fabric. In the old days, each Scottish clan had its own original tartan color, which served as a clan identification mark. The fashion for tartan fabrics spread beyond Scotland thanks to Queen Victoria, a passionate admirer of the culture of this country.
For modern design Playing with scale is very typical, so the usual small checkered pattern on wallpaper can be replaced by giant-sized tartan, Wall&Deco wallpaper
Memo: Tartan is traditionally considered a “masculine” pattern and is often found in the decor of boys’ offices or nurseries.
A cage in the interior creates a feeling of stability and helps organize the space. Wallpaper and interior fabrics with a tartan pattern can most often be found in interiors in the British spirit or country style. IN classic office, in a warm country kitchen with checkered curtains and tablecloth or a family living room, tartan will help create an atmosphere of comfort, stability and connection between generations.
quatrefoil
Quatrefoil mirror with sharp corners, Pottery Barn
The quatrefoil or trefoil (quadrofolia and trifolio, respectively) are a geometric pattern of identical circles partially intersecting each other. The pattern can be complemented by additional sharp corners at the junction of the circles.
The history of this motif is lost in the mists of time; it can be found in national Moroccan costumes, among ancient Christian symbols, and in medieval architecture. In European art, quatrefoil became especially popular during the Renaissance, found in furniture decor, the shape of windows and stained glass windows of buildings.
Quatrefoil bed linen, Gracious Style
Like other geometric patterns, the quatrefoil brings a clear rhythm to the interior, but due to its rounded shape, it looks softer and more unobtrusive. This motif can often be found in interiors stylized in historical styles, for example, Gothic or Renaissance, but also in more modern variations it can also look organic.
Floral ornaments
From time immemorial, the natural world has served as the main source of creative inspiration, so new stylizations of leaves, flowers, fruits, trees, animals and birds appear in design almost every day. Nevertheless, some of the ornaments invented several thousand years ago turned out to be so successful that they still organically complement our interiors. That’s for sure: “Everything new is well forgotten old.”
Interior fabric with paisley pattern, Decobel
One of the most popular and, at the same time, the most ancient plant ornaments. You can also often find another name for it: Indian or Turkish cucumber. It is based on a drop-shaped curl called “buta”, the first images of which appeared in ancient Babylon. Colorful Indian fabrics with intricate comma-shaped patterns came to Europe around the 17th century, but their popularity peaked during the craze for exotic oriental motifs in the 19th century. During this period, analogues of Indian fabrics began to be widely produced in Europe, in which the Scottish town of Paisley especially distinguished itself.
Modern styling of the “Indian cucumber” in the form of a plywood screen, LZF
The paisley pattern is ubiquitous in wallpaper and interior fabric collections. modern manufacturers. Bright " Indian cucumber"can be found in almost any oriental interior: Moroccan, Indian, etc. A more restrained and monochrome version of the pattern is quite suitable for neutral decor a modern interior in which you want to create a more comfortable and warm atmosphere.
Damascus
Damascus in a classic interior, Coordonne wallpaper
Damascus is a complex floral ornament in the form of a lush flower, framed by an intricacy of leaves, located vertical stripes. It is believed that this pattern appeared in the capital of Syria, Damascus, back in the Middle Ages, eventually spreading throughout the world.
Damascus in a modern interior, Architects Paper ®, a brand of A.S. Creation Tapeten
Nowadays, damask can be found both in traditional classic interiors and in glamorous living rooms and bedrooms, left with laconic modern furniture. For the first option, dim textured wallpaper with silk-screen printing is well suited; in the second, a more contrasting one, for example, a black and white version or a pronounced velvet texture of the pattern, is appropriate. This pattern is no less common in the decor of ceramic tiles.
Combination of ornaments: meander acts as a border for floral motifs, Versace Home by Gardenia Orchidea
A meander is a frieze pattern formed by a continuous line curved at a right angle. These are perhaps one of the oldest decorative patterns, known since Neolithic times, however, they were most widespread in the art of Ancient Greece. The meander decorates not only antique ceramics, mosaics and reliefs, but is also, for example, a trademark of the Givenchy brand.
Lamp sconce with meander border, Versace Home by Gardenia Orchidea
Nowadays, meanders can most often be found in classic interiors in the form of a border or edge element. The edging of a carpet, a border on wallpaper or a mosaic canvas with such an ornament looks both strict and elegant, giving the space a clear rhythm and orderliness. Against the backdrop of a meander, a minimalist design will look equally organic. modern furniture, and classical furnishings in the Empire or Neoclassical style.
Memo: Notice how varied the use of ornament is. Sometimes we don’t even notice that they surround us everywhere: from the pattern on the wallpaper, to the decor of dishes, lamps, carpets or pastel linen.
Ornament is a universal language of art and design that does not become outdated, does not go out of fashion and pleases the eye at all times. Of course, you need to use it wisely, taking into account the general style of the interior, and remember that experts do not recommend using more than two types of ornament in one room.
Ornaments are patterns with repeating and alternating elements that serve to decorate anything. Including, of course, interiors. We continue our acquaintance with the most popular ornaments that are used in decorating home interiors. We paid attention to such famous patterns as “damask”, “paisley”, “lattice” and “houndstooth”. There is still a lot of interesting things ahead!
Quatrefoil ornament in the interior
A well-known ornament consisting of repeating elements. Each element is four circles of the same diameter, partially overlapping each other.
The element may contain right angles at the junction of the circles - such a “quatrefoil” is called complicated. Elements can be classic with the same length and width, or elongated horizontally or vertically.
This ornament has come down to us from incredibly ancient times. It refers to traditional patterns found in architecture, art, Christian symbolism, and heraldry. The “quatrefoil” and similar forms can also be found in authentic Moroccan ornaments.
This pattern is very popular in interior design. Manufacturers of textiles, wallpaper, upholstery, carpets, and linoleum do not ignore it. The “quatrefoil” shape is given wall mirrors, photo frames and even furniture elements. Curly lattices with this ornament are used to create screens, partitions and other decorative items.
This is a wonderful ornament without any pronounced energy. It brings symmetry, rhythm, and orderliness to the interior, while not setting the tone or dictating its own conditions, but as if adapting to the situation. Finishing, furniture and decor items with this ornament will harmoniously fit into the interior of any style and trend. You just need to dose the amount correctly: in classic and elegant retro interiors you can use “quatrefoil” in large quantities, and in modern technically laconic ones - to a minimum.
In the interior, you can combine several objects and details with this ornament, but it is desirable that the pattern differ in color and size. In addition, the “quatrefoil” is in harmony with stripes, checks, and zigzag.
Herringbone ornament in the interior
This simple pattern is known as a "zigzag", or in English as a "chevron". The simplest, even primitive design that was used to decorate household items in ancient times. Despite its simplicity and triviality, the herringbone pattern remains one of the most popular ornaments today.
Its advantage is its ability to “break” space, changing its geometry. A pattern can create visual illusions, which is what designers take advantage of. For example, a carpet with such a pattern or parquet laid out in a herringbone pattern will visually expand narrow room. If you wallpaper the protrusions on the wall with large herringbone wallpaper, they will become almost invisible and merge with the rest of the wall surface. The ceilings in a room with herringbone walls will appear visually higher without the room appearing narrower.
By the way, it was the simplicity of this ornament that determined its high popularity among the people. After all, you can easily draw a zigzag with your own hands. Painting the walls in a herringbone pattern is not at all difficult - you just need to stick the masking tape correctly (for more details, see our article “”). Zigzag hand-painted interior surfaces and open cabinets. From small rectangular tiles and parquet they also create a “herringbone” pattern on the floor and walls, which, in general, is not difficult. In a word, zigzag is accessible to everyone.
However, you should not overly actively introduce the “herringbone” into the interior - after all, this pattern is quite “aggressive” (sharp corners) and intrusive (creates visual illusions, tires). Therefore, next to the “herringbone” there must be smooth, plain surfaces.
Tartan ornament in the interior
This is a traditional Scottish check, formed by perpendicular weaving of threads of different colors. Color schemes tartan - countless. The tartan check remains a classic, relevant at all times. It periodically becomes a trend in clothing and accessories, but, in fact, never goes out of fashion.
Tartan, when used in the interior, always leaves a hint of prim England. Scottish check makes the interior more elegant, stricter, and more solid. Therefore, tartan is often used when creating classic interiors, when decorating men's bedrooms and offices, as well as when decorating rooms in the English style.
Tartan is combined with one of the colors present in the ornament, as well as with stripes and floral patterns. Read more about how to use a cage in the interior.
"Meander" in the interior
This is a black and white geometric pattern, known since Neolithic times. It is also considered to be a traditional Greek ornament. It is a continuous broken line.
Since a meander is a line, this ornament is used mainly for “edging”, that is, as decorative border. The junction of walls and ceiling, the border is decorated with a meander flooring, edge of bedspread, curtains, etc.
Fabrics with this pattern are also produced: the meander line is continuously repeated and forms a solid geometric pattern.
Fabrics and borders with meanders are used when decorating classic interiors, as well as in two-color black and white design, regardless of its style.
Ornament “scales” in the interior
This pattern consists of partially overlapping circles or ovals and resembles fish scales.
The “scales” pattern was popular in the 50s, so it is used mainly to introduce retro motifs into the interior. Ornament is used both in wall decoration and in decor. The pattern creates a sunny, cheerful mood in the room, but can quickly tire, so it is better to use it only for emphasis. Suitable for retro and eclectic design interiors.
Diamonds in the interior
This pattern is called "argyle" in English. This is another retro pattern that consists of diamonds of different colors. The figures are intersected by thin diagonal lines, creating additional rows of diamonds.
This ornament is not boring or annoying, unless, of course, it is too contrasting. It makes the room cozy and warm, as it is associated with soft knitted things that warm you up in the cold.
The “rhombus” pattern is ideal for a child’s room - the pattern can be present on the walls, in textiles, and in decor.
Diamonds will come in handy in other rooms if they are decorated in.
