After installing the heating system, it is necessary to adjust the temperature regime. This procedure must be carried out in accordance with existing standards.

The coolant temperature requirements are set out in regulatory documents, which establish the design, installation and use engineering systems residential and public buildings. They are described in the State Building Codes and Rules:

• DBN (V. 2.5-39 Heat networks);
• SNiP 2.04.05 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.”

For the calculated supply water temperature, the figure is taken that is equal to the water temperature at the outlet of the boiler, according to its passport data.

For individual heating deciding what the coolant temperature should be should take into account the following factors:

1. The beginning and end of the heating season based on the average daily outdoor temperature of +8 °C for 3 days;
2. The average temperature inside heated premises of housing, communal and public importance should be 20 °C, and for industrial buildings 16 °C;
3. The average design temperature must comply with the requirements of DBN V.2.2-10, DBN V.2.2.-4, DSanPiN 5.5.2.008, SP No. 3231-85.

According to SNiP 2.04.05 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning” (clause 3.20), the coolant limit values ​​are as follows:

Depending on the external factors, the water temperature in the heating system can be from 30 to 90 °C. When heated above 90 °C, dust and paintwork. For these reasons sanitary standards more heating is prohibited.

To calculate optimal indicators, special graphs and tables can be used, which define standards depending on the season:

• With an average reading outside the window of 0 °C, the supply for radiators with different wiring is set at 40 to 45 °C, and the return temperature at 35 to 38 °C;
• At -20 °C, the supply is heated from 67 to 77 °C, and the return rate should be from 53 to 55 °C;
• At -40 °C outside the window, all heating devices are set to the maximum permissible values. On the supply side it is from 95 to 105 °C, and on the return side it is 70 °C.

Optimal values ​​in an individual heating system

H2_2

Autonomous heating helps to avoid many problems that arise with a centralized network, and optimal temperature The coolant can be adjusted according to the season. In the case of individual heating, the concept of standards includes the heat transfer of a heating device per unit area of ​​​​the room where this device is located. The thermal regime in this situation is ensured design features heating devices.

It is important to ensure that the coolant in the network does not cool below 70 °C. The optimal temperature is considered to be 80 °C. WITH gas boiler It is easier to control heating because manufacturers limit the ability to heat the coolant to 90 °C. Using sensors to regulate the gas supply, the heating of the coolant can be adjusted.

It is a little more difficult with solid fuel devices; they do not regulate the heating of the liquid, and can easily turn it into steam. And it is impossible to reduce the heat from coal or wood by turning the knob in such a situation. Control of heating of the coolant is quite conditional with high errors and is carried out by rotary thermostats and mechanical dampers.

Electric boilers allow you to smoothly regulate the heating of the coolant from 30 to 90 °C. They are equipped with an excellent overheat protection system.

Single-pipe and double-pipe lines

The design features of one-pipe and two-pipe heating networks determine different standards for heating the coolant.

For example, for a single-pipe main the maximum norm is 105 °C, and for a two-pipe main it is 95 °C, while the difference between the return and supply should be respectively: 105 - 70 °C and 95 - 70 °C.

Coordination of coolant and boiler temperatures

Regulators help coordinate the temperature of the coolant and the boiler. These are devices that create automatic control and adjustment of return and supply temperatures.

The return temperature depends on the amount of liquid passing through it. Regulators cover the liquid supply and increase the difference between the return and supply to the level required, and the necessary indicators are installed on the sensor.

If the flow needs to be increased, a boost pump can be added to the network, which is controlled by a regulator. To reduce feed heating, use “ cold start": that part of the liquid that passed through the network is again transported from the return to the inlet.

The regulator redistributes the supply and return flows according to the data collected by the sensor and ensures strict temperature standards heating networks.

Ways to reduce heat loss

The above information will help to be used for correct calculation coolant temperature standards and will tell you how to determine situations when you need to use a regulator.

But it is important to remember that the temperature in the room is affected not only by the temperature of the coolant, street air and wind strength. The degree of insulation of the facade, doors and windows in the house should also be taken into account.

To reduce heat loss from your home, you need to worry about its maximum thermal insulation. Insulated walls, sealed doors, metal-plastic windows will help reduce heat loss. This will also reduce heating costs.

To feel comfortable in an apartment or in own home V winter period A reliable heating system that meets standards is required. IN multi-storey building- this is usually centralized network, in private households - heating system. For the end consumer, the main element of any heating system is the battery. The coziness and comfort in the house depends on the heat coming from it. The temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment, its norm is regulated by legislative documents.

Radiator heating standards

If the house or apartment has autonomous heating, adjusting the temperature of the radiators and taking care of maintaining the thermal regime falls on the homeowner. In a multi-storey building with centralized heating, the authorized organization is responsible for compliance with the standards. Heating standards are developed on the basis of sanitary standards that apply to residential and non-residential premises. The calculations are based on the needs of an ordinary body. Optimal values ​​are established by law and reflected in SNiP.

The apartment will be warm and cozy only when the heat supply standards required by law are met.

When is heat connected and what standards apply?

Start heating season in Russia it occurs at a time when the thermometer readings drop below +8°C. The heating is turned off when the mercury rises to +8°C and above, and remains at this level for 5 days.

To determine whether the battery temperature meets the standards, it is necessary to take measurements

Minimum temperature standards

In accordance with heat supply standards, the minimum temperature should be as follows:

• living rooms: +18°C;
• corner rooms: +20°C;
• bathrooms: +25°C;
• kitchens: +18°C;
• landings and lobbies: +16°C;
• basements: +4°C;
• attics: +4°C;
• elevators: +5°C.

This value is measured indoors at a distance of one meter from external wall and 1.5 m from the floor. In case of hourly deviations from the established standards, the heating fee is reduced by 0.15%. The water must be heated to +50°C – +70°C. Its temperature is measured with a thermometer, lowering it to a special mark in a container with tap water.

Standards according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00

It’s cold in the apartment: what to do and where to go

If the radiators do not heat well, the water temperature in the tap will be lower than normal. In this case, residents have the right to write a statement requesting an inspection. Representatives utility service conduct an inspection of plumbing and heating systems and draw up a report. The second copy is given to residents.

If the radiators are not warm enough, you need to contact the organization responsible for heating the home

If the complaint is confirmed, the authorized organization is obliged to correct everything within a week. The rent is recalculated if the temperature in the room deviates from the permissible norm, as well as when the water in the radiators is 3°C lower than the norm during the day, and 5°C at night.

Quality requirements utilities, prescribed in Resolution No. 354 of May 6, 2011 on the rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings And residential buildings

Air ratio parameters

The air exchange rate is a parameter that must be observed in heated rooms. In a living room with an area of ​​18 m² or 20 m², the multiplicity should be 3 m³/h per square meter. m. The same parameters must be observed in regions with temperatures down to -31°C and below.

In apartments equipped with gas and electric stoves with two burners, and dormitory kitchens with an area of ​​up to 18 m², aeration is 60 m³/h. In rooms with a three-burner appliance, this value is 75 m³/h, s gas stove with four burners - 90 m³/h.

In a bathroom with an area of ​​25 m², this parameter is 25 m³/h, in a toilet with an area of ​​18 m² - 25 m³/h. If the bathroom is combined and its area is 25 m², the air exchange rate will be 50 m³/h.

Methods for measuring radiator heating

The taps are supplied with hot water all year round, heated to +50°C – +70°C. During the heating season, heating devices are filled with this water. To measure its temperature, open the tap and place a container under the stream of water, into which the thermometer is lowered. Deviations are allowed by four degrees upward. If a problem exists, file a complaint with the Housing Office. If the radiators are airy, the application must be written to the DEZ. A specialist should show up within a week and fix everything.

Availability measuring instrument will allow you to constantly monitor the temperature

Heat measurement methods heating batteries:

1. The heating of the pipe and radiator surfaces is measured with a thermometer. 1-2°C is added to the result obtained.
2. For maximum precise measurements They use an infrared thermometer-pyrometer, which determines readings with an accuracy of 0.5°C.
3. A permanent measuring device can be an alcohol thermometer, which is applied to the radiator, glued with tape, and wrapped with foam rubber or other heat-insulating material on top.
4. The heating of the coolant is also measured by electrical measuring instruments with the “measure temperature” function. To measure, a wire with a thermocouple is screwed to the radiator.

By regularly recording the device data and recording the readings in a photo, you will be able to file a claim against the heat supplier

Important! If the radiators do not heat up enough, after submitting an application to an authorized organization, a commission should come to you and measure the temperature of the liquid circulating in the heating system. The commission’s actions must comply with paragraph 4 of “Control Methods” in accordance with GOST 30494−96. The device used for measurements must be registered, certified and undergo state verification. Its temperature range should be from +5 to +40°С, the permissible error is 0.1°С.

Adjusting heating radiators

Adjusting the temperature of heating radiators is necessary in order to save on heating the room. In high-rise apartments, the heating bill will decrease only after installing a meter. If a private house has a boiler that automatically maintains a stable temperature, regulators may not be needed. If the equipment is not automated, the savings will be significant.

Why is adjustment needed?

Adjusting the batteries will help achieve not only maximum comfort, but also:

• Remove airing, ensure the movement of the coolant through the pipeline and transfer heat to the room.
• Reduce energy costs by 25%.
• Do not constantly open windows due to overheating of the room.

Heating adjustments must be made before the start of the heating season. Before this, you need to insulate all windows. In addition, the location of the apartment is taken into account:

• corner;
• in the middle part of the house;
• on the lower or upper floors.

• insulation of walls, corners, floors;
• hydro- and thermal insulation joining seams between panels.

Without these measures, adjustment will not be beneficial, since more than half of the heat will warm the street.

Insulating a corner apartment will help reduce heat loss as much as possible

The principle of adjusting radiators

How to properly regulate heating batteries? To rationally use heat and ensure uniform heating, valves are installed on the batteries. With their help, you can reduce the water flow or disconnect the radiator from the system.

• In systems district heating high-rise buildings with a pipeline through which the coolant is supplied from top to bottom, it is impossible to regulate the radiators. The upper floors of such houses are hot, the lower floors are cold.
• In a single-pipe network, coolant is supplied to each battery with return to central riser. The heat is distributed evenly here. Control valves are installed on the radiator supply pipes.
• In two-pipe systems with two risers, coolant is supplied to the battery and back. Each of them is equipped with a separate valve with a manual or automatic thermostat.

Types of control valves

Modern technologies allow the use of special control valves, which are heat exchangers shut-off valves, connected to the battery. There are several types of taps that allow you to regulate heat.

Operating principle of control valves

According to the principle of action they are:

• Ball, providing 100% protection against accidents. They can rotate 90 degrees, allow water to pass through or shut off the coolant.
• Standard budget valves without temperature scale. They partially change the temperature, blocking the access of the coolant to the radiator.
• With a thermal head that regulates and controls system parameters. There are mechanical and automatic.

Operating a ball valve involves turning the regulator to one side.

Note! The ball valve should not be left half-open, as this may damage the O-ring, resulting in a leak.

Conventional direct-acting thermostat

A direct-acting thermostat is a simple device installed near a radiator that allows you to control the temperature in it. Structurally, it is a sealed cylinder with a bellows inserted into it, filled with a special liquid or gas that can respond to temperature changes. Its increase causes expansion of the filler, resulting in increased pressure on the rod in the regulator valve. It moves and blocks the coolant flow. Radiator cooling causes reverse process.

A direct-acting thermostat is installed in the heating system pipeline

Thermostat with electronic sensor

The principle of operation of the device is similar to the previous version, the only difference is in the settings. In a conventional thermostat, they are performed manually; in an electronic sensor, the temperature is set in advance and maintained within specified limits (from 6 to 26 degrees) automatically.

A programmable thermostat for heating radiators with an internal sensor is installed when it is possible to place its axis horizontally

Instructions for adjusting heat

How to regulate batteries, what actions need to be taken to ensure comfortable conditions in the house:

1. Air is released from each battery until water flows from the tap.
2. Pressure is adjustable. To do this, the valve in the first battery from the boiler opens two turns, in the second - three turns, etc., adding one turn for each subsequent radiator. This scheme ensures optimal coolant flow and heating.
3. IN coercive systems pumping of coolant and control of heat consumption are carried out using control valves.
4. Built-in thermostats are used to regulate heat in a flow-through system.
5. In two-pipe systems, in addition to the main parameter, the amount of coolant is controlled in manual and automatic mode.

A selection of video stories on the topic

What is a thermal head for radiators needed for and how does it work:

Comparison of temperature control methods:

Comfortable accommodation in high-rise apartments, in country houses and cottages is ensured by maintaining a certain thermal regime in the premises. Modern systems heating systems allow you to install regulators that maintain the required temperature. If installing regulators is not possible, responsibility for the heat in your apartment rests with the heat supply organization, which you can contact if the air in the room does not warm up to the values ​​required by the standards.

The heating battery is the main element of the heating system in a city apartment, an effective household device for transferring heat. The coziness and comfort of living of all residents of the house largely depends on the batteries (radiators) and their temperature.

In this article we will tell you: what should be the temperature of the heating radiators in the apartment, what are its standards and whether interruptions in the heat supply are acceptable.

Start of the heating season

The beginning of the supply of heating to residential apartments is indicated in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 N 354. The document states that as soon as average daily temperature air outside is below +8 ºС and remains unchanged for 5 days in a row; heating is turned on in the apartments.

In all other cases, the moment of heat supply can be delayed legally. Detailed information about when Which temperature turn on heating in apartments You can read.

Note: heat will begin to flow into apartments no earlier than on the 6th day after the recorded air temperature readings outside.

In the majority regions of the country heating season begins from mid-October and ends in April.

Reasons for the lack of heat in the apartment

Situations are possible when, due to the negligent attitude of the heat supply company to its own responsibilities, heat is not supplied to the apartments. Why? The reasons for the lack of heat include:

• Breakdown of the heating system of the house;
• Filling of pipes conducting heat into houses with air;
• Unfinished renovation work.

If the delay in heating supply is caused by a breakdown of the intra-house system, then it is impossible to correct the situation until the problem is fixed.

If the reason for the delay is in filling the heating supply pipes with air, you must contact the operating organization. The specialist must “blow out” the batteries within 24 hours after the call, and there will be no obstacles to filling them with circulating liquid.

Why is the heat supply to the radiators interrupted?

The beginning of the heating season does not mean its continuity. Sometimes the heating supply is temporarily stopped, which raises a lot of questions and indignation from the population.

It is important to know that legally, interruptions in heating supply can be:

• Maximum 24 hours. Provided that the minimum air temperature in the apartment is +12 ºС;
• Maximum 8 hours. If the temperature drops to between +10 and +12 ºС;
• No more than 4 hours if the thermometer shows +8 ºС and below.

All downtime periods are indicated in total for the month. If residents notice that these values ​​are exceeded, they should file a complaint with the responsible organization. Familiarize with optimal temperature indicators in the apartment in winter can be found in .

Heating radiator temperature standards

Heating system apartment building- the result of engineering work. This is a complex mechanism consisting of many elements.

Therefore, it is so important to follow the rules for installing and operating heating radiators in every apartment. Otherwise, the heat will be distributed unevenly, which will lead to the fact that it will be warm in one apartment and cold in the next one.

An important point also is . To avoid such situations, we came up with appropriate valid values(standards).

Acceptable minimum battery temperature

Like anyone else index, important for normal vital activity person (, etc.) battery temperature during the heating season must have acceptable minimum.

However, the minimum temperature of batteries in apartments by law and regulations not registered. This means that the indicator should be such that was preserved permissible temperature air in the apartment (+18 to + 25 degrees).

Obviously, which is unacceptable low battery temperatures, achieve normal air temperature throughout the apartment impossible.

What should the maximum value be?

In contrast to the minimum, the maximum value is precisely specified in SNiP 41-01-2003 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”. This document defines the standards established for indoor heating system elements:

• The maximum permissible temperature for radiators in an apartment is considered to be 95°C with a two-pipe heating system;
• With a single-pipe heating system, the temperature maximum is 115°C;
• The recommended temperature is between 85°C and 90°C. This is due to the fact that 100°C is the boiling point of water. When this indicator is reached, special measures are applied to prevent boiling;

Note: Despite the fact that the temperature maximum is 115 °C, operating batteries in this mode is not recommended. They break quickly if they work under such increased load.

How to measure battery temperature?

If you suspect that the batteries are not heating well, you can measure their temperature. There are several ways to measure battery temperature, namely:

• An ordinary thermometer. In this case, to the measured surface index heating device 1-2°C should be added;
• Using an infrared thermometer;
• Use an alcohol thermometer to measure the temperature of the battery by taping it tightly to it. For accurate measurement, you need to cover the thermometer with heat-insulating material.

It is important: The device used to measure battery temperature must have a quality certificate. The measurement range should be from 5 to 40 degrees C - this greatly minimizes the measurement error. The permissible error is no more than 0.1 g. C of measurement.

If the battery temperature significantly doesn't reach recommended quantities should be written application V management company to carry out the measurement. Commission in the presence of the apartment tenant will carry out control measuring the fluid circulating in the battery and will establish inconsistency.

Note: Before measuring the temperature of the batteries, measure the temperature hot water from the tap. These indicators are interrelated with each other. If the thermometer readings are in the range from 60 to 75 °C, this is considered normal; if lower, this is a deviation from it.

What to do if there is no heating?

If you couldn’t wait for heating, it’s time to take decisive action. First, we need to understand the reason for what is happening. If it turns out that a breakdown in the heating system of the house is to blame, it needs to be fixed. If the supply company is to blame for the heating delay, you need to prove that the apartment is cold.

To do this, together with a representative of the operating company, it is necessary to measure the temperature in each room. If it turns out to be lower, it is important to record the readings.

Based on the results of measurements, the service company is obliged to take action, correct the situation and recalculate heating fees during periods of discrepancy. If there is no action on the part of the responsible company, it can be held administratively liable for violating public utility rules.

The minimum permissible air temperature in a living room in winter is +18 °C. As soon as an underestimated value of this indicator is recorded, the organization supplying heat is obliged to reduce the payment for it by 0.15% for each hour of violation.

If the recalculation did not motivate the responsible organization to correct the errors, a collective complaint from the residents of the building should be filed about the violation temperature regime. It will become the basis for going to court. For violations, the organization supplying heat may be seriously fined.

Thus, the temperature of the batteries in the apartment during the heating season must comply with the requirements of SNiP.

Residents of apartments can independently measure the temperature of the batteries to determine whether the standards are being met. Knowing all acceptable normal, boundaries and timing associated with the onset of the heating season gives opportunity protect your rights if they are violated.

The following tells about heating standards in apartments: video:

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To maintain a comfortable temperature in the house during the heating season, it is necessary to control the temperature of the coolant in the pipes of the heating networks. System employees district heating residential premises are being developed special temperature graph , which depends on weather conditions, climatic features region. The temperature schedule may differ in different localities, and it may also change when heating networks are modernized.

A schedule is drawn up in the heating network according to simple principle– the lower the temperature outside, the higher the coolant should be.

This ratio is important basis for work enterprises that provide the city with heat.

For the calculation, an indicator was used, which is based on average daily temperature five coldest days of the year.

ATTENTION! Maintaining the temperature regime is important not only for maintaining heat in an apartment building. It also allows you to make energy consumption in the heating system economical and rational.

A graph showing the coolant temperature depending on outside temperature, allows you to distribute not only heat, but also hot water between consumers in an apartment building in the most optimal way.

How is heat regulated in a heating system?

Heat regulation in an apartment building during the heating season can be carried out using two methods:

• By changing the flow of water at a certain constant temperature. This is a quantitative method.
• Changing the temperature of the coolant at a constant volume of flow. This is a qualitative method.

Economical and practical second option, in which the temperature in the room is maintained regardless of the weather. The supply of sufficient heat to an apartment building will be stable, even if there is a sharp change in temperature outside.

ATTENTION!. The norm is considered to be a temperature of 20-22 degrees in the apartment. If temperature schedules are observed, this norm is maintained throughout the heating period, regardless of weather conditions and wind direction.

When the temperature outside decreases, data is transmitted to the boiler room and the coolant temperature automatically increases.

The specific table of the relationship between outdoor temperature and coolant depends on factors such as climate, boiler room equipment, technical and economic indicators.

Reasons to use a temperature graph

The basis for the operation of each boiler house serving residential, administrative and other buildings during the heating season is the temperature schedule, which indicates the standards for coolant indicators depending on what the actual outside temperature is.

• Drawing up a schedule makes it possible to prepare the heating for a drop in outside temperature.
• It also saves energy resources.

ATTENTION! In order to control the temperature of the coolant and have the right to recalculate due to non-compliance with the thermal regime, a heat sensor must be installed in the system central heating. Metering devices must undergo annual inspection.

Modern construction companies can increase the cost of housing through the use of expensive energy-saving technologies in the construction of multi-apartment buildings.

Despite the change construction technologies, the use of new materials for insulating walls and other surfaces of the building, compliance with the normal coolant temperature in the heating system - the best way maintain comfortable living conditions.

Features of calculating internal temperature in different rooms

The rules provide for maintaining the temperature for living quarters at 18˚С, but there are some nuances in this matter.

• For angular rooms of a residential building coolant should provide a temperature of 20˚C.
• Optimal temperature indicator for the bathroom - 25˚С.
• It is important to know how many degrees there should be according to standards in rooms intended for children. Indicator set from 18˚С to 23˚С. If this is a children's pool, you need to maintain the temperature at 30˚C.
• Minimum temperature allowed in schools - 21˚С.
• In establishments where cultural events take place, the standards support Maximum temperature 21˚С, but the indicator should not fall below 16˚С.

To increase the temperature in the premises during sudden cold snaps or strong north winds, boiler room workers increase the degree of energy supply for heating networks.

The heat transfer of batteries is affected by the outside temperature, type of heating system, direction of coolant flow, condition utility networks, a type of heating device, the role of which can be performed by either a radiator or a convector.

ATTENTION! The temperature delta between the radiator supply and return should not be significant. Otherwise, a large difference in coolant will be felt different rooms and even apartments in a multi-story building.

The main factor, however, is the weather., which is why measuring the outside air to maintain a temperature schedule is a top priority.

If the temperature outside is down to 20˚C, the coolant in the radiator should be 67-77˚C, while the return rate is 70˚C.

If the street temperature is zero, the norm for the coolant is 40-45˚С, and for the return – 35-38˚С. It is worth noting that the temperature difference between supply and return is not large.

Why does the consumer need to know the coolant supply standards?

Payment for utilities in the heating column should depend on the temperature in the apartment provided by the supplier.

The temperature chart table, according to which the boiler should operate optimally, shows at what ambient temperature and by how much the boiler room should increase the energy level for heat sources in the house.

IMPORTANT! If the parameters of the temperature schedule are not met, the consumer may request a recalculation for utilities.

To measure the coolant value, you need to drain some water from the radiator and check its heat level. Also successfully used thermal sensors, heat meters that can be installed at home.

The sensor is mandatory equipment for both city boiler houses and ITPs (individual heating points).

Without such devices it is impossible to make the heating system work economically and productively. The coolant is also measured in hot water systems.

Useful video

What laws govern changes in coolant temperature in systems? central heating? What is it - the temperature graph of the heating system is 95-70? How to bring heating parameters into line with the schedule? Let's try to answer these questions.

What it is

Let's start with a couple of abstract points.

• As weather conditions change, the heat loss of any building changes along with them. In frosty weather, in order to maintain a constant temperature in the apartment, much more thermal energy is required than in warm weather.

Let us clarify: heat costs are determined not by the absolute value of the air temperature outside, but by the delta between the street and the interior.
So, at +25C in the apartment and -20 in the yard, heat costs will be exactly the same as at +18 and -27, respectively.

• The heat flow from the heating device at a constant coolant temperature will also be constant.
  A drop in temperature in the room will increase it slightly (again due to an increase in the delta between the coolant and the air in the room); however, this increase will be absolutely insufficient to compensate for the increased heat losses through the building envelope. Simply because the lower temperature threshold in the apartment current SNiP limited to 18-22 degrees.

An obvious solution to the problem of increasing losses is to increase the temperature of the coolant.

Obviously, its increase should be proportional to the decrease in street temperature: the colder it is outside, the greater the heat loss will have to be compensated. Which, in fact, brings us to the idea of ​​creating a specific table for reconciling both values.

So, the schedule temperature system heating is a description of the dependence of the temperatures of the supply and return pipelines on the current weather outside.

How everything works

There are two different types graphs:

1. For heating networks.
2. For indoor heating system.

To explain the difference between these concepts, it is probably worth starting with a brief excursion into how central heating works.

CHP - heating networks

The function of this bundle is to heat the coolant and deliver it to the end user. The length of heating mains is usually measured in kilometers, the total surface area - in thousands and thousands square meters. Despite measures to insulate pipes, heat loss is inevitable: having passed the path from the thermal power plant or boiler room to the border of the house, process water will have time to partially cool down.

Hence the conclusion: in order for it to reach the consumer while maintaining an acceptable temperature, the supply of the heating main at the exit from the thermal power plant must be as hot as possible. The limiting factor is the boiling point; however, as the pressure increases, it shifts towards increasing temperature:

Pressure, atmosphere	Boiling point, degrees Celsius
1	100
1,5	110
2	119
2,5	127
3	132
4	142
5	151
6	158
7	164
8	169

Typical pressure in the supply pipeline of a heating main is 7-8 atmospheres. This value, even taking into account pressure losses during transportation, allows you to start heating system in buildings up to 16 floors high without additional pumps. At the same time, it is safe for routes, risers and connections, mixer hoses and other elements of heating and hot water systems.

With some margin, the upper limit of the supply temperature is taken to be 150 degrees. The most typical heating temperature curves for heating mains are in the range 150/70 - 105/70 (supply and return temperatures).

House

There are a number of additional limiting factors in a home heating system.

• The maximum temperature of the coolant in it cannot exceed 95 C for a two-pipe and 105 C for.

By the way: in preschool educational institutions the restriction is much more stringent - 37 C.
The cost of reducing the supply temperature is to increase the number of radiator sections: in northern regions countries where groups in kindergartens are literally surrounded by them.

• For obvious reasons, the temperature delta between the supply and return pipelines should be as small as possible - otherwise the temperature of the batteries in the building will vary greatly. This implies rapid circulation of the coolant.
  However, too rapid circulation through the home heating system will result in return water returning to the route at an exorbitant rate. high temperature, which is unacceptable due to a number of technical limitations in the operation of thermal power plants.

The problem is solved by installing one or more elevator units in each house, in which return water is mixed with the flow of water from the supply pipeline. The resulting mixture, in fact, ensures rapid circulation of a large volume of coolant without overheating the return pipeline of the route.

For intra-house networks, a separate temperature schedule is set taking into account the elevator operation scheme. For two-pipe circuits, the typical heating temperature curve is 95-70, for single-pipe circuits (which, however, is rare in apartment buildings) - 105-70.

Climate zones

The main factor determining the scheduling algorithm is the estimated winter temperature. The coolant temperature table must be drawn up in such a way that the maximum values ​​(95/70 and 105/70) at the peak of frost provide the temperature in residential premises corresponding to SNiP.

Let's give an example of an intra-house graph for the following conditions:

• Heating devices - radiators with coolant supply from bottom to top.
• Heating is two-pipe, with .

• Design temperature street air - -15 C.

Outside air temperature, C	Feed, C	Return, C
+10	30	25
+5	44	37
0	57	46
-5	70	54
-10	83	62
-15	95	70

A nuance: when determining the parameters of the route and the intra-house heating system, the average daily temperature is taken.
If it is -15 at night and -5 during the day, the outside temperature is -10C.

And here are some values ​​of calculated winter temperatures for Russian cities.

City	Design temperature, C
Arkhangelsk	-18
Belgorod	-13
Volgograd	-17
Verkhoyansk	-53
Irkutsk	-26
Krasnodar	-7
Moscow	-15
Novosibirsk	-24
Rostov-on-Don	-11
Sochi	+1
Tyumen	-22
Khabarovsk	-27
Yakutsk	-48

The photo shows winter in Verkhoyansk.

Adjustment

If the management of the thermal power plant and heating networks is responsible for the parameters of the route, then responsibility for the parameters of the intra-house network rests with the housing residents. A very typical situation is when, when residents complain about the cold in their apartments, measurements show deviations from the schedule downwards. It happens a little less often that measurements in thermal wells show an elevated return temperature from the house.

How to bring the heating parameters into line with the schedule with your own hands?

Reaming the nozzle

When the temperature of the mixture and return is low, the obvious solution is to increase the diameter of the elevator nozzle. How it's done?

The instructions are at the reader's disposal.

1. All valves or valves are closed elevator unit(entrance, house and hot water supply).
2. The elevator is being dismantled.
3. The nozzle is removed and drilled 0.5-1 mm.
4. The elevator is assembled and started with air bleeding in the reverse order.

Advice: instead of paronite gaskets, you can put rubber gaskets on the flanges, cut to the size of the flange from a car inner tube.

An alternative is to install an elevator with an adjustable nozzle.

Choke suppression

In critical situations (extreme cold and freezing apartments), the nozzle can be completely removed. To prevent the suction from becoming a jumper, it is suppressed with a pancake made of a steel sheet at least a millimeter thick.

Attention: this is an emergency measure used in extreme cases, since in this case the temperature of the radiators in the house can reach 120-130 degrees.

Differential adjustment

At elevated temperatures, as a temporary measure until the end of the heating season, it is practiced to adjust the differential on the elevator using a valve.

1. The DHW switches to the supply pipe.
2. A pressure gauge is installed on the return line.
   
3. The inlet valve on the return pipeline is completely closed and then gradually opens with pressure controlled by a pressure gauge. If you simply close the valve, the subsidence of the cheeks on the rod can stop and defrost the circuit. The difference is reduced by increasing the return pressure by 0.2 atmospheres per day with daily temperature control.

Conclusion