Plantings - trees, shrubs, flower and herbaceous plants - form the basis for the formation of a park environment. They are inextricably linked with other components of the landscape - relief and water and, taking into account the climate, determine the spatial structure and characteristic appearance of each object. In the process of historical development of landscape art, various types of parklands have emerged. In regular parks they take on geometric shapes - bosquets, alleys, groups, solitaires. Open spaces are represented by parterres - lawn, flower, water. In landscape parks, where the composition is based on an asymmetrical balance of volumes and is based on the principle of recreating the image of natural nature, these are massifs, alleys, groups, solitaires. All types of parklands (components of a park landscape) basically perform identical functions in landscapes and differ stylistically....

Recommended schemes for constructing groups of plants of various species

Types of spatial structure

Organized space is an environment for human life and activity, subordinated to the material and spiritual needs of society. Boundless space - the “great emptiness”, as defined by Democritus - cannot be perceived by human senses. Space is comprehended by us in the presence of material bodies in it, subject to one degree or another of material limitation. Landscape architect J. Simonds (USA) said: “The art and ability to design a terrain is comprehended by the designer when he first realizes that he is dealing not with areas, but with volumes and spaces.” The creative method of landscape art, based on the environmental properties of the object being developed, approaches its assessment from the standpoint of 3 spatial categories: space (the territory itself) and its components - plane (the surface of the earth on various forms of relief) and volume (plantings, structures, volumetrically expressed relief )....

Correlation between types of spatial structure

The areas of closed, semi-open and open spaces are related to each other in a certain way in their size and total area, as well as their location in the park structure. This ratio is determined by the requirements of the psychophysiological comfort of the environment for a person. The solution to the problems of creating a favorable microclimate of the park environment depends on the climate of the area in which the park is organized. Thus, in the southern regions, protection from the sun and summer heat is necessary, so here preference is given to closed planting spaces that create shade and coolness. The area of ​​open spaces is insignificant. They are, as a rule, small, visitors are most attracted to their shaded part, the edge is formed loose - blown, capable of providing the necessary aeration and thus avoiding stagnation of overheated air. In the northern regions, on the contrary, areas illuminated by the sun and protected from unfavorable northern winds are preferable. Therefore, a significant part, and sometimes a large part, is occupied by open spaces of meadows, which are warmer than plantings. In the northern, as well as in the northwestern part, the clearings have a dense edge that protects from cold winds.....

Compositions of open spaces (clearings and parterres)

Open spaces are among the most important structural elements of parks. In regular parks these are primarily parterres, in landscape parks these are meadows. Parterre is decorative composition, located on a horizontal plane, made from plants, inert materials and water. Lawn, flowers, and low-crop shrubs are used as plant material. Inert materials include sand, birch charcoal, broken glass, crushed brick, and tiles. The composition of the parterres includes pools, fountains, sculpture, vases, potted plants and figuratively trimmed plants (buxus, yew, cotoneaster, thuja, spruce was used in Russia)....

The process of forming landscape compositions. Combination of environmental, technological and aesthetic requirements

In the process of growth, tree plantings radically change their height, crown diameter, thickness and texture of the trunk surface, pattern and thickness of skeletal branches, silhouette, i.e., all the main indicators that affect the artistic quality of the landscape composition. Depending on this, the optimal distances for the perception of tree plantations change. The patterns of development and changes in decorative and artistic forms must be gradually taken into account when forming the landscape. The growth and development of tree plantations occurs unevenly. In the first years, plant growth is usually slower. The greatest increase in most species is observed at 10...30 years. In the middle and southern zones of the European part of Russia, the period is most rapid growth oak has 10...15 years; larch has 20...30 years. The growth of old trees almost stops, dry tops appear, some of the lateral branches dry out, the crown thins out...

Landscape-spatial composition

The properties of vegetation as one of the building materials of landscape architecture play an important role in creating the overall spatial structure of gardens and parks. The nature of the landscape is determined primarily by the ratio of volumetric plant elements and planar elements formed by the surface of the earth and reservoirs. The term “landscape” should be understood as an integral part of the landscape, which can be perceived as an artistically integral space. Specific conditions of visual perception determine the large-scale limits of the landscape. Say, a flower parterre or a group of trees is beyond the lower threshold of the concept of “landscape”, and a large array of plantings or a complex system reservoirs - beyond its highest threshold. A mandatory feature of a landscape is the predominance or presence of natural components. View - a fragment of a landscape, an extremely limited space, the viewing angle of which does not exceed 60° (a small clearing in a dense forest, a bridge over the water with two or three groups of trees, a gazebo in a park, etc.)...

Types of landscape planning organization of green spaces

Landscape vegetation is organized in the form of forests and groves, groups of trees and shrubs, alley plantings, hedges, clipped walls, bosquets, glades, decorative lawns and various types flower beds. Arrays of forest-type plantings are used to recreate the natural landscape; they occupy an area of ​​1 to 4 hectares in parks and tens of hectares in forest parks. Depending on the dominant tree species, the tracts are divided into coniferous (dark and light coniferous) and deciduous (broad- and small-leaved), according to composition - into pure, composed of one species, and mixed, according to structure - single-tiered and multi-tiered (when the crown floors are located at different heights). The choice of the main species of the massif determines its appearance - spruce, fir, beech, hornbeam with dark trunks and dense foliage form gloomy shady plantings; pine, birch, larch, ash, acacia, having transparent crowns, form sunny and bright plantings. Accompanying species improve and enrich the forest environment, emphasizing the decorative qualities of the main species through contrast or nuanced relationships...

Groups of trees and shrubs

A group is a combination of woody plants of one or more species, located isolated in the open space of the park. In Russian parks of the 18th-19th centuries. groups were created mainly from 7-10-17 species of birch, linden, oak, pine, spruce, larch, ash, elm, with the inclusion of rowan), bird cherry, and turf. Often the groups were bordered by lilacs, spirea, honeysuckle, and rose hips. In the early period of development of the landscape style in Russia, mainly groups of pure composition were created; at present (with the expansion of the range) preference is given to mixed groups. The most common combinations of breeds in groups in parks of the 18th-19th centuries. there were spruce and birch; spruce and rowan; birch and pine; linden, spruce, birch; larch, ash; maple, willow, ash, etc....

Forms of using water in landscape design

In landscape design, the use of water has several levels. In landscape design, water is used in utilitarian and decorative devices. The most commonly used utilitarian devices include drinking fountains, wells, splash pools, fish ponds, and canals. Among the decorative devices, it should be noted decorative fountains (jet), with three-dimensional sculpture, wall, water mirrors, cascades, waterfalls. The possibility of using water for thermal insulation, noise protection, fencing is poorly used....

Types of flower decoration

Floral and ornamental herbaceous plants occupy an important place in the decoration of the park and, together with woody plants, water features, stones, and sculptures, form its aesthetic appearance. With the help of flower beds, the planning units of the park are designed - ground areas, entrances, rest areas, accents are created that concentrate attention, guide movement and complete the artistic design of park compositions - places near ponds, in clearings, at the edges, sculptures, etc. The following types of floral decoration are distinguished: ....

Formation of parks in disturbed areas. Geoplastics

One of characteristic features modern world park construction is associated with a large scale of work to transform waste areas. We are talking about landscape reclamation, the transformation of former mine workings, garbage dumps, abandoned quarries, wastelands, etc. into recreational areas. According to our calculations, about half of the parks established in the last 10 years were created on “inconvenient” lands. Wide interest in this type of park construction is associated with the shortage of free from development and not occupied by Agriculture natural landscapes near large cities, widespread disturbed territories, as well as the new creative opportunities that modern technology opens up for the landscape architect - powerful earth-moving and transporting mechanisms used for mining...

Tiered composition of the park

A typical compositional task of such parks is to identify the spatial structure of the slope, which often comes down to the formation of a system of terraces, i.e. alternating climbs and relatively flat relief steps. In this case, the edges play a decisive role - clear fractures, transitions from flat elements to inclined ones. It is from here, from the edges, that views down open; here silhouette lines of limited visibility are formed when perceiving the park from below. The parallel lines of the edges, together with the steepest sections of the slope, determine the appearance of the park when viewed from the front, while the flat steps are hidden from the observer. The goal of the landscape architect is to emphasize this stepped, rhythmic structure of the relief with the help of architectural and landscape means. Another feature is that the main park structures, as well as elements such as sports fields, etc., are placed on the specified steps in those places where they reach their greatest width.....

Parks on difficult terrain

A park located on a mountain or hill has its own compositional characteristics. The dome-shaped or cone-shaped volume of the hill connects the park with the external environment to the maximum extent; there are almost no closed spaces in it. It is difficult to identify certain view points here; in fact, the entire park is a continuous view “surface”, and the disclosure of views is multilateral or circular in nature. The park-hill composition is usually built on a network of roads that take the form of a spiral or serpentine.....

Unity and subordination in landscape art

The organization of space contains a contradictory unity of two main points: the limitation of parts and the creation of a single whole. The limitation of parts, or the division of space, in landscape art is determined by its functional purpose - division into areas with different types of activities and natural conditions that suggest the possibility of forming one or another type of spatial structure. Unity requires the identification of the main and the subordinate, the inextricable connection of form and content. It manifests itself in the identification of a volumetric-spatial dominant and the subordination of the remaining parts to it. This could be a building, clearing, pond, etc. Subordination is determined by the orientation of the remaining parts to this dominant and their visual and thematic relationship. Thus, in historical parks the dominant feature is the palace, to which the park territory is subordinated. Their unity is achieved by various methods: with the help of visual connections (a palace appears repeatedly and often unexpectedly in the alignment of clearings, roads and viewpoints); a certain division of space (smaller and carefully worked out closer to the palace and larger as we move away from it); richness of floral design and sculpture of the palace part and more modest thematic repetition in other parts of the park, etc. This connection is subtle and unobtrusive....

The relationship between landscape art and landscape painting

Landscape art is closely related to architecture, sculpture, painting, music and is based on the same principles of composition. The relationship between landscape art and landscape painting can be traced throughout the history of the existence of these various types art. A. Kishchuk identifies four directions that characterize the peculiarities of the relationship between the creation of gardens and parks in nature and their depiction on the plane.

Composition of landscape paintings

The concepts of “park painting”, “landscape painting” and “landscape” in modern terminology of landscape art can be considered synonymous. Landscape painting - landscape - part of the park space, visually isolated from the general park space, conditionally enclosed in a “frame” that limits the field of vision, and has a certain compositional structure. Unlike paintings in landscape painting, a park landscape painting has a three-dimensional space and can be perceived from different angles. It occupies a certain space within the park landscape, limited by certain limits and visibility conditions. Often a park picture includes in its composition elements of other landscape areas and thereby is a means of organizing the unity of the park composition.....

Landscape diversity

Landscape diversity in park construction is usually understood as a change decorative effects, perceived during movement. The change in decorative effects in the park is called the dynamics of park landscapes. This is a broad concept, including both the change of landscape paintings while moving along the route, and their variability over time. The route is the main line from which the process of perceiving landscapes occurs. As J. Symonds notes, “... an object cannot be covered in its entirety from any one observation point. It is perceived rather through the flow of impressions. When we are in motion, we see a series of images merging into one vast visual awareness of some object, space or landscape."

Physiographic zoning. The concept of landscape and its relationship with landscape art

Natural zones, possessing certain hydrothermal, soil and plant resources, differing from one another in the uniqueness of morphological processes, require the scientific development of a differentiated system of regional management measures. In landscaping and, accordingly, in landscape art, this differentiation is manifested in the differences in techniques aimed at creating comfortable sanitary and hygienic conditions for people, ensuring optimal conditions for plants, creating aesthetically valuable objects. The main ones are the ratio of types of spatial structure, normalization of planting density, selection of an assortment of plants and, which is of particular importance, taking into account the physiognomic features of the region and its appearance. The presence and significance of these features were noted by prominent geographers L. Berg, V. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and others.....

Perspective in landscape art

Perspective is the visual change in objects as they move away from the observer. There are linear and aerial perspectives. Linear perspective is associated with a visual decrease in size and change in shape, and aerial perspective is associated with a change in the brightness and clarity of objects, as well as their color, as they move away from the observation point. Spatial changes in color are also called color (color) perspective.

Light and shadow relationships in landscape art

Illumination in landscape art is closely related to climate; it must be taken into account when creating an environmentally friendly environment for humans and plants. In this sense, illumination can be considered as an integral part of the climate, which, in turn, is part of the previously noted 5 components that form the natural landscape. Different geographical zones have their own light (and, accordingly, thermal) regime, the features of which determine the nature of the landscapes of these zones. Yes, absent-minded soft light northern regions of the country, where cloudy days and fogs are frequent, deepens the perspectives of landscapes, softens the brightness of flower beds and the clarity of the contours of trees and shrubs. In southern latitudes, on the contrary, the midday sun sharply outlines objects and their shadows, enhances the brightness of colors, and visually reduces the depth of perspective. Illumination is one of the most important factors shaping the plasticity of a volumetric-spatial park composition. The nature of lighting directly affects a person’s mood, his choice of a place to relax, and travel routes. Visually perceived gradations of illumination are called chiaroscuro....

Color in landscape art

From the point of view of the physics of color, all bodies can be divided into two groups: 1) light sources, i.e. bodies emitting light; 2) bodies that reflect and transmit light. Our perception of color is based on this principle. We see different colors of objects because they (or their surfaces) absorb part of the light and reflect part of it. Color is determined by the wavelength of the light spectrum in the reflected beam. Color actively influences a person’s senses and his psychophysical state. It is perceived not only by sight, but also with the participation of all senses, including hearing, touch, smell and even taste. The therapeutic effect of color is used in medicine. According to the degree of excitement and the nature of the emotional impact, the colors are located in the same order in which they appear in the spectrum. Accordingly, they are divided into warm, or active (red, orange, yellow), which have a stimulating effect, and cold (blue, cyan, violet), which have a calming effect. Green is in the middle of the spectrum - it is the “color of physical balance.” The emotional reaction to color led to the emergence of certain associations, and with them the symbolism of color....

Water in landscape design

Water is one of the most important components of the natural landscape and occupies a significant place in the formation of the park environment. Water devices affect the microclimate of the territory, reducing the air temperature and increasing its humidity, which is especially valued in southern latitudes; they are used for recreation and sports. And finally, the aesthetic value of water is important. Its physical properties - fluidity, the ability to form an absolutely horizontal surface, sound, reflect objects, change color and shape - provide rich opportunities for creating a wide variety of water devices....

Selection of assortment and brief description of trees and shrubs used in landscape design

o Selection of assortment and a brief description of trees and shrubs used in landscape design

Relationships between buildings and landscape

When determining the natural factor in the exterior of a structure, three stages of the relationship between the structure and nature can be distinguished: is the structure in balance with the surrounding natural environment or do they dominate each other; whether the individual parts of the structure with the natural elements introduced into them are in balance with each other; Do the natural elements in parts of the structure correspond to a person’s idea of ​​their expediency, i.e. do they correspond to a person’s idea of ​​coziness, comfort, do they correspond to his work activity or life, the scale of a person, etc. Moreover, all three stages, of course, must correspond to the aesthetic ideas of people.

Natural components in residential buildings and residential complexes

The variety of types of modern residential buildings and residential complexes requires special consideration of their landscape design. In this aspect, it is necessary to distinguish, first of all, between low- and multi-storey dwellings. In turn, low-rise residential buildings include: one-two-story cottage houses, villas, summer houses, garden houses, rural houses and their plots. Multi-storey buildings include residential buildings and their complexes of varying capacity, hotels, hostels, dormitory buildings of sanatoriums, holiday homes, and boarding houses. Landscape design low-rise building is carried out simultaneously with the landscape design of its individual plot (Fig. 15.5). At the same time, the issue of placing the building on the site is resolved. Three cases of such placement can be noted: in the depths of the site, on the red building line, on the corner of the site, if it is corner. In accordance with the location of the main building on the site, its zoning is carried out. The zones can be the following: entrance, central (around the house), utility zone, garden area, vegetable garden and berry garden, children's play area.....

Natural components in public buildings and ensembles

Public buildings, as well as residential buildings, have come a long way in historical development. Not only did they change architectural styles, construction equipment, building materials, but also the nomenclature of public buildings and their connections with the natural environment. If castles, kremlins, monasteries, palaces, temples were built in a rich natural environment, then a modern public building arises in a dense urban, multi-story building. The high cost of urban land and existing developments do not always make it possible to organize a rich natural environment around a new public building. Therefore, in these cases, the organic inclusion of natural components into the architecture of a public structure becomes particularly important.

Natural components in industrial and engineering structures

Active, ever-increasing human production activity largely contributes to the awakening of people’s conscious attitude to the protection environment and the need for landscape design of places where labor is applied. Currently, along with individual industrial enterprises, there are industrial hubs and entire industrial areas that form special industrial landscapes. Such landscapes are characterized by large construction volumes, occupying tens of hectares for development, an abundance of transport networks, engineering structures (pipes, masts, bridges, overpasses, cooling towers, galleries), a depressed state of vegetation as a result of soil and atmospheric pollution, floating reservoirs - settling basins, etc. . P.

Restoration of works of landscape art

The work begins with collecting all kinds of initial data. Sources may include archival documents, various literature - memories, descriptions of trips and excursions, fiction, painting, etc., oral traditions and stories, design materials and, finally, field studies. The first survey of the park aims to draw up its plan at the time of the survey. At the same time, information is collected about prospective construction in the park area and the presence of dangerous zones around its territory. It is desirable to indicate the nature of the relief: the general direction of surface water flow, the closed contours of lowlands and hills, the general altitude characteristics of the park area relative to the surrounding area. The plan must have the outlines of tall vegetation, clearings, lawns, open slopes, parterres, groves, etc. If the park area has ponds, they must be recorded on this plan....

Landscape design includes the preparation of general and dendrological plans, layout drawings, cartograms of earth masses, cross-sectional paths, designs of reservoirs, rock gardens, small architectural forms and other landscape elements.

Today, the Architecture and Design Studio ART Story develops and implements projects for landscape design of areas of various functional specifications. It could be landscaping summer cottage, decorative and functional arrangement of commercial areas, landscaping of the area near the house, creation of aesthetically attractive areas near various institutions..

Landscape design of a site and its further design, in our understanding, is the creation of a fundamentally new aesthetic concept for a specific area, which will combine the fulfillment of all the client’s wishes with modern design trends.

As practice shows, developing a project before starting landscaping work will help to significantly save time and money when directly arranging the garden. Setting up a garden without a plan is like building a house without a foundation. The project is necessary in order to visualize, using colorful illustrations, what the house and its surrounding landscape will ultimately become. Having a clear vision of your goal will help you avoid the anxiety associated with uncertainty.
Undoubtedly, planning and organizing your own garden is a very interesting and exciting activity. And if you take the matter seriously, an integrated approach is required. On the one hand, it is necessary to clearly define the most important requirements for you and your household. own Garden. By compiling a wish list in accordance with your feelings and feelings, you can count on the most complete satisfaction of your needs. On the other hand, each site has purely individual environmental conditions: terrain, soil nature, groundwater level, prevailing winds, presence of vegetation, etc. - The task of a landscape architect when working on a project is to make the most of these natural features. Sometimes it is the complexity of the task that gives impetus to the creation of a project: skillfully used features of the site give the landscape originality and, in addition, can significantly reduce the cost of landscape work!

Work on a landscape project can be divided into three stages:
1. pre-project stage;
2. preliminary design;
3. detailed design.

The first stage usually consists of the following activities:
- Designer’s visit to the design site - getting to know the potential customer, his tastes and preferences, while developing a style of relationship and determining the scope of upcoming work, their estimated cost. Determining the functional purpose of the territory and the need to create certain zones (recreation, sports, children's area, garden and vegetable garden, economic part, etc.), the preferred assortment of plants, possibilities for further maintenance of the site (gardener, on their own, etc.).

The purpose of this stage is to formulate the problem. Helping you with this is the direct responsibility of the landscape architect. Some of the questions are reflected in a special questionnaire “Design task”. You can fill it out yourself at a time convenient for you, not forgetting to discuss it with your household. All your wishes will become the basis for the technical specifications.

Inspection of the territory (photography, familiarization with available documentation - land allocation plan, existing buildings, plantings and communications; if necessary, taking the necessary measurements - linking to the plan, drawing the boundaries of the site on the plan; - preliminary soil and hydrological analysis)
Geodetic survey of the territory is necessary in the presence of: complex terrain with a large difference in height, large area territory or its complex configuration, as well as when planning drainage and irrigation systems.

At the customer's request, it is possible to conduct a comprehensive laboratory analysis of the soil. This analysis is carried out by laboratory processing of samples taken from soil sections. Its result is more accurate data on the type of soil and its mechanical composition, as well as data on soil acidity, the amount of organic compounds, etc. In addition, the customer is provided with recommendations for improving the soil.
It may also be necessary to take an inventory of existing plantings, plotting them on a plan and making notes about their main properties and condition.
A detailed study of the site is, in fact, the beginning of the second stage of work - preliminary design. Usually 2-3 initial sketches are made. They generally define the style of the future garden, and present landscape elements in accordance with the assigned tasks. Paths of a certain configuration were laid, the locations of flower beds, a pond and other garden objects were determined.

From several sketches, the customer chooses the best one in his opinion or sends them for revision. At this stage it is determined planning solution, cost, technological complexity and duration of work, further maintenance. Several estimates may correspond to the same project. This is a completely normal phenomenon: you can plant plants of different sizes, use different materials and technology. Different types decorative stone differ in cost, methods of preparing bases for paving, retaining walls, etc. They can also be different and cost differently. All this is explained in detail to the customer. As a rule, based on several sketches, the final version of the preliminary design is made. Then we have to detail some complex compositions, groups and nodes. In the process of detailing, the final selection of trees and shrubs, flower beds is carried out, and the development of the necessary engineering systems(drainage, watering, lighting), selection of paving slabs and options for their layout.
After the customer approves the preliminary design and the corresponding budget, you can begin either detailed design or directly to the actual landscape work. Whether a detailed design is needed depends on who is designing, for whom, and who will implement it.
We offer design projects of various contents and, accordingly, prices. They can be intended both for independent implementation by the customer, and for our work (in this case, the cost of design work will be minimal - or completely compensated).

Composition of the landscape project
During the landscape design process, the following documents are drawn up:
1. Master plan
This is the main drawing. It defines the style of the garden and outlines all future objects; it shows the connection of all building elements (coverings, retaining walls, etc.) to existing buildings and structures (house, fence, etc.). The remaining drawings are made on the basis of the master plan.

2. Dendroplane (landing drawing)
All woody plants are depicted on the dendroplane (with the binding of planting places to the planning elements). The dendroplane is accompanied by an assortment list, which lists all planting material by type and variety, and indicates the total number of plants. Plants are signed or marked with conventional letter designations of the species, and the number in the form of a fraction. The numerator indicates the corresponding number in the assortment list, and the denominator is the number of such plants in the group.
Landing drawing from Architecture and Design Studio "ART Story"

3. Vertical layout plan
The plan shows the design elevations of the future garden's relief. This plan contains all planned embankments and excavations, terracing of the site's topography, heights and slopes of paths. This document allows you to draw up a cartogram of earthworks: calculate the exact volumes of soil to be moved around the site, as well as to be removed and delivered to the territory. This, in turn, allows us to survey all these works with high accuracy. Storm drains are designed based on this plan. Most often, the development of a plan is required when the site has complex terrain and (or) its vertical layout is expected to change.

4. Drainage system diagram
The diagram shows the location and connection of the drainage system mains and gives the elevation marks of the required slopes. In some cases, a drainage system design may be required, which, in addition to the drainage route plan, represents the depth of drains and collectors, vertical sections of these structures, as well as the direction of slopes. This takes into account the rise and fall of groundwater, the depth of the natural aquifer layer and soil aquifers . A list of required materials is attached.
Water pipeline routing diagram from the Architecture and Design Studio "ART Story"

5. Irrigation system diagram
The diagram shows the location and connection of sprinklers and water mains and other elements of the system, indicating irrigation zones, water supply calculations, flow rates and irrigation.
Irrigation layout diagram for 30 acres from the Architecture and Design Studio "ART Story"

6. Lighting system diagram
The diagram shows the locations and connections of lamps and electrical wiring, their types

7. Plan road surfaces(Scheme of tracks and platforms)
This is a layout drawing of paths and platforms with all the necessary references. The diagram shows in detail, to scale, the layout of the tiles and the main technological components. Development of paving patterns, cladding, decorative fills.

8. Scheme of retaining walls
The diagram shows the location and connection of retaining walls, the main componentsinstructional units and list of materials used.

9. Scheme of Small architectural forms

Creating an atmosphere of relaxation, unity with nature - this is what we expect from a stay in a country estate, be it small dacha or luxurious Vacation home; and elements of comfort such as small architectural forms are designed to create such an atmosphere.

10. Reservoir project

A perspective view showing the general concept of the reservoir. Plus a detailed diagram (layout drawing) with a complete list of materials and plants. The design of a reservoir may also include sections of the structure of the elements of the reservoir, cascades and waterfalls, specifications of equipment and materials.
Project of a reservoir from the Studio of Architecture and Design "ART Story"

11. Sketches and diagram of flower beds (compositions)
Detailed fragments of garden areas, flower beds, mixborders, rock gardens. A three-dimensional drawing that reflects the general concept of a flower garden. Plus a detailed diagram (layout drawing) with a complete list of plants. Sometimes, for clarity, a section view of a site can be useful.

12. Perspective drawings of individual landscape elements
Sketches of children's and sports grounds, recreation areas, MAF. Perspective drawings of key viewpoints are useful for viewing individual design solutions. In fact, these drawings are real landscapes of what you will have in the future, viewed from several of the most visited places on your site, from where the entire composition should look impeccable. Looking at the sketches, you contemplate your future
Perspective drawings of individual landscape elements from the "ART Story" Architecture and Design Studio the plot in several views: view from the house, from the entrance, from the gazebo, from the walking path, etc.

In addition, the following documentation is attached to the project:

1. The bill of quantities includes the total amount of main work on the site (lawn, coverings, planting, etc.). Based on this statement, estimate documentation is drawn up.
2. Large amount of text information. This is an explanatory note to the project, a description of the technology and the sequence of all work, recommendations for further care.
3. Computer visualization of the site and selection of photographs of plants and landscaping elements is possible.

It is worth considering that an electrician, a hydraulic engineer, as well as a dendrologist and agronomist can take part in the development of a full-scale project.

A landscape architect develops a general concept for landscaping, generates ideas and brings to completion all of the above points so that they correspond to the overall picture from the aesthetic and technical sides. This justifies the cost of such a design - 700-2000 USD. for a plot of 25 acres. The minimum required design project (includes a general plan sketch, dendroplan, layout drawing, estimate) can cost from 200 USD.

Work on a project for the entire site (up to 30 acres) takes 21 working days. Add to this the time it will take you to approve the sketches and for us to redraw. On average, it takes a week to design individual fragments of a site and another 2-3 days if the project is finalized taking into account the possible wishes of the customer.

It is advisable to start a landscape project with a simple preliminary design. In preliminary versions of the preliminary design, our architects and designers will take into account all your wishes and offer optimal solutions according to the zoning of the site, they will develop two completely different concepts for the site. In the process of further work and approval, a landscape design concept is determined, which takes into account all even the most small parts.

The next stage will be the development of a Master Plan,

which is the basis of the landscape project. In addition to the General Plan, the landscape project will include a dendroplan - a diagram of the placement of trees and shrubs in the designed area, an assortment list, and an explanatory note. General plan. It reflects the boundaries of the site, the location of plants, the road and path network with sections, all existing trees and shrubs, all buildings and architectural structures, flower beds. An explication is written in the margins, symbols, the scale and cardinal directions are indicated. The master plan is a guide to action!

Dendroplan. It displays the boundaries of the site with reference to the house and other buildings, trees and other flower forms are shown in a conventional image.

An assortment list is a list of plants that are proposed on the master plan in agreement with the customer. IN explanatory note the design task and the balance of the territory for planning areas in proportion (area of ​​paths, lawns) are indicated in detail.

Drainage and storm sewer diagram.
Developed additionally at the request of the customer. We recommend not to skimp on this section, since the survival rate of many types of plants, and simply the comfort of being on the site, depends on drainage. Puddles and a wet lawn, and in the spring an area flooded with water, can spoil the entire impression of landscape design. Automatic watering has long ceased to be a luxury. It is developed on the basis of a dendroplane, taking into account the types of plants, the presence of a lawn, buildings and paths. Large areas must be designed taking into account automatic watering. After all, it is recommended to spend up to 20 liters per meter for watering a rolled lawn in the first days after installation! The automatic watering scheme is developed additionally at the request of the customer.

The lighting scheme takes into account the presence of lanterns on the site, landscape lighting and the laying of electrical communications to gazebos, bathhouses, etc. The types of lanterns that are most suitable for the concept of the site are selected for recommendation so that they fit harmoniously into the landscape. The layout of the lines is an important factor for future operation. Developed separately at the request of the customer.

The main specialization of our company is the creation of drainage systems and installation of storm drains. We provide a full range of services for the design and creation of modern drainage systems. By contacting us, you will receive comprehensive information about the design of drainage systems and storm drains and will be able to order a site drainage project.

The main advantage of the technology we use is the implementation integrated approach To question creating a drainage system in the local area. As a result of its installation, the customer receives not only guaranteed protection from moisture for the foundation of a residential building and outbuildings, but also effective drainage of water from the entire site.

Drainage of the site is an absolutely necessary measure when it is located on clay soils, in the lowlands and valleys of small rivers in the central regions of European Russia, in areas with high groundwater levels, in areas of drained swamps, in areas flooded as a result of heavy summer rains, as well as during periods of intense snowmelt.

The correct arrangement of the drainage system allows you to create a real English lawn on the site, which is not flooded even after the heaviest rainfall, and helps to avoid the proliferation of moisture-loving dangerous weeds in the local area, for example, such as poisonous hogweed or thorny thistle. Except Togo, professional drainage of the house protects its foundation from erosion and maintains a healthy microclimate in the surrounding area.

Proper drainage of the site is especially necessary if the site or part of it is located at the lowest point of the surrounding terrain - in a valley or saucer-shaped depression in the relief, as well as in areas with high groundwater levels. Getting Started with Design future construction building, experts advise laying a drainage system not only around the perimeter of the building, but in advance and designing an effective drainage of water outside the site.

Drainage of a house (foundation) is a system for draining rain and melt water, created to protect the foundation of a building or its ground floor from erosion and destruction caused by excess moisture from the adjacent soil. Our company's specialists recommend to their clients It is mandatory to carry out work to protect the foundation of a house under construction with the help of a professionally designed drainage system, because if water constantly enters the structure of the foundation, sooner or later its destruction will begin, which will cause significant financial costs for repairs with its subsequent disassembly, and possibly complete replacement.

Protect the foundation of your house from destruction, make your site dry and cozy in any weather - choose drainage from professionals!

Modern landscape design is not only a beautiful landscape, but also a functional and practical arrangement of landscape objects. In addition, landscaping the site allows you to intelligently approach the issue of the location of not only various structures, but also trees, shrubs and flowers.

As for the use of various themes in this area, the landscape design of the site involves wide scope for creativity, the embodiment of all the customer’s fantasies. Landscaping work is carried out by our highly qualified specialists who will do everything to please you and your guests. Stylish Japanese garden stones, an elegant French square, a sketch of a Russian village, a prim English landscape - all these thematic decorations can be successfully implemented in specific technical specifications for country landscape design. Artificial water features, decorative lighting of green spaces and architectural components greatly increase the presentability of such landscaped areas.

We work so that you can relax!

Design

Let our experienced, award-winning Landscape Designers develop the best landscape designs, we can help you realize the potential of your property. We will work with you to produce designs that are beautiful and practical based on your personal needs and lifestyle.

We create projects for small areas as well as large ones. We design small architectural features such as manholes, retaining walls, gazebos and other structures to add texture and beauty to your home environment.

When the project is completed, we will provide you with copies of the plan, a detailed planting sheet, and a proposal for the landscaping project. We are happy to work with you to complete the project in several stages.

PriceLandscape Design is determined by the size and complexity of the project, as well as on an hourly basis. Call us to find out more about working with one of our landscape designers to create the garden of your dreams.

Landscape design - this is a deposit correct execution landscape works in the future. A well-executed plan will save energy, time, and considerable money. This page presents examples of landscape design work we have completed in 2-D (top view) and 3-D views. More information about why projects are needed and how to draw them up correctly can be found in the section "landscape design ".

In the photo above:

• fragments of landscape projects - general plan, dendroplan.

In the photo below:

• preliminary design in 3D view,
• plans and sketches ( master plans, dendrological, flower bed projects, layout drawings, landscaping plans for Moscow courtyards, ridge plans, preliminary design, plot lighting plans, drainage plans, mixborder plans).

Landscape composition

The concept of landscape composition. Word " composition"translated from Greek as a harmonious relationship of parts. At the same time, an architectural composition, including a landscape one, unlike, for example, a musical or pictorial composition, must solve functional problems at an artistic level. That is why the landscape composition is based on recreational, demographic, sanitary, hygienic, environmental and aesthetic requirements. An artistically meaningful landscape should be created at different levels:

• planning, i.e. organization of the environment of vast territories;
• creation of specific objects - from the city gardening system

to individual parks and squares;

Development of details of a landscape object.

Features of landscape composition. Distinctive feature works of landscape, including gardening, art are a harmonious combination of natural and artificial components. TO natural ingredients include terrain, water bodies and green spaces. Artificial components- road and path network and various structures, from large buildings to covering parts and equipment.

All these elements can be divided into two groups: immutable(taken as the basis of the composition) and directionally changeable(projected). Natural conditions - climate, hydrography of the area, prevailing type of landscape. Lighting conditions are the basis of landscape composition of any scale. In addition, large landforms, vast bodies of water and forests are decisive. In cities and agglomerations, urban planning factors - density and number of floors of buildings, mutual placement of residential, industrial and green areas, population - along with natural conditions are the basis of landscape composition. Of the artificial components, large transport highways, the existing road system and large public buildings, the design of which is beyond the scope of the activities of gardening specialists.

Another important feature of the landscape composition is that it is subject to continuous change depending on natural, biogenic and anthropogenic factors. The result of anthropogenic transformations changes not only the composition, but also the very conditions of landscape development. Depending on human activity, the use of the territory, recreational and environmental load on the natural basis changes. Therefore, the creation of a landscape composition should be a purposeful change in the landscape to provide a comfortable and useful environment for human life.

Principles of constructing a landscape composition and its perception.

The expressiveness of a landscape composition depends not only on its own qualities, but also on the characteristics of a person’s orientation in the landscape and the possibilities of his visual perception. Isolating the main element, subordinate details and a neutral background is the basic rule for constructing a composition. Centers, main and secondary dominants, local accents and background make up the architectural and spatial structure of a park or garden. The complexity of this structure depends on the purpose of the object, the features of the functional zoning of the territory, the topography and the size of the site.

Dominants themselves express a certain idea - the basis of the artistic image of a park or garden. Such a dominant can be an artificial structure in the landscape (a stadium, a concert hall in a large park), but most often it is formed on the basis of the natural forms of the local landscape - large landforms, a forest, a large reservoir. Dominants are most often located in the center of the park, organize the main route of movement, and are perceived from several vantage points.

Local accents small architectural forms become - gazebos, bridges, stairs, sculpture; they emphasize the end of the alleys, the centers of individual areas.

Background allows you to create neutral pauses in the composition, prepare the viewer to perceive the dominant or accent and at the same time maintain the effect of surprise, which makes exploring the park or garden exciting.

The combination of composition elements can be built according to the laws of contrast or nuance.

Contrast - This is a comparison of elements in which differences on a certain basis are brought to the point of opposition. This sign should be easily identifiable and understandable - for example, the shape or delicacy of the crown of plants, surface texture, color, degree of enclosure of the space, the nature of the illumination of the area.

Nuance relationship presupposes slight differences in one quality or another, when the similarity of elements in this quality is more pronounced than the difference. In this case, subtle transitions of color, plasticity, shape, texture, and lighting are used.

The vast space of a park or garden requires the introduction of an axis to create order. Spatial axis often becomes the main route of movement through the park, for example the central alley in regular compositions. In landscape parks and large park areas, the introduction of a straight axis turns out to be impractical; the axis acquires a smooth bend that follows the main walking route. The spatial axis may not coincide with an alley or road, but is a kind of “visual corridor” connecting the most expressive areas of the landscape. In axial compositions, the elements must be subordinated to it in one way or another; There are two fundamentally different methods of organizing space relative to an axis: symmetry and asymmetry.

Symmetry assumes the same arrangement of equal elements, parts or spaces relative to the axis: the placement of flower beds along the path, trees and sculptures along the alley, the location of front gardens along the street of the village.

Asymmetry is the opposite of symmetry and involves unequal placement of different elements relative to the axis. The beauty of asymmetrical compositions lies in the visual balance and subordination of parts. The asymmetrical plan of the park emphasizes the features of the landscape and structures in it, provides best review compositional nodes and small forms from different points allows you to create a varied walking route.

The entire variety of spaces in a park or garden can be described using varying degrees of closure, from completely open to completely closed areas. The degree of enclosure of the space depends on the geometric configuration of the boundaries, their height and the distance of the viewer to them. IN closed spaces are dominated by volumetric large-sized elements - tall green areas, buildings and structures blocking the horizon line. In a park or garden, enclosed spaces form areas of shade. Open the spaces are formed by vast planes: a meadow or lawn, the surface of a reservoir, a paved area or a floral parterre. In an open landscape, the viewer is presented with wide vistas up to the horizon, vast sunlit areas. A special group consists of sparse spaces in which individual volumetric elements do not interfere with end-to-end viewing. An example of such a space is a birch grove.

Depending on the inspection conditions, planar, volumetric and spatial compositions are distinguished.

Planar the composition is assessed entirely from a single stationary point of view or from an axis of movement pointing directly at it. Frontal composition is a type of planar composition, it also develops in one plane - vertical; these are, for example, techniques vertical gardening, floral decoration of building facades, monuments and memorial plaques, multi-tiered mixborders along the walls of buildings.

Volumetric the composition is designed to be traversed in a circular manner; its perception from several points should be varied.

Spatial the composition presupposes an obligatory movement in depth. With this movement, various visual impressions arise, replacing each other, a system of successive contrasts is visible in the degree of enclosure, illumination, and color environment of the spaces. Details of a landscape composition - a park, garden, boulevard, square, recreation area - can be regarded as planar or volumetric. The entire ensemble is a spatial composition.

The construction of a landscape composition and its perception largely depends on the characteristics of human vision. Up close we see the texture and texture of surfaces, small details, structural features of the leaves and branches of the plant; As you move away from the object, large divisions of shape, silhouette, and pronounced color spots become decisive.

The most important role in landscape composition is played by the peculiarities of human perception of color and light, which are inseparable from each other. The connection between the phenomena of color and illumination is reflected in the concept color and light environment of the landscape: this is a combination of climatic and weather conditions, terrain, color and reflective properties of coatings and buildings, the color of foliage of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. Color design is built on the basis of pure - spectral - colors. For a landscape composition as a whole, not only the color of flowers, fruits and foliage of plants is important, but also the color of structures, small forms, coverings, garden decor. Using color in a landscape composition you can create color accents in the most significant areas, introduce a certain psychological relationship between spaces, set a rhythm in the perception of space.

The integrity of the perception of the landscape composition is ensured by a consistent style. Style connects together various methods of transforming the relief, reservoirs and water devices, plantings, principles of tracing the road and path network, the nature of structures and small forms.

For modern objects of landscape architecture, especially objects of large area, it is difficult to introduce an unambiguous stylistic classification. One of the modern classifications a goal is set to achieve which the existing landscape is changed.

The first principle is the requirements for utilitarian use: growing crops, construction, organizing recreation for the population. This approach underlies the oldest known historical gardens; their solution was determined by the logic of the irrigation system or relief stabilization. Utilitarian requirements underlie modern recreation areas, various agricultural landscapes, and individual garden plots.

The second principle for solving a territory may be compliance with the specific existing landscape and the logic of its development, preserving its originality. In this case, the architectural and planning structure and landscape organization of the object are based on the features of the original landscape and a clear zoning of the territory according to the nature of use. Landscape-realistic parks of the 19th century, modern national parks, nature reserves and reserves were built according to this principle.

The third principle is compliance with a certain ideological or aesthetic “program”, philosophical ideas about the relationship between man and nature. Many French and Italian regular gardens of the Renaissance and Baroque, English landscape gardens of classicism, landscape-romantic parks of Russian estates, modern memorial parks and abstract gardens were built according to this principle. The concept of style is most often associated with this principle.

Styles landscape compositions. In the layout of spaces, two directions have always existed in parallel: regular-geometric and picturesque-landscape, which never completely excluded each other. Nor are they polar opposites, since they reflect the idea of ​​the beauty of nature - transformed or not transformed by man. Somewhat conventionally, regular, irregular and mixed styles are distinguished.

Regular the style assumes a rectilinear or ray-shaped tracing of the road and path network with intersections that are marked by platforms, small forms or plantings. The relief of a regular garden is flat or designed in the form of terraces with retaining walls of various heights. Open surfaces of lawns and flower beds of strict geometric shape play an important role. The ponds of a regular garden have a round, square, rectangular or polygonal shape, often reflecting ponds are complemented by fountains or cascades. The plantings involve the artificial formation of crowns and are represented by green walls or geometric shapes, green bosquet cabinets, linear plantings of trees and shrubs along the alleys. The dominant feature of a regular park is often a large building - palace, administrative, entertainment.

Irregular The style is based on imitation of the natural landscape, revealing its picturesqueness. The paths and paths of the irregular park have picturesque outlines, are laid in accordance with the terrain and along the most compositionally advantageous routes. The relief is preserved in its original form or enhanced by creating embankments or recesses of natural contours. The reservoirs of the landscape park are natural (lakes) or artificial, but imitate a natural prototype (pond, stream, cascade). The plantings are based on groups and arrays, selected according to the color and shape of the crown, growth dynamics; much attention is paid single landings ornamental breeds. The background for them is the surface of a lawn or meadow with arrays of flowers imitating natural ones. Architectural structures and small forms are actively included in the landscape, but do not dominate it.

It is also possible to combine regular and irregular techniques within one composition - mixed style. For example, the straight main alley of the park contrasts in design with the picturesque walking paths. Irregularly designed green spaces can soften the rigidity of the geometric layout of paths and ponds. Within one object, geometric and picturesque areas can coexist, for example, a regular entrance area with picturesque clearings for walks in the park.

Create beautiful composition in landscape design - the task is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. Composition is not just making a whole out of parts. This is the creation of a whole that you want to stop your gaze on again and again. This is what gives us various positive emotions. It is the landscape composition that is the basis of good design, and it consists of only four main elements.

Lines in landscape composition can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal or curved. Lines are used in landscape design to emphasize an object, set a path of movement, or draw attention to a focal point, which could be, for example, fire, water or a small architectural form. Paths or an area of ​​the garden with a direct route to a focal point will naturally direct a person to the accent area of ​​the garden. In contrast, a winding path will create a sense of wonder.

Using a line, you can redirect a person's gaze to areas of greatest interest, and it doesn't matter what the line is. Therefore, when you set a route on your site, carefully consider where the main or secondary path will lead. The most common mistake is the path to nowhere. But this directs our gaze. And if we don’t see anything at the end of our path, then subconsciously we begin to be overcome by doubts about whether we need to go there at all. And this does not at all cause interest, but rather fear. And if at the end of the path we see a small architectural form, a beautiful sculpture, a bench or a tree with interesting shape, our gaze calms down, and we smoothly move into a state of contemplation. And this is a completely different feeling.

If you decide to create winding paths on your site, then the principle of surprise applies here. The winding path is interesting, but not in itself. IN in this case Every sharp turn must necessarily contain an accent element that encourages you to go further. And here it will be better if the shape of the path is not completely visible, as in the palm of your hand; you need to make sure that each section or each curl is hidden, for example, behind a screen of plants. Then this will arouse a feeling of interest: what is there, around the corner?

One more point that I would like to highlight - do not skimp on paving paths in the garden, because it will serve you for many years. Now the times have come that cannot tolerate alterations. Firstly, it is very expensive, and secondly, it is a waste of your precious time. How often do we see areas where paths simply connect the entrances of buildings to each other. Where is it here? landscape composition? There is none, so you cannot feel comfortable in such an area. Expand your horizons a little, open up the lawn in front of your house, create a beautiful flower garden on it, or plant a small decorative group of trees and shrubs. Believe me, you will look at such a landscape much more often than at a lawn cut by paths. In this case, your eyes will endlessly wander along the created lines in search of shelter.

Lines, whether real or imaginary (formed, for example, by planted plants), create the overall composition in the garden. It is the lines that create a sense of order and allow you to focus on the entire garden design as a whole, rather than on the individual details that make it up.

Form in landscape design composition

The forms of the landscape composition are created by contours closed in space and form three-dimensional objects. Small ones have a shape architectural elements and plants, and it is they who organize the landscape, and often determine the entire landscape style of the garden. Formal geometric shapes are familiar to us as circles, squares and polygons. Free forms feature sinuous lines and blurred edges.

Plants create shape in the garden through their outlines and silhouettes, and their shape can change when grouped together. Whereas buildings and small architectural elements are permanent forms.

Circles in the composition

The circles have a durable construction. A person's gaze is always turned to his center, which is most often used as a place for emphasis. For variety in design, derivatives of the circle are also used - ellipse, segment, oval or semicircle.

Squares in composition

Squares are the generally accepted “construction” shape. We often see it in paving paths, as well as in stone, brick or wooden structures and their finishing (tiles). Unlike a circle, a square is a more fundamental and difficult to perceive shape. The square shape can also be divided into segments, with which you can achieve another, unique and more complex shape.

Polygons in composition

Polygons (especially triangles) need to be treated with special care. Sharp corners are perceived as “prickly”, which creates a certain discomfort for a person. The simpler the polygon, the easier it is perceived by our vision.

Twisting shapes

Twisting shapes
in landscape design

Free, sinuous forms often imitate the natural flow of rivers or streams. Such forms work well when creating paths, designing flower beds, designing ponds and dry streams. Winding lines can add mystery to a garden composition, revealing more and more views to the viewer.

Blurred or jagged edges imitate chips of natural stone and textured leaves, causing a feeling of roughness and roughness. Similar forms can be seen in rock gardens or along a dry stream, and these forms can also be reflected in small architectural forms.

Fragmented Forms

Fragmented shapes resemble fragments of stone or brick and are often used in step paving.

Plant shape

The shape of the plants is the most interesting. It can change due to an increase in the number of plants when they are grouped. A shape that contrasts with other shapes in the overall composition will be an accent. Accent forms should be used with caution; there should be one or two of them, but if their number is too large, they can lead to chaos. Vertical shapes add height to a space, while horizontal shapes add width. The shape of plants is capable of changing the space of a landscape composition, introducing into it all kinds of convexities and concavities. For example, the shape of a tree with arched branches creates a concave space underneath that can be filled with a plant with a domed crown.

Trees have a wide variety of shapes, they can be: round and columnar, oval and pyramidal, vase-shaped and weeping. Various tree shapes are used not only for visual appeal, they also carry a functional load. For example, round and oval tree shapes are more suitable for creating shade in the garden, while screening requires a pyramidal or columnar shape.

Shapes of shrubs

Shapes of shrubs can be upright, vase-like, arched, mound-shaped, rounded, pointed, cascading and irregular. When choosing shrub forms, you need to consider whether they will be planted in a group or individually.

Ground-blooded forms

Ground cover forms include: carpet, prostrate, creeping, needle-shaped and clumpy. Almost all ground cover forms look better in masses.

Shape is a very powerful tool for recognizing and defining the subject of a composition based on its outline or silhouette. Human vision is capable of reproducing an object even if we see only part of the shape we are familiar with. Repetition of the same shape is necessary when creating a landscape design structure. Shapes also determine the style of the garden. Geometric shapes are the basis formal gardens, and free forms are preferable to use in landscape gardens that imitate nature.

Color in landscape composition

The colors of plants and small architectural forms add interest and variety to the landscape. Color is the most visible and, unfortunately, fickle element of landscape design. To create color schemes, we use a color wheel that includes three primary colors (red, blue, and yellow), three secondary colors (green, orange, and purple), and six tertiary colors (a mixture of secondary and primary colors).

The colors of the leaves and flowers of plants create the mood in the garden. In the landscape design of a summer cottage, color is used for visual effect. Colors should be in harmony with the overall appearance of the garden and accompany its changes from season to season. The main color schemes are monochrome, analog and complementary.

Monochrome color scheme

A monochrome color scheme uses one color. In landscaping, this means only one color other than the green of the foliage and grass. In the garden where it prevails green color, after all, shape and texture have a greater impact on the emotional state. But one color can have many light and dark variations, which adds variety to the overall look. An example would be a white garden with white flowers, white variegated foliage and white decorative elements.

Harmonious color scheme

An analogue or harmonious color scheme for a composition is made up of any three to five colors that are adjacent on the color wheel, such as red, red-orange, orange, yellow-orange and yellow, or blue, blue-violet and violet. Colors are related to each other because they usually contain two primary colors and, when mixed, form a secondary and two tertiary colors, sharing common properties.

Complementary color scheme

A complementary color scheme involves using opposite colors on the color wheel. These colors tend to have high contrast. The most common combinations are: purple and yellow, red and green, blue and orange. Such combinations are often found in nature among flowers.

In plants, all their components have color - leaves, bark, fruits and flowers. Foliage usually makes an excellent backdrop for flowering plants. Of course, green foliage in all its variety of shades is still the dominant color in quantity, but the brightness of other colors against the green background is perceived with great attention, since contrast is at work here.

Of course, color is also found in buildings, stone, paving stones, wood and furniture. Most colors natural materials, such as stone and wood, have a muted tone and usually come in several variations (for example, brown, red and beige). Bright colors in small architectural forms are usually found among artificial materials(painted furniture, painted ceramic containers, sculptures or glass decorations).

Color has properties that can influence emotions, perception of space, lighting intensity, harmony and attention. Colors are determined by their “temperature”; they can be cold or warm. Cool colors have a calming effect and are used in passive relaxation areas. Warm colors, on the contrary, evoke a storm of emotions; they are best used in landscape compositions in places active rest. The "temperature" of color can also affect the perception of distance. Cool colors seem to recede back and are perceived further, making the space larger and deeper. Warm colors are perceived as being closer and make the space appear smaller.

Color can also serve as an accent. For example, yellow, which has the greatest intensity, contrasts strongly with other colors and should be used with great care. Not a large number of a rich color will produce the same effect as a large amount of a more muted color.

Color schemes in the garden may change depending on the season. Summer colors tend to be more varied and vibrant, while winter colors tend to be monochromatic and darker. Color also depends on the time of day and season. Summer sun makes colors more saturated, and winter sun makes colors more muted. Picking up color scheme landscape design compositions, you should take into account the time of day at which the garden will be used, and pay Special attention texture and shape.

Texture is a surface characteristic that can be divided into three categories: coarse, medium and fine. Texture in landscape composition is used to provide variety, interest and contrast. Every element of a plant has texture, be it foliage, flowers, bark, trunk or branches. Size and shape determine the texture of the plant.

Coarse texture dominates fine texture, as well as color and shape. The fine texture is completely subordinate to other qualities. Large textured plants attract attention and hold it thanks to the play of light and shadow. The fine texture increases space and gives a feeling of openness and lightness. Rough texture minimizes distance: plants appear closer and the space appears smaller.

Large leaves, leaves with jagged edges, thick twigs and branches, thorns and prickles, and deeply fractured bark have a rough texture. The fine texture is determined by small leaves, tall thin stems, fine grass, dense and small branches, vines, small delicate flowers. But most plants cannot be classified as having either a coarse texture or a fine texture. They are characterized by medium-sized leaves with simple shapes and smooth edges, medium-sized branches (not densely spaced), and their shape is usually round or mound-shaped. These medium-textured plants usually act as backgrounds for coarse- and fine-textured plants.

The texture of plants and small architectural forms influences the perception of distance and scale. To make a space feel larger, place fine-textured plants in the background, place medium-textured plants in front of them, and bring coarse-textured plants to the foreground. Then the sparseness of the fine texture will recede, and the space will seem larger. To make the space appear smaller, coarse-textured plants will need to take up space on the outer perimeter, while fine-textured plants will need to be brought to the front. Visually, this will make the composition space in landscape design smaller. Bold colors increase contrast and roughen up texture, while muted colors can soften the texture of a landscape composition.

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The harmonious development of the individual depends on the aesthetic perfection of the environment. The artistic principle spiritualizes work, decorates everyday life, and ennobles a person. Gardens and other green spaces play a significant role in this - integral landscape elements.

Perceiving the natural landscape, a person looks for features in it that are in harmony with his activities, individual life, moods, and experiences. Therefore, in order to satisfy these human spiritual needs, each work of landscape art must first of all be addressed to the person and designed to have a positive impact. Therefore, the formation of an architectural and landscape ensemble is based on the laws of beauty, taken from nature, taking into account the aesthetic and psychological needs of man.

Features of visual perception

The emotional and aesthetic reaction of people in a certain situation reflects, first of all, the correspondence or inconsistency of the perceived object with their actual needs.

Perception depends:

1. on a person’s belonging to a certain age and social group;
2. on his value orientation, lifestyle, traditions, morals and customs in a given;
3. from mood;
4. on the type of person’s occupation and his predominant forms of recreation.

Types of perception:

1. purposeful, intentional, with dynamic forms of movement or display of elements of nature, architecture, art (excursions, movement to certain objects, inspection of objects, etc.);
2. unintentional (involuntary), in which there is no pre-set goal.

The most specific visual perception factors for landscape design are:

• conditions of orientation in the natural landscape;
• dynamics of natural light and fluidity of color.

The role of observation time in landscape design

The time of inspection has a decisive influence on the degree of detail of examination of an object, and, consequently, the depth of knowledge of its contents. In the process of perception, human consciousness strives to recognize the content of the landscape through a detailed examination of its most important components.

As the time of visual perception decreases, the area of ​​inspection of the landscape is reduced due to the exclusion of components of secondary importance, therefore, the shorter the possible inspection time, the more expressive and brighter the difference between the main and the secondary should be emphasized compositionally. The arrangement of the main elements should be rhythmic, compact and easily absorbed by the viewer’s consciousness against the background of the overall picture.

A monotonous landscape, devoid of artistic intent and expressiveness, causes psychological fatigue in the viewer, loss of interest in it, which is the result of a fruitless search for its content and psychological dissatisfaction.

An excessive amount of information also does not contribute to the beneficial effect of the park composition on the viewer, since some of it is not perceived and not realized. As a result, assessments of the decorative and artistic qualities of the landscape decrease, and it is poorly remembered. It is known from psychology that the number of objects simultaneously retained in a person’s short-term memory does not exceed 7 (±2), therefore the most optimal landscape compositions are those with 5-6 accents (nodes).

The limits of visual perception affect the overall perception of space, especially in areas surrounded by a dense “wall” of tall greenery:

• spaces whose dimensions do not exceed 25 m create an impression of intimacy;
• spaces whose dimensions exceed 140 m have been perceived since ancient times as very large (hypertrophied).

The role of lighting and observation time in landscape design - landscape 400

The role of lighting in landscape design

Nature of lighting directly affects a person’s mood, his choice of a place to relax (remember how a sun-drenched clearing attracts us when leaving a dark thicket, etc.). The sliding rays of the sun at dawn, bright sun during the day, sunsets, evening twilight, moonlight, cloudy days and fogs radically change the expression of the landscape and the conditions of its visual perception.

Chiaroscuro reveals the shape, plasticity, texture of objects, largely determines the color perception of the environment and is one of the important factors of architectural and landscape composition.

Of the variety of natural lighting conditions, the most typical ones can be identified, specifically influencing the perception of the landscape composition, namely:

1. daytime solar lighting;
2. scattered, diffuse - on a cloudy day, fog, rain.

In clear weather, the area and objects located on it are illuminated by directed sunlight, as well as diffused light coming from the sky and clouds, which softens contours, highlights shadowed surfaces and creates subtle transitions at the boundaries of light and shadow. Changing the angle of incidence of sunlight significantly modifies the volumetric-spatial characteristics of the landscape and its elements:

1. when the sun is low above the horizon, vertical surfaces are more illuminated, the texture of horizontal ones is clearly revealed (the color of the tree seems lighter and the mass is smaller; the falling shadows on the ground are significantly longer);
2. when the sun's rays fall on a surface at an angle of 45°, the most favorable conditions to identify the total volume of the plant and the plasticity of its forms (this is facilitated by both its own and falling shadows from all elements of the object located in the illuminated area);
3. when the rays fall at an angle of 60°, most of the foliage of trees with a normal (spreading) crown shape (pedunculated oak, elm, Scots pine and other trees) is in the shade; The most expressive texture of trees with pyramidal and columnar crown shapes (for example, evergreen cypress, pyramidal poplar, spruce, etc.) is most expressive in this lighting.

Artistic expressiveness of landscape composition - landscape 1 400

Factors influencing artistic expressiveness landscape:

• orientation of the entire composition and its elements according to the cardinal points;
• placement of green spaces and architectural structures in relation to the sun;
• direction of inspection.

During sunset, yellow and red colors predominate, noticeably coloring ground objects. In places where the point where the sun passes the horizon is visually visible, viewing platforms can be created to provide a panoramic view of the sunset. The most suitable areas for this are elevated areas, belvederes, terraces, flat roofs park facilities. From here, the picturesque picture will be perceived surrounded by and through the openwork of green spaces, which are located in the foreground and visible in a dark silhouette.

Relief and climatic conditions also affect lighting conditions. In northern latitudes, it is preferable to place gardens on south-facing slopes with a favorable microclimate. In this case, all objects are illuminated by the sun, there are great opportunities use of light and shadow techniques. In gardens of southern latitudes, north-oriented slopes are preferred. With the same composition of plantings on flat terrain, the area is shaded more than on southern slopes. On northern slopes, the falling shadows lengthen, and the area of ​​the shaded area increases.

Frontal sunlight makes the crown flatter, but creates contrasting shadow boundaries from its protruding parts. The most illuminated places here are more consistent with their natural color and differ significantly from shaded surfaces, where the color changes and the light-and-shadow transitions are softened. Trees with dark, glossy leaves visibly reflect the blue of the sky. Plants with warm-toned foliage in the shade appear fresh, bright green, helped by a mixture of yellow and blue colors.

The expressiveness of plants perceived against the light depends on the shape and transparency of the crowns. This lighting is most effective when the openwork parts are combined with dense masses of foliage that have a good silhouette. With dense, compact crowns, the highlighted leaves are located only along the contour and cannot always create the desired effect. In trees with a spreading crown and thin foliage, most of the crown can glow effectively in backlighting.

Under diffuse lighting conditions, the color of objects is clearly distinguished, especially shiny, glossy textures, which enliven the landscape and increase the contrast of shapes. When wetted by rain, dew or fog, they become more reflective. In fog, objects lose their volume and are perceived in space as flat scenes; color whitening occurs with a sharp decrease in visibility. This phenomenon is aggravated when the fog is illuminated by sunlight. Under these conditions, dark trees, buildings, and structures standing in the foreground stand out well against the general background.

The nature of lighting largely determines color perception. When forming landscape compositions, the use of color mainly comes down to the comparison of warm and cold, light and dark, bright and restrained tones in accordance with their position in space and combination with each other. The combination of colors plays an important role in volumetric-spatial compositions.

Factors of color harmony:

1. features of climate and associated natural light;
2. the color of the local assortment of vegetation, its changes with the seasons;
3. the flavor of local building materials and the natural environment.

For example, in areas with long winters, especially in the northern zones of the country, a bright color scheme of architectural objects can have a powerful aesthetic impact in conditions of dim lighting, the predominance of gray-white and muted green tones in the surrounding landscape and in the absence of colorful foliage on the trees.

Color can have a significant impact on the perception of space, light colors can visually increase, and dark colors can reduce space, warm colors can bring objects closer and cold colors can move objects away from the observer.

Color in landscape design - landscape Color 400

Color techniques in landscape design

Used in landscape design whole line techniques:

1. color contrast between the main subject and the background. It can be achieved by the strength of color, as well as a combination of cold and warm tones, a comparison of hard and soft color shades;
2. quantitative color contrast, when a small color spot of another stands out against the predominant background of one color;
3. solution of individual zones of the park in a local, unique flavor;
4. rhythmic construction color compositions and spaces;
5. creating an illusion that visually enhances or weakens individual elements of a park composition or ensemble, correcting with the help of color nuance proportions, shape of objects and depth of spaces.

The light-color forms of nature are in constant dynamics throughout the day and season, and the shapes and colors of architectural structures are unchanged, so it is necessary to take into account all the features of coloristic changes in the landscape. Thus, one of the methods of coloristic solution of the ensemble can be the placement of light-colored buildings and light-colored vegetation at high elevations of the relief, and dark-toned, small-volume and low structures and vegetation of dark shades - in low areas, emphasizing the plastic features of the relief, enhancing the expressiveness of the silhouette.

The architectural and spatial structure of the garden is an important component of the artistic design, that is, it is located in the interconnected compositional system of its centers, main and secondary dominants, local accents and a neutral background. The degree of complexity of this structure depends on:

1. on the purpose and functional territory;
2. from the relief and other features of the landscape;
3. on the size of the plot and other factors.

The geometricity and picturesqueness of compositional techniques are determined primarily by the topography of the area and the general landscape characteristics. Architectural and landscape ensembles, geometric in shape, have a clear, quickly comprehended structure, but in the case of frequent and long-term visits by the same people, they begin to give the impression of monotony.