Vegetative propagation, unlike seed propagation, occurs asexually - the new plant is part of the mother plant and then separates from it. This type of propagation makes it possible to most fully preserve the economically valuable traits and properties of the mother plant in the offspring and thereby increase the productivity of the plant. planting material.
In this case, the process of growing planting material is accelerated. It does not depend on the seed harvest. Planting material is genetically homogeneous. Its cultivation under a polyethylene covering using automatic systems for creating and maintaining optimal microclimate allows you to significantly expand the range of breeds propagated vegetatively, reduce the cost of its cultivation and move on to replacing seed propagation with vegetative propagation for some breeds.
This type of propagation is used in the following cases:
· when breeding breeds that are difficult to reproduce by seeds, do not produce seeds at all under any conditions, or produce non-viable seeds;
· for harsh living conditions, where many plants do not have time to ripen or do not set seeds at all;
· for the reproduction of some plants, even those that are relatively easily propagated by seeds, but do not retain their genotype due to splitting;
· during mass propagation of valuable, but still rare in culture, introduced species, since with this method many plants can be obtained from one or several maternal individuals.
Artificial vegetative propagation is divided into autovegetative and heterovegetative. Autovegetative propagation is carried out by organs or parts of organs of the propagated individual without the use of other plants, heterovegetative propagation is carried out with the use of other plants (various types of grafting). Autovegetative propagation is carried out by stem (lignified and green cuttings) and root cuttings, shoots, layering, root suckers, dividing the bush, and the like.
This thesis examines in more detail the method of propagating roses of the hybrid tea group by green cuttings.
History of the study of green cuttings
Domestic scientists have conducted numerous studies on green cuttings of trees and shrubs various types and varieties. A significant contribution to the theory and practice of green cuttings was made by the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev, where in 1934 experiments on green cuttings were carried out on a number of gooseberry varieties. Since 1935, the study of the ability to propagate by green cuttings of 115 different species and varieties began. garden plants. The experiments laid the foundation for further research, as a result of which a connection was established between the ability to regenerate adventitious roots when propagated by green cuttings in various life forms with their evolution.
A large number of species, varieties and forms of plants have been identified that are promising for propagation by green cuttings.
In 1940, studies began on the effect of growth regulators on the rooting of green cuttings of many plant species and varieties. Their effectiveness was especially noticeable on cherries and plums. At the same time, optimal concentrations, timing and methods of processing cuttings were identified.
The basics of green cuttings using growth regulators were determined by the end of the 40s of the twentieth century. Recommendations were issued, and the development of green cuttings began in nurseries near Moscow.
At the end of the 50s, at the TSHA, under the leadership of the Department of Fruit Growing, comprehensive research was begun on optimizing environmental factors for rooting cuttings and developing the necessary engineering and technical means.
In the development and improvement of green cutting technology, a special place belongs to the Pamyat Ilyich state farm near Moscow. In this farm, back in the 40s, under the leadership of the department of fruit growing, the development of green cutting technology with the use of growth stimulants began, and in the 60s, according to an experimental project developed at the academy, the first industrial installation of artificial fog in Russia was built in protected soil and systematic development of green cutting technology. Here, the selection of breeds and varieties that were promising for green cuttings was carried out, technological means and elements of technology were improved in relation to the Central region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia.
However, as shown by VNIILM studies conducted in 1975-1981, the cutting method also has disadvantages. The first negative side is that rooted cuttings cut from one adult mother tree, as a rule, produce offspring that are heterogeneous in terms of growth rate. This phenomenon is called the “cutting effect.” Typically, more uniform offspring can be obtained only by taking cuttings from younger plants during propagation by buds and other young plant parts (tissue cultures). Another negative trait cutting method is a strong susceptibility of cuttings to various fungal diseases, which can only be overcome by observing strict preventive measures on soil disinfection. For many breeds it is necessary to carry out special preventative treatment cuttings with fungicides and insecticides.
The work carried out at VNIILM on the propagation of introduced species and hybrids of deciduous trees has allowed us to accumulate a large amount of experimental material, which has made it possible to establish that the percentage of rooted cuttings fluctuates greatly and depends on rooting conditions, timing and methods of harvesting cuttings, biological features harvested cuttings. Thus, experimental work at VNIILM in 1975-1981 on cuttings shows that it is possible to successfully carry out propagation and at the same time obtain plants with a well-formed trunk that retain the inherent growth rate of the mother plant. In the course of these studies, agricultural technology for growing planting material of vegetative origin was developed, taking into account the characteristics of the development of cuttings and the formation of seedlings.
In the period from 1985 to the present, research at the TSHA continued to further improve the methods of green cuttings in relation to various species and varieties, identified best combinations green cuttings with other technologies. New technological elements for influencing mother plants have been developed, methods have been developed for improving mother plants in protected soil and rooted cuttings in containers.
Biological basis for the use of growth substances and physical factors for green cuttingsVegetative propagation, successfully overcoming the problems of heritability of a complex of economically useful traits and the provision of planting material in the years following periods of low seed yields, poses a number of new problems, among which should be mentioned, first of all, the problem of rooting of propagated vegetative organs and their parts, as well as the problem of depression of growth processes in vegetatively propagated seedlings obtained from adult plants.
The problem of root formation is associated with the level of auxins in rooted tissues and organs. Synthesized in the apical parts of the shoots, auxins move down to their basal areas and cause division of meristematic cells and root formation. Both a lack of auxins and an excess of them can inhibit root formation. In order to regulate the auxin balance, the propagated material is treated with exogenous regulators of various natures, as well as the influence of a number of physical factors.
A number of other works directly indicate the dependence of rooting success on a complex of physical environmental factors, giving it priority over all types of treatments, including chemical ones, and even placing it in importance above age and genetic factors.
Of the environmental factors mentioned, the most important are temperature and light. In the period preceding cuttings, the cutting material should be exposed to low temperatures. The only question is what is the duration and range of these effects. It is highly likely that both time and temperature ranges are decisively determined by genetic factors.
There are diametrically opposed opinions in the literature about the role of light in the process of rooting of vegetatively propagated material. Evidence is provided that lengthening the photoperiod by artificial increase suppresses rooting.
Among the works devoted to the problem of rooting of cuttings, the greatest attention is paid to the use of various chemical treatments. A common feature of these works is that the effectiveness of the substances used varies greatly depending on the species of the cutting material, its biological age, environmental conditions preceding cuttings and existing during rooting. In this regard, the range of substances used and the range of their concentrations is quite wide.
A separate problem is growth depression observed during vegetative propagation.
Use of growth regulators for green cuttings
Growth regulators are organic or synthesized synthetic substances that, in small quantities, cause inhibition or change in certain physiological processes occurring in plants.
Growth regulators are chemicals, affecting plant growth, increasing productivity, the formation of new tissues, and so on.
Once in the plant organism, they are included in the metabolism and have a certain effect on it, as a result of which the level of plant vital activity increases or decreases. With the help of growth regulators, you can activate or delay one or another process occurring in the plant body. The use of growth regulators is becoming more and more diverse every year; they are used to accelerate plant growth, rooting cuttings, when transplanting plants, for increased productivity of a number of crops, bringing tubers, bulbs and seeds out of dormancy, prolonging dormancy, dropping leaves, destroying unwanted plants, growth inhibition and so on.
As a result of the action of growth substances in plant cells, the following physiological processes occur: the intensity of synthetic processes increases, the hydrolysis of sugars and protein substances increases, the viscosity of protoplasm decreases and its permeability increases, the activity of some enzymes increases, while others are inhibited, the activity of photosynthesis and respiratory gas exchange of plant tissues and organs. Growth substances contribute to the redistribution of plastic substances present in the cutting, which leads to the formation of missing organs in the developing plant organism.
Research conducted in our country and abroad indicates the possibility of widespread use of these substances in forestry.
Growth regulators are both natural substances and synthetic drugs.
Growth regulators of natural origin are divided into hormonal and non-hormonal substances. The main hormonal substances are phytohormones. Currently, 5 groups of phytohormones are known:
· auxins (IAA);
· gibberellins (GA);
Cytoninides (TCC);
Abrerenes (ABK);
· ethylenes (Z).
The role and purpose of growth regulators are most clearly manifested in their physiological properties with various metabolic processes of plants.
Large quantities of planting material, which have to be grown in the shortest possible time, require landscaping and the creation of forest plantations. Vegetative propagation by cuttings allows the offspring to preserve the properties and characteristics of the mother plant. On the cutting, roots develop from the so-called root primordium. The formation of root primordia is promoted by certain favorable conditions. Growth regulators are especially effective, as they significantly increase the percentage of rooting of cuttings and accelerate their growth.
Substances such as Kornevin, Ribav, IMC contribute to the abundant formation of roots on cuttings.
The response to growth regulators depends on the species characteristics, the physiological state of the mother plants and their age. Stimulants act on cell membranes, softening them and thereby promoting better water absorption. The more intense the process of absorption of regulators and water, the more intense the root formation process. Young cuttings take root more easily.
There are two reasonable methods for treating cuttings with substances: aqueous solutions and dry mixtures of stimulants with charcoal or talc powders. It is recommended to place the cuttings in water for two hours before processing. Before immersing the cuttings in stimulant solutions, the cut is renewed.
The action of growth stimulants does not have the same effect on cuttings of different species.
Harvested cuttings should be placed in an aqueous solution of growth regulators. Tied in a bunch of 50 pieces, they are immersed with their lower ends approximately 1/3 of the length and left in the solution for 6-48 hours, depending on the concentration and degree of lignification of the cuttings. The treated cuttings are planted in a greenhouse, where they are kept until complete rooting.
Green cutting method Unlike propagation by lignified cuttings, the green cutting method makes it possible to obtain rooted plants of a much wider range of crops. Since many species in which lignified cuttings are not capable of developing adventitious roots, take root well at the stage of green and semi-lignified shoots. Propagation by green cuttings has been known for a long time. It has long been practiced in floriculture for cloning crops such as carnations, phlox, chrysanthemum, dahlias, geraniums, etc. But after the discovery of growth regulators - auxins and the creation of artificial fog systems, this method gained a strong position in fruit and berry nursery farming. The timing of green cuttings depends on the phase of shoot development. For stone fruit crops (cherry, plum, peach), the most successful is green cuttings in the phase intensive growth shoots, which are characterized fast growth, green color of the bark and slight lignification of the lower part of the shoot. In the middle zone, this phase usually occurs in the first half of June. For crops such as apple trees, quinces, gooseberries, lemons, and the like, the best timing occurs at the end of the growth phase, when the shoots become semi-lignified and the bark partially turns brown. Crops characterized by high root-forming ability, for example, sea buckthorn, black and red currants, can be cut in both phases. Practice has established that root formation processes occur more actively in tissues lacking chlorophyll. Bleaching of fabrics is carried out in the absence of light. Therefore, in order to bleach parts of the stem of young shoots, it is recommended to install light insulators made of black film or paint the bark black oil paint based on soot. As a rule, every second internode on the shoots of the mother plant is subjected to bleaching. Film light insulators about one and a half centimeters wide are wrapped around the internodes and secured with adhesive tape. Black paint is also applied to the internodes in a ring 1.5 centimeters wide. The paint must be thinned only with natural drying oil without turpentine. Two weeks after light isolation, the shoots are cut and cuttings are cut from them. For each cutting, the bleached internode should be the bottom one. Bottom sheet The cuttings are removed, and the top leaf blade is cut in half. On top nutrient soil wet sand is poured into the nursery in a layer of 5 centimeters. The bases of the cuttings are treated with a growth substance and immersed in sand to the level of the petiole of the top leaf. The nursery is covered with a transparent film and in the daytime, with constant frequent spraying, the air humidity in it is maintained close to one hundred percent. Rooting is carried out within 25 - 40 days.
The most effective technology for propagating blue honeysuckle plants is propagation by green cuttings. In the conditions of the Central Black Earth region of Russia, this method of propagation for honeysuckle has not been developed. The optimal elements of green cuttings, the layout of cuttings, and the conditions for their successful rooting have not been determined. These recommendations allow you to use highly effective methods for accelerated propagation of blue honeysuckle under production conditions.
The success of green cuttings of honeysuckle largely depends on cultivation structures, the presence of drainage, substrate preparation and the quality of watering. It is recommended to root green cuttings in film greenhouse TPV 10.1.11-86. The soil in the area where the greenhouse is installed must be well drained to remove excess moisture. The thickness of the soil for root formation is 30 cm, the organomineral soil consists of a mixture of peat and other organic materials with the addition of mineral components. For supporting optimal mode air and soil moisture, fine-drip irrigation should be used using fogging units. The watering regime should ensure the constant presence of small drops of water on the leaves. The soil at a depth of 15-20 cm should be well moistened. Rooting conditions: top layer of substrate 10 cm deep - sand, relative air humidity 90 - 95%, Maximum temperature air 35-36 0C (optimum 25-30 0C), soil 28-30 0C (optimum 22-25 0C). The cuttings size is 12-15 cm, planting depth is 4-5 cm.
Green cuttings are cut from the mother plant during the phase of fading shoot growth on the mother plants. For honeysuckle, this period visually coincides with the appearance of the first ripe berries; for the Tambov region - approximately from June 5 to June 15. Plants in the queen cell and in the propagation area are cared for in accordance with technological maps for growing mother plants and cuttings.
Harvesting of shoots should be carried out in the early morning, when the tissues of the stems and leaves are most watered. The shoots are carefully placed in plastic bags and quickly delivered to the cutting site. Leaves on cut shoots have low water-holding capacity and lose turgor in a short period. Leaves that have lost turgor have difficulty restoring it, which negatively affects the process of root formation. Branching shoots and renewal shoots should be used as green cuttings.
The cuttings must be prepared as follows. Using a sharpened knife, an oblique cut is made at a distance of 1.5 cm under the lower pair of buds of the first internode at an angle of 45° to the shoot axis. The second cut - at an angle of 90° - is made above the upper pair of buds at a distance of 1 cm. Before planting, the lower pair of leaves is removed with a knife or pruning shears. If the shoot internodes are shorter than 7 cm, cuttings are prepared from two internodes, removing two pairs of leaves and leaving the third - the upper one. The cuttings are tied into bundles, to which a label is attached indicating the variety and the number of cuttings in the bundle.
If production conditions limit the possibility of cuttings at the specified optimal times, as well as when simultaneously cutting varieties with different degrees of maturity of annual shoots, rooting stimulants should be used, such as IMC, Kornevin and others. To soak in a solution of rooting stimulants, the cuttings are placed in wooden boxes lined with plastic film or plastic cuvettes at least 10 cm high. The working solution is poured into the bottom of the box or cuvette in a layer of 2 - 4 cm. The bunches are immersed with their lower ends in the working solution. It is necessary to ensure that the lower sections of the cuttings are at the same level and are all located in the working solution.
Treatment of cuttings with aqueous solutions of rooting regulators is carried out as follows. To prepare the working solution, a sample of the rooting stimulant preparation is first dissolved in a small amount hot water(50 - 100 ml). If the drug has dissolved, bring the solution to the required volume and pour it into the box. Aqueous solutions are not stable, so they are prepared immediately before use.
To prepare an alcohol solution, take a sample, dissolve it in a small amount of 96% ethyl alcohol, then add water to the required volume to obtain a 50% alcohol solution. The solution is prepared in glass or porcelain containers with a capacity of 150 - 500 ml. Since alcohol evaporates easily, the solution should be stored in a tightly closed container, in the dark at low temperature.
The prepared alcohol solution is poured into a small jar with a layer of 2 - 3 cm, and the cuttings are immersed in it with their lower ends; kept for 10 seconds and immediately planted in the greenhouse.
To treat cuttings with growth powder, the latter layer of 0.5 - 1 cm is poured into a flat-bottomed cup or box. The cuttings are processed immediately after cutting and immediately planted for rooting in grooves previously made with a marker.
The mode of fine spraying with water in the first three weeks lasts 5-10 seconds with an interval of 15-30 minutes from 7 to 20 hours daily with a break at night. This ensures a constant presence of water on the leaves; the soil at a depth of 15-20 cm is well moistened. After the first roots appear (in early July), the frequency of watering should be reduced, and the duration of the period without watering should be increased (3-5 minutes after 1-1.5 hours).
Starting from mid-July, it is necessary to harden the rooted cuttings by ventilating the greenhouse. At the end of August - beginning of September, the greenhouse is completely freed from the film.
Rooted cuttings are dug up at the end of September and beginning of October.
After digging the cuttings, the rooted plants were assessed according to the method of V.I. Budagovsky (1959) (the diameter of the growth in cm, the height of the plants in cm, the condition of the root system in points were taken into account):
1 point - there are no roots on the plant;
2 points - unsatisfactory rooting (1-2 weak roots or only their rudiments);
3 points - satisfactory rooting (3-4 roots);
4 points - good rooting (plants have a large number of large and small roots);
5 points - rooting is very good (many densely located large and small roots emerge from the cuttings).
The rooting rate of cuttings is found from the ratio of the number of rooted cuttings to the number of planted ones and is expressed in %.
Analyzing the works of F.G. Belosokhov, I was able to learn a lot of interesting things about the history of honeysuckle as a valuable food crop. This is what the first image of a branch with blue honeysuckle fruits looked like, made by the French naturalist C. Clusius in 1583 (Fig. 3):
Figure 3. The first image of honeysuckle made by C. Clusius.
Honeysuckle, as a valuable berry plant, became known about 300 years ago after the first explorers and scientists penetrated into Eastern Siberia and the Far East (Plekhanova, 1982). The first information about the honeysuckle plant is found in the “Skaski” of the Russian explorer V.V. Atlasov, who made a campaign in Kamchatka in 1697-1699 (Berg, 1946). Many researchers noted the good taste of Kamchatka honeysuckle berries (Krashennikov, 1818). Population of Eastern Siberia and Far East has long been preparing honeysuckle berries for drying and making jam (Batalin, 1894; Branke, 1935).
Initially, interest in honeysuckle was caused by its decorative properties (Zaitsev, 1962). As a berry plant, T.D. was introduced into culture. Mauritz in Nerchinsk in 1884 (Mauritz, 1892; Evreinoff, 1940). Abroad, in 1910-1915 it was introduced into cultivation by farmers in northeastern Canada (Fernald, 1925).
For about 170 years, there has been a debate about edible honeysuckle as a valuable plant for introduction to culture. Moreover, by edible honeysuckle they often meant what we now refer to as the species Kamchatka honeysuckle, Turchaninov’s honeysuckle and edible honeysuckle itself (Gidzyuk, 1978). I.V. Michurin named edible honeysuckle among the most valuable fruit and berry plants of exceptional interest for breeding, and called on the country's gardeners, producers and scientists to introduce it into the gardens of the northern regions and widely use it in breeding to create valuable varieties (Albensky, Antonov , Bakharev et al., 1949).
Such qualities of the crop as winter hardiness and early fruit ripening also attracted the attention of foreign authors (Evreinoff, 1940; Zylka, 1969).
Systematic selection of honeysuckle began in 1950-1960. on Pavlovskaya (Teterev, 1983, 1975, 1953; Chestnaya, 1972) and Far Eastern (Bochkarnikova, 1972, 1978) experimental stations VIR, at the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture of Siberia (Luchnik, 1966; Zholobova, 1985) and at the Bachkarsky stronghold of this institute in the Tomsk region (Gidzyuk, 1981, 1978; Tkacheva, Savinkova, 1989).
The main advantages of honeysuckle are early ripening (on average 7-10 days earlier than strawberries) and high content of P-active substances. The total content of P - active substances (catechins, rutin, anthocyanins, leukoanthocyanins, etc.) ranges from 600 to 1800 mg/100g, according to their quantity edible honeysuckle second only to chokeberry. The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits reaches 90 - 130 mg/100g, which is more than in strawberries, raspberries, and gooseberries (Plekhanova, 1984). The accumulation of ascorbic acid in honeysuckle fruits varies depending on climatic conditions, fertilizer application, fruit harvest time, botanical species and other factors (Gidzyuk, 1978).
Honeysuckle fruits contain dry substances - 10-19%, sugars - 3-13%, pectin substances - 1.1-1.6%, minerals- 0.4-0.9%, acids - 1.0-3.0% by dry weight; vitamins (mg%): C - 20-50, P - 400-1500, incl. catechins - 250-800, anthocyanins - 400-1500, leukoanthocyanins - 100-500 (Ermakov, 1992).
In small quantities, honeysuckle berries accumulate vitamins B1, B2, B6, B9, provitamin A (carotene): B1 - 2.8-3.8, B2 - 2.5-3.8, B9 - 7.2-10, 2, carotenoids - 0.05-0.32 mg%. Microelements include potassium, iron, iodine, manganese, and copper.
Honeysuckle is very unpretentious in cultivation. It grows and bears fruit even on poor soils, does not require much care, is extremely frost-resistant (tolerates very low temperatures - minus 500 and below), the flowers can withstand frosts down to - 5 - 70C. In urban conditions, it is gas-resistant, blooms and bears fruit annually both in the northern regions and the south of the country, and is decorative during the flowering and fruiting period. No dangerous diseases or pests have yet been observed on honeysuckle plants with edible fruits.
Honeysuckle berries have long been used in folk medicine as a capillary-strengthening agent for hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, malaria, and stomach disorders. The berries are used as dessert and for processing into jam, juices, compotes, and wine. An infusion of honeysuckle leaves is also used in medicine. The leaves of wild honeysuckle are readily eaten by sheep, goats, deer, and wapiti; the berries serve as food for birds, and the dense bushes are convenient for nesting. Honeysuckle berries are suitable for making pink and purple dye, and the leaves are yellow.
Honeysuckle is a good honey plant, providing nectar and pollen to pollinating insects. Nectar release per flower reaches 0.3 - 0.4 mg. The special value of honeysuckle as a honey plant is that it blooms very early, when there are few other honey plants; and bees often still have to be fed at this time (Gidzyuk, 1978).
Honeysuckle has high ecological plasticity, adapting to existence in a wide variety of ecological and geographical conditions.
Honeysuckle fruits are varied in shape and taste, have a rich biochemical composition and are known for their healing properties.
Having a color from light blue to dark blue, covered with a bluish waxy coating, honeysuckle fruits are varied not only in taste, but also in shape (Fig. 4):
Figure 4. Shapes of edible honeysuckle fruits.
The taste of honeysuckle fruits is provided by sugars, non-volatile organic acids, bitter substances.
Nowadays, more than 100 varieties of honeysuckle have been bred in Russia, which are of great interest to amateur gardeners.
To begin the growing season, honeysuckle varieties require the sum of positive temperatures +32...+48 0С, the beginning of flowering +180...+2460С, berry ripening +600...+7800С (Belosokhov, 1993; Zhidekhina, 1998).
Honeysuckle is one of the most frost-resistant plants. In Siberian conditions, it can withstand frosts down to -520C. Buds and flowers are slightly damaged even at -6-70C (Zakotin, 2004). However, it reacts poorly to long warm autumns and prolonged winter thaws. These conditions provoke the beginning of the growing season and untimely flowering.
But even despite this, honeysuckle is currently a favorite crop of amateur gardeners. Cultivation of honeysuckle in school plots is also promising, since earlier ripening of the berries will make it possible to diversify the school diet of students with high-quality vitamin products.
However, the slow increase in economic productivity of plantations requires more dense planting patterns in school plots, which in turn requires large quantity planting material. And this necessitates the development effective ways accelerated reproduction of planting material.
One of the well-known, fairly accessible and cost-effective methods is the green cutting method. It has been well developed and has been found to be very effective in the early stages of shoot growth when applied to honeysuckle. However, at these stages the length of the shoots is insignificant, which significantly reduces the possible number of cuttings that can be taken for rooting. In this regard, we set ourselves the goal of identifying the possibility and effectiveness of cuttings at later stages of vegetation.
As a result of our research, we found that with early cuttings, honeysuckle has a high percentage of rooting. (Fig. 5).
Figure 5. Percentage of honeysuckle rooting with early cuttings and the use of stimulants.
At the same time, delaying cutting cuttings leads to a sharp decrease in the percentage of rooting. Thus, on average for 17 varieties, the rooting percentage was 64.6875%. The reproduction rate ranged from 40% to 100%. Varietal differences were quite significant (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Percentage of rooting of honeysuckle with late cuttings using stimulants.
The highest percentage of rooting was observed in the Tomichka variety. The Lazurnaya variety was not far behind it. The Pervenets variety showed the lowest percentage of rooting.
For clarity, photographs taken by the student personally are presented. They feature root systems some varieties of honeysuckle. See fig.
Growth regulators provided different efficiency of root formation (Table 1)
|
Will take root |
Kornevin |
|
|
Vasilyevskaya |
||
|
Bell |
||
|
Pitcher-shaped |
||
|
Large-fruited |
||
|
Stranger |
||
|
Firstborn |
||
|
Vasyuganskaya |
||
|
Kamchadalka |
||
|
Azure |
As a result of the research carried out at later cuttings, the highest percentage of rooting is in the Tomichka variety when using Kornevin.
In Fig. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 show photographs of the root systems of some varieties of honeysuckle.
Figure 7. Variety Early. Figure 8. Variety Vasyuganskaya.
Figure 9. Variety Blue Spindle. Figure 10. Variety Berel.
Figure 11. Variety Kamchadalka Figure 12. Variety Blue Bird.
Figure 13. Lazurnaya variety.
Seedlings good varieties They are quite expensive, so gardeners often share cuttings with each other. Green cuttings, perhaps best method vegetative propagation plants. Based on the experience of FORUMHOUSE participants, we will tell you how to properly cut cuttings and what to do to ensure that they take root easily and quickly.
- Which crop cuttings take root easily?
- How to propagate plants from green cuttings.
- How to cut green cuttings.
- What should a green cutting look like?
- Leafy green cuttings.
- Techniques that can improve the rooting of cuttings.
Which cuttings root easily?
Green cuttings of perennials and herbaceous shrubs, worse - plants of tree species, especially conifers.
Here are plants that are literally made for cuttings:
- phlox;
- chrysanthemums;
- grapes and almost all vines;
- action;
- spirea;
- vesicular carp;
- weigela;
- dogwood;
- currant;
- forsythia;
- mock orange;
- viburnum;
- hydrangea;
- all types of honeysuckle;
- some types of lilac;
- actinidia;
- small leaf roses.
Green cuttings: technique
The green stalk is the part of the stem with leaves. It is more correct to cut them from young plants; if you want to propagate old ones, then you will have to do rejuvenating pruning. The most best cuttings are obtained from last year's growth. It is not recommended to take trailing shoots for cuttings; they do not take root well.
Sodmaster Agronomist, member of FORUMHOUSE
Green cuttings are planted for rooting either in a greenhouse equipped with “artificial fog” or in a “cutting box”.
An ordinary glass jar can be a full-fledged cutting; you just need to cover the top of the cutting planted in the ground with it.
Each crop has its own timing of cuttings. For example, agronomists recommend cuttings at the beginning of summer, because herbaceous, young cuttings take root much better, and currants can be cut in August using semi-lignified cuttings.
Member of our portal Irena For many years he has been successfully cutting plants using this method:
- Cuts cuttings with a budding knife.
- Immediately drops them into a prepared jar with water and a drop of Epin.
- Under the same bush from which the cutting was taken, loosens the soil.
- The cuttings are taken out of the jar one by one, and the lower end is dipped in Konevin.
- Sticks the cutting into the ground, covers it glass jar or a plastic bottle.
Irena Member of FORUMHOUSE
I cut cuttings with 2-3 internodes, the bottom cut is oblique, the top is straight. Transplant to permanent place better in spring next year, but some plants can be grown as early as September.
How to cut green cuttings
Our task is to achieve successful rooting of cuttings, and we will make it much easier for ourselves if we adhere to a number of rules. So, if you cut the cuttings early in the morning, they will be saturated with moisture; If you start cuttings by first preparing a container with water and immediately placing the cut cuttings in it, this will help avoid drying out. The cuttings may have to be transported to another place - in this case, they are placed at an angle in a container with wet sphagnum; there is no need to spray the cuttings with water. In a container with sphagnum moss, cuttings can even be stored in the refrigerator, but for a maximum of two days.
The length of the cutting should be 8-12 centimeters, each cutting should contain 2-3 internodes, if the internodes are short, then more. There are plants (lilac, mock orange, roses, grapes) in which leaf-bud cuttings, that is, a very short part of the stem with a leaf and a bud, which is located in its axil, take root best. From this bud the stem of a new plant will appear. Usually the lower part of the shoot is used for cuttings, but if the optimal timing of cuttings is missed and summer is coming to an end, you can also take the upper part.
The tool used to cut the cuttings should be as sharp as possible so as not to squeeze the shoot tissue.
The lower, oblique cut of the cutting is made 1-1.5 centimeters below the bud, and the upper, horizontal one, immediately above the bud. An oblique lower cut helps the cutting to better absorb moisture.
Techniques to improve rooting
Cuttings will take root better if, 2-3 weeks before cutting, they are darkened and the part of the shoot that will be immersed in sand is wrapped in foil or non-woven material. This method is called etiolation. It is used, for example, when cutting lilacs and other crops with poorly rooted cuttings.
Sodmaster
As my friend, a candidate of agricultural sciences, said, the cuttings think that they have already taken root and give new roots.
Fig1. Before growth begins, the shoot area is darkened.
Fig2. The base of the shoot is tied.
Fig3. The cutting “thinks” that it is already planted and forms roots in the darkened area.
If the plant has large leaves, such as viburnum or lilac, they can be cut in half on the eve of cuttings - this also contributes to better survival of the cuttings. But there is one subtlety here - many forms have insufficient chlorophyll content, and by cutting off the leaves, we will make it difficult for the cuttings to form roots. This applies to all crops with variegated, purple, yellow leaves.
It also helps cuttings to take root by bending a branch or cutting the roots 22 mm near the buds.
Correct soil temperature will significantly improve the chances of successful rooting of cuttings.
Grape Member of FORUMHOUSE
The temperature is comfortable for them - the process has begun! The heat pressed down - everything rotted...
We will tell you about the successful experience of rooting some cultures by FORUMHOUSE participants.
How to take lilac cuttings
It is quite difficult for cuttings to take root; this crop is easier to propagate by budding. However, this is possible if you cut the cuttings at a time when the lilac is just beginning to bloom, provided high humidity and temperature +23-25 degrees.
Sodmaster
Some varieties (Jeanne d'Arc, Buffon, etc.) take root well. Others (for example, Beauty of Moscow) are very difficult, and most importantly, for a long time, sometimes right up to the next year after cuttings.
How to take mock orange cuttings
Mock orange reproduces well by unusually large cuttings: in spring or autumn, cut shoots up to half a meter high are simply stuck into moist soil next to mock orange, currants or other plants that provide a lacy shadow.
Sodmaster
After a year, the young plants are ready for planting in a permanent place.
How to cut girlish grapes
Cuttings girl's grapes cut before sap flow begins from young shoots (up to four years), but woody shoots take root best when they are one year old. The size of the cutting should be 25 -35 cm, and there should be 3-4 buds on it. The cuttings are planted in well-dug, light, loose soil to a depth of about 20 centimeters.
Green cuttings
In the mass cultivation of large-flowered clematis, the most promising and comparatively in a simple way vegetative propagation (compared to grafting) is green cuttings. Here are the most common recommendations.
For the southern regions of the country, GNBS has developed a production method for vegetative propagation of large-flowered clematis under conditions of artificial intermittent fog in open ground. Its essence is as follows.
For successful propagation of clematis, a constant mother plant tested for purity is required. Its operation is possible in the 3rd–4th year after planting the plants in a permanent place.
With good agricultural technology, 4–5-year-old bushes can have an average of 15 to 40 shoots. From one normally developed shoot, 6–10 cuttings with one node are usually obtained. These data are very indicative (due to the wide variety of varieties), but they allow us to calculate the productivity of the queen cell at this age. It will vary depending on the assortment (for different varieties And hybrid forms not the same number and length vegetative shoots on a bush, the number of internodes on a shoot), area of cultivation, level of agricultural technology.
In the agricultural technology of mother plantings of clematis, the system of soil cultivation and fertilization is important. In the south, is frequent watering required, followed by cultivation of row spacing and loosening in the rows? During the season, 8–10 waterings and 3–4 fertilizing with mineral fertilizers are done. You should maintain the regime mineral nutrition plants, especially in spring period before pruning shoots for cuttings. For example, you need to know that excess nitrogen in the shoots can negatively affect the rooting of cuttings.
March? fertilizing with nitrogen (N 20–40);
May? after taking the cuttings? complete mineral fertilizer with a predominance of phosphorus (N 40 P80 K20);
August? nitrogen-potassium with a predominance of potassium (N 20 K40);
november? phosphorus-potassium (P40 K40).
Protective measures include a set of sanitary, preventive and chemical measures aimed against fungal diseases.
The timing of cuttings is strictly linked to the condition of the shoots. Green cuttings begin during the budding period, i.e. approximately in May-June in the south and in June - early July in more northern regions. In the middle zone, green cuttings begin in June, when many varieties are in the budding phase, which indicates the readiness of the shoots for cuttings. A shoot is usually considered ready for cuttings if it does not break (elastic) when bent. In different varieties, the budding phase does not occur at the same time. This period is extended over 2–4 weeks. In the south (ChPK, South Coast) clematis from the Lanuginosa, Patence, Florida groups, as a rule, bud in the third decade of April? I ten days of May, and from the groups Vititsella, Jacquemman and Integrifolia? in the II–III decades of May. In addition to queen cells, cuttings can be taken from young plants that are growing, but only once (in the spring)? in the budding phase, this then achieves a very high percentage of rooting.
Substrate for rooting (in beds) two-layer: top layer (2–3 cm)? sand (preferably with the addition of peat), bottom layer (15–20 cm)? a mixture of sand, chernozem and peat (neutral or slightly acidic) in a volume ratio of 1:1:1.
The use of synthetic growth regulators when cutting clematis gives positive results. The most effective was alphanafgylacetic acid (NAA) at a concentration of 12.5 mg/l with an exposure of 16 hours. A good effect was achieved by treating the cuttings before planting with betaindolylbutyric acid at concentrations of 25 and 50 mg/l and indolylacetic acid (heteroauxin) at a concentration of 100 mg/l with an exposure of 16 hours. Sodium humate is used as growth regulators (3 g of the drug per 0.5 l of water), succinic acid(2 g per 0.5 l of water), into which the cuttings are immersed (up to the node) for 3–5 hours in diffused lighting. Positive results can be obtained without the use of growth regulators.
In the south, it is most rational to root cuttings, starting in spring, in ridges of open ground, over which irrigation is arranged using a fog-forming installation.
Its operating mode is supported automatically by command commands electrical devices. The intervals between turning the unit on and off depend on weather conditions. Rooting lasts 20–30 days. By the end growing season plants are formed with a powerful root system (15–30 roots each) and a well-developed aerial part.
Around February-March (in the south this is optimal time) rooted cuttings are transplanted for growing from the beds into pots or, better, into plastic film bags (20–25 cm high, 9–10 cm in diameter) with fertile soil. This promotes good development of rooted cuttings and allows them to be sold at any time of the year. Packages with plants are placed in a greenhouse or on a plot of land that is covered with plastic film. They are mulched on top with a continuous layer (4–5 cm) of sawdust and watered abundantly. In spring (March-April), young shoots grow together and are used for green cuttings. After new shoots grow, the seedlings are sold or planted in a permanent place.
The most promising for mass reproduction green cuttings turned out to be ‘Luther Burbank’, ‘Metamorphosis’, ‘Unexpected’, ‘Elegy’, ‘Blue Rain’, ‘Durana’ (the rooting rate of cuttings is 81–100% of those planted); 'Alyonushka', 'Turkey', 'Cosmic Melody', 'Moonlight', 'Nikolai Rubtsov', 'Blue Flame', 'Lilac Star', 'Alexandrite', 'Nikitsky Pink', 'Ballerina', 'Cosette', 'Serenade of Crimea', 'Anastasia Anisimova', 'Memory of the Heart', 'Grey Bird' (61–80% rooting); 'Crimean Wave', 'Sadko', 'Victory Salute', 'Slava', 'Fantasy', 'Ai-Nor', 'Dawn', 'Nadezhda', 'The Seagull', 'Gypsy Queen', 'Ville de Lyon' (41–60% rooting).
Growing planting material of large-flowered clematis in this way is economically profitable. This technology for propagating clematis is based on the use of mechanization and automation of labor-intensive processes, which makes it possible to put the production of planting material on an industrial basis.
For more northern regions, the method of propagating clematis using green cuttings, developed in the Minsk Botanical Garden, is promising.
Cuttings were carried out in a greenhouse (in boxes) and in greenhouses with a film covering under conditions of artificial intermittent fog. Best timing for cuttings? from late May to mid-June. Two-layer substrate: up to 4 cm coarse river sand, fine gravel or perlite; 15–20 cm? a mixture of sand, chernozem and neutral peat (1:1:1). Substrate temperature 18–25°C, air humidity? 85–90%. Cuttings were taken 7–8 cm long, with one node. For their processing, betaindolylbutyric, indolylacetic, para-aminobenzoic, and humic acids were used. The most effective betaindolylbutyric acid is at a concentration of 0.01% (exposure 18 hours). The development of the root system was positively influenced by humic acid at a concentration of 0.05% (exposure 5 hours). The rooting rate of cuttings increased by 1.5–2 times compared to the control.
The cuttings were planted obliquely, 4–5 cm apart and 10–12 cm between rows, and watered abundantly. After about 2.5 months, the rooted cuttings were planted in bags with a diameter of 10–12 cm and a height of 20–25 cm. In winter, they were kept at a temperature of 18–20°C, watered approximately once a week.
High rooting rate? from 60 to 85% ? showed 'Anastasia Anisimova', 'Lacy', 'Ballerina', 'Turkey', 'Cosmic Melody', 'Luther Burbank', 'Mephistopheles', 'Nadezhda', 'Sputnik', 'Souvenir', 'Grey Bird', ' Triumph', 'The Seagull', 'Yalta Study', 'Ville de Lyon', 'Jacman's', 'Ernest Markham', Lawson' and others.
For the more northern regions of the country, the Japanese method of propagating large-flowered clematis in closed ground, tested in recent years by the St. Petersburg company “Flowers,” is very promising. The gist of it is this. From a rooted cutting in a greenhouse or conservatory in the spring, a plant develops, from which cuttings are taken for propagation. From the remaining 2–3 lower nodes, a normal plant grows again, which can be sold. This propagation method does not require maintaining a special clematis mother plant. In the southern regions, the Japanese method can be used in open ground.
After autumn pruning All cut healthy woody shoots should be used for vegetative propagation. To undergo a dormant period, lignified cuttings are stored for some time at a low temperature. Before planting, they are treated with growth regulators. In the south, these cuttings are planted in greenhouse racks usually during November-December or in early spring V open ground. Are small-flowered varieties recommended for mass propagation by lignified cuttings? 'Sea Spray', 'Zvezdograd', 'Fargesioides', 'Alexander', 'Wilson', 'Juinian', etc., as well as species that do not set seeds or weakly set seeds, for example, K. virginiana, K. mountain, K. . Peter, K. mustachioed Balearic.
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