Aerated concrete elements are increasingly being used in domestic construction. This piece building material is not an analogue of brick and has a number of features when laying it yourself. We will talk about them in our article.

Features of using blocks

Designing a block building will help you avoid a lot of mistakes and make it possible to operate it optimally.

Normative base

1. Thermal conductivity coefficients (calculated) of walls, for block brands not lower than D-500, are contained in SNiP No. 23/02/2003 “Thermal protection of buildings” and SP No. 23/101/2004 “Design of thermal protection of buildings”. One should also take into account STO No. 501/52/01/2007 “Design and construction of load-bearing structures of public and residential buildings using cellular types of concrete in the Russian Federation.”

Using this data, you can select the thickness of the block walls.

1. For installation, you should choose products that comply with the standards of State Standard No. 1359/2007 “Cellular types of autoclave-cured concrete.”
2. Installation external walls from blocks should be made based on SNiP standards No. 3.03.01/87 “Enclosing and load-bearing structures.” SNiP for laying walls made of aerated concrete indicates that load-bearing walls can be built from it up to 20 m high (5 floors). At the same time, the attic and ground floors are not taken into account.
3. SNiP No. II/22/81 “Reinforced masonry and stone structures” states that the laying of aerated concrete blocks should be bonded with a thin-layer adhesive mixture of factory production.

Note! The opinion that the price of such ready-made solutions is too high is not justified. Because When using glue, the seams are very thin, and it takes 6 times less than conventional masonry mortar.

You can make this composition yourself. Recipes are given below.

Glue recipes

Silicate mixture for aerated concrete blocks.

1. This glue can be used at temperatures not lower than +10°.
2. The glue begins to set 20 minutes after application.
3. Completion of setting – 240 minutes.
4. The pot life of the composition is 25/30 minutes.
5. Glue consumption – 4/8 kg per 1 square meter.

Polymer cement solution.

1. This composition can be used at temperatures not lower than +10°.
2. Its lifespan is 180/240 minutes, so it is more convenient to use.
3. Glue consumption – 4/8 kg per 1 square meter.

Types of masonry

Single-layer masonry of walls made of aerated concrete blocks can be produced in the following ways.

This applies to both load-bearing, self-supporting and non-load-bearing structures.

1. Installation in one block. The rows are laid with chain binding.
2. Laying in “two blocks”. Vertical tying of rows is carried out. This is done to at least one fifth of the wall thickness. Alternative option- bandaging the elements with bonded rows every 2/3 of the rows of spoons.
3. Installation in “two blocks” without vertical tying them. The rows are additionally fastened with anchor plates or dowels. With this method of laying, vapor-permeable thermal insulation is often laid between the layers of blocks. If necessary, diamond drilling of holes in concrete is carried out.

Connecting elements must be made from steel reinforcement of class BP-I or A-III and treated with an anti-corrosion coating. It is also possible to use fasteners made of other types of materials: fiberglass, basalt plastic, etc.

They must be designed to withstand compressive and tensile loads.

1. External walls of buildings, up to 30 centimeters thick, are placed in “one block”. If finishing is not provided, aerated concrete must have a frost resistance grade of at least F-35.

1. Masonry interior walls from aerated concrete blocks is also produced only in “one block”.

Note! When there is a possibility of deformation of the foundation by more than 20 mm, shrinkage of the walls by more than 100 mm, or their tilt by more than 50 mm, the masonry should be reinforced with monolithic reinforced concrete belts. An alternative option is to reinforce the masonry every 3/4 rows.

The instructions outline the following requirements for tying blocks.

1. The piece material is tied in rows. In this case, there should be a displacement of the elements of the top row in relation to the blocks located below.
2. When constructing walls in one block, chain-type ligation is carried out. When using blocks with a height of up to 25 cm, they must be shifted by no less than 0.4 of the block height. When installing material with a height of more than 25 cm, the elements should be shifted by at least 0.2 of their height.
3. When erecting walls in “two blocks”, they can be tied in rows of studs, every three rows of spoons. If the blocks have different thicknesses, you can use a die ligation. Its depth should be at least 0.2 the thickness of the walls.

Note! A separate case is masonry, carried out by connecting two layers of blocks (without ligating them) with mesh, rod or strip fastenings. It is considered multilayer with a flexible type of connection of layers.

Block laying

The technology for laying walls from aerated concrete blocks requires that the base for their laying must be absolutely flat. The height difference between the lowest and highest points of the base should not exceed 0.5 cm.

Starting row

1. If the curvature, height difference, or local unevenness of the masonry base is more than 5 cm, the initial row of blocks should be laid on sand-cement mortar. This will make it possible to lay the seam of the desired thickness. It should not be more than 2 cm.

1. Before installing the initial row, you should arrange cut-off waterproofing horizontal type. To do this, you can use materials based on bitumen - mastic or roll analogues, waterproofing solution, etc.
2. Masonry from piece stone-like materials always starts from the corners of the building and continues in complete rows.

1. The correct installation of each element (horizontally and vertically) is checked with a level. It is best to monitor the height of each row of blocks using a string (mooring) stretched on weights.

Rules for carrying out work

1. It is recommended to place racks with plumb lines at the corners of the building. They will allow you to monitor the verticality of the corners of the masonry.

1. After installing the next row, its plane must be leveled with a special grater to remove height differences between adjacent elements. Dust is removed from the treated blocks, then they are moistened with water.
2. If you need to get an incomplete block, cutting reinforced concrete with diamond wheels is used.
3. The thickness of masonry joints made from glue can vary from 0.5 to 3 mm.
4. The adhesive mixture should be applied to the horizontal sides of the blocks with a notched trowel or ladle in a continuous layer. This must be done in such a way that when installing the block, excess glue is squeezed out.

1. The masonry element should be lowered onto the glue strictly vertically. Horizontal displacements should not occur. The location of the block can be adjusted using a rubber mallet.
2. Excess mortar is not rubbed onto the wall, but is cut off after it has set.

Note! When laying blocks on a light sand-cement mortar having a density of less than 1.5 t/m 3 (permissible for partitions), horizontal joints should have a thickness of 10/15 mm. Vertical joints can be made smaller - 8/12 mm.

1. The thermal uniformity of block masonry using heavy mortars (with a calculated justification for its load-bearing capacity) can be increased. For this purpose, the seams are made in the form of two strips located near the outer edges of the block, with a gap between them. It is filled with elastic heat-insulating material.
2. Vertical seams must be filled completely; walls should not be blown through them.
3. If the blocks have profiled ends, the vertical joints of the masonry should be filled along their entire height and not less than 40% of the width of the element.
4. When the masonry is reinforced, the vertical joints between the blocks (at the bending point) should be completely filled, even if their ends are profiled.

Conclusion

Elements made of aerated concrete are a modern, technologically advanced building material. Due to their size, they make it possible to construct buildings very quickly. At the same time, the house turns out to be warm, durable and comfortable ().

The video in this article will give you more information.

Partitions are most often non-load-bearing, that is, those that support only their own weight within one floor. They rest on load-bearing floors (interfloor, attic) or foundations. Such partitions are subject to whole line requirements.

• They must withstand loads, and therefore have sufficient strength. The fasteners on which furniture or appliances will be hung are held by wedging in the hole. Each wall mounting point can support a load of up to 25 kg. For example, a screw screwed into one layer of drywall cannot cope with such a load.
• In addition, partitions must be resistant to external mechanical influences: they can be hurt when carrying furniture and in a number of other everyday situations. But, at the same time, partitions should not be too massive so as not to increase the load on the floor or other load-bearing elements of the building.
• In order to save usable space, they try to make the partitions as thin as possible, but at the same time they must provide good sound insulation. For partitions between apartment rooms, according to SP 51.13330.2011 “Noise Protection” (as amended by SNiP 23-03-2003), Rw (sound insulation index) should be 52 dB.
• If partitions separate rooms in which the temperature difference exceeds 10°C, then they must also provide good thermal insulation. Thermal insulation and sound insulation are achieved in similar ways, but you must understand that not every material has good thermal insulation properties also effectively absorbs sound.
• An important indicator for partitions is their fire safety. The materials from which the partitions are made must have a fire resistance rating of at least 0.25 hours.
• And, of course, these materials must meet sanitary and hygienic standards, i.e. be environmentally friendly.

One of the materials that most fully satisfies all these requirements is autoclaved aerated concrete.

Aerated concrete partitions and their advantages

For partitions they are used aerated concrete blocks density D500-D600 and thickness 100, 120, 150, 180, 200 mm. The choice of partition thickness depends mainly on the required sound insulation. But not only. If significant loads are required, aerated concrete partitions should be made with a thickness of 150 mm or more. This will allow you to use a longer anchor that can withstand a load of more than 150 kilograms. In addition, in conditions of increased seismicity, in which Irkutsk is located, it is necessary to reinforce any partitions.

• For implementation non-standard solutions Aerated concrete partitions are one of the most convenient materials. Non-standard shape You can even shape a standard block using a simple hacksaw.
• Ease of processing aerated concrete is its undeniable advantage. Grooves for communications and wiring in an aerated concrete partition can be made without much effort.
• When laying aerated concrete masonry, it is recommended to use not ordinary mortar, but special glue for aerated concrete on a cement-sand base. Fine-grained sand and modifying additives allow thin-seam masonry. The thickness of the seam is usually in the range of 1-3 mm, which is several times less than when brickwork. True, thin seams are only possible if the aerated concrete products are of sufficient quality and have accurate dimensions.
• The undoubted advantages of aerated concrete partitions include their relatively a light weight compared to brick partitions.
• Also price aerated concrete partitions are lower than brick ones. Moreover, thanks not only to the lower cost of the material itself, but also to the small amount of masonry glue and a thin finishing layer of plaster (5-7 mm).

Construction of an aerated concrete partition (master class)

The work of constructing a partition from blocks with your own hands, in fact, begins with the purchase of materials and additional elements. You need to purchase blocks, adhesive solution, anchors and tools. Calculating the number of blocks is extremely simple: we find out the lateral area of ​​each block, try them on for the wall area and buy 3-4 blocks more than what we got.

2. Delivery and storage

• The blocks arrive at the construction site on pallets packed in shrink film. The film protects the blocks from precipitation and keeps them from moving during transportation. A packaging option is also possible when the pallet is covered with film on top and the sides remain open for ventilation.
• If you are unloading on our own, use a forklift or soft slings. Using steel cables will damage the smooth surface of the blocks.
• Pallets must be stored on a level area that prevents distortions and flooding.
• If long-term storage of the blocks is expected before the start of construction and installation work, the pallets should be partially unpacked to begin drying the aerated concrete. That is, remove the film from the sides of the pallets, leaving only the “cap” cover.
• Remove the film from the top edge of the package only immediately before starting work.

Maximum attention should be paid to laying the first row of blocks. By giving the first row of masonry a flat horizontal surface, you will make laying subsequent rows as easy as possible.

• When erecting a partition, the first row of blocks is laid on waterproofing to prevent capillary moisture from suction from the foundation. Rolled bitumen materials or special waterproofing polymer-cement mortars based on dry mixtures can be used as waterproofing. If the foundation surface is not ideal, the first row of blocks should be laid on a leveling layer of cement-sand mortar.

• Monitor the installation of each block by level and mooring cord. Adjust the installation using a rubber mallet.

• Install the slats vertically so that they clearly mark the corners of the masonry.

• Between rows, pull a mooring cord along which the next row will be laid.

• Apply marks on them corresponding to the height of the masonry rows.

For quality implementation masonry work, you can use various devices to make the work easier. One of these devices is the installation of wooden slats in the corners of the future building. The second and subsequent rows of masonry should be carried out with ligation of blocks. The offset of the next row relative to the previous one should be at least 20 cm. To apply glue to the surface of the blocks, you can use a carriage made to fit the width of the masonry, a ladle with a serrated edge, or a simple notched trowel used in tile work.

• Alignment of the installed block is carried out as already described - by tapping with a mallet.

• When the next row of masonry comes to an end, there is often a need for an additional (incomplete, cut from a whole) block. Its size is determined by local measurements. The sawn additional block is coated with glue on both sides and installed in the remaining space for it.

• The next block is installed with glue and aligned along the mooring cord.

5. Covering openings and U-blocks

For overlap doorways Partitions use both prefabricated and on-site monolithic lintels. Can be used as jumper elements steel profiles, wooden moldings or reinforced concrete products. The lintels are manufactured on site and are monolithic. reinforced concrete structures, poured into the cavity of U-blocks.

U-blocks (tray jumper blocks) are piece modules permanent formwork for the installation of monolithic reinforced concrete lintels and belts. The width of U-blocks corresponds to the width of ordinary wall blocks, the length is 500 mm.

Procedure for working with U-blocks

• The tray cavity is then filled with fine-grained concrete. The concrete must be compacted by bayoneting.

The selection of reinforcement and concrete composition is made depending on the size of the opening and the perceived load.

• The surface of the compacted concrete is leveled flush with the top edge of the masonry.

Some features should be taken into account when constructing partitions that are vibration-insulated from load-bearing walls. In this case, the partition blocks are not glued directly to the base and framing walls, but are installed on a vibration-absorbing pad that prevents the transfer of structural noise from load-bearing structures to the partitions. Before installing the blocks, temporary guides should be installed against which the partition to be mounted will lean. Then a vibration-absorbing strip made of soft fiberboard, polyethylene foam, expanded polystyrene, rigid mini-board, cork, and other air-filled elastic materials is glued to the floor.

A partition block is in turn glued to the strip. Between the block and existing wall the same vibration-isolating strip is laid, or a gap is left, which is subsequently filled, for example, polyurethane foam. Further masonry is carried out in the same way as the masonry of a regular partition.

In conditions of increased seismicity, in which Irkutsk is located, masonry reinforcement 1-3-5-7-9-11 rows (that is, every 500 mm) is a necessary condition. In case of seismicity of the site up to 6 points, reinforcement of the masonry is carried out less frequently, every 3-4 rows.

• To lay bar reinforcement in the surface of the masonry, grooves should be cut. This can be done with a hand wall chaser.
• If there is electricity at the site, you can use a power tool to cut the grooves.
• The cut grooves must be free of dust. This can be done with a basting brush or a hair dryer.
• Before laying the reinforcement, the grooves should be filled with glue. This will ensure the joint work of the reinforcement with the masonry and protect the reinforcement from corrosion.

• For laying in grooves, it is best to use 8 mm periodic profile reinforcement.
• Press the reinforcement into the filled grooves. Remove excess glue.
• The reinforcement for thin seams is laid on a layer of glue, sunk into it and covered on top with an additional adhesive strip.

• Instead of rod reinforcement laid in grooves, you can use special reinforcement cages for thin seams. They are paired strips of galvanized steel connected by a “snake” wire with a diameter of 1.5 mm.

If you do everything correctly in accordance with our recommendations, then autoclaved aerated concrete partitions will serve you faithfully for many years, creating coziness and comfort in your home and embodying all your ideas for unique layouts and interiors.

"Construction Rules", No. 48/1, September 2014

The copyright holder of all materials on the site is Construction Rules LLC. Full or partial reprinting of materials in any sources is prohibited.

This section presents the most interesting GOSTs (state standards), TU (technical conditions) and SNiPs (building codes and regulations) related to the production of aerated concrete.

Aerated concrete

• GOST 25485-89 Cellular concrete. Specifications Download file in ZIP archive (186Kb)
• GOST 12852.0-77 Cellular concrete. General requirements to test methods Download file in ZIP archive (152Kb)
• GOST 12852.5-77 Cellular concrete. Method for determining the coefficient of vapor permeability Download file in ZIP archive (130Kb)
• GOST 12852.6-77 Cellular concrete. Method for determining sorption humidity Download file in ZIP archive (12Kb)
• GOST 27005-86 Lightweight and cellular concrete. Control rules medium density Download file in ZIP archive (96Kb)

Aerated concrete blocks

• GOST 21520-89 Blocks made of cellular concrete. Small wall ones. Technical specifications Download file in ZIP archive (32Kb)
• SN 277-80 Instructions for the manufacture of products from cellular concrete Download file in ZIP archive (153Kb)

Initial components for the production of building blocks:

Water

• GOST 23732-79 Water for concrete and mortars. Technical conditions. Download file in ZIP archive (57Kb)

Cement

• GOST 30515-97 Cements. General technical conditions. Download file in ZIP archive (105Kb)
• GOST 5382-91 Cements and materials for cement production. Methods of chemical analysis Download file in ZIP archive (538Kb)
• GOST 30744-2001 Cements. Test methods using polyfraction sand. Download file in ZIP archive (277Kb)
• GOST 310.1-76 Cements. Test methods. General provisions. Download file in ZIP archive (77Kb)
• GOST 310.2-76 Cements. Methods for determining grinding fineness. Download file in ZIP archive (82Kb)
• GOST 310.3-76 Methods for determining normal density, setting time and uniformity of volume change Download file in ZIP archive (136Kb)
• GOST 310.4-81 Cements. Methods for determining the tensile strength in bending and compression. Download file in ZIP archive (224Kb)
• GOST 310.5-88 Cements. Method for determining heat release. Download file in ZIP archive (108Kb)
• GOST 310.6-85 Cements. Methods for determining water separation. Download file in ZIP archive (76Kb)
• GOST 31108-2003 General construction cements. Technical conditions. Download file in ZIP archive (76Kb)
• GOST 23464-79 (ST SEV 4471-84) Cements. Classification. Download file in ZIP archive (82Kb)
• GOST 22266-94 Sulfate-resistant cements. Technical conditions. Download file in ZIP archive (17Kb)
• GOST 25328-82 Cement for mortars. Technical conditions. Download file in ZIP archive (80Kb)

Sand

• GOST 8735-88 (ST SEV 5446-85) ST SEV 6317-88 Sand for construction work. Test methods. Download file in ZIP archive (310Kb)
• GOST 8736-93 Sand for construction work. Download the file in ZIP archive (20Kb)

Viewers

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TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD (TTK)

MASONRY OF EXTERNAL WALLS FROM AERATED CONCRETE BLOCKS

I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION

I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION

1.1. A standard technological map (hereinafter referred to as TTK) is a comprehensive organizational and technological document developed on the basis of methods of scientific organization of labor for performing the technological process and defining the composition of production operations using the most modern means mechanization and methods of performing work using a specific technology. The TTK is intended for use in the development of the Work Performance Project (WPP) by construction departments and is its integral part according to MDS 12-81.2007.

1.2. This technical specification contains instructions for the organization and technology of work when laying external walls made of aerated concrete blocks, defines the composition of production operations, requirements for quality control and acceptance of work, planned labor intensity of work, labor, production and material resources, measures for industrial safety and labor protection .

1.3. The regulatory framework for the development of technological maps is:

Standard drawings;

Construction codes and regulations (SNiP, SN, SP);

Factory instructions and technical conditions (TU);

Standards and prices for construction and installation work (GESN-2001 ENiR);

Production standards for material consumption (NPRM);

Local progressive norms and prices, norms of labor costs, norms of consumption of material and technical resources.

1.4. The purpose of creating the TC is to describe solutions for the organization and technology of production of work on laying external walls from aerated concrete blocks in order to ensure their high quality, as well as:

Reducing the cost of work;

Reduced construction duration;

Ensuring the safety of work performed;

Organization of rhythmic work;

Rational use of labor resources and machines;

Unification of technological solutions.

1.5. On the basis of the TTK, as part of the PPR (as mandatory components of the Work Project), Workers are being developed technological maps(RTK) to perform certain types of work on laying external walls from aerated concrete blocks.

The design features of their implementation are decided in each specific case by the Working Design. The composition and degree of detail of materials developed in the RTK are established by the relevant contracting construction organization, based on the specifics and volume of work performed.

The RTK is reviewed and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Contracting Construction Organization.

1.6. The TTK can be tied to a specific facility and construction conditions. This process consists of clarifying the scope of work, means of mechanization, and the need for labor and material and technical resources.

The procedure for linking the TTC to local conditions:

Consideration of map materials and selection of the desired option;

Checking the compliance of the initial data (scope of work, time standards, brands and types of mechanisms used building materials, composition of the worker level) to the accepted option;

Adjustment of the scope of work in accordance with the chosen option for the production of work and a specific design solution;

Recalculation of calculations, technical and economic indicators, requirements for machines, mechanisms, tools and material and technical resources in relation to the chosen option;

Design of the graphic part with specific reference to mechanisms, equipment and devices in accordance with their actual dimensions.

1.7. A standard flow chart has been developed for engineering and technical workers (work managers, foremen, foremen) and workers performing work in the third temperature zone, in order to familiarize (train) them with the rules for carrying out work on laying external walls from aerated concrete blocks using the most modern means of mechanization, progressive designs and materials, methods of performing work.

The technological map has been developed for the following scope of work:

II. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2.1. The technological map has been developed for a set of works on laying external walls made of aerated concrete blocks.

2.2. Work on laying external walls from aerated concrete blocks is carried out in one shift, the duration of working hours during a shift is:

Where is the duration of a work shift without a lunch break;

Production reduction factor;

Recycling rate.

In calculating the standards for time and duration of work, a single-shift operating mode with a work shift duration of 10 hours with a five-day work week was adopted. Net working time during a shift is taken taking into account the coefficient of reduction in output due to an increase in shift duration compared to an 8-hour work shift equal to 0,05 and recycling rate 1,25 total time for a 5-day working week (“Methodological recommendations for organizing rotational work in construction, M-2007”).

where - preparatory and final time, 0.24 hours incl.

Breaks related to the organization and technology of the process include the following breaks:

Receiving a task at the beginning of the shift and handing over the work at the end 10 min=0.16 hour.

Preparation of the workplace, tools, etc. 5 min=0.08 hour.

2.3. The work performed when laying walls made of aerated concrete blocks includes:

Installation, movement and disassembly of inventory scaffolds;

Laying load-bearing external walls 600 mm thick from aerated concrete blocks;

Installation of reinforced concrete lintels over window and door openings;

Installation of a monolithic reinforced concrete belt.

2.4. The technological map provides for the work to be performed by a complex mechanized unit consisting of: manual electric mixer ZUBR ZMR-1350E-1 "EXPERT" (1200 W); mobile petrol Honda power station ET12000 (3-phase 380/220 V, 11 kW, 150 kg); automobile jib crane KS-45717 (load capacity 25.0 t) as a driving mechanism.

Fig.1. Electric mixer ZMR-1350E-1

Fig.2. Honda ET12000 power station

Fig.3. Load characteristics of the KS-45717 truck-mounted jib crane

2.5. For laying external walls made of aerated concrete blocks, the main materials used are: universal, roofing hydroisol EPP in accordance with GOST 7415-86 ; in accordance with aerated concrete blocks D500 size 600x300x200 mm in accordance with GOST 31360-2007.

Aerated concrete belongs to the group of lightweight cellular concrete; in fact, it is ordinary concrete with small cells filled with air. These cells are formed due to the reaction of concrete to aluminum powder added to it. They also make concrete light and warm. Aerated concrete can be autoclaved or non-autoclaved, the difference is determined by technology. During autoclave production, aerated concrete is subjected to heat treatment in a high-pressure environment, which allows you to obtain a batch of products in the shortest possible time, and with high block geometry. But due to the complexity of the technology itself, the price of the final product increases. In non-autoclave production, aerated concrete blocks dry almost natural conditions, they are dried in a chamber saturated with steam at a temperature of 40 ° C. This does not provide high productivity, since aerated concrete after such treatment can be transported only after three days, and the geometry of the blocks is slightly inferior to the blocks used in autoclave production, but makes the final product much cheaper by about one and a half times. Characteristics of aerated concrete: strength - 1.0-1.5 MPa; thermal conductivity - 0.15 W/m °C; density - 500 kg/m.

Fig.4. Gidroizol

Fig.5. Aerated concrete block

2.6. Work on laying external walls made of aerated concrete blocks should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents:

3.4. Foundation waterproofing

3.4.1. Since the surface of the foundation is extremely rare, a leveling layer is first applied. To do this, a moisture-repellent cement-sand mortar is spread over the top of the foundation in a layer of 1-2 cm. Between the foundation and the masonry, you need to make a cut-off waterproofing that will prevent capillary suction. A layer of waterproofing is placed on the solution roll material series soft roof - hydroisol EPP with an overlap of at least 150 mm so that the outer edge remains flush with the future final edge of the wall, and up to 3 cm of insulation remains from the inside to dissolve it on both sides.

3.4.2. Next, another thicker layer of mortar is applied, which will serve as a general level for all future masonry. In conclusion preparatory work, it is required to apply a layer of pure cement around the perimeter of the leveling layer. This will prevent the slot block from sinking into the relatively soft solution.

3.4.3. The completed work on waterproofing the foundation must be presented to the Customer’s technical supervision representative for inspection and documentation by signing Inspection Certificates, hidden work, in accordance with Appendix 3 , RD 11-02-2006

Fig.9. Waterproofing device

3.5. Wall masonry

3.5.1. To avoid heat loss and eliminate so-called “cold bridges”, it is recommended to use Kesto Eco Blok masonry and adhesive mortar . The thickness of the seam when laying aerated concrete blocks with adhesive will be 1-3 mm; with the cement masonry method, the thickness of the seam between them will vary in the range of 6-10 mm, and the smaller the thickness of the seam, the warmer it is in the house.

3.5.2. Work on laying external load-bearing walls is carried out in the following sequence:

The locations of walls, door and window openings are marked and secured to the ceiling;

Installation of the ordering slats, installation and rearrangement of the mooring line;

Shovelling, feeding, spreading and leveling mortar on the wall;

Laying aerated concrete blocks of the first row;

Feeding and laying out aerated concrete blocks on the wall;

Laying the outer verst of spoon rows;

Reinforcement of masonry walls;

Laying the dressing bond row;

Cutting and hewing of aerated concrete blocks (as needed);

Checking the correctness of the masonry;

Cleaning defects with an electric grinder.

3.5.3. Before the start of masonry, a 4th grade mason installs and secures corner and intermediate orders, indicating the marks of window and door openings on them. The work is performed in the following order:

The ordering slats are installed vertically in the corners of the future building in such a way as to clearly mark the corners of the masonry with them;

Between the rows, a mooring cord is stretched along which the next row will be laid;

Marks are applied to the slats corresponding to the height of the masonry rows.

Fig. 10. Scheme of laying out rows of masonry

3.5.4. You need to start laying from the highest corner of the foundation, which is determined by the building level or level. The blocks laid in the first row must be aligned strictly horizontally so that their overall surface is even. For this purpose, cement mortar is used, which is laid with different layer thicknesses, thereby leveling the surface of the foundation. Before installing the block, it is necessary to wet its lower surface, which will rest on the cement mortar. This is done with one single purpose - to prevent moisture from the solution from quickly moving into the block. Cement-sand mortar plays a dual role as a fastening component and as a leveling layer.

Fig. 11. Preparing and laying the first row of blocks

3.5.5. Particular attention should be paid to laying the first row of blocks. The convenience of further work and the quality of the entire construction depend on this. The horizontal and vertical position of the blocks is controlled using a level and, if necessary, adjusted by tapping it with a rubber mallet.

Fig. 12. Block position control

3.5.6. The next rows will be laid with glue and aligned with the mooring cord. The second and subsequent rows of masonry should be carried out with ligation of blocks. The offset of the next row relative to the previous one should be at least 8-12 cm. To apply glue to the surface of the blocks, you can use a carriage made to fit the width of the masonry, a bucket with a serrated edge, or a simple notched trowel used in tile work.

Fig. 13. Laying rows of block and places where glue is applied to the block

3.5.7. When the next row of masonry comes to an end, the need arises for an additional (incomplete, cut from a whole) block. Its size is determined by local measurements. The sawn additional block is coated with glue on both sides and installed in the remaining space for it. In this case, cutting of aerated concrete is done with a hand saw. The sawn surface should be leveled with a trowel. The ends of the sides must be coated with glue during installation. The installation of the second top row begins with laying it on top of the cut block in order to maintain the band, that is, to obtain a standard brickwork with an offset. After laying the next row of blocks, be sure to level the surface of the masonry using a trowel. There should be no level differences between adjacent blocks. If this operation is not performed, local vertical cracks may form in the masonry in places of stress concentration. Brush off the resulting dust with a brush.

Fig. 14. Production of additional aerated concrete blocks

3.5.8. The walls are laid under the berth with the preliminary laying out of corner and intermediate beacons in the form of a shelter penalty, as shown in Fig. 15. The number of beacons depends on the organization of work in the team. If each link works independently, independently of neighboring links, then the beacons are laid out at the boundaries of the plot of each link. To do this, the mason begins the first front row of masonry from the corner. The first row of the second wall is attached to the first row of the front wall, and the second row is laid out in the reverse order. As a result, the spoon rows of one wall poke out onto the surface of the other wall.

Fig. 15. Corner and intermediate beacons (fines)

A - corner shelter (lighthouse); b - intermediate shelter in a solid wall (lighthouse)

3.5.9. Laying the next rows of walls should begin after setting cement mortar, i.e. 1-2 hours after laying the first row. Due to the high geometric accuracy of the block sizes, subsequent rows are placed on an adhesive solution.

The laying of load-bearing walls begins with the laying of corner blocks. Each laid block requires alignment not only horizontally, but also vertically.

After laying the corners, you should stretch the mooring cord, as was done when laying the first row, and fill the next row.

When carrying out work and over the next 3 days, the temperature of the air and the base should be in the range from +5 °C to +35 °C.

3.5.10. Apply the adhesive solution to the horizontal surface of the block using a notched trowel measuring 8x8 mm. The solution is also applied to the vertical surface of the block by pressing the spatula against the bottom of the vertical wall of the block and moving it up without tearing it off. After laying the block, it should be pressed so that the layer thickness is 2-5 mm. The position of the block can be adjusted within 15 minutes. Fresh stains of the solution are removed with water or a damp cloth. Hardened mortar can only be removed mechanically.

3.5.11. The next row begins to be laid from one of the outer corners. Laying rows is carried out with ligation of blocks, by shifting the next rows relative to the previous ones. The minimum displacement value is 10 centimeters. The glue protruding from the seams does not need to be rubbed down; it is removed using a trowel. Blocks of complex configuration and additional blocks are made using a hand saw. The length of the outer blocks at the edges (of door and window) openings or corners of the building should be 11.5 cm.

3.5.12. Regardless of the shape of the blocks, the load-bearing seams are completely filled with glue. The vertical seams connecting the smooth blocks are also filled. Interblock seams, connected in a tongue-and-groove manner, remain partially unfilled. The thickness of the seam is 1-3 millimeters. Aerated concrete walls optimal thickness laid using thin-seam adhesive do not require additional thermal insulation.

3.5.13. After laying, the surface of the blocks is leveled with a special sanding board or aerated concrete plane. Small fragments and dust remaining after leveling are removed with a brush. Leveling the masonry should be repeated after installing each row. Changes in the level of blocks lead to the appearance of individual foci high voltage which contribute to the appearance of cracks.

3.5.14. To prevent the appearance of efflorescence on the walls, during winter construction an adhesive solution with the addition of anti-frost components is used.

The overall stability of masonry made in winter period increase:

Laying steel ties in the corners (see Fig. 16 a);

At the junction and intersection of walls (see Fig. 16 b);

Installation of floor slabs after completion of masonry and anchoring them to the walls;

Laying steel anchors connecting the frame columns to the walls industrial buildings(see Fig. 16 c).

Fig. 16. Strengthening masonry with steel ties:

A - in the corners; b - at the intersection of walls; c - at the junction of columns with walls;

1 - vertical anchors with a diameter of 10...12 mm; 2 - horizontal connections with a diameter of 8...10 mm; 3 - horizontal anchor with a diameter of 8...10 mm

3.5.15. The laying of walls, as well as the laying of aerated concrete blocks under the supporting parts of structures, regardless of the dressing system, should begin and end with a joint row. The difference in heights of masonry being erected on adjacent sections and when laying junctions of external and internal walls should not exceed the height of the floor.

3.5.16. Before laying, blocks must be cleaned of dust and dirt (snow and ice in winter), and broken ones or those with chipped edges and corners must be put aside. Subsequently, subjecting them to mechanical processing with the simplest tool ( hand hacksaw or a saw, a plane for chamfering, a corner template for guiding the cut), the blocks can be used when laying gable walls or in interior walls.

When laying, you must follow the dressing rules. Vertical seams of the next rows of masonry are made with an offset of at least 0.4 of the height of the block. When laying walls in two blocks, the ligation of vertical seams can be “studded” or “blanked”.

The bonding rows should be placed through one spoon row. The supporting and top rows of masonry in two blocks in thickness should always be made with joints.

The depth of the “die” dressing must be at least 100 mm. Connections between walls of different directions should be made only with an inclined groove with a ligation depth of at least 1/3 of the length of the block (vertical scraping is not allowed).

Internal walls and partitions are erected according to the same rules as external walls. The external and internal walls are connected by tying the blocks to a depth of at least 200 mm.

Fig. 17. Options for bandaging in masonry walls made in two blocks of thickness

A - wall masonry with ligation of spoon (1) rows with bonded (2) rows of blocks (through one spoon row); b - masonry of the wall with alternate ligation of the ram rows of the outer (3) and inner (4) versts

3.6. Preparation of masonry and adhesive mortar Kesto Eco Blok

3.6.1. The use of cement-sand mortar certainly leads to an increase in the thickness of the joints and the appearance of “cold bridges”, which are a gap in the wall material. High heat transfer in places of “cold bridges” causes the appearance of cold spots on the inner surface of the walls, the formation of condensation, increased heat loss, and the appearance of mold and mildew. In addition, conventional cement-sand mortars significantly increase the unevenness of the masonry and reduce its flexural and compressive strength.

3.6.2. Laying masonry with glue has many advantages.

First of all, using glue is cheaper than using cement-sand mortar. Its consumption is six times less, and its price is only two to two and a half times higher.

Secondly, the use of fine-grained glue eliminates the formation of so-called “cold bridges” - layers of material with high thermal conductivity, leading to a decrease in the uniformity of the masonry and an increase in heat loss.

Thirdly, a thick layer of mortar increases the chance of making the masonry uneven, and the glue only emphasizes the evenness of the aerated concrete blocks.

And finally, aerated concrete masonry with a thin-layer adhesive mortar is stronger than masonry with thick seams. Both the compressive strength and flexural strength of such masonry will be higher due to the cohesive nature of the adhesion between concrete and glue.

3.6.3. To prepare the adhesive solution Kesto Eco Block An electric drill with an installed mixing blade and a plastic container for stirring the solution and water are required.

3.6.4. Slowly pour the contents of the bag (25 kg), stirring constantly, into a pre-measured amount of water (5-6 l) at a temperature of +5...+25 ° C, until a uniform viscous mass is formed without visible separation and lumps. Let the resulting mass sit for 5-10 minutes, then stir again and start working. The prepared solution should be used within 2-3 hours (at a temperature of +20±2 °C), periodically reviving with stirring. Water cannot be added to an already cured solution.

Fig. 18. Preparation of adhesive solution

3.7. Wall reinforcement

3.7.1. Reinforcement does not increase the load-bearing capacity of the masonry. Reinforcement reduces the risk of cracks. Therefore, the feasibility of reinforcement must be assessed in relation to each specific object. These are the support zones of the jumpers and the zones under window openings. Almost always, a reinforced ring beam should be installed at the level of each floor and under the rafter system.

3.7.2. The reinforced belt in houses made of aerated concrete should be installed within the top row of masonry along the perimeter of the external and internal walls, including gables. Additional structural reinforcement must be provided in the window sill area. In the window sill area, the reinforcement is placed in grooves pre-cut in the masonry. The fittings laid in the grooves must be completely recessed into adhesive composition. The cross-sectional area of ​​the reinforcement must be at least 0.75 cm of class AIII (for example, 2 longitudinal reinforcements 8AIII). If it is impossible to place two rods across the width, it is allowed to reinforce the masonry with one longitudinal reinforcement with an equivalent cross-sectional area (10AIII). The fittings are inserted into the walls at a distance of at least 600 mm from the edge of the window opening.

3.7.3. The need for masonry reinforcement and the location of the reinforcement are indicated in the project. If the design does not indicate reinforcement locations, it is necessary to provide structural reinforcement in the plane of the masonry walls: at the floor level by installing a strapping belt (see Fig. 19), in window sill areas (see Fig. 20) on blind sections of the walls, as well as in all cases according to the height of the masonry when the clear distance between the floors is more than 3.0 m (see Fig. 21).

Fig. 19. Transverse reinforcement with strapping belt

A- in places where floor slabs support; b- in places of support of building roof elements

1 - wall masonry; 2 - floor slabs; 3 - strapping belt; 4 - Mauerlat; 5 - elements rafter roof(rafters and sheathing)

Fig.20. Reinforcement of masonry in window sill areas

A - in the fine of ordinary blocks; b - in tray blocks

1 - wall masonry; 2 - window sill row of blocks; 3 - structural reinforcement; 4 - concrete (mortar); 5 - tray blocks; 6 - thermal insulation liner

Fig.21. Layout of reinforcement during the construction of a house made of aerated concrete blocks

3.7.4. To lay bar reinforcement in the surface of the masonry, grooves should be cut. This can be done with a manual starborer. The groove must be of a certain depth so that the reinforcement can be completely immersed in it. To prevent chipping concrete, it is recommended to arrange the grooves at a distance of at least 60 mm. from the side faces of the blocks.

The cut grooves must be free of dust. After this, the groove cavities are filled with an adhesive solution.

Fig.22. Cutting and dust removal of grooves

Fig.23. Preparing reinforcement and filling grooves with glue

Afterwards, 8 mm reinforcement is placed in the glue, and excess glue is removed. For the process of reinforcing a wall made of aerated concrete blocks, 200 millimeters thick, one 8 mm reinforcement bar is sufficient. If the wall thickness exceeds 200 millimeters, two rods are used for reinforcement. The reinforcement is placed in these grooves so that it is completely covered with mortar and does not protrude above the surface of the blocks.

When installing reinforcement in the area of ​​lintels and window opening areas, it is necessary to perform reinforcement 900 millimeters in each direction from the edge of the opening.

In addition, a closed belt should be installed within the top row of masonry along the perimeter of the external and internal walls, including the pediments.

Fig.24. Laying reinforcement into grooves with glue

3.7.5. Reinforcing bars to support the facing brick of the outer verst are arranged in the following order:

At the mark of the top of the window opening, board formwork with the racks supporting it is installed and verified;

A layer of mortar 1520 mm thick is spread on the top of the formwork;

3 bars of A-III 10 mm reinforcement are sunk into the solution, with the free ends of the reinforcement bars inserted into the walls to a depth of at least 250 mm.

3.7.6. Completed work on wall reinforcement must be presented to the Customer’s technical supervision representative for inspection and documentation by signing Inspection Certificates, hidden work, in accordance with Appendix 3 , RD 11-02-2006 and obtaining permission to carry out subsequent wall laying work.

3.8. Expansion joints

3.8.1. Like reinforcement, expansion joints are designed to protect aerated concrete walls from cracks. The locations for expansion joints are determined in each case individually. As a rule, expansion joints are placed in places where the height and thickness of walls change, between warm and cold walls, in unreinforced walls whose length exceeds 6.0 m, also in places where aerated concrete blocks are connected with other materials, columns, and at intersections long load-bearing walls. Expansion joints should be sealed mineral wool or polyethylene foam. The inside of the seams is treated with a special vapor-proof sealant, and the outside with a weather-resistant sealant.

3.9. Installation of outlets for partitions

3.9.1. In accordance with the project, a place for the future partition is marked on the load-bearing wall. The markings must be strictly perpendicular to the foundation. The junction of the partitions with the walls is arranged using flexible connections made of steel strips, pre-fixed in appropriate places in the seams of the walls.

3.9.2. In the place where the partition will be, a flexible connection made of stainless steel is inserted into the adhesive seam. The anchors are mounted at one end in load-bearing wall, and the other end - into the seam of the septum.

3.9.3. Flexible masonry connections are secured in the seam with nails. The first row of blocks is placed on a cement-sand mortar.

3.9.4. Flexible connections are attached to the supporting masonry with a dowel. To attach partitions to ceilings, flexible masonry connections or polyurethane foam are used.

Fig.25. Installation of partition fastening

3.10. Installation of monolithic reinforced concrete lintels

3.10.1. Monolithic reinforced concrete lintels over door and window openings are made of U-shaped blocks, which are elements of formwork and spatial reinforcement frame.

3.10.2. U-shaped blocks are laid on a prepared horizontal base so that the depth of support for the lintel is at least 250 mm. This function is perfectly performed by a board or timber. The base must have reliable support so that the lintel does not sag during pouring. The vertical seams between the U-shaped blocks are filled with adhesive solution. If blocks are used to create a lintel over a window or doorway, then temporary supports are installed before installing them. The side wall of the U-shaped block, which is thicker, should be on the outside of the wall.
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