Permanent formwork is a special design. The technology of building houses using it has become quite widespread today, and this is no coincidence. Practice has shown that house from permanent formwork - this is one of the most affordable types of building your own home, which is distinguished by its reliability, efficiency and simplicity of constructing the entire structure - building a house using this technology is comparable to the process of assembling a construction set.
The essence of the technology is to assemble a single structure, that is, pre-installed blocks with special voids are assembled into grooves, and reinforcement is laid on the lintels. Next, all cavities are filled with high-strength cement. Thus, the end result is a monolithic reinforced concrete wall, insulated with expanded polystyrene.
Construction using permanent formwork results in a durable structure that does not require additional insulation. Fast, economical, and most importantly – inexpensive.
The price of building a private house from permanent formwork is from 13,600 rubles per m2
Stages of building a house from permanent formwork
Let us briefly consider the main stages of building a house from permanent formwork. There are six main stages in total:
1. Project selection- most important stage Since the house is not built for one year, the choice of layout and auxiliary factors should be approached very responsibly. Despite the fact that construction using permanent formwork allows the construction of houses up to 16 floors, low-rise buildings are the most widespread. Since polystyrene foam can be easily processed, almost any design can be obtained. This makes it possible to build complex architectural forms from permanent formwork. A house made of permanent formwork can have various configurations, almost any layout and includes the possibility of redevelopment, for example, adding some elements.
2. Construction of the foundation. The type of this design is determined by the features of the construction of the house, the characteristics local soil, groundwater level and other factors. A house made of permanent formwork can be erected on a strip, columnar or prefabricated reinforced concrete foundation. The most widespread strip foundation, as the simplest and most reliable design. The foundation depth is approximately one and a half meters, below the freezing level of the soil. This requires extensive excavation work, which increases the cost of construction using permanent formwork. If you want to save money, you can equip the foundation without ground floor. The savings will be 15% of the total construction cost, while a prefabricated strip foundation structure is used. For this type of house, waterproofing is mandatory.
3. Once the foundation is ready, you can begin building walls. Please note that this process is as simple as possible and includes three main cycles:
- - Installation of blocks;
- - Reinforcement;
- - Cementing.
The first row is attached to the foundation by vertical reinforcement. Next, according to the house design, they begin to lay rods in the grooves of the blocks at a horizontal level. These same rods will be connected to vertical reinforcement by twisting. The second row of blocks is laid using the overlapping method, which will create a strong and reliable design. Cementing is carried out every two rows of blocks. Since polystyrene foam has a high coefficient of thermal resistance, the walls can be quite thin, without the need for additional insulation. There will be significant savings on material.
4. Stage conducting communications includes a number of processes that are directly related to the previous ones. The project initially included schemes for conducting communications into the house, and both during the construction of the foundation and during the construction of walls, these facts must be taken into account. Connection of water supply and gas pipes, electrical cables and other communication elements are carried out together with the construction of walls where special inputs are installed. All main communications can be laid inside the formwork - no boxes are required.
5. Stage exterior finishing necessary, since polystyrene foam blocks have an unaesthetic appearance. For exterior decoration, you can choose almost any material, such as siding, a natural stone, plastering decorative species plasters and many others - everything is limited by imagination and financial capabilities.
6. Interior decoration– the process is long and requires financial costs. It is also determined by the financial capabilities of the home owner. The smooth surface of the blocks allows you to significantly save on some finishing works Oh. The walls can be plastered, painted or wallpapered. The type of finish is chosen according to your own preferences.
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Features of houses made of permanent formwork
So, we have already found out: what are the main stages of construction using permanent formwork. The main process involves the construction of walls. This is done strictly according to a certain technology. The basic principle of masonry is the displacement of each new row. The connection of polystyrene foam blocks is carried out with slight pressure on the edges, due to which the special locks are connected to each other tightly and reliably. It is worth noting that the most important is the third row, which serves as a control indicator for the alignment of the blocks along the vertical seams. After the formwork is constructed, the voids are cemented.
Pouring concrete in permanent formwork has its own characteristics. It is worth starting cementing from the corners, moving towards the center. This will help prevent air bubbles from forming. The monolithic structure should be very durable. To achieve this result, it is advisable to use concrete with a strength grade of at least M200. For additional strength, use gravel backfill with a gravel fraction of no more than 20. All filling is done using a concrete pump. Also, construction using permanent formwork includes bayoneting - this is the process of compacting concrete (also carried out to remove air bubbles and lay layers more evenly). The solution is poured into no more than two or three rows, and the surface is not leveled. This is necessary so that the new layer adheres better to the previous one. Please note that the construction simple walls and walls that have complex structural elements or projections are erected equally quickly. Labor intensity does not change, while ready house made of permanent formwork will have any desired configuration.
Construction of a cottage from permanent formwork allows you to achieve significant savings during further operation. Since heating does not require significant costs, costs will be significantly reduced. This is explained by the properties of polystyrene foam; the material retains heat well. Please note that by saving on both materials and heating the house, the house will have a larger internal area, because the walls are thinner than those of a brick or other house. This is why permanent formwork technology is gaining increasing popularity. The effectiveness of the formwork has justified itself from a practical point of view, and the process does not include dismantling the formwork - the entire structure is completely monolithic. It is this fact that determines all the properties of a house made of permanent formwork.
This technology is the most promising direction. In essence, it is a quick construction of a house. During construction, no special tools are required; ordinary saws, knives, shovels and a container for mixing concrete are sufficient. Since the blocks are very light, the walls can be erected completely independently. However, this should not be done, since knowledge of the process is still required. Some unaccounted nuances can lead to disastrous consequences. It is best if the house is built by professionals; the resulting housing will last you for decades.
Construction of a house from permanent formwork- it is reliable and quick way get a modern, beautiful and economical home. The cost of such a house is much less than that of a brick one. The number of floors of your house can be any, since polystyrene foam blocks allow you to get enough tall house. If necessary, the house can be equipped with: a terrace, an attic, any complex architectural elements, such as a bay window and many other elements. A house made from permanent formwork can be reconstructed and improved, for example, by adding a terrace.
Advantages of permanent formwork
So, we found out that the technology of permanent formwork is quite simple and does not require capital investments. Let us point out some positive aspects of this technology.
Main advantage- this is the speed of building a house. In just 5 days you can completely build walls! Such results are unlikely to be achieved with other technologies. Despite the fact that polystyrene foam blocks are very large, their weight is relatively light. Due to this, the process of constructing walls is simplified as much as possible.
Further, we can note the high variability of wall configurations. Expanded polystyrene blocks can be easily processed, with some non-standard elements already coming from the factory. This allows you to create any individual home project to suit your needs. You can think of additional utility rooms or bathrooms. In addition, you can choose different variants ceilings, that is, it is not necessary to do monolithic ceiling, for example, you can arrange either wooden or prefabricated floor, reinforced concrete beams are also suitable.
Let us highlight a number of other advantages:
- - Low thermal conductivity of walls. Heating a home does not require significant costs;
- - Expanded polystyrene blocks do not absorb moisture and have high vapor barrier properties - such a house “breathes”;
- - High sound and noise insulation properties make the house comfortable and protected;
- - The concrete with which the walls are filled is a symbol of strength, reliability and durability;
- - Unlimited architectural and other solutions used in the construction of a house allow you to embody your wildest ideas and fantasies;
- - Rigidity and strength of the structure, which over time gives minimal subsidence. The load is evenly distributed on the foundation base.
- - The service life of the house is at least 100 years!
This is just a small number of advantages that are inherent in construction using permanent formwork. It may also be noted that houses of this type are earthquake resistant. Performance properties are characterized by the structure of the frame, where there are no voids or “cold bridges”. In addition, the formwork is resistant to aging and wear, temperature changes and other weather influences. In general, the construction of a house has a short time frame, since the construction scheme is clear and proven and has long proven itself in practice. Each stage includes savings: monolithic walls are lighter than brick walls, so a solid foundation is not required; the walls are immediately insulated; Since the walls have the correct geometry, they do not need to be leveled.
Disadvantages of permanent formwork
When building with permanent formwork, you need to pay a lot of attention to preparing the concrete mixture. She must have homogeneous mass. Additionally, you will have to check the strength grade. If you choose low-quality concrete, the walls will subsequently be less durable. It is also necessary to monitor the correct installation of the reinforcement.
Main difficulty when constructing walls from permanent formwork, this is a high-quality compaction of the concrete mixture. If this work is carried out poorly, then “sinks” may form in the wall, which will also affect the strength of the finished structure. This is unacceptable, as this will lead to the effect of “floating” the formwork. The last row of masonry requires special attention and professional approach. The entire load from the roof will be taken by this particular row. It is important to arrange the walls as vertically and linearly as possible. Construction using permanent formwork requires the installation of scaffolding and special fasteners that will ensure the verticality of the walls and provide direct access to the height. It is unlikely that you will be able to do this on your own. Nobody needs a crooked house, so it is necessary that construction is carried out only by professionals in this field.
When erecting walls, as we noted above, no special tools are required, however, some elements, if used correctly during construction, are aimed at speeding up and simplifying the process. Difficulties are also noted when arranging door and window openings, as well as corner openings, when making bay windows and other architectural forms. IN in this case a professional approach from specialists is also required.
It is worth noting that the level of the walls directly depends on the level of the foundation. If the foundation is made poorly, then the walls will “float”. If the walls turn out to be uneven, then it is impossible to compensate for the defect with the thickness of the mortar - the house will have to be dismantled to the level of the foundation and rebuilt again. This is very expensive both in time and money. Wall modules are sometimes additionally glued together to achieve the required strength. This also makes adjustments to the expense item.
As for the environmental friendliness of the material, it cannot be called one hundred percent, since liquid glass has its drawbacks. This requires the construction of mandatory ventilation in the house. Also among the disadvantages can be noted the mandatory external decoration of the walls.
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We examined the features of construction using permanent formwork, its advantages and disadvantages of this technology. All this leads us to the conclusion: we need a reliable team, a high-quality project and a solution to other problems.
The Art Stroy Design company is ready to provide you with a range of services quickly, easily and inexpensively. Our accumulated experience allows us to provide guarantees at all stages of construction. We employ only highly qualified specialists, which also acts as an additional guarantor for you. All details can be found by calling us.
House made of permanent polystyrene foam formwork
What could be more reliable than a monolithic reinforced concrete house? And if such a house is also warm, then this is generally the ultimate dream for a thorough owner. Moreover, such a house can also be relatively inexpensive, and you can build it yourself during your vacation.
There are several types of permanent formwork structures, each of which has its own advantages and features, but despite the differences in technology, the principle of construction itself is the same in all cases. From blocks made at the factory with through cavities, like from a construction set, the frame of the house is assembled, which is laid with reinforcement and filled with cement.
We will tell you how this is done using the example of building a house using permanent polystyrene foam formwork. This type of permanent formwork has earned popularity due to its low price and high consumer qualities that a house built using it acquires. As is immediately clear from the name, it is made of polystyrene foam, the same in appearance as we can see when unpacking a box with a TV or other large household appliances.
The difference is that polystyrene foam for permanent formwork has special additives, thanks to which it becomes completely inedible for rodents and unfavorable for the appearance of mold and other microorganisms on it. With all this, polystyrene foam remains absolutely harmless to humans.
In addition, it is not subject to rotting, does not absorb moisture and does not allow water vapor to pass through, and practically does not burn. The only thing is that polystyrene foam does not particularly like direct sunlight, under which it turns yellow, although without losing any other properties. Its last feature is determined by the fact that you will not see houses built using polystyrene foam formwork without external and internal cladding.
The external cladding can be almost anything, from brick to... As interior decoration Usually they use sheets of drywall - gypsum board, lining or the same plaster.
The main advantage of expanded polystyrene is its high thermal insulation properties. Thus, a wall built using polystyrene foam permanent formwork, according to this parameter, is equivalent to one and a half meters brick wall or a wall made of timber half a meter thick. Thus, the house turns out to be very, very warm, which allows its owner to reduce heating costs by three times. After some time, these savings on heating will exceed the initial costs of building a house, which makes it possible to talk about such a house as a very profitable investment.
The concrete frame of the building makes it very durable, and the protection of the concrete with polystyrene foam on the inside and outside ensures minimal temperature fluctuations load-bearing wall. In turn, protection from temperature expansion and moisture (the material has high water and frost resistance) prevents the appearance of cracks and chips in the concrete.
How are polystyrene foam blocks made?
Polystyrene granules are poured into the storage hopper of the foaming agent, from which they are fed into the foaming agent by a screw feeder, where, with continuous stirring, they are foamed by a stream of steam at a certain temperature and pressure. During the foaming process, the volume of the granules increases. From the foaming agent, the sub-foamed polystyrene is fed by a fan through a pneumatic line into the storage bunker, where it is kept for 24 to 48 hours to equalize the internal pressure and finally stabilize the shape of the granules. From the aging hopper, polystyrene is fed by a fan through a pneumatic line into the storage hopper of the mold, from where it is fed into the mold by injectors fixed in the mold lid until it is completely filled. Inside the mold, during heat treatment with steam, the polystyrene granules once again increase in volume. Since the form has a closed volume, the granules mutually deform each other, filling the voids, and “weld”: the process of molding the finished product - a polystyrene foam building block - occurs. After cooling the mold with water, the finished product is automatically removed from it and stored by the operator.
The polystyrene foam blocks themselves for the walls are cast at the factory. Their production consists of three stages: foaming, drying and intermediate curing, block molding by secondary foaming
- intermediate blocks for the wall;
- wall blocks with a cap at the end, which are installed in the places of window and door openings;
- wall blocks with thin walls for internal partitions or utility rooms;
- corner blocks;
- small plugs for unusual places;
- blocks for walls with oblique angles.
The blocks are actually very Lego-like in that they have special locks on the top and bottom. In the upper part there are convex squares, and in the lower part there are depressions of exactly the same size.
As in the case of brickwork, blocks are installed on top of each other in a checkerboard pattern so that each block of the next row holds together two blocks of the previous row. Laying is carried out with an offset multiple of 250 mm, which ensures that the vertical voids (niches) in the blocks coincide.
Technology of building a house using permanent polystyrene foam formwork
Now let's move on directly to the description of how a house is built using permanent polystyrene foam formwork.
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As with building any home, it all starts with the foundation. Optimal view the foundation for this kind of buildings is monolithic slab on a gravel-sand bed. It is also possible to have a shallow, tape, monolithic foundation. In any case, reinforcement outlets for fastening to the walls are removed from the foundation monolith. |
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The laying of polystyrene foam blocks begins on a foundation carefully leveled horizontally, directly on a layer of waterproofing made of two-layer roofing felt on mastic or waterproofing cement mixtures. Expanded polystyrene blocks are placed along the foundation, placed on the reinforcement terminals from the foundation in those places where the wall is supposed to be erected. |
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The installation of blocks begins from the corners that determine the configuration of the building or structure in plan. For oblique angles, special corner blocks with a hinge are designed, but you can simply cut polystyrene foam blocks with a regular hacksaw at the desired angle. All that remains is to connect them later. |
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Between all the rows, in special grooves of polystyrene foam blocks, horizontal reinforcement rods are placed, which will then give the reinforced concrete wall the maximum possible strength. In addition to horizontal rods, vertical reinforcement is also installed in the wall. The connection of the rods is carried out using a knitting wire. |
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After the first three rows have been assembled, the geometry of the corners and the vertical of the wall are checked using a plumb line. After which it is time to pour concrete into the cavity made from polystyrene foam blocks of the wall. It is not recommended to pour more than four rows at a time, as there is a possibility that there will be voids in the bottom layer where the concrete cannot flow. |
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Concrete can be poured either using a special concrete pump with a low-pressure nozzle that delivers it to Right place, or just a bucket, fortunately there is more than enough time to pour several crowns before the concrete sets. |
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A wall made of polystyrene foam blocks is quite airtight and has no gaps through which concrete could leak. While the concrete is liquid, it is vibrated (compacted) using the vertical bayonet method (for example, with a reinforcing rod). This is done to make sure that there are no air pockets left inside. |
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All pipes and cable channels can be walled up directly into the wall, so as not to spoil the appearance in the future. |
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In door and window openings special blocks with plugs at the end are used, and to form the top of the opening, temporary formwork is installed, which allows you to lay polystyrene foam blocks over it and fill them with concrete. |
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After the concrete has hardened, the temporary formwork is removed. |
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In this way, all the walls of the first floor are assembled. After filling the blocks with concrete, they are a monolithic reinforced concrete wall 150 mm thick, covered on both sides with insulation 50 or 100 mm thick on each side. |
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Interfloor ceilings can be either wooden or concrete. |
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In the case of concrete interfloor slabs, special formwork is built. |
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A monolithic reinforced concrete interfloor ceiling is made on top of the formwork. To ensure that the ceiling is integral with the walls, a cutout is made in the inner wall of the polystyrene foam formwork of the walls along the entire perimeter, into which the reinforcement is inserted and through which cement is poured. The cut is made horizontally, in the center of the block, so that the top layer remains, which will be necessary for connection with the next row of wall blocks. |
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Next, according to the scheme described above, the second floor is assembled, reinforced and poured with concrete. |
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Finished walls sheathed on the outside with siding or blockhouse. |
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The inside of the walls is usually sheathed with plasterboard (gypsum board) panels. |
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The walls can also be covered with plaster. The plaster is placed on a special reinforcing mesh, directly on the polystyrene foam wall. Both external and external surfaces can be plastered. interior walls. |
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Upon completion of all finishing work, the construction of the house is completed. |
And finally, a few video reports straight from the construction site. Construction is carried out using permanent polystyrene foam formwork.
Features of wall reinforcement during construction using permanent polystyrene foam formwork:
Formwork is a kind of form for a cement-sand mixture, which allows you to form the correct geometry of the walls. Builders use both removable/temporary and permanent/permanent formwork for the foundation. The second option allows you to save effort and time on dismantling work, as well as insulate and/or strengthen the walls, so it is increasingly used not only in industrial, but also in private construction.
Basic requirements for permanent formwork for foundations
Let's consider what properties permanent formwork should have.
- Moisture-proof material and tight seams. In the absence of this characteristic, the formwork will allow concrete to pass through, which will lead to excessive consumption of the mixture and make it impossible to construct the wall.
- Structural strength. This is necessary so that the formwork can withstand the pressure of the concrete mixture from the inside and the earth from the outside (at the foundation level) without deformation or cracking.
- Correct element geometry. It would be impossible to build with blocks of different thicknesses or with irregular angles. smooth walls and 90-degree joints between them.
- Long period of operation. The longer the formwork can potentially last, the higher the likelihood of a long life for the entire house. If the formwork collapses quickly, the unsupported walls may not be able to withstand structural loads. In cases where the formwork does not have load-bearing properties, its destruction will lead to deterioration appearance due to delamination decorative finishing facade.
Permanent formwork - important element energy efficient house
Table: advantages and disadvantages of permanent formwork
| Advantages | Minuses |
|---|---|
| Ease of construction, the final result depends less on the skill of the workers (compared to homemade removable formwork). | In houses with permanent formwork it is often observed high humidity, which forces you to equip a powerful ventilation system. |
| Good heat and sound insulation (compared to buildings made of brick and reinforced concrete slabs). | Impossibility of construction in the cold season, since large mass concrete hardens poorly at low temperatures. |
| Ease of finishing work due to the flat surface of the formwork without cracks and differences in wall thickness. | The need to additionally moisten the concrete during hot periods to prevent cracking of the walls. |
| Reduced construction period compared to houses made of brick, stone, and gas blocks. | Buildings with metal reinforcement frames must be grounded as quickly as possible to avoid exposing people to the risk of lightning strikes. |
| The durability of buildings with reinforced concrete formwork is 300 years or more. | Difficulty in dismantling during alterations and reconstruction, especially if fill reinforcement with metal rods was used. |
| The technology is suitable for the construction of buildings of any size and number of floors, from summer houses to shopping complexes. | In case of fire, the formwork material can release harmful substances. |
| Minimization of construction waste (compared to construction technology with removable formwork). | If the external treatment of polystyrene foam blocks is insufficient or incorrect, water, insects, and small rodents may enter the walls. |
Fixed metal formwork
To ensure uniform wall thickness, sheets of metal formwork are connected with metal studs
Metal formwork is one of the most expensive, therefore it is used mainly in industrial construction. It is made from sheets of aluminum or steel 1–2 mm thick on a metal frame and connected with anchors, plates or locks. The type and number of fasteners are calculated in such a way that when concrete is poured and hardened, the sheets do not bend either inward or outward.
When the formwork is made to order for a specific building, the manufacturer’s craftsmen themselves carry out a test assembly of the structure and only after confirming the suitability and completeness of all parts, the order is sent to the buyer.
Metal formwork has the most accurate geometry. The permissible deviation in the parallelism of the sheet edges is no more than 2 mm over 1 m of product length.
In order to prevent premature oxidation and destruction of the metal due to contact with concrete and groundwater, sheets of future formwork are carefully coated with paint and lubricant in production. Often galvanized steel is also used, or a powder coating method is used, which forms a dense polymer film on the sheet. But if welding is used during installation (welding sheets to a frame or reinforcement to sheets), a protective composition (lubricant, mastic, paint) will need to be reapplied to areas damaged by temperature.
Powder coating metal sheets- one of the most effective methods their protection against corrosion
Metal is well suited for buildings with complex geometry, since thin sheets are easy to bend at any desired angle, make a rounding or an arch. The finished walls turn out to be very neat and smooth; if desired, they can be left without decorative finishing. Architects recommend using metal formwork in areas with complex loose soils.
To prevent concrete from leaking, the joints of metal formwork are connected especially carefully.
But experts also note some disadvantages of metal formwork:
- significant weight of steel sheets, which requires the use of special equipment;
- the need for additional thermal insulation of walls and foundations;
- The grease on the sheets rubs off easily and stains workers.
Installation of aluminum sheets for wall formwork can be done by a couple of workers
Aluminum sheets with the addition of silicon, which weigh much less than steel sheets and do not require protection from the external environment, will help minimize labor costs for transportation and installation of metal formwork.
Permanent formwork made of reinforced concrete blocks
Reinforced concrete formwork blocks are recommended for large construction projects, at least a three-story private house. Since they have increased strength characteristics, in smaller buildings such a safety margin will be unnecessary. Thin-walled blocks are excellent for arranging the foundation of a permanent fence.
Reinforced concrete formwork blocks are installed offset
Reinforced concrete formwork blocks have the following advantages:
- allow you to save cement-sand mortar due to the significant wall thickness;
- suitable for the construction of basements of any depth, as well as interfloor ceilings;
- mounted with minimum width seams;
- provide a building service life of several hundred years.
The best formwork is made from reinforced concrete blocks with indicators F75 (frost resistance), W4 (water permeability), 6% (water absorption), 350 kg/cm 2 (mechanical strength).
An example of the arrangement of reinforcement in formwork made of reinforced concrete blocks designed for two rods
The disadvantages of reinforced concrete blocks include:
- heavy weight (a 510x400x235 mm block weighs 30 kg), due to which it can only be transported by trucks and installed only by workers with a crane;
- high price - about 500 rubles per unit.
Expanded clay concrete blocks do not have such disadvantages. Providing high strength of the walls, these analogues of reinforced concrete blocks do not require insulation of the house, since they already contain insulation - expanded clay.
Fixed plywood formwork
For formwork, moisture-resistant plywood is most often used, but even then, this material is usually used to create a temporary form. After all, the service life and weather resistance of a laminated plywood sheet are an order of magnitude lower than the same parameters of a concrete wall.
Permanent plywood formwork is acceptable in the following cases:
- when making a temporary structure (for example, small house, in which the owner lives during the construction of the main house);
- during the construction of non-residential buildings (chicken coop, barn, wood storage);
- when it is necessary to save as much as possible on construction;
- if the walls and foundation are insulated along the outer contour and the plywood is completely protected from external influences.
In addition to questionable durability and strength, plywood formwork will require a lot of labor and careful handling. Since the sheets do not have a tongue-and-groove system and special joints, you will have to assemble the structure using self-tapping screws, additionally seal each joint and make an external sheathing with supports (so that the plywood does not bend). In addition, non-waterproof plywood swells and flakes from water, while laminated plywood repels the concrete mixture and never forms a monolithic wall with it, so it is very important to find a waterproof material with good adhesion.
Technoblock - an example of the successful use of plywood in formwork
Designation in the picture:
- 1 - decorative facing layer;
- 2 - layer of insulation;
- 3 - plastic supports for reinforcement;
- 4 - concrete pouring (a cavity is provided for it in the block);
- 5 - plywood sheet.
As a result, despite the cheapness and environmental friendliness of plywood, experts recommend using it only for temporary formwork. For permanent applications, it is better to use a technoblock - a composite product with an inner plywood layer.
Fixed wood concrete formwork
Arbolite is a relatively new, but time-tested material. Formwork blocks from concrete and wood chips began to be made recently, but this mixture was used for floor insulation back in Soviet times. Arbolite blocks are much cheaper and lighter than reinforced concrete, so they are actively used in individual low-rise construction.
Some models of wood concrete blocks have a layer of insulation - stone wool or polyurethane foam
Compared to other types of permanent formwork, wood concrete blocks:
- are easily cut with tools for working with wood, which allows you to adjust them on site to the required parameters: cut corners, make arched curves, cut out fragments for better adhesion of walls at the corners of the building, reduce height/length;
- can be installed quickly and without special equipment (1 m2 of wall is only 8 blocks);
- provide high strength, sound absorption and thermal insulation with a smaller wall thickness (compared to brick and expanded polystyrene);
- safe for the health of others, waste can be industrially recycled;
- strong enough to secure downspout clamps and loaded elements facade systems(guides for hanging siding, etc.);
- are not afraid of fires (withstands up to 90 minutes of open fire);
- frost-resistant, suitable for regions with harsh climates.
The disadvantage of wood concrete is its water permeability, so it is recommended to use it for the construction of walls on a ready-made waterproofed strip or slab foundation.
The use of wood concrete for arranging the foundation is undesirable, since it will need to be very carefully protected from moisture.
An example of arranging formwork made of wood concrete and brick
Arbolite is produced in the form of hollow blocks and panels. In the second case, the panel serves only as the inner contour of the wall, and the outer one must be made of brick. The cavity between the materials is filled with concrete and reinforced, as when using other types of formwork. This option is more difficult to install, but the finished house is warm (arbolite), beautiful (brick) and durable (merging the strength characteristics of three materials).
When purchasing wood concrete blocks and slabs, pay attention to the eco-label, as some manufacturers use binders that are harmful to health (phenol, naphthalene). Be careful, plasticizer toxins can be released from the material even at room temperature.
Manufacturers of wood concrete blocks for formwork offer options for both high-rise buildings and small buildings. Be sure to consult with a consultant so as not to spend extra money on concrete for pouring thin-walled blocks or not to mistakenly take blocks with too small voids.
Fixed formwork made of CBPB
CSP (cement particle board) or sawdust concrete is another variation of a mixture of cement and crushed wood. It differs from wood concrete in the type of binder component and the addition of sand. Therefore, DSP is a denser, stronger and heavier material, and its thermal insulation is worse than that of wood concrete. finishing material when covered with decorative mineral chips
Among the advantages of wood concrete formwork:
- the material breathes, so there is no need to equip the house with forced ventilation and fight the greenhouse effect in other ways;
- DSP is able to withstand fires, its fire resistance is confirmed by laboratory tests;
- the plate consists of natural materials, therefore does not harm nature and health;
- gives the house high strength: with a thickness of 25 cm, the wall can withstand three times greater loads than a brick wall of the same thickness;
- DSP is resistant to sudden temperature changes, therefore suitable for regions with a sharply continental climate;
- the material is sufficiently stable and geometrically stable so that the distance between the floors can be 2.8–3 m;
- it is possible to build houses using cement particle boards even in winter, as long as the temperature does not drop below -20 o C;
- DSP requires minimal finishing; inside the house it can be painted or wallpapered without putty.
An example of creating reinforced formwork for a foundation made of cement bonded particle boards
European builders have been using permanent DSP formwork for more than 25 years, so there are many houses that confirm the durability and reliability of this material. Cement particle boards are well suited for both individual and multi-storey buildings, even in the harsh northern climate.
Fixed formwork made of corrugated sheets
Profiled sheets, corrugated sheets or corrugated sheets have also found their use as permanent formwork, although much more often they are used for the manufacture of fences, roofs, and outbuildings. Important: profiled sheeting is only suitable for arranging composite slabs of interfloor floors and for large spans (from 5 m) it requires additional temporary supports. This material is not used for the construction of walls due to its small thickness, which reduces its resistance to mechanical loads in a vertical position.
An example of a floor design with a base made of profiled sheets
Builders are attracted to formwork made from this material with the following features:
- the metal is completely protected by galvanization and/or a polymer layer, so it does not rust;
- in industrial buildings the material can be left without decorative finishing, the ceiling is visually pleasing and practical;
- The corrugated sheet not only serves as a form for concrete, but also serves as sheet reinforcement;
- corrugated sheeting transfers the load to the metal frame of the building, so the internal walls do not bear heavy loads and it becomes possible to save money by constructing them from lightweight materials (aerated concrete, sandwich panels);
- sheets of small thickness are simply cut with metal scissors; formwork of any shape can be created from them.
To ensure good adhesion to concrete, choose special corrugated sheets with teeth for the formwork.
This is what an interfloor ceiling based on corrugated board looks like from inside the building
Permanent formwork made from corrugated sheets is used primarily in industrial construction, as it requires the construction of a metal building frame and metal floor beams. For individual house
it will not be suitable, as it will be unreasonably expensive.
Fixed polystyrene foam formwork
- Expanded polystyrene/foam is the most popular material for permanent formwork. Its demand is explained by factors such as:
- light weight, making it easy to transport;
- tongue-and-groove connection system for the simplest possible installation;
- speed of installation (foam blocks of permanent formwork are larger than concrete ones, so work progresses faster);
- variety of types (reinforced, with protective impregnations);
- thermal insulation properties, thanks to which the house does not require additional insulation;
- soundproofing;
biological inertness, preventing the development of mold, moss, etc.
Examples of polyurethane foam formwork blocks of different configurations
Opponents of polystyrene foam formwork point to its danger in case of fire and low degree of environmental friendliness. Even if you buy materials labeled eco, this does not guarantee that the formwork will not harm your health or the environment. It is also important to keep in mind that foam formwork will become good choice
for buildings of simple shape, since the range of corner and rounded blocks does not yet allow satisfying all consumer requests.
Fixed formwork made of glass-magnesite
Glass-magnesite sheets or FMS have been used as permanent formwork since the mid-20th century for the purpose of constructing thermally insulated houses. The material consists of a mixture of magnesium oxide and chloride, perlite, sawdust, fiberglass and polypropylene fabric. Not all components of glass magnesite are natural, but the finished composition is completely safe for people.
Different options for glass-magnesite sheets with decorative finishing LSU - great option for the construction or reconstruction of a house with a weak foundation concrete mixtures They weigh much less than bricks, reinforced concrete blocks and other traditional materials; they do not load the structure of the building so much.
Among the advantages of glass magnesite:
- multifunctionality: it is suitable for creating foundations, walls, ceilings, fences, etc.;
- high thermal insulation, which is associated not only with the properties of the formwork itself, but also with the advantages of the filler (fiber foam concrete grade D250-D320, concrete with polystyrene foam balls M300);
- fire resistance;
- complete moisture resistance, which makes the material suitable for the construction of baths and saunas, use in areas with a humid climate and in wetlands;
- the small thickness of walls with SML formwork will save space inside the house;
- the rough surface of the sheets can be easily covered with clinker tiles, decorative plaster or any other finishing material;
- the sheet can be slightly curved if necessary for the construction of a half-turret or other home decoration (radius of curvature - 3 m).
If you plan to cut LSU boards on site, purchase spare jigsaw blades. This material wears out nail files several times faster than wood concrete and plywood.
Glass-magnesite sheets will be suitable for use at all stages of house construction
Glass-magnesite sheets, like arbolite sheets, often form only the internal contour of the formwork, while the external one is most often built from decorative brick. As a result, external finishing turns out to be unnecessary, and a thin layer of putty will be enough inside. The technology is suitable for the construction of houses up to 5 floors on a ready-made strip/slab foundation. In addition, it requires more time and effort than using polystyrene foam or DSP formwork (excluding decorative finishing).
Glass-magnesite sheets are currently produced only in China and Korea, and LSU quality control is also carried out there. There are no domestic analogues for this material.
Instructions for installing permanent formwork from prefabricated blocks
We will consider the technology of constructing a foundation from ready-made hollow blocks using the example of lightweight concrete products. Unlike reinforced concrete blocks for high-rise buildings, these “bricks” can be installed by hand without a crane or manipulator.
- Prepare a cushion for the block foundation by filling and compacting layers of sand and small crushed stone. A thin screed should be poured over the cushion to simplify further laying of the blocks, and also to avoid concrete leakage when pouring the foundation.
The sand and gravel cushion must be covered with a thin layer of concrete before installation.
- Stretch a thread along the trench and place the first layer of blocks on the cushion, being careful not to deviate from this guide. It must be mounted so that the gap between the elements is minimal. If the gap increases significantly along the trench, the reason may lie in the unevenness of the cushion. In this case, the row needs to be disassembled and a more even base made.
Thanks to the correct geometry of the blocks, the foundation strip is smooth and clear
- Connections between walls should be provided with special blocks of slightly longer length. If there are none, a recess should be made in the universal blocks, as in the picture. This will ensure reliable adhesion of the perpendicular foundation strips.
At the junctions of internal and external walls you need to put special corner blocks
- Place metal or fiberglass reinforcement in the slots of the blocks. For low-rise construction Two parallel rods are enough, but if necessary, three can be arranged.
The blocks have special grooves for reinforcing rods
- At the junction of the walls, the rods must overlap so that the length of the free end is at least 2 cm.
Pay attention to the location of the upper and lower rods in relation to each other, they should form a regular square
- When the length of the rod is not enough, it can be increased by tying a new rod with a special thin wire. It is advisable to make 2-3 dressings in different areas of the overlap.
The reinforcement should be tied with an overlap of 15–20 cm
- Place the second row of concrete blocks exactly on top of the first. Do not allow even small deviations; if necessary, adjust the position of the block with a mallet.
Install the second row of hollow blocks on top of the first
- Fill the prepared formwork with liquid cement-sand mortar so that the concrete level does not reach the grooves for the reinforcement.
The concrete level should be slightly higher than the middle of the top row of blocks
- Before the concrete begins to dry, try to expel excess air by piercing the space inside the formwork with a reinforcing rod in a downward motion. After this, place the reinforcement vertically, especially carefully strengthening the external corners and wall joints.
Vertical reinforcing bars can be installed individually at a distance of 1.5 m from each other
- After the concrete has dried, begin building the foundation. Install and tie the reinforcement, install two new rows of blocks and fill the formwork with concrete. Continue this until the foundation reaches the height you want.
New reinforcement is installed on top of the concrete screed
- The last row of foundation blocks is poured until a smooth horizontal surface is formed. While the concrete is still wet, you can level it with a small board or a long plaster trowel.
The foundation is ready for the construction of the walls of the future house
A foundation made of concrete hollow blocks for a private house using the described technology is installed by two workers in 2–3 days, taking into account the time for the first layers of concrete to set.
Comparison of costs for creating a foundation from full and hollow reinforced concrete blocks and monolithic with temporary formwork
A comparison shows that a foundation made of hollow concrete blocks is 18% cheaper than a foundation made of solid ones and 36% cheaper than a strip monolith poured using temporary wooden formwork. This is achieved by saving on the amount of reinforcement, reducing labor costs, the amount of concrete, etc. But constructing walls from reinforced concrete blocks will be too expensive (compared to polyurethane foam, wood concrete), it is better to use it only for the foundation.
Making permanent formwork with your own hands
Let's consider the process of creating permanent formwork from sheet materials with independent cutting using the example of EPS (extruded polystyrene foam).
- Unfold the sheets into fragments corresponding to the width and length of the compacted trench. From the remnants, cut out strips for sides 20–25 cm high. The total length of the sides should correspond to the double perimeter of the trench + 20% for overlap at corner points.
You can cut sheets of polystyrene foam not only with power tools, but also with a hand saw
- Place the sheets in the trench so that the sides rest on the EPS layer and do not touch the ground. Secure the sheets at the corners by piercing the material with plastic ties of the SVT system.
When laying EPS sheets in a trench, try to minimize the gaps
- Place the halves of plastic ties between the vertical sheets and secure them together. If the system does not click tightly enough, tighten the connections with pliers.
Plastic ties are easy to install by hand
- Install reinforcing bars above and below the horizontal ties. To ensure that the metal is embedded in the thickness of the concrete, place pieces of polystyrene foam under the rods. Special grooves on plastic ties will help maintain the same distance between the reinforcement bars throughout the entire foundation.
Both metal and fiberglass reinforcing bars are suitable for reinforcement
- Tie the rods together with thin wire, folded 2-3 times. In the same way, the reinforcement can be tied to plastic ties.
Installed reinforcing rods must be tied with thin wire; welding is not allowed
- Build up the foundation with whole sheets of EPS, having previously attached narrow strips of the same material to them using plastic clips. Place the prepared sheets as shown in the figure. When installing, pay attention to the location of the grooves and ridges on the sheet.
We begin to increase the height of the foundation
- Attach the vertical sheets to each other with ties, install and tie the reinforcement using the technology described above. You should get at least two plastic reinforcement belts, approximately at a distance of 10 cm from the top and bottom edges of the sheet.
Plastic spacers between the plates are installed in the same way
- Attach locking plates to the sharp ends of the plastic ties and trim off the ends that remain free.
Protruding tails of ties can be easily trimmed with pliers
- Fill the reinforced formwork with cement-sand mortar. To prepare concrete, you can use your own concrete mixer, but you will need a lot of solution. If you doubt that you can pour the entire foundation in a day, it is better to use the services of an industrial concrete mixer tank.
Filling the finished foundation with concrete
- Remove air bubbles with a construction vibrator and level the concrete surface. In this case, it is impossible to expel the air with a reinforcing rod, since the metal will damage the formwork, easily piercing the EPS sheet.
The upper plane of the concrete layer should be at the level of the outer layer of the formwork
After the foundation concrete has completely hardened, you can continue pouring the walls using the same technology, but such a foundation can also be used with other materials.
Video: technology for building a house with permanent formwork from particle blocks
When giving preference to one of the options for permanent formwork, consider not only your financial capabilities and labor costs, but also its purpose. For example, in areas with swampy soil you should not use blocks based on wood chips, and in cold regions you should pay attention to a material with a minimum thermal conductivity coefficient. In this case, you can quickly build a warm house without extra financial costs.
Traditionally, for the manufacture of foundations and walls in monolithic concrete houses, concrete was poured into temporary formwork, which was removed after the concrete had dried. Construction technology using permanent formwork is an alternative to such construction. The formwork is made of polystyrene foam, which folds like Lego blocks. After the formwork is installed, the reinforcement is installed, the formwork is leveled and concrete is poured into it. After the concrete has dried, throughout the life of the building, polystyrene foam works as insulating material. It seems, it seems very good technology quick construction of a house. Lightweight formwork that does not need to be removed ensures virtually no waste. Buildings constructed using permanent formwork have increased strength and are positioned as energy efficient and environmentally friendly. But is permanent polystyrene foam formwork really that good?
First, about the environmental friendliness of polystyrene foam
It should be noted that polystyrene foam, with a very big stretch, can be classified as environmentally friendly materials. Yet it is often labeled as such. This is true unless you look at it from the point of view of:
Impact on humans - styrene, from which expanded polystyrene is made, is poisonous for humans; in expanded polystyrene it is polymerized, but not completely, so the poison is gradually released into environment, and under the influence of light, oxygen, heat, etc. it begins to stand out more actively. In a fire, it burns at very high temperature 1100 °C, destroying even metal constructions, and releases toxic substances. Of course, modern polystyrene foam is treated with fire retardants, so they talk about fire safety, but fire retardants are also not harmless to humans.
Impact on the environment - after the end of its service life, polystyrene foam is sent to a landfill, but there it will lie for hundreds of years, poisoning the environment, since it has poor biodegradability properties.
Question: is such an “eco-friendly” material necessary?
Remodeling a house from permanent formwork
Houses made from permanent formwork are difficult to reconstruct. It is necessary to carefully consider the design of the house and anticipate all possible necessary changes in the future. For example, to add a window or door, you will have to cut a monolithic concrete wall, which is not at all easy and will take a lot of time. It is also important to take into account all communication systems in advance: electrical wiring, plumbing pipes, ventilation, etc., since after construction is completed it will be difficult to install all these communications.
Insects or water can get into the walls
The block segments must be installed very tightly, otherwise the outer insulation of the wall can become an excellent place for insects to live and groundwater can leak into it. But this is a partly solvable problem; there are blocks treated with insecticide and protected from water. However, as a rule, such blocks are more expensive than regular ones.
Need skilled labor
This construction technology is relatively new to Russia, so it is difficult to find qualified practicing builders who have fully mastered the construction method. This also increases the cost of construction because skilled workers are in demand and their work costs more.
Can only be built in the warm season
At temperatures below 0°C, concrete hardening practically stops; it must be poured at temperatures above 5°C. Also, during hot periods, it may be necessary to moisten the concrete with water.
High humidity in the house after construction
Immediately after building a house, problems with high humidity may arise. Increased humidity in the home occurs because the concrete is still in the curing process. After it has completely hardened, the air humidity level may reach normal level. You can use a dehumidifier to dry the air.
Thermos house
Walls built in this way do not “breathe” well, since polystyrene foam has low vapor permeability. Therefore, it is imperative to provide a forced supply and exhaust ventilation system in the house.
Mandatory grounding and zeroing of the house
The use of metal fittings requires the installation of a grounding and grounding circuit.
The technology of building a house from permanent formwork has obvious advantages, but it also has a number of disadvantages, which are mostly associated with the use of polystyrene foam. If, when choosing a technology for building a house, we take into account not only the speed of construction and cost, but also other factors, then the technology using permanent formwork will not be the best choice.
Screenshot of the video youtube.com/House made of FOAM formwork. (Part 3)
(27,069 views | 1 views today)
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Save on construction and operation
1. High thermal characteristics of walls is a way to avoid the high costs of purchasing expensive heating equipment, transportation of fuel, time and labor costs for its operation. The costs of heating in winter and air conditioning in summer of a building built using the “Warm House” technology will be 3-3.5 times less compared to a brick one.
2. Reduced construction time, as one of the main indicators of return on investment. When using traditional materials, building a house takes years. The same wall area is erected 10 times faster than with brick. Therefore, you will spend about 3-4 times less on labor for builders than when building walls from traditional bricks.
3. Additional useful area. The thickness of the walls of the “Warm House” is only 25 cm, which is incomparably less than the thickness of the walls of other building materials with the same heat-saving ability.
4. Simplicity of work. With the desire and some skills, you can build a house on our own and save your money.
5. Savings when constructing a foundation, since the walls of a “Warm House” create significantly less load on the foundation compared to other wall materials.
6. Savings on the cost of wall materials. The cost of 1m2 of a “Warm House” wall is approximately 1.5 times lower than the cost of a brick wall with similar heat conservation properties.
7. Easy to install sewer, water pipes and electrical wiring. As a result, savings on these works.
Properties of walls made of permanent formwork:
Thermal conductivity coefficient - 0.036 W/m*K
Vapor permeability - 0.032 mg/m*h
Moisture absorption (24 hours, by volume) - 0.10%
Acoustic insulation - 46 dB.
Heat transfer resistance - More than 3.2 m2K/W
Self-extinguishing polystyrene foam Alfapor is used
Construction using permanent formwork technology Warm House:
Material costs for a wall made of permanent formwork:
Concrete consumption(M200): concrete thickness 100mm - 0.09m 3 /m 2 concrete thickness 70mm - 0.06m 3 /m 2 | Reinforcement consumption: from 6.5 kg/m2 for buildings above 2 floors. |
