All fruit trees exposed to a variety of diseases and pest invasions. A responsible, competent gardener who looks after his garden must be aware of all the dangers lurking around the apple tree. Knowing the main symptoms and manifestations, you can diagnose the most dangerous disease in time and begin professional treatment.

Major diseases

Apple tree disease is a disruption of the normal functioning of the tree that occurs as a result of exposure to a pathogenic factor. As for agrotechnical factors and weather conditions, they cause non-infectious diseases, which can become the first stage of the formation of viral, fungal, and bacterial invasion.

Non-communicable diseases:

• frost-sun burn;
• fusion of fruits and flowers;
• chlorosis;
• small leaves, rosette;
• glassiness of fruits.

Non-infectious diseases can be easily eliminated by active influence on the pathogenic factor:

• protective measures against frost;
• application of microelements and fertilizers;
• sanitary, preventive pruning.

Reliable protection of a tree is the key to its healthy development and fruiting. A disease of apple trees, provoked by pathogenic substances that have penetrated the structure of the tree, is called infectious. Infection occurs when the bark is damaged by water or sucking insects.

Fungal diseases or mycoses - damage occurs due to spore pathogens, phytopathogenic microorganisms that form conidia and mycelium in the body of the plant.

The most common mycoses among apple trees are:

• scab;
• common cancer;
• root cancer;
• black cancer;
• milky shine;
• rust;
• fruit rot (moniliosis);
• lichen and tinder fungi;
• brown spot (phyllosticosis).

As for a bacterial disease, the pathogen is represented by a single-celled organism; its lesions are called bacteriosis. Such diseases include:

• bacterial burn;
• bacteriosis

• mosaic disease;
• flattening of branches;
• proliferation.

To start fighting the disease, it is important to familiarize yourself with the visual symptoms of the most common problems. Signs:

1) Changing branches:

• the presence of unnatural curvature, flattening of the branches - furrowing of the bark;
• the shoots are bent in the shape of a whip - a bacterial burn.

2) Transformations of the epidermis:

• peculiar growths appear that look like a mushroom with a hat - tinder fungi;
• the color of the bark becomes red-brown, it cannot be peeled off - the presence of cytoporosis;
• lamellar plaque of a silvery hue – lichen;
• the bark cracks - black cancer, frost-sun burn;
• the formation of thickenings that transform into unsightly growths - common cancer.

3) Changes in apple leaves:

• spots appear yellow color– chlorosis;
• blackening of foliage – bacterial burn, scab;
• the presence of a milky tint in the leaves – milky shine;
• brown spots – moniliosis, black cancer;
• the skin of the epidermis becomes transparent - phyllosticosis;
• the shape of the leaf changes - small leaves;
• black spots with orange on the leaves - the presence of rust;
• too early leaf fall - indicates the appearance of proliferation, mosaic disease and rust;
• the foliage falls and curls - powdery mildew.

4) Transformation of fruits:

• apples fall off too early - moniliosis, chlorosis;
• mummification of fruits is observed - black cancer, moniliosis;
• cracking occurs, one-sidedness of the fruits - scab;
• apples become transparent - the fruits have glassiness;
• the fruits harden and lose their consumer quality – scab;
• The taste of the fruit is lost, the apples become very soft - fruit rot.

5) Failures at the time of flowering of the apple tree:

• the flowers dry up after they become Brown– bacterial burn, black cancer;
• flowers fall off before the ovary appears - powdery mildew;
• fusion of flowers in a bud - fusion;
• shedding of the ovary - scab, small leaves, rosette.

As you can see, with almost any disease there is damage to the bark, fruits, and spots appear on the leaves different color, for example: brown, orange, red and others. Learn how to combat the main diseases so that if signs are detected, you can start treating the tree in a timely manner.

Treatment technique

Apple tree diseases and their treatment is a purely individual process, since everything depends on the stage of the disease, form, and severity. Considering the description of apple tree diseases, the most severe and dangerous is black cancer, which is rarely treatable. Most often, a positive result is impossible. The cause of development is considered to be cold and heat. Cancer can be caused by various injuries that the tree has suffered. If there was no special treatment, then infection occurred. The advanced stage is fraught with the death of the tree.

Cancer is treated as follows:

• get rid of infected branches, cut out the bark around the cut;
• performed using antiseptic drugs high-quality processing apple trees Considering that the disease may be on the leaves, they are treated with Bordeaux mixture;
• open wounds are lubricated with an appropriate remedy - garden pitch. It cannot contain drying oil or rosin.

If you start treating the apple tree on time, there is a chance to save the fruit tree.

The next common disease among apple trees is powdery mildew. Areas affected: buds, foliage, bark, and shoots. Outwardly it looks like a dirty coating that turns brown, in some situations dark-colored dots form. The foliage turns yellow, dries out, the tree's strength fades, the development and growth of shoots stops, and there is no harvest. If the disease is not recognized in time, then in the spring it will gain new strength, and the fight will become ineffective.

Treatment is carried out as follows:

• therapy begins in the spring, after the young leaves bloom;
• then the plant is sprayed using the appropriate preparation - Topaz, Skor. You will need two milliliters of product per 10 liters of water;
• After flowering, the tree is treated with copper oxychloride, you can use Hom. For 10 liters take forty grams of the product;
• after harvesting, apply Bordeaux mixture 1% or a special solution copper sulfate. For one bucket of water take fifty grams of vitriol and twenty milliliters of liquid soap.

With cytosporosis, extensive damage to the apple tree bark is observed. The cause of the disease is improper watering, poor and heavy soil. The defeat occurs among weakened specimens in which the integrity of the cortex is damaged. The main symptom is that spots and dark-colored ulcers form on the trunks and branches, which progress over time, increasing in size. If there is no timely help, the apple tree is not able to survive. The fight against the disease will be successful if it is started at an early stage. Treatment is the same as for powdery mildew. Before the onset of winter, potassium and phosphorus fertilizing is applied.

If the apple tree is affected milky shine, then special whitewashing of the trunk and skeletal branches will help. It is performed twice a season - in the fall, at the end of the winter period. For this purpose, lime milk 20% is used. Two kilograms of milk are diluted in 10 liters of water. Add 500 grams of five percent copper sulfate to the resulting mixture.

Bacterial burn affects young, mature fruit plants. The reason for the appearance is warm rain, heat air. As a result, the apple tree loses its flowers. The main symptom is black spots appearing all over the tree. If shoots and branches are affected, watery dark spots appear on them. The foliage has a burnt appearance and is curled.

In addition to diseases, special pests damage the apple tree. It should be noted that they must be dealt with in a timely manner to avoid dire consequences.

Types of apple tree pests

Pests can greatly harm the garden, causing various diseases. They need to be dealt with correctly to prevent their spread throughout garden plot. It is important to recognize pests in time to achieve a positive outcome. It is advisable to carry out preventive spraying of apple trees every spring, this will ensure strong protection against all kinds of pests. Correct, competent fight against them is the key to successful treatment.

There are a huge number of diseases and pests that harm apple trees. Damage and rotting of entire trees, foliage, fruits, and shoots are observed. Proper protection of the apple tree from such misfortunes is important. Be sure to carry out agrotechnical care for trees, do not forget about preventive measures oh, and your garden will become well-groomed, healthy and fruitful.

Over the centuries-old history of cultivation apple trees ( Malus) In home gardens, many means have been invented that can protect trees from all kinds of misfortunes. But diseases and pests of apple trees still pose a threat fruit plantings, therefore, you should not rely on chemical reagents alone - it is important to carry out other agricultural measures that increase the immunity of plants to infections and insects.

How to treat apple trees against diseases: photos and treatment of trees

Common or European crayfish

The causative agent is a fungus Nectria galligena. Small longitudinal cracks appear on the bark, which open to reveal an ulcer with raised edges of callus tissue. On the trunks of adult apple trees, an open form of cancer is detected in the form of deep ulcers, on the branches - more often a closed form, in which the nodules grow together. When the disease manifests itself on a massive scale, deep ulcers also form on the skeletal branches. Dark red summer sporulation pads develop in the affected wood. As shown in the photographs, the leaves of apple trees affected by this disease become chlorotic, with brown spots without borders, dry out and fall off prematurely:

Brown spots appear on the fruits on the stalk side, which lead to apple rotting.

Control measures. To treat apple trees against this disease and some pests, spray the trees with copper-containing preparations before the leaves bloom. Remove and burn heavily affected trees and individual branches, clean out the ulcers and disinfect the wood with 1% copper sulfate and be sure to seal it oil paint.

Black cancer

The causative agent is a fungus Sphaeropsis malorum. Depressed, reddish-brown spots appear in the forks of skeletal branches. The affected bark turns black, becomes lumpy, cracks over time, dries out and peels off from the wood. Dark spots like black rot appear on the leaves and fruits. Control measures. To treat apple trees against this disease, the same measures are taken as against ordinary apple tree cancer.

Drying of branches, or tuberculosis

The causative agent is a fungus Tubercularia vulgaris. Branches and young shoots with leaves suddenly darken and dry out, the leaves fall off.

Pay attention to the photo - numerous brick-red pads of sporulation of the fungus appear on the bark of apple trees affected by this disease:

The bark and bast of skeletal branches and trunks of young trees are observed to die. The disease manifests itself in both stages of the causative fungus: tubercular disease develops on young apple trees, and nectroid necrosis develops on mature trees. Control measures. The same as against common apple tree cancer.

See how apple trees are treated for diseases in these photos.

Cytosporosis, or infectious drying of the bark

Pathogens: fungi Cytospora schulzeh And S. carposperma. Numerous convex fruiting bodies appear on the affected branch bark gray. The bark retains a red-brown color, does not peel off, and dries slowly. A crack often forms at the border between areas of drying bark. Young trees die in the spring during bud break and flowering. The infection persists in the affected cortex. Control measures. Treatment of this disease of apple trees is carried out in the same way as in the case of common cancer.

Moniliosis

Pathogens: fungi Monilia cinerea, M. fructigena. The first pathogen causes monilial burn of the apple tree, in which flowers, ovaries, fruit branches and leaves turn brown and dry out. The second causes fruit rot. Rot appears at the site of damage by the codling moth; over time, numerous gray sporulation pads form in the form of concentric circles. Spores are spread by wind, rain, and insects. Infected fruits dry out and turn black. Control measures. Before treating apple trees for this disease, remove dry fruit from the trees. In case of strong spread, spray the trees three times with 1% Bordeaux mixture or HOM according to the following scheme: the first - in the bud release phase, the second - immediately after flowering, the third - 10-12 days after the second spraying.

Apple scab

The causative agent is a fungus Venturia inaegualis. Dark green velvety spots appear on the upper side of the leaves, gradually turning brown, the leaves turn yellow and fall off prematurely. The fruits become stained and become unfit for consumption.

Means of struggle. Collect and remove fallen leaves.

To combat this disease of apple trees, spray, starting from the green cone phase and, if necessary, in the summer, with one of the preparations: 1% Bordeaux mixture, speed, HOM, Abiga-Peak, taking into account the waiting time for the preparations.

Brown leaf spot of apple tree

Pathogens: fungi Phyllosticta mali And Ph. briardi. When the first fungus infects the leaves, large, angular, dark yellow spots appear on the leaves, with a lighter center and a thin brown rim. When the second infection occurs, the spots on the leaves are round or angular, light yellow in color, without bordering. Leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely. Control measures. Collect and remove fallen leaves. To protect apple trees from this disease, spray the trees with 1% Bordeaux mixture before flowering and immediately after flowering.

Apple tree rust

The causative agent is a fungus Gymnosporangium tremelloideS. According to the description, this disease of apple trees resembles a rusty coating. On the leaves, orange-red rounded cushion-shaped pentae with small black dots appear on the upper side, and orange, cone-shaped aecia are formed on the lower side, which turn brown over time. The fungus overwinters and develops on Cossack juniper. In spring, brown growths with mucus appear in cracks in the bark and spores re-infect the leaves of the apple tree. When widespread, they turn yellow and fall off prematurely. Control measures. Spray trees with 1% Bordeaux mixture before and immediately after flowering. Do not plant Cossack juniper near apple trees.

Look at the photographs of apple tree diseases described above.

Frost and sunny-frost damage to apple trees

At sharp fluctuations daily temperatures, light spots of irregular shape appear on the trunks and skeletal branches on the southern and southwestern sides of the tree. Gradually, the bark dries out and cracks, and frost cracks form. A sharp decrease in temperature leads to damage to the root system. If the roots are damaged, the trees dry out in early summer; if the trunks and branches are damaged, the bark slowly dries out and peels off. Means of struggle. Disinfect cracks and exposed wood with 1% copper sulfate and cover with oil paint or a mixture of mullein and clay (1:1). Measures to combat apple trees are demonstrated in these photos:

How to treat apple trees against pests: spraying when caring for trees

Apple flower beetle

Apple flower beetle ( Anthonomus rotogite)- Weevil beetle brownish-brown in color. In early spring, beetles emerge from their wintering grounds, crawl onto branches and begin to feed on the buds. During the period of bud protrusion, females lay one egg in each bud.

The fertility of one female is from 30 to 100 eggs. A yellowish larva is born from the egg, which feeds inside the bud, where it subsequently pupates. Affected buds turn brown and dry out. Young beetles chew holes, emerge from the bud and feed on the leaves. In July they finish feeding and hide under the bark of trees.

Control measures. In the spring, before the buds open, shake the beetles from the trees onto film and destroy them. To treat apple trees against these with one of the following drugs: Decis, Inta-Vir, Iskra, Actellik, Fufanon.

Apple comma scale

Apple comma scale ( Lepidosaphes ulmi) - a small sucking insect in which the females are covered with a brownish-brown, comma-shaped oblong shield. As you can see in the photo, the males of this pest of apple trees are winged, elongated, and red-gray in color:

The eggs overwinter under the shield; in the spring, after flowering has ended, small yellowish vagabond larvae hatch and crawl along the branches. The larvae stick to the bark and become covered with a shield. By the beginning of August, females lay from 40 to 100 eggs under the shield, which remain to overwinter. When the pest population is large, small branches gradually dry out.

Control measures. Thin out the crown in a timely manner, remove dried branches, and clean the trunks of dead bark. To treat apple trees against these pests, spray the trees after flowering when strays appear with Fufanon, Actellik, Spark, Inta-Vir.

Goose

Goose ( Rhynchites bacchus) - weevil of crimson-red color. The larvae are white, bent, wrinkled, with a brown head. Beetles and larvae overwinter in the soil. In early spring, beetles begin to feed on buds, gnawing them, and later move on to flowers, ovaries, leaves, and shoots. With its proboscis, the beetle gnaws deep holes in the shoots and ovaries and damages the skin of the fruit. After the apple trees have finished flowering, the female gnaws a hole in the fruit, lays an egg in it, then gnaws the stalk, the fruit falls to the ground and rots.

The larvae feed on rotten pulp, and in July they go into the soil and pupate. In early August, the beetles emerge and feed on young shoots and fruits until late autumn.

Control measures. To protect apple trees from these pests, spray the trees before flowering and immediately after flowering with one of the following preparations: Kinmiks, Actellik, Inta-Vir, Fufanon. Collect carrion, shake off beetles onto film and destroy.

Green apple aphid

Green apple aphid ( Aphis pomi) - a green insect. In the spring, the larvae hatch and feed on the juice of the swelling buds. When leaves bloom, aphids move to the underside of young leaves and to young shoots. Damaged leaves curl, shoots become deformed, turn brown and dry out. Over the summer, up to 15 generations of aphids can develop.

Means of struggle. To combat these pests when caring for apple trees, spray the trees when buds open with one of the following drugs: kemifos, karbofos, fufanon. If there are a large number of aphids, repeat spraying with the same preparations in the summer, taking into account the waiting time for each preparation.

hawthorn

Hawthorn ( Aporia crataegi) - a large butterfly with characteristic black veins on white wings. Flies in June, lays yellowish eggs on the underside of leaves. In early July, brownish-gray caterpillars hatch and skeletonize the leaves, leaving only veins.

At the end of July, caterpillars create nests from brown dried leaves, fastening them with cobwebs, weaving small white cocoons inside and overwintering. In the spring, when the buds open, overwintered caterpillars emerge from cocoons and feed on buds and young leaves.

Towards the end of the apple tree's flowering, they pupate, attaching themselves to the branches with a web. After 15 days, butterflies emerge from the pupae. During mass reproduction, the caterpillars completely eat the leaves, exposing the fruit trees.

Control measures. Cut down and burn winter nests. To combat these pests of apple trees, spray the trees in late June - early July during the hatching of caterpillars from eggs with karbofos, fufanon or Inta-Vir.

codling moth

codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) - dark gray butterfly. Mass flight of butterflies is observed 20 days after apple trees bloom. Females lay eggs on the surface of leaves and fruits. The caterpillars are white, white-pink with a yellow-brown head, each damaging up to 4 fruits. Usually one or two generations of the pest develop. When in large numbers, the caterpillars damage up to 90% of the fruits, which rot and fall prematurely. Control measures. Spray apple trees against these pests three weeks after flowering with one of the following preparations: karbofos, fufanon, kemifos, Inta-Vir. Use catching belts that are placed on the trunks in June, collect carrion, and in the fall clean the trunks of the upper dead layer of bark in which wintering caterpillars hide.

These photos show how apple tree pest control is carried out:

Reasonable apple tree care includes disease prevention. If a fungus, virus or pest does attack the bark, it is important to detect it in time. Then the treatment will be much more effective. Key moment- correctly identify the disease and choose a way to combat it. Descriptions and photographs of apple diseases and recommendations from specialists will help you with this.

Causes and dangers of apple tree bark diseases

The tree needs bark to protect it from environmental aggression. It protects wood tissue, in which the main vital processes for the plant occur, from stress. Even minor damage to the protective layer can have a negative impact on the health of the apple tree. They become vulnerable points through which the tree is attacked by pathogenic bacteria and pests. It is important to take prompt action on any bark wounds. Including mechanical ones, the reasons for which are:

• Pruning or grafting. In this case, the gardener causes damage deliberately.
• Burns in bright sun. They can be recognized by large pieces of bark that peel off from the trunk. The pinkish “filling” is exposed underneath. Similar symptoms occur when wood is frostbitten. Prevention - autumn coating of wood with clay or whitewash.

Apple tree diseases will not allow you to get a good harvest

• Activity of pests - insects, rodents and birds. Rodents wear away the bark from below. Bugs and birds work in tandem. The first ones gnaw holes in the wood, forming an extensive network of passages in the bark and under it. The latter, hunting insects, expand these holes. If you let a tree go, a hollow may appear on it. Most often from small pests The apple tree is attacked by the tree moth, the glass moth, the fragrant wood moth and the oriental codling moth. Insects are controlled using spraying and catching belts. Whitewashing the base of the trunk helps against rodents.
• Lack or excess of moisture and nutrients. The bark cracks and simultaneously dries or rots.
• Overload with apples, the appearance of a difference in the growth rate of the bark and inner layers of the tree. As a rule, a healthy tree copes with such problems on its own.
• Cover renewal. In this case, a new, young bark will be visible under the bursting bark.

Advice. If the apple tree in your garden is more than 7-8 years old, it is appropriate to furrow it. Cut the bark on the trunk and largest branches lengthwise into furrows at intervals of 10-15 cm. Lubricate the cuts with rannet paste or garden varnish. In the fall, feed the tree with fertilizers containing phosphorus and potassium.

How to treat common tree cancer

Common or European cancer can be identified by symptoms:

• the trunk bark becomes covered with wide wounds;
• the tree tries to treat it by abundantly releasing callus;
• on large branches the disease manifests itself in a closed form in the form of adhesions - callus practically connects the edges of the wounds.

Apple tree cancer

If the disease is not treated, the yield will drop and individual branches will begin to dry out. Gardeners note that the fungus can infect an apple tree even during damp winter thaws. Most vulnerable to it low-growing varieties. The usual prevention of European cancer is maintaining a high agricultural background in the area, preventing and eliminating any mechanical damage.

Attention! In a neglected state, the pathogenic fungus reaches the wood and begins to crumble it. The wound is growing greatly. In it you can see brown tubercles with spores, which, after maturation, will infect other trees in the garden.

Treatment for this fungal virus is carried out only if the apple tree is dormant. The tree must be dry - it is not advisable to carry out work during or immediately after precipitation. Technology:

• lay oilcloth or other material under the tree so that all infected elements do not get into the soil;
• clean the diseased areas with a disinfected knife, capturing 1-2 cm of the outer healthy skin;
• take the shavings out of the area and burn them;
• Disinfect cleaned wounds with a 1% solution of copper sulfate;
• lubricate the areas with a mixture of equal parts of mullein and clay (garden pitch is also suitable);
• Cover each wound with a burlap bandage.

Attention! If the disease is advanced, you will have to cut off the affected branches or completely uproot the tree.

How to treat black apple cancer

This disease is considered the most dangerous for apple trees:

• black spots form and grow on the leaves;
• black rot appears on the fruits;
• the bark is covered with a network of cracks, the cover is deformed and even bends inside out.

It is believed that it is impossible to cure a tree from black cancer. However, there is also a positive experience among gardeners: it will be possible to overcome the fungus if during the season you manually clean the mycelium with a brush and soapy water, and in the fall carry out a general cleaning of the affected areas. If you notice symptoms in the middle of the season, it is unlikely that you will be able to save the crop.

Black apple tree cancer

Get to work after leaf fall:

• burn all the leaves and fallen fruits from the tree;
• do the same with the affected branches, cutting them off;
• clean the diseased areas using the technology to combat common cancer and burn all the cleansing;
• tie the trunk at the base with a garter made of moisture-absorbing material;
• wash each cleaned area 2-3 times with soapy water;
• treat the areas with 3% copper sulfate, cover with garden varnish and wrap up.

Advice. The best remedy against dangerous fungus- its prevention in the garden.

How to deal with cytosporosis

You can recognize the disease by dried bark: the cover becomes soft and moist, but does not turn black. The wood underneath is covered with pimples. A crack often appears between the diseased and healthy areas. Typically, cytosporosis affects apple trees that grow on heavy or poor soil.

Cytosporosis

While the disease has not ringed the trunk, it can be combated by the same cleaning and disinfection. The methods will help, even if you have to remove the lion's share of the bark in the process. Over time, the tree will grow a new one. Until this moment in cold season year, the apple tree will require additional protection.

If you are treating young tree, then it is better not to use whitewash as a medicine and prophylactic. It slows down the growth of the apple tree. An alternative is clay. Otherwise, bacterial and fungal diseases of the bark require radical intervention and diligence, otherwise it will be difficult to fight them.

We have already learned quite a lot about from previous articles. We got acquainted with their different varieties, how to choose the right seedlings and how to choose them correctly.

We also learned about how necessary it is to always have an excellent harvest.

Growing apple trees is a worthy, respected job. In response, the apple trees gratefully gift us with a harvest of fragrant and plump fruits.

But apple trees, like any living organism, can also get sick. Apple tree diseases can cause great harm to our loved ones fruit trees and deprive us of the long-awaited harvest.

Therefore, we need to try to create conditions in the garden so that our trees grow healthy and strong. Protection tender garden from diseases is the main task of the gardener.

If they did sneak into our garden, then it is very important to determine this at an early stage of their development, then it will be easier to defeat the disease.

Apple tree diseases

Knowing the signs of apple tree diseases and their treatment is not a difficult task with some experience and knowledge. Let's talk about the most common diseases.

Scab

Scab is a fungal disease of apple trees. The leaves of the tree suffer from infection (they dry out and die). Signs of scab are a brownish-green coating and spots on the inside of the tree crown.

The development of fruits slows down, cracks and small dark brown spots appear on their surface.

♦ What to do? Apple scab is treated by treating the soil and the tree itself with inorganic and organic solutions (at the rate of 5 liters of the drug for each tree):

1. Early spring(before flowering and after the formation of ovaries). Copper oxychloride (40 g per 10 liters of water).
2. In spring and autumn. Urea solution (per 10 liters of water ½ kg of urea).
3. Regularly throughout the treatment period. Bordeaux liquid (for 10 liters of water, lime and copper sulfate, 300 g each).

Powdery mildew

With this disease, the entire apple tree (buds, leaves, shoots and bark) becomes infected. Initially, a whitish coating appears, which quickly turns brown and acquires dark spots. The leaves dry out, the shoots stop growing, and the entire tree fades away.

If no action is taken, the mycelium spores quietly overwinter in parts of the apple tree and wake up again in the spring.

♦ What to do. Powdery mildew should be combated by spraying the entire tree:

• Spring. Colloidal 70% sulfur (80 g of the drug per 10 liters of water). Treat the apple tree when the first leaves appear 2-3 times daily, then every 14 days 1-2 times.
• After the harvest. Bordeaux mixture 1% or copper sulfate (50 g of vitriol and 20 g of liquid soap per bucket of water).

Moniliosis (fruit rot)

The fungal disease of the apple tree has set its sights on the most “delicious” target – the fruits. Rotting spots of a brownish color appear on apples that are just beginning to ripen.

Very quickly, rot takes over the entire fruit. Then the remaining fruits on the tree rot. Apples with damaged skin are especially quickly affected.

♦ What to do. The tree can be well protected from disease with copper-based preparations:

1. Spring(bud break period). Bordeaux mixture 3%.
2. Growing season. Bordeaux mixture 1%. The first spraying is when the worm carrion appears, the second after 15-20 days.

Necessarily! As soon as you notice the first signs of apple tree disease, collect all the affected fruits and destroy them, carefully dig up the trunk area of ​​the diseased tree. Do not leave carrion during the growing season of the apple tree - this can provoke the development of the disease.

Cytisporosis

This apple tree disease affects its bark. The disease begins with the appearance of dark ulcers in certain areas of the tree trunk.

The ulcers enlarge and become red-brown. The affected areas die and die along with the branches.

• The disease develops at double speed with poor care and watering, too heavy and poor soils.

♦ What to do. The disease can be stopped by removing all affected areas of bark and dried branches. Otherwise, citisporosis will infect the apple tree from the inside and completely destroy it.

Necessarily! Do not forget about proper and timely application of fertilizers. It is especially necessary to feed the apple tree before the onset of winter cold phosphorus and potassium.

Prevention is very important:

• In spring and late autumn, tree trunks are whitewashed.
• In the spring, before the buds completely swell, carry out preventive spraying of apple trees with Khoma solution. Repeat the procedure before flowering (at this time, treating plants with copper sulfate is also useful).

Black cancer

A serious and dangerous disease of apple trees. It affects the entire tree (bark, fruits and leaves). The disease begins with the appearance of spots on the leaves. They are rapidly spreading and increasing.

At the same time, black rot appears on the fruits, the bark cracks and swells.

• Young trees do not suffer from black cancer. This is a disease of mature trees over 20 years of age. The varieties Pepin saffron, Cinnamon striped, and Papirovka do not suffer from black cancer.

♦ What to do. To avoid encountering a dangerous disease, ensure proper and regular care for your pets.

If apple tree canker has entered your garden, take the following measures:

1. Trim off any affected branches.
2. Clean the cuts thoroughly.
3. Remove any rotten fruit.
4. Seal all hollows thoroughly.
5. Check the condition of the apple trees every 2-3 weeks.
6. In autumn and spring, whitewash the trunks.

Diseased branches should be pruned to cover 1-2 cm of the living area. Treat the cut areas with copper sulfate 1-3% (for disinfection).

Then cover these areas with garden varnish (without adding rosin or drying oil).

Attention! Even if the tree has fully recovered, cuttings cannot be grafted from it. Black cancer is very insidious and can appear after a long time. The most dangerous period is spring, when the weather is warm and humid.

European cancer

This is one of the most serious diseases of the apple tree. . European or common cancer is very difficult to treat. The disease affects the branches and trunk with growths and deep cracks.

Typically, weakened and old trees become infected with cancer, and aggressive conditions (extreme heat or extreme cold) affect the development of the disease.

European cancer has two forms:

1. Closed. Cancer in the form of swellings completely covers the cracks of the apple tree, leaving a small rotting gap.
2. Open. Open wounds are forming on the tree, deep and non-healing.

The disease begins in the spring. Reddish bumps appear around infected wounds. These are fungal spores that are easily transferred to neighboring apple trees in the summer.

The tree should be treated and preventive measures taken in the same way as in the case of black cancer.

Root cancer

A dangerous apple tree disease is caused by a bacterium that likes to settle on the root system of the tree. It gets there through wounds and immediately begins active division.

Various hard growths form at the site of contact. Cancerous growths can break down, and then the bacteria enter the soil. There she can calmly wait in the wings for several years.

• The causative agent of root canker loves neutral and slightly alkaline soils. But soils with an acidic reaction have a depressing effect on bacteria.

♦ What to do. Properly prepare the soil for the apple tree. A year or two before growing fruit crops areas should be planted with annual grasses, lupine and mustard.

Check seedlings carefully for infection. Cull them if you notice growths on the root system or central root.

Small growths on the lateral parts of the roots should be carefully trimmed (including living tissue) and disinfected by dipping the seedling in a solution of 1% copper sulfate for 5-7 minutes.

Bacteriosis

Or fire blight is an extremely harmful apple tree disease . The tree may die within a month.

The infection affects all organs of the apple tree (young ovaries and annual shoots are most susceptible to the disease).

• The infection begins to be active in the spring, simultaneously with sap flow. Warm weather (above +18-20° C) and high humidity contribute to the development of the disease.

You can notice the onset of the disease by the appearance of small droplets (exudate) or a thin film on the surface of the apple tree. The first signs usually appear after flowering.

• Flowers. Diseased flowers become watery, darken and quickly fade.
• Fruit. Oily-looking black-brown or red-brown spots form on diseased fruits. Soon they spread to the entire apple. The spots may be accompanied by drops of exudate. Soon the fruits become mummified, and the tree itself becomes “burnt.”

♦ What to do. Unfortunately, according to the experience of gardeners, none of the measures for treating bacteriosis brings tangible results.

The only way to prevent the disease from entering the garden is strict control and checking the good condition of the seedlings, as well as regular inspections of the trees during the growing season.

Rust

An infectious disease of the apple tree affects the crown of the tree and can affect the fruit. The first signs of the disease appear in the form of reddish or orange spots of a round shape, similar to pads.

Apple tree rust begins with a leaf disease. Small black dots appear on their upper side, and nipple-like outgrowths appear on the lower side.

The disease begins to develop in summer period(mostly in July). Sick apple trees stop their photosynthesis, their metabolism is disrupted, and they suffer greatly water balance. Heavy leaf fall begins, and the harvest drops sharply.

♦ What to do. Immediately remove all affected parts (leaves, hearths, shoots and branches) from a diseased tree. Trim diseased branches, including healthy areas (5-10 cm).

Spray the apple tree with 1% Bordeaux mixture (you can use a 0.4% zineb solution). Treat trees every 10-14 days.

• in spring(before the first buds appear) clean out the old diseased areas until healthy wood appears. Disinfect these areas with copper sulfate 5%. Then treat these areas with garden putty.
• As soon as the leaves bloom– spray them with antimicrobial agents (fungicides). Carry out the procedures once every 3 weeks.

Attention! If there is juniper growing in your garden (in case the garden is infected), remove it! Juniper contributes to the spread of the disease. Dig deep into the place where it grew.

Brown leaf spot

Brown spot or phyllostictosis affects the leaves of the tree. Apple tree disease begins with the appearance of various forms of spots of brown-brown, grayish or dark yellow color.

On the upper side of the leaves you can see black dots (these are pycnidia with an abundance of spores). The disease develops rapidly in humid summer, especially in the second half.

• Brown spot causes heavy, premature leaf fall. The apple tree variety Streifling (autumn striped) is especially sensitive to the disease.

♦ What to do. Select for the garden resistant varieties apple trees Regular collection and destruction (burning) of fallen leaves. Burn leaves as far away from your garden as possible.

Spray trees for preventive purposes Bordeaux mixture 1%.

Attention! You should not try to fight brown spot with preparations containing copper. Such substances only stimulate the development of infection.

Other problems of apple trees

In addition to apple tree diseases, trees may encounter other unpleasant surprises. To prevent troubles from taking the garden owner by surprise, he needs to know about some features in the life of fruit-bearing plants.

◊ Fusion of flowers or fruits. This is an anomaly and is due to disturbances in the development of inflorescences when they are still in their infancy. Flowers/fruits begin to grow together at the very beginning of their growth.

• Apple tree varieties with a compact inflorescence structure are most susceptible to anomalies. During development, the flowers become too close to each other and grow together.

The reason for the anomaly is unfavourable conditions during the development of flower primordia (second decade of summer) and in early spring, when the flower buds increase in size inside the bud.

◊ Lichens. Weakened trees with cracked bark are susceptible to this scourge. Thickening of the crown and poor ventilation provoke the development of the disease.

Lichen looks like a varied coating on a tree trunk (it can be lamellar, bushy or scaly blue-green, yellow-green or silver).

Lichen is a disease of apple trees , a colony of algae and fungi that thrives in warm weather, sunlight and good humidity.

If there is only a small amount of lichen on the tree, you don’t have to worry too much, but an overgrown colony should be removed:

• During the tree's rest period (early spring or late autumn), clean the trunk with a stiff brush or wooden stick.
• You can lubricate the affected areas with a mixture of slaked clay and lime. After drying, carefully remove the mass along with the lichen.

After cleaning the tree, spray all branches and trunk with a solution of 3% iron sulfate or oxalic acid for prevention.

There are two common types of it in our gardens:

1. False. The fungus causes white rot of wood. The affected area becomes very soft and acquires a grayish or yellowish color.
2. Gray-yellow. It provokes the development of brown rot. Diseased wood tissue cracks and then peels off in cube-shaped pieces.

The tinder fungus can also be a one-year-old formation. This apple tree disease has a hairy orange or light yellow cap.

To remove the mushroom, follow the instructions:

1. Using a sharp knife, hatchet or saw, cut it off using a healthy part of the tree.
2. Clean the wound until healthy wood appears, so that a flat, smooth area appears.
3. Disinfect the wound with a solution of copper sulfate 5%. Then cover the affected area with garden varnish or oil paint. You can also use the following mixture: nigrol (10 parts), rosin (6 parts), wax (1 part) and ash (3 parts).

For prevention, treat neighboring trees with a healing mixture of mullein and clay in equal parts. Dilute the mixture with 3% copper sulfate (0.5 liters of sulfate per 5 liters of mixture).

◊ Frost cracks. These longitudinal, deep cracks in the bark appear due to too sudden cooling. This apple tree disease provokes weakening of the tree.

The apple tree loses its ability to conduct and absorb nutrients and water. And various fungal spores and pests like to settle near cracks.

Very often, frost holes turn into hollows. Trees should be treated in early spring until the cracks are completely healed:

1. Using a sharp knife, cut the wood along the crack until healthy tissue appears.
2. Treat the cut surface with copper sulfate 5%.
3. Cover the wound with a mixture of mullein (4 parts) and clay (6 parts). You can use garden varnish.
4. For large lesions, the entire tree is wrapped in a layer of burlap or polyethylene.

The piping is updated annually, constantly cleaning out cracks along the edges. To speed up the healing process, furrowing of the bark is carried out.

The procedure is done in May after the first juicing. Using a sharp knife, 3-4 grooves are made along the circumference of the tree trunk from the surface of the soil to the last branch. The grooves are made intermittently, 30-40 cm long.

You can also use the following medicine: chop young sorrel and apply it to the cracks in a layer of 1.5 cm, bandage it tightly. During summer season Change the dressing regularly to a fresh one.

◊ Sun-frost burns. Such diseases of apple trees look like reddish spots different forms and sizes. Their appearance is provoked by sudden daily temperature changes.

The infection is activated in autumn, winter or early spring on the southern or southwestern part of the trunks. Young apple trees and varieties with darker bark are most affected.

To prevent burns, it is necessary to carry out the following manipulations:

• Whiten the bases of the branches and the trunks themselves with 20% lime. It will be useful to spray the entire crown with lime to protect the tree (in autumn and on warm winter days).
• On winter period tie trees with stalks of corn, sunflower, spruce branches or thick paper.

Burns should be treated by cutting away the affected areas and treating them with garden putty or a mixture of clay and mullein. Large parts of the lesions are tied with burlap after treatment.

Now we have become acquainted with the main diseases of our apple trees, and in the next article we will talk about the apple orchard.

See you soon, dear readers and good health to your garden!

Almost every garden has an apple tree. Any summer resident knows that behind a tree you need special care, otherwise good harvests not to be seen. Unfortunately, apple trees are susceptible to diseases more often than other crops.

Preventative treatments do not always help and the tree still gets sick. You need to start treatment immediately, but to do this you need to figure out what kind of ailment you will have to face.

What causes apple tree diseases: general characteristics and methods of control

Before starting treatment, it is necessary to understand what causes the disease. All types of diseases on apple trees can be divided into three groups:

fungal;

bacterial;

cancerous.

Treatment for these diseases differs significantly. But no matter what disease strikes the tree, it is necessary to promptly remove all diseased parts of the plant: leaves, bark, branches and burn all debris. This will stop the spread of the disease to healthy parts of the tree.

Treatment of fungal diseases begins with spraying the crown and trunk circle of the tree with organic and chemicals. Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate and colloidal sulfur are considered the most effective. You can prepare a solution for treatment according to the following recipes:

Bordeaux liquid 3%. For 10 liters of water you will need 300 grams of copper sulfate and 300 grams of lime.

Copper sulfate solution. For 12 liters of water take 2 tbsp. l. copper sulfate and 1 tbsp. l. liquid soap without fragrance. Can be rubbed laundry soap.

Sulfur solution. Dilute 80 grams of colloidal sulfur (concentration 70%) in 10 liters of water.

Spraying is carried out at the first signs of the disease. However, Bordeaux mixture 3% is used only in spring and autumn. In summer, trees are sprayed with a 1% solution. To prepare it, the amount of drugs is reduced.

Bacterial and cancerous diseases are very difficult to cure. Even if the disease subsides, shoots from it are no longer used for cuttings. In some cases, treatment does not produce results and the seedling has to be uprooted. To protect your garden from insidious diseases, use only healthy planting material from trusted nurseries. Always disinfect tools before and after work, otherwise the risk of infection of a healthy tree will increase.

Fungal diseases of apple trees: description, photos and methods of control

Most often, trees in the garden are affected by fungal diseases, which can be prevented by preventative treatments.

Powdery mildew;

Scab on an apple tree: symptoms and control

It is important to understand that scab affects trees in conditions of high humidity, especially in spring period. If there is too much precipitation, then you should not wait for the disease to appear; immediately begin preventive treatments.

Another reason for infection is a thickened tree crown. Thin out the crown in a timely manner, cut out branches growing inward.

Recognizing the disease is easy. Scab begins on the leaves, after which it spreads to the fruits. The pathogen is carried by the wind.

Symptoms of the disease:

1. The leaves become covered with brown spots, which over time acquire an olive color.

2. The spots spread to the fruits; at first they are small. As the fruit grows, the spots increase in size and merge. Apples crack and rot.

Disease prevention is carried out in autumn and early spring. The tree is well sprayed with a urea solution. After the harvest has begun, they are treated with copper oxychloride. The solution is prepared from 40 grams of the drug and 10 liters of water.

If the disease has already begun, then the crown is treated with Bordeaux mixture. In advanced cases, a solution of phytosporin or the drug “Chorus” is used.

Advice! Well proven as a preventive measure foliar feeding mineral fertilizers.

Powdery mildew: description and photo

Powdery mildew affects young leaves and inflorescences, after which it spreads throughout the tree. The cause of the disease is high humidity air and low temperatures, especially at night.

Symptoms:

1. Young leaves and inflorescences are covered with a white felt coating, which changes color over time and becomes brown or brown.

2. The leaves on the apple tree gradually turn yellow and dry out, falling off.

3. The trunk becomes covered with black dots.

Treatment must begin immediately, since in the final stages it is difficult to notice the disease. Without treatment, most of the crop suffers, and the winter hardiness of the plant decreases.

Preventive treatment begin in early spring, as soon as the buds swell, which is very important. Use Bordeaux mixture, colloidal sulfur or copper sulfate solution. After that, spraying is carried out another 2-3 times, the interval between treatments is 3 weeks.

At the first signs of the disease, spray with fungicides: “Skor” or “Topaz”. Treatments are carried out 4 times a season.

Powdery mildew is very insidious, so after the disease the tree must be regularly inspected and, if necessary, the course of preventive procedures must be repeated.

Cytosporosis: symptoms and treatment

The disease affects the bark of the tree and progresses rapidly. Occurs mainly on poor and too heavy soils as a result poor care and improper watering.

Symptoms:

1. Dark-colored ulcers appear in certain areas of the bark, after which they increase in size and become red-brown.

2. The affected area of ​​the bark dies along with a nearby branch.

To stop the disease, all affected areas must be cut off and the bark must be thoroughly cleaned. If you neglect this measure, cytosporosis will destroy the tree from the inside.

As a preventive measure, the trunks are whitewashed in spring and autumn, and the crown is sprayed with copper sulfate.

Advice! Don’t forget to feed the apple tree with mineral fertilizers, improve the composition of the soil, and the disease will not appear in your area.

Moniliosis: description and methods of treatment

The disease appears during the ripening of the crop and affects the fruits.

Symptoms:

1. Apples become covered with brown spots.

2. The fruits are completely affected by rot, the disease affects healthy apples.

At the first signs of the disease, all affected fruits are removed, trunk circle trees are dug up. Be sure to remove carrion - this is a source of infection.

To prevent the disease in the spring, spray with 3% beard liquid as soon as the buds open. During the growing season, treatment is done with a 1% solution at intervals of 15 days.

Bacterial diseases apple trees: photos, symptoms and prevention

Bacterial diseases are very dangerous; without treatment, the tree can die in a short time.

Bacterial burn

The infection affects all organs of the plant, especially young shoots and leaves. Without treatment, the seedling dies after 30 days. The disease begins in early spring. Warm and humid weather contributes to the spread of infection. The first signs of the disease are clearly visible after flowering.

Symptoms:

1. Diseased flowers are watery, wither and fall off.

2. The fruits are covered with oily black-brown spots and stop developing.

3. The wood looks burnt.

Treatment of bacterial burn does not produce results; the seedling will have to be disposed of. Carefully monitor the condition of the tree during the growing season, carry out everything necessary measures care

Rust: symptoms and treatments

The infection affects apple leaves and rarely fruits. It develops mainly in July, the tree stops developing, dries out, and early leaf fall occurs. Productivity is falling sharply.

Symptoms:

1. Black dots are visible on the upper side of the leaves.

2. The underside is covered with nipple-like growths.

All affected leaves and fruits must be removed. If a tree branch is affected, it is removed along with a piece of healthy tissue. A sick tree is treated with 1% Bordeaux mixture every 10 days.

As a preventative measure in the spring, before the buds begin to bloom, clean all old wounds, treat them with copper sulfate and cover them with garden varnish.

Advice! Do not grow juniper in the garden. This plant promotes the spread of infection. If it has grown, dig it up and dig the area deep.

Cancerous diseases of apple trees: description, photos and treatment methods

Cancer diseases are very dangerous, they affect all organs of the tree, progress rapidly, and are difficult to treat.

Black cancer

The disease affects trees older than 20 years; young seedlings are not susceptible to the disease. Wet weather in spring promotes the spread of the disease. Even after the tree has recovered, there is no certainty that the disease will not return again. Black cancer returns even after several years.

Symptoms:

1. Leaves become covered with black spots.

2. The fruits turn black and disappear.

3. The bark cracks and swells.

As a preventative measure, tables are whitewashed twice a year. If the disease strikes by surprise, then all affected fruits, shoots and sections of bark are removed. The wounds are cleaned, treated with copper sulfate and covered.

Apple root canker

The disease forms on the roots of the plant. Enters through wounds and cracks.

Symptoms:

1. Hard growths form on the roots.

2. Root system ceases to develop normally, the central root is affected by cancer.

The treatment is very difficult. All growths on the roots must be cut off, and then the seedling must be disinfected in a solution of copper sulfate.

The disease is very insidious, since once cancer cells get into the soil, they live there for many years and wait in the wings. Choose seedlings carefully and prepare the soil well for planting.

These are not all the apple tree diseases that gardeners encounter. Carefully monitor the trees in the garden, do not neglect prevention and properly care for the seedlings.