MethodsAnd.

Almost all of us have encountered pests such as weevils. In fact, there are several thousand species of bugs in this family. These pests destroy vegetable and garden crops, and when they settle in barns, they eat and spoil grains, cereals, flour, etc. Equipped with a long proboscis, pests love to settle in food. If there is not a lot of cereal, but it is a pity to throw it away, you need to rinse it under powerful water pressure and bake it in the oven. However, you just have to throw out the flour. If a large colony of weevils has settled in the products, then you will have to get rid of such products completely, since the cereals will contain not only adult bugs, but also their larvae. Therefore, preparing dishes from contaminated products is dangerous.

Barn weevil is one of the most dangerous and widespread grain pests. Overwinters in grain warehouses. When feeding, an adult beetle (imago) damages various grains and their processed products. Larvae can develop in the grain of wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, buckwheat, millet, and sometimes in pasta and caked flour. The beetle is brown in color, 2.1 - 4.0 mm long, does not fly. The life cycle lasts 28–36 days. When the beetle reproduces massively, “self-heating” of the grain can occur. The development of larvae stops at temperatures below 4° or grain moisture below 12 percent. Usually produces 3–4 generations per year. Adult beetles live from 7 months to 2 years. The female lays up to 300 eggs. The development of the larva and pupa takes place entirely inside the grain, then the beetle gnaws through the exit hole. Grains damaged by weevils become easily accessible to other secondary types of stock pests - insects and mites. The grain damaged by it in case large quantity Weevil is unfit for food and causes digestive upset. Heavily infected grain becomes hygroscopic and is subsequently subjected to self-heating and rotting.

Control measures. Strong heating (up to 50–60°) or freezing (up to -10°) of infected grain. Beetles can withstand temperatures of -5° for 26 days, 38–40° for 1–2 days, and at 50° they die after 6 hours. Storage rules must be followed: store grain separately different humidity And different terms cleaning; carefully clean the container from debris and remnants of old grain stocks; control the humidity of stored grain (not lower than 14 percent), destroy contaminated stocks. In case of severe infection it is necessary grain fumigation and premises with drugs: ), .

Treatment of premises with the listed drugs is carried out only by organizations licensed to carry them out.

Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae). Very similar to the granary weevil, but smaller (2.0–3.2 mm long) and has four yellow spots. In addition, the beetle flies well. The larvae develop in cereal grains (wheat, barley, rye), as well as in rice, oats, corn, peas, and edible chestnuts. Adult beetles feed on flour, cookies, crackers, pasta, and bran. Larvae cannot develop in them. The beetle produces 2–3 generations per year and lives up to 240 days. The female lays 380–575 eggs. The larva and pupa develop inside the grain. With humidity less than 6.7 percent. their development stops.

Control measures are the same as for the barn weevil. The beetle is more sensitive to cold than the barn weevil; it can withstand temperatures of -5° for 4 days, and 5° for 21 days.

Grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica). The beetle is brown in color, its length is 2.5–3.0 mm. Flies well. The beetle and larvae actively drill through the grain and leave a very noticeable hole. The beetle larvae can completely eat the kernel of the grain and leave only its shell.

Beetles and larvae feed on cereal grains (wheat, barley, rice, millet), broken peas, lentils, breadcrumbs, and dried potatoes. Grains and products severely damaged by them have a specific sweetish, honey-like smell. The beetle produces up to 4 generations per year. The female lays 300–500 eggs and lives up to 390 days. The beetle's life cycle lasts from 34 to 55 days. At temperatures below 23° the beetle does not reproduce.

Control measures. Strong heating or freezing of contaminated grain and products. The beetle is cold-resistant: at -5° it dies after 28 days, at -5° - after five days. In case of severe infection, fumigation is carried out.

Methods and means of controlling weevils and other pests.

Prevention:

steaming the soil, proper watering, mulching, sanitation;

· pruning lower leaves that touch the ground or other plants helps reduce pest access to the plant.

Physical control - used mainly when there is not a significant amount of the pest.

At night, and sometimes after sunset (in cloudy weather), weevils can be found on the leaves. You can spread a white cloth and hang the plant over it. Adult weevils will fall onto the fabric where they can be easily seen and collected. The procedure must be repeated at intervals of a week, in the daytime (preferably in the sun).

It is effective to use sticky tape for catching flies, which is placed on the plant as the beetle moves, and there should be no free passages not protected by the tape. Keep in mind that the trunk (parts) of the plant must be protected from direct contact with the sticky substance. You can put cellophane under the adhesive tape. Traps can be made from burlap or crepe paper and placed under the plants. Take burlap (paper) and make folds on it, fix them, place the burlap on the soil near the base. Weevils will hide in the burlap or paper during the day and thus become trapped. In the evening, before the weevil begins to move, the traps are collected and destroyed.

Chemical control.

In specialized stores you can find the appropriate drugs against weevils - insecticides. These drugs should be diluted in water only according to the instructions. Spray the solution on each of the affected areas. It is recommended to treat areas with insecticides in early spring, before sap flow, and also in growing season plant development at least a couple of times.

Cweevil control products. Against adult beetles in case of damage to seedlings, treatment is carried out with one of the following insecticides.

K. s. (lambda-cyhalothrin, 106 g/l, + thiamethoxam, 141 g/l) - 0.18 l/ha.

The weevil (lat. Curcullionidae), or elephant beetle, belongs to one of the largest families, numbering more than 70,000 species, and most of them inhabit the tropics. About 5,000 species of weevils live in the middle zone. The weevil insect is a plant pest, and each species has its own preferences - one variety damages forest plants, another is a garden beetle, a third is a garden beetle, a fourth variety of beetle damages the growing point of a palm tree, as a result of which the plant dies.

Weevils range in length from 1 to 30 mm, while tropical species grow up to 5 cm in length. The body shape of beetles of this genus can be flat and oblong, cylindrical, rod-shaped, rhombic, spherical, convex hemispherical or pear-shaped. The color varies from yellow to black, there may be spots on the body, and it may have a metallic tint. The insect's legs may differ in color from the body. The upper part of the weevil's body may be hairy or bare, and may be covered with an earthen crust or glazed brown scales. Characteristic feature The insect is characterized by an elongated front part of the head - the rostrum, from which the genus of insects got its name.

Weevils are divided into two subspecies - short-proboscis and long-proboscis, differing from each other in the length of the rostrum. The larvae of long-proboscis species usually develop in plant tissues, consuming them as food, while the larvae of short-proboscis species live in the soil, feeding on plant roots.

Weevils living in the middle zone prefer to live on berry crops oh, and it’s not the fruits that attract them, but the flower buds in which the female lays eggs. The larvae that emerge from the eggs eat the flower from the inside, and if there are a lot of weevils, you may not get any berries at all. However, there are also types of weevils such as house weevils and barn weevils.

Barn weevil

The barn weevil is a small dark brown bug about 4 mm long with underdeveloped wings. This is a dangerous pest of grain crops. Moreover, archaeologists have established that it has been engaged in its destructive activities for a long time: in the 20th century, scientists discovered traces of the weevil in excavations of ancient Egyptian burials, and in Ancient Rome the insect was known as a pest called Curculio. Adult insect damages grain and products made from it, and larvae from eggs, which a female can lay up to 300 eggs in one clutch, develop in grains of millet, wheat, rice (rice weevil), oats, barley, buckwheat, and rye. The weevil also lives in flour and pasta. Grain infected with weevil larvae becomes unusable, causing digestive disorders in people, as it becomes hygroscopic, heats up on its own and rots.

House weevil

The weevil in the apartment is the same granary weevil in the grain, which gets into the apartment along with the purchased cereal. The female lays each egg in a cave gnawed out in the grain and seals the hole with her secretions. There, after 6-12 days, a larva emerges from the egg, which feeds on the inside of the grain, and then gnaws through its shell and comes out. How to get rid of weevils in grain? It is difficult to combat the pest precisely because the larva cannot be detected while it is in the grain, and yet there are ways to combat the weevil.

How to get rid of weevils

Fighting weevil.

This dangerous and polyphagous pest must be combated with all available means - preventive, physical-mechanical, chemical, biological and folk.

As a preventive measure, before receiving and placing grain, you should disinfect storage facilities from the granary weevil - wet or aerosol, and then treat the grain - dry it, clean it of debris, cool it as much as possible and, if necessary, treat it with contact insecticides.

In summer cottages where other types of pests are common, loosening is used for preventive purposes. tree trunk circles trees, removing fallen leaves, dry and diseased branches, planting pest-repellent crops in the rows, carrying out preventive treatment plants with the biological preparation Fitoverm, attract birds to the site by hanging birdhouses and nest boxes on the trees, and when weevils appear before mating and laying eggs, they are collected manually or shaken off onto a dense cloth spread under the trees or bushes, after which the pests are destroyed. If the invasion of weevils is widespread, you will have to resort to folk remedies or to treating plants with potent chemicals.

Remedies for weevils (preparations).

Chemicals It is dangerous to use weevil control at home. But in the garden or garden, their use is quite justified. The best drugs for weevils:

• – Kinmiks – plants are treated with a solution of 2.5 ml of the drug in 10 liters of water;
• – Decis – 2 ml of the drug is dissolved in 10 liters of water for spraying plants;
• – Fufanon, Iskra-M, Kemifos, Karbafos-500 – 10 ml of any of these drugs must be diluted in 10 liters of water;
• – during the growing season, plants are treated with a solution of 20 ml of Fitoverm in 10 liters of water.

IN summer time bugs on tree crowns are treated with a solution of Bazudin or Fozalon, prepared in accordance with the instructions, and against the larvae of leaf pests, the soil can be treated with Bazudin or Diazinon.

Fighting weevils with folk remedies

Since the use of chemicals can be harmful to human health, it is best to destroy the weevil with non-toxic folk remedies. For example, during the period of bud formation, you can treat plants with the following preparations:

• – dissolve 10-13 g of powdered mustard in 10 liters of water;
• – dissolve 40 g of grated powder in a bucket of water laundry soap;
• – dilute 2.5-3 kg in 10 liters of water wood ash;
• – stir 5 g of potassium permanganate in a bucket of water;
• – rub 80-100 g of laundry soap, dissolve them in warm water, add 20 g of borax, 200 g of kerosene and stir the mixture vigorously until an emulsion is formed, which must be immediately applied to the plants.

How to deal with weevils in an apartment

How to get rid of barn weevil after finding it in an apartment? There are simple and effective ways to combat the pest, based on the characteristics of its life and reproduction:

• – check all stored cereals, tea, cocoa, coffee, pasta and flour in which weevils can settle and, if you find traces of their presence, get rid of these products, since the secretions of weevils and their larvae are carcinogenic;
• – since weevils and their larvae die already at -5 ºC, you can place not yet infected products, in which pests can settle, in the freezer for 2-3 days. For preventive purposes, you can do this with all the cereals, flour and pasta that you buy;
• – weevils also die when heated to 40 ºC for two days, and if the heating is increased to 60 ºC, then in six hours, so it makes sense to heat the cereal in the oven;
• – it is better to store already disinfected products in glass or plastic, hermetically sealed containers that will be difficult for the beetle to chew through. Place whole, peeled cloves of garlic in jars with cereals and pasta; you can put 2-3 in flour nutmeg, and sprinkle a little hot pepper into the peas and beans;
• – shelves and surfaces on which there are containers with cereals, flour or pasta are treated from time to time, first with a soap solution, and then with water and table vinegar, and after treatment, cloves are laid out on them, Bay leaf or lavender flowers;
• – to make it easier to monitor the condition of products, do not stock too much unnecessarily.

How to get rid of weevils on your property

Weevil on strawberry.

The strawberry weevil is a gray-black long-proboscis bug up to 3 mm in size. In the spring, individuals mate in flower buds, in which the larvae then develop. How to deal with weevils on strawberries? Today, there are many ways to destroy the pest, which can save up to 40% of the crop even with total damage. The sooner you start your fight against the beetle, the more chances you have to emerge victorious.

In the spring, when the air temperature is uncomfortable for the pest, treat the area with strawberries with the following means:

• – iodine solution – dilute a teaspoon of iodine in a bucket of water;
• – dissolve 3 Intra-vir weevil tablets in 10 liters of water.

Carry out the first treatment 5-6 days before the start of flowering, the next time spraying is carried out in mid-summer. Biological preparations Antonem-F and Namabact can be used to process strawberries or garden strawberries. Until the end of spring, it is permissible to use the drugs Fitoverm, Iskra-bio and Akarin. It is advisable not to resort to stronger means, for example, insecticides such as Karbofos, Actellik and Metaphos.

Cherry weevil.

The cherry weevil, also known as the cherry trumpet weevil, also known as the cherry weevil, affects not only cherry trees, but also cherry, plum, apricot, cherry plum and even hawthorn trees. This is a golden-green bug, 5.5 to 10 mm long, with a purple metallic tint. The larvae are white, dotted with sparse red hairs, with a brown head and brown mouthparts. Weevils cause damage to the generative organs of stone fruit crops even before sap flow begins - tree buds dry out and crumble. An invasion of the cherry borer can lead not only to loss of fruit yield, but due to the death of leaves, the trees themselves may also perish.

The fight against the cherry weevil should be carried out by all possible means - preventive, agrotechnical, folk, biological, and if necessary, then chemical:

• – in the fall, clean the tree trunks of old exfoliated bark, then burn the plant remains and clean the trunks with a solution of lime;
• – also remove fallen leaves from under the trees into a compost heap or burn them;
• – be sure to dig up the soil in the tree trunks;
• – during the period of bud swelling, shake off the beetles onto white paper or cloth spread under the tree and destroy them;
• – during fruit ripening, collect and destroy carrion so that the larvae do not go into the soil;
• – immediately after flowering, if you find more than 8 beetles on the tree, treat it with any of the chemicals we described.

Plum weevil.

This bronze-colored bug with a metallic sheen is up to 45 mm long, all covered with short thick hairs, for its appearance also called a copper pipe maker. Not only plums suffer from it, but also thorns, apricots, cherries, sweet cherries, and sometimes apple trees, hawthorns, rowan berries and even currants. Harm is caused both by adult insects, which consistently damage buds, buds, flowers, pedicels, young fruits and leaves, and by larvae that develop in fruits.

The fight against copper pipeweevil is carried out in the same ways as against the cherry weevil, and among the chemical preparations, pyrethroids and organophosphorus compounds are most effective against it - for example, Actellik, Fufanon or Bazudin.

Raspberry weevil.

Raspberries are damaged by the same type of weevil as garden strawberries, and the main damage is caused to the plant by the female weevil, which can damage up to 30 buds in one season, laying eggs in them, from which larvae appear after 6-7 days, devouring the flowers from the inside within three weeks You can prevent weevils from appearing on raspberries by following the preventive protective measures that we have already described to you, but if preventive measures do not produce results, proceed to treating raspberries with folk remedies. How to poison a weevil if the number of its individuals on raspberries threatens to destroy the crop? During the period of bud protrusion, treating the bushes with Taran will be justified. Before flowering and after harvesting, it is better to spray raspberries with insecticides Fufanon Expert, Karbofos, Iskra-M or Novaktion. Throughout the growing season, Alatar copes well with weevils on raspberries. Before using toxic drugs, carefully read the instructions and do not neglect safety precautions.

Nut weevil.

Nut weevil, or nut weevil - brown bug 7-10 mm long. At the end of April, its females lay eggs in unripe hazelnuts, and the larvae, while developing, feed on their pulp, as a result of which half the harvest can be lost. Favorable conditions for the appearance of a weevil on a nut are high humidity at average daily temperature about 19 ºC.

As a preventive measure, you can consider digging up the soil in the tree trunk to the depth of a spade bayonet, collecting fallen and wormy nuts, and you can destroy weevils on the nut before oviposition by treating the plants along the ovaries with a two percent solution of Fufanon or Actellik.

Pine weevils.

The large pine weevil, or ancient spruce weevil, is a dark brown beetle 7-14 mm long. They damage three to six year old pines and spruce trees exclusively by mature individuals, eating their bark down to the sapwood. The wounds from these gnaws merge, becoming covered with resinous juice, as a result of which the entire trunk becomes tarred, and the tree dies. The pine weevil is also dangerous because it also damages deciduous trees– oak, alder, birch and others, if they are located near a pine or spruce forest.

Two more types of weevils damage coniferous trees - pine and blue pine. The pine weevil, also known as the pine weevil, is a dangerous pest of coniferous forests that damages the bark of trees, which can cause the plants to die. This is a brown beetle with yellow dots forming two longitudinal stripes on the body. The blue pine weevil is a beetle with a bluish tint that eats holes in young coniferous shoots and lays eggs in them. The larvae of the blue pine weevil eat into the wood, make tunnels there and pupate. Coniferous trees suffer from both adult blue weevils and its larvae.

Natural enemies of all types of pine weevils include rooks, crows, starlings, woodpeckers, magpies and jays, which can be attracted to the garden. Ground beetles and black beetles also eat weevils. How to remove weevils from coniferous trees using insecticides? Treat the plants with Karbofos, Metafos, Actellik or another preparation during the period of mass pest infestation.

floristics.info

Methods of combating weevils: chemical, folk

Weevil on raspberries

The weevil beetle looks unremarkable, but in fact it is a very dangerous pest. Female beetles lay eggs in the buds of berry plants, and the emerging larvae feed on the insides of the bud.

I know from my own experience that if you leave everything to chance and do not take any measures to combat the weevil, you can lose half the harvest of berry crops - strawberries and raspberries.

More often I use traditional methods, which are safe for humans and plants, as I am afraid of harming the environment. In the most extreme cases, when there are incredibly many beetles, I use chemical treatment.

How to fight weevils without chemicals

You should prepare for the fact that all of the following procedures will have to be repeated constantly. These methods are proven and work well against the pest, but are quite labor-intensive. I use them throughout the summer if I haven’t treated them with chemicals in the spring.

Mechanical removal of beetles, unfortunately, is not enough. A good effect is obtained by spraying plants with a solution of mustard powder, which repels them. Dilute 100 grams in three liters of water.

Flower damaged by weevil

Also, I found out that weevils do not tolerate herbs from strong odor- capsicum, wormwood, tansy. I prepare infusions from them and spray my beds.

And around the berry plantations I plant onions and garlic. These plants with a specific smell repel pests.

Under the raspberry bushes I simultaneously apply both a protective and fertilizing agent - ash. You can dust the beds, add them to tree trunks and between rows. I prepare a strong solution from ash and laundry soap, which I carefully spray the plants with. For 3 kilograms of ash, 40 grams of laundry soap are required.

But that’s not all, in the fall I rake up last year’s leaves, the remains of buds and leaves from the bushes, and burn them as a preventive measure against surviving pests.

Pesticides and weevil preparations

Spray the bushes with chemicals - more reliable way get rid of the pest forever. I carry out this procedure twice a year:

• It's the right time spring treatment- 5 days before the buds begin to bloom.
• At the end of June - beginning of August, after harvest. This is necessary to destroy the new generation of pests before they hide in the ground for the winter.

I use the following drugs for weevils: Attelix, Karbofos, Metaphos. In addition, I feed the soil under the bushes with Nemabact, which contains live microorganisms. They protect the soil from weevils and other dangerous pests.

vsadu.ru

Weevil

Fruit weevils include bukarka, goose, cherry, pear, gray bud weevils, apple flower beetle, copper and red-winged hawthorn weevils and many other types of weevils. All of them cause damage to the orchard.

Portrait of fruit weevils Fruit weevils are a large group of small beetles (up to 4 – 6.5 mm long). First, adult beetles damage the buds, piercing them and causing “crying buds,” then they damage buds and flowers, eating petals, stamens and pistils, and occasionally young leaves and shoots. In early to mid-summer, beetles eat out narrow, prick-like pits in the ovaries or fruits. Females lay eggs in them. The larvae that emerge from the eggs develop in the fruits for about a month, feeding on their pulp (and sometimes gnaw out the seeds in apples).

Risk group

Apricot, quince, cherry plum, hawthorn, cherry, pear, viburnum, cherry laurel, almond, peach, plum, sloe, bird cherry, sweet cherry, apple tree, and less often other stone fruit and fruit plants.

Damage from fruit weevils

Damaged buds turn brown and fall off, or they form ugly, damaged leaves, buds, flowers or ovaries that never fully develop. Damaged leaves wither, turn brown and fall off. Premature leaf fall is most often observed in early June. With the massive development of fruit weevils, up to 50% of all foliage falls, sometimes almost complete shedding of leaves from the crown of the tree is observed. Such leaf fall simultaneously leads to increased vegetative growth of trees and the fall of the remaining ovaries, weakens the plants, and reduces growth and fruiting. This has a detrimental effect not only on the harvest current year, but also on the formation of fruit buds for the next year.

Damaged fruits become dwarfed or have convex, knobby, suberized areas. In addition, part of the current year's harvest is directly eaten or separated from the plant. Thus, female goose, after laying eggs in the fruit, specifically gnaw the stalk - the fruit falls to the ground and rots, since the goose introduces spores of the causative agent of fruit rot (Monilia sp.) into it. In addition, some of the fruits left hanging on the branches of the plants become infected and rot.

In the years abundant flowering apple trees, especially in warm spring, the damage caused by weevils is insignificant, since in this case they reduce the number of excess ovaries.

Preventive measures to combat fruit weevil

• Disembarkation fruit plants on a high, well-drained area away from wild plants.
• Shake the beetles onto boards, bedding made of synthetic film, tarpaulin or other material and destroy them in a bucket of water to which a little kerosene is added. Shake off in the spring during swelling and bud opening, early in the morning, when the air temperature is below +10° C. At more high temperature Most of the beetles fly away. To do this, use poles, the ends of which are covered with burlap so as not to damage the bark. With poles they hit the branches sharply, but not too hard, after which the beetles fall. If there are a lot of weevils, you need to do 3-6 shakings before flowering (every 5-9 days from the moment the buds open until the beetles lay eggs). They shake off not only fruit trees, but also from trees of other species growing nearby, which often contain many weevils during the mating period. The same procedure can be carried out in the fall against young beetles if they rise into the crowns.
• In the spring, during the swelling of the buds (necessarily before the bud scales move apart; later this technique loses its meaning, since the beetles manage to climb into the crown of the tree), trapping belts are placed in the upper part of the tree trunk. You can fix two belts - in the upper and middle parts. First, the area of ​​the trunk is cleared of dead bark so that there are no gaps left under it suitable for the passage of pests. More often they use adhesive belts, which are made from soft cardboard or thick paper and coated with special glue. Cotton belts are also used; they are made from slightly loosened cotton wool, through the layers of which insects cannot get through. Unfortunately, beneficial insects also fall into trapping belts, so they should not be used unless absolutely necessary. The belts attached to trees are covered with a canopy made of waterproof material to protect them from rain. The belts must be burned after the trees bloom.
• Flower beetles and many other types of fruit weevils weakly colonize fruiting apple trees, the crowns of which are whitened with lime milk (1.5 kg of freshly slaked lime per 10 liters of water) at the beginning of bud swelling.
• Collect and burn prematurely fallen leaves immediately after they fall to kill the larvae, as the larvae will later go to pupate in the soil.
• Collection and destruction of buds with brown caps in which apple blossom beetle larvae develop. It must be carried out when the buds turn brown, preventing the development of adult insects in them.
• Collection and destruction of rotten and mummified fruits and carrion.
• Periodic loosening of the soil in tree trunk circles. Late autumn (early spring) digging of tree trunk circles to destroy wintering beetles, as well as plowing the soil in autumn between rows of trees.
• Autumn cleaning of trunks and branches from old dead and flaking bark, whitewashing of the cleaned butt parts of trunks with lime mortar.
• The use of root traps made from dry fallen leaves, which are then destroyed along with the beetles that have climbed into them. Placing trapping belts at the base of the trunks in the fall and burning them in the winter. They will prevent insects from crawling into the tree crowns.
• During harvesting, place cloth or paper on the bottom of the container you are using. In a day, weevil larvae will accumulate at the bottom, which need to be collected and destroyed. Or use dense containers for the same purposes.

Fighting fruit weevils with folk remedies

The most popular method is to spray infested trees with an infusion of common field chamomile. To prepare it yourself, you will need about 150 flowers, which need to be filled with 10 - 15 liters of water. After a day, strain the infusion and add 60 g of laundry soap to it.

You can also use onion, garlic, spruce and pine infusions. Fill any container halfway with onion or garlic peels, spruce or pine branches, and fill with water. Leave for 2 weeks to ferment. Then strain the infusion and dilute it at the rate of 1 liter of infusion per 10 liters of water. Frequency of use: every 5 – 6 days.

They also spray with a decoction prepared from tomato tops immediately after flowering. A kilogram of tops is boiled in 10 liters of water for half an hour. Then laundry soap (40 grams) is added to the resulting decoction. Spray with the resulting solution.

You can also spray with a decoction of bitter wormwood. To do this, freshly harvested or pre-dried plants are crushed. For 10 liters of water you will need 350 - 400 g of dry raw materials or about a kilogram of fresh ones. Infuse in water for a day, then boil for half an hour, add 40 g of laundry soap, filter and spray the plants with this infusion.

Fighting fruit weevil biological methods

• Attracting insectivorous birds to the garden.
• Protection of ants of the family Formicidae and wasps of the family Vespidae.
• Spraying plants with Fitoverm (2 ml/l of water) during the growing season.

Active control measures against fruit weevils

Chemicals are used only if other measures have not helped. Currently, Actellik, Bi-58 Novy, Rogor-S, Karate Zeon, Altyn, Lambda-S, Sensei, Karachar (spraying before flowering), Fufanon, Kemifos, Karbofos-500, Novaktion, Iskra M (spraying) are used against fruit weevils during the growing season). Working fluid consumption is from 2 to 5 l/tree (depending on the type, variety and age of the plant). Typically spraying is carried out three times: the green cone phase, the end of the flowering phase and ten days after flowering.

To avoid addiction, do not treat plants with the same preparation several times.

Before the first use, any drug must be tested on one plant. If the plant’s condition has not worsened within 24 hours, the drug can be used on all protected plants of this species.

Be careful when using plant protection products. Always read the label and product information before use. Carry out processing in compliance with all safety rules.

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If you notice an error or inaccuracy, please let us know. Illustrations for the material: Nina Belyavskaya

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Active substance:

570 g/kg aluminum phosphide

Formulation:

Pills

Manufacturer:

Purpose:

fumigant insecticide intended for disinsection of unloaded storage facilities of various types, stocks of food, seed and feed grains in warehouses, elevator silos, stored in bulk or in bags under film.

Tara:

Advantages

Has high fumigation activity;
- allows you to get rid of pests from stocks in the most inaccessible places;
- destroys insect pests of all ages;
- does not affect product quality;
- easy to use.

Mechanism of action

Dakfosal tablet, as a result of a chemical reaction of aluminum phosphide with atmospheric moisture, releases phosphine gas, which, when entering the body of insect pests, affects the redox systems, suppresses respiratory activity, disrupts metabolic processes and blocks oxygen consumption, causing the death of insects. Toxic effects on insects increase with increasing temperature and slow down sharply at temperatures below 15°C.

Period of protective action

The protective effect ceases after the release of phosphine from the drug.

Impact speed

The rate of exposure is determined by the gas concentration, air temperature (above 15°C), the type of pest and the stage of insect development.

Spectrum of action

Granary weevil, flour beetle, Suriname flour beetle, grain moth, miller borer, grain grinder, coffee bean, tobacco beetle, mites and other types of insect pests of stocks.

Compatibility

Resistance

There have been cases of resistance to phosphine in insects. The destruction of resistant populations is carried out by increasing the exposure time.

Application technology

Before use, calculate the required number of tablets. If possible, use the contents of the package (flask, canister) for one operation. Fumigation is carried out at temperatures above 15°C.
For fumigation (fumigation) of elevators and granaries.
The tablets are added to the grain flow sharply and quickly, at regular intervals as the grain is fed into the hopper. The grain is fed into the elevator hopper by a belt conveyor. Tablets can be fed into the hopper along a ramp (chute). Tablets are added mechanically (with an automatic dispenser) or manually using rubber gloves.
The elevator hopper must be filled as quickly as possible.
For fumigation of crops stored in bags.
Distribute the tablets evenly among the bags and around stacks of bags.
Stacks should be gas-tight and covered with plastic sheets.
Empty granaries.
Close the premises tightly before fumigation. Distribute the tablets over the entire area of ​​the room.

Phytotoxicity

Restrictions

Drug of limited use. Dilute concentrations of phosphine in air at open areas dangerous for environment. Phosphine is oxidized in plants and stored preparations to phosphoric acid. In animal organisms it is metabolized to non-toxic phosphates.
Admission of people to the premises after complete ventilation (not earlier than the 11th day after the start of degassing).

Transportation and storage conditions

Comply with all generally accepted rules for transporting toxic substances. Store the drug in a room intended for storing pesticides. Storage temperature range from minus 20°C to plus 35°C.

Warranty period of storage

Hazard Class

Hazard class 1, extremely dangerous substance. Drug of limited use. Dangerous if inhaled or taken orally. It is necessary to observe safety measures in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.1077-01. All work is carried out by special teams consisting of specialists of the relevant profile who have a certificate for the right to work with phosphine-generating compounds.

Culture, processed object	Harmful object	Consumption rates (drug/working fluid)	Method, processing time, application features. Deadlines for manual (mechanized) work	Waiting times (number of treatments)
Unloaded granaries	Insects - pests of stocks (except mites)	5 g/m³	Fumigation at air temperatures above 150C. Exposition 5 days. Admission of people and loading of storage facilities after complete ventilation and when there is phosphine in the air working area not higher than MPC -(-)	-(-)
Food grain, seed grain, fodder grain in bulk in warehouses, elevator silos and packed in bags under film	Insects and mites - stock pests	9 g/t	Fumigation at grain temperatures above 150C. Exposure – 5 days for insects and 9 days for ticks. The product of concentration and exposure time (PCE) is 25 g.h/m³ for insects and 450 g.h/m³ for ticks. Degassing for at least 10 days. Sales with phosphine residue not higher than MRL. Admission of people after complete ventilation and when the phosphine content in the air of the working area is not higher than the maximum permissible concentration. -(-)	-(-)

What associations come to mind when we hear the word “weevil” or “elephant”? Probably a cute little bug with a long proboscis. In fact, despite such a harmless name, weevil- one of the most dangerous insect pests, feeding on almost all known species plants.

They easily eat roots, leaves, stems, and, of course, fruits. One, not the most numerous, colony of weevils can destroy your entire crop of strawberries, raspberries, apricots, and the granary variety of the pest will gladly eat all the stored cereals. They even feed on mushrooms, wood, fallen leaves and aquatic plants, and the number of weevil species reaches 50 thousand, 5 thousand of them are found in Russia.

The vast majority of beetle species inhabit countries with a tropical climate, but over time, insects adapt to new climatic conditions and migrate, conquering more and more new territories.

[!] Sometimes weevils are the cause of an entire environmental epidemic. For example, in 2015, pests destroyed a huge number of date palms in Sochi, including those planted in the Olympic Park. And in 2015, in Spain, red weevils, which entered the country from Southeast Asia, destroyed 3,000 mature trees.

As you can see, the weevil is not a harmless insect at all. However, it is possible to stop the pest invasion and save the plants, but to destroy the enemy, you need to know him by sight.

What does a weevil look like?

In general, the appearance of the weevil varies depending on the insect's developmental stage and entomological classification.

Elephant larvae look like thick worms, usually light (white, yellowish, cream) in color, curved in the shape of the letter C. There are individual sparse bristles throughout the body, and the head is covered with a dark chitinous shell. Basically, the larvae live and develop underground, feeding on roots. The larvae of certain species can live on the surface and eat the above-ground parts of plants, stems, leaves, buds, and so on.

[!] In some countries of Indochina, weevil larvae are eaten

The next stage of elephant development is the pupa. On the pupa you can see the rudiments of wings, legs and a head with a proboscis. However, her body still remains soft and light in color.

The appearance of adult beetles is very diverse and depends on the species of the insect. In general, pests can be divided into several groups:

• By body length. The smallest weevils do not grow more than 1 mm, and the largest of them reach 0.5 cm;
• According to body shape. There are spherical, diamond-shaped, pear-shaped, rod-shaped insects;
• By color. The chitinous cover of the weevil can be of almost any color: black, brown, yellow, red. In addition, there are specimens with a pattern or metallic sheen on the shell. The color of some species is very beautiful and can even compete with the color of a butterfly’s wings;
• Along the length of the trunk. There are short-proboscis and long-proboscis weevils. As the name implies, insects differ in the overall length of the rostrum.

In general, a mature individual is a coleopteran beetle with an elongated cylindrical rostrum, with the help of which weevils not only feed, but also lay eggs deep in plant tissue. The wings of insects are well developed and perform their direct function - they are used for flight. As a rule, female weevils are significantly larger than males in size, but otherwise there are no significant differences between them.

Classification and types. Damage caused by weevils

More than fifty thousand weevils have already been discovered and described, and several hundred more are waiting their turn. The Weevil family (lat. Curculionidae), part of the order Coleoptera (lat. Coleoptera) is one of the largest families Coleoptera beetles, second in number only to rove beetles of the same order.

However, not all weevils pose a threat to plants cultivated by humans. Let's consider the most dangerous varieties of pests living in Russia.

Pests destroying stocks

This group of weevils feeds on collected grains and cereals lying in warehouses and elevators. In addition, insects also destroy household supplies.

The most famous representative of the group is barn weevil(lat. Sitophilus granarium, Calandra granaria) - as the name implies, it poses the greatest danger to stored grain stocks.

[!] The insect was known even before our era. This fact is confirmed by the found ancient Egyptian grain reserves affected by the pest.

D. barn

Other weevils that destroy stocks are the rice weevil, corn weevil, and rice broad-probosted weevil.

Palm pests

One of the most numerous genera, including at least 90 beetles. These insects prefer to feed on various types of palm trees, a large part of which are fruit trees.

[!] Thanks to human activity, recently the spread of palm weevils has become alarming - along with imported food products, insects migrated from Southeast Asia to Southern Europe, America, and the Middle East. Until recently, this species of weevil was not found in Russia, but recently it was discovered in the resort area of ​​the Krasnodar Territory.

For example, red palm weevil(lat. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) infects date palms, causing irreparable damage to the plantations of these plants. The pest is a real disaster in Mexico, France, Spain, and in our country it was spotted on the Black Sea coast. The size of the insect can reach 2.5 cm, its hard shell is brick-red with darker spots.

D. red palm

Another representative of the same genus prefers as food coconut trees, destroying entire plantations of this plant.

Pests of legumes

As the name implies, legume and beet weevils prefer soybeans, beans, lentils, and different kinds peas These insects are capable of causing irreparable damage to agricultural crops, therefore, in farms growing the corresponding products, comprehensive control is carried out against them.

(lat. Sitona lineatus) feeds on legumes. Moreover, adults eat leaves and stems of plants, and larvae eat roots. Female pests are highly fertile and are capable of laying at least three thousand eggs per season. The hatched larvae gnaw the tubers of peas, beans and other beans, and, having turned into adult beetles, complete the destruction of the plant. The light brown chitinous cover of the striped weevil is decorated with longitudinal stripes of a darker color. The total size of the beetle is about 5 mm.

D. striped nodule

Gray bristle weevil(lat. Sitona crinitus) prefers to grow on clover and annual legumes. Adults damage the above-ground parts of plants in the warm season, and wintering larvae devour the roots of perennial legumes, moving to young annual shoots in the spring. Depending on the conditions, a female can lay up to several hundred eggs per season, which contributes to the wide distribution of the pest. The body length of the bristle weevil is approximately 3 mm.

These insects cause irreparable harm to fruit trees, destroying all parts of the plant - flowers, ovaries, shoots and even bark and wood. Young, immature seedlings suffer especially badly from fruit beetles.

Adults gray bud weevil(lat. Sciaphobus squalidus) eat the buds, and later young leaves and buds, of fruit trees, causing enormous damage to the tree in the spring. In addition, overwintering larvae damage the roots of the plant. The size of the gray bud weevil is about 6 mm, the chitinous cover is silver-brown in color.

D. gray kidney

Drupe weevil(lat. Furcipes rectirostris) prefers cherries, plums and bird cherry. The beetles eat the leaves and buds, and the thick, white larvae that develop inside the fruit are the seeds. The size of an adult drupe weevil is 4.5 mm, the color of the shell is brownish-brown.

Black cherry, fruit vetch, Crimean and some other species are also among the most dangerous pests of fruit trees.

Vegetable pests

These insects are formidable enemies of villagers who grow vegetables. Entire fields can be destroyed by some type of vegetable weevil and, often, it is necessary to take the most drastic measures, including quarantine measures.

Favorite treats cabbage sneaker(lat. Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma) – cabbage, turnip, radish. Depending on the subspecies (stem or root), it damages the petioles or root system plants, feeding on its tissues. The length of an adult beetle is about 3 mm, the hard chitinous cover is of an earthy gray hue.

D. gray beet

This group also includes other beet weevils (oriental, common, striped, black), as well as the Andean potato weevil and many other pests.

In addition to the above groups, there are weevils that destroy raspberries and strawberries, beetles that prefer grapes, and pests medicinal herbs and so on. It is no exaggeration to say that almost every plant has its own enemy from the vast family of weevils.

[!] Weevils can even settle on house and greenhouse plants. This usually happens if garden or garden soil is used for planting indoor flowers. True, due to their fairly large size, pests can be easily detected and appropriate measures taken.

In general, based on their food source, all weevils are divided into three groups:

• polyphages - practically omnivorous beetles, the most devouring various types of plants;
• oligophages - these weevils select several plants of similar type;
• Monophagous - pests of one species or genus.

Surprisingly, there are species of weevils that bring significant benefits to humans. Weevils are mainly used to regulate the number of weeds. For example, at the end of the last century, two species of these insects were brought from Brazil to Australia, eating a weed plant, Salvinia noxious, which was widespread in water bodies.

Weevil control measures

The destruction of weevils is the primary task of agricultural producers, farms, and enterprises storing grain and other cereals. In addition, it is necessary to neutralize dangerous pests at the household level.

Large agricultural farms have learned to fight insects, especially if their numbers are not too large. Typically, the following methods are used:

• Autumn plowing and loosening - this allows you to destroy beetle eggs laid in the ground;
• Isolation and removal of infected plants;
• Regulation of the number of weeds;
• Compliance with crop rotation;
• Application of modern insecticides.

[!] In the 70s, experiments were carried out in the Soviet Union to select entomophages (natural enemies) of the clover root weevil. They turned out to be ground beetles and lacewings. Unfortunately, the technology to combat beetles using entomophages has never been introduced.

[!] In the United Arab Emirates, dogs were used to fight weevils: the animals find colonies of insects by smell.

But what should ordinary gardeners or those who find weevils in their supplies act?

How to get rid of weevils in the kitchen

If you don't want to get rid of supplies, you can try removing insects from there:

• Sift the flour, sort the grains, collect and destroy any weevils found;
• Extremely high or low temperatures can be used as a weapon. To do this, keep the cereal in the oven and the flour in the freezer. A significant disadvantage of this method is the long duration of temperature treatment. So, you need to heat the cereal in the oven for at least four hours, and freeze the flour for at least five days.

After destroying the pests, you should thoroughly clean the kitchen, paying special attention to those cabinets that contain supplies. In the future, flour, buckwheat, rice, peas and other products should be stored only in tightly sealed glass jars.

In the garden and vegetable garden

To prevent the weevil from harming your favorite plants, you should take a number of preventive measures, thanks to which the beetle will not spread throughout the territory personal plot. Such measures include:

• Planting raspberries and strawberries at a distance from each other. Remember, if a weevil attacks a strawberry, after a while the raspberries will also become infected;
• Planting onions and garlic around strawberry beds. The weevil, like many other insects, cannot tolerate the pungent odor of these crops;
• Periodic loosening of the soil, especially in the fall, during the preparation of weevils for wintering.

If prevention does not help, and the weevil still appears in your garden, you should take more radical measures.

Traditional methods of fighting weevils

In the case where the insect colony is not numerous and has not spread over a large area, you can try traditional methods fight against weevils. A huge advantage of such methods is that they are harmless to plants, pets and humans; there is one minus, but quite significant, which is their low effectiveness. Traditional methods of combating weevils include:

• Mechanical (manual) collection and destruction of pests;
• Spraying plants with a solution of mustard (100 grams of powder per 3 liters of water), laundry soap (40 grams per 3 liters of water) or ash.
• Treatment with infusion of strong-smelling plants - wormwood, tansy and the like
• In addition to the above, you can try solutions ammonia(1 tablespoon per 5 liters of water), potassium permanganate (3 grams per 5 liters of water), garlic and boric acid(100 g, 2 tablespoons per bucket)

Treatment of plants with each of these infusions must be repeated several times, especially during the rainy season.

Fighting weevils with chemicals

If traditional methods do not help, it’s time to resort to products chemical industry. In the fight against weevil, the drugs Inta-Vir, Karbofos, and Actellik have proven themselves very well. There are also a number of bioinsecticidal agents (“Nemabakt” and “Antonem-F”) that help maintain biobalance and destroy insects in the soil, in the larval stage.

Carefully follow the instructions on the packaging of each drug, and do not forget about safety precautions.

These are, perhaps, all the currently known methods of exterminating one of the most dangerous pests - the weevil.

In nature, everything is balanced and, of course, weevils are also needed for something. But they have no place in our homes and gardens! Good luck to all gardeners in the fight against this dangerous pest.

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In Ukraine, there are more than 100 species of pests that damage grain and agricultural products during storage, of which, in particular, mites - 34, insects - 60, and mouse-like rodents - 6 species.

Most often, stored grain is damaged by granary and rice weevils, small and club-whiskered beetles, Surinamese and short-whiskered red flour beetles, grain worms, mill moths, grain moths, flour mites, rats and mice. Annual losses from pests of grain stocks amount to at least 4 million tons of grain. A significant part of the representatives of harmful fauna enters warehouses along with grain and other agricultural products; containers, clothes and shoes of warehouse workers, rodents and birds are also possible ways of their penetration.

Let us consider in more detail the harmful and most widespread types of stock pests, as well as known measures to control their numbers.

Barn weevil- Sitophilus granarius L. is a heat-loving insect, which is widespread in the CIS countries, more often found in the south of Ukraine. Damages whole grains of wheat, rye, barley; reproduces less intensively on corn, oats, rice, buckwheat, millet; may harm stale flour and pasta.

The body length of beetles is from 3.5 to 4 mm. The body is narrow, cylindrical, shiny. Young beetles are brown, old ones are almost black. Beetles do not have hind wings and cannot fly.

The female gnaws a shallow hole in the grain, at the bottom of which she lays one egg. To protect against harmful effects external conditions the laid egg is filled with mucus, which quickly hardens in air. After a few days, a legless larva emerges from the egg. white with a short body, a strongly convex back and a brown head. The length of the adult larva is 3-4 mm. After leaving the egg, she immediately bites into the grain, where she spends her entire life, eating away almost all of its contents. Here the larva turns into a pupa, which is similar in shape to an adult beetle. During the first days at this stage, the beetles that have formed in the grain feed on mealy residues, and then gnaw through the shell and come out.

Over the course of her life, a female can lay up to 250 eggs. The beetle avoids illuminated places. At the slightest irritation, it falls into a stupor, pressing its antennae and paws tightly to its body.

Conditions favorable for the development of the pest are temperature 20...28 °C and relative air humidity at 75-90%. In the southern regions, in granaries, the granary weevil can give two or three generations during the year, and in the central regions - one or two.

Rice weevil- Sitophilus oryzae L. Damages grains of wheat, rice, oats, barley, corn, buckwheat, sorghum, as well as pearl barley and dry flour products, millet seeds, oilseeds and legumes, chestnuts, dried fruits. The damage caused by the rice weevil exceeds the cost of rent. During the year it produces four to five generations. In terms of lifestyle and harmfulness, it is similar to the granary weevil, but differs from it in its smaller size. The surface of the body is matte, with four rufous spots on the elytra, the chest has rounded dotted pits. The rice weevil has developed hind wings and can fly. In the southern regions it can live both in the field and in storerooms.

Large and small flour beetles- Tribolium confusum Duv. and Tribolium costaneum Hbst. They are ubiquitous in the premises of flour mills, feed mills, cereal factories, bakeries and breweries. They feed on flour, cereals and bran, sometimes damaging grain, dried vegetables and fruits. They do not feed at all on legumes and whole grains of film crops - oats, barley, rice.

Large beetle beetles are black and brown in color, their undersides and legs are reddish-brown. Greater beetles fly well at night and in the evening. They appear in late spring and can also develop in summer and autumn. Khrushchev reproduces in storage facilities with high humidity. Females lay eggs one at a time or in groups, gluing them to food, containers, and storage walls. In rooms without heating, the beetleworm develops in one generation, in heated rooms - in two.

Rhizopertha dominica F. Distributed everywhere. Damages grains and cereals. While feeding, the beetle larvae completely eat up the contents of the grain, leaving a shell and characteristic powdery dust (tormento), by which the presence of a pest in the grain can be determined.

The beetle is 2-3 mm long, oblong, brown, shiny; the front part of the back is collar-shaped and covers the head from above; the front is covered with concentric rows of denticles. The grain shashel is heat-loving. In the south of Ukraine it can produce four generations per year.

Southern Mill Moth- Plodia interpunctella Hb. Distributed everywhere. Damages grain, flour, cereals, dried vegetables and fruits, grocery and confectionery products, spices, and medicinal raw materials.

The butterfly has a wingspan of 13-20 mm, the base of the forewing is gray-yellow, the rest of it is reddish-brown with two lead-gray bands and one or two dark spots between them; the hind wings are grayish-white with a dark edge.

Caterpillars live on the outer surface of products, gradually going deeper inside. Usually they are there in arachnoid tubes, but sometimes they do not form these tubes in the passages. When feeding, they gnaw out wide passages in the products, and eat the germs in the grain. Before pupation, they crawl into cracks in walls, containers, bags and spin cocoons, in which they molt and pupate for the last time. Some caterpillars pupate without cocoons - in the nutrient substrate or outside it. The duration of development of one generation, depending on environmental conditions and the feeding habits of the caterpillars, ranges from 45 days to 11 months. Optimal temperature for pest development - 24...30 °C. The lower development threshold for all stages is 15 °C. From one to six generations develop per year, depending on the temperature and the availability of food for the caterpillars.

grain moth- Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. Butterflies are pale ocher-yellow in color. Interspersed with brown scales are noticeable on the wings. The front wings are pointed in the middle, sometimes with two longitudinal black spots and a blackish spot at the rear corner. The hind wings are notched in the shape of a crescent at the apex, pale gray, bordered by a wide fringe. Butterflies have a wingspan of 6-7 mm. Distributed in granaries everywhere.

During their feeding, the caterpillars eat away the contents inside the grain, and the resulting cavity is divided by a web into two chambers: the larger one houses the caterpillar itself, and the smaller one houses its excrement. In one grain of wheat or rye one caterpillar develops, and in a grain of corn there can be two or even three.

In the central regions of Ukraine, the grain moth develops in three to four generations, and in the southern regions there can be up to eight generations in storage and one or two in the field.

During storage, moths can damage stocks of: wheat, rye, oats, barley, rice, corn, sorghum, buckwheat and some legumes. It damages bean seeds at humidity levels above 14%. In storage facilities, moths often damage the upper layers of the grain mound to a depth of 5-8 cm, and in case of heavy infestation - up to 20 cm.

- Acarus siro L. Cosmopolitan, synanthropic species. The body is oval, whitish in color, the surface of the body is shiny, the legs and mouthparts are brownish-red. They have hypopus. It multiplies quickly in various cereal grains, milk powder, dried vegetables and fruits, concentrates, halva, cheeses, sausages, medicinal and tobacco raw materials, fish and meat and bone meal. It is found mainly in warehouses, and rarely in field conditions. The mite is found only in grains with a damaged shell; it reduces the weight of the embryo by 2-3%. The feeding intensity increases with increasing feed moisture.

Products damaged by mites are purchased bad smell. The oxygen content in flour greatly decreases and the carbon dioxide content increases. It has high acidity and contains less glutamine. Under optimal living and feeding conditions on wheat germ, females are able to fully function for up to 60 days.

Influence external factors on the vital activity of ticks and insects. Vertebrate pests of grain stocks (mice, rats) belong to the family of warm-blooded animals, so they are less dependent on external factors than insects and arachnids. These pests can insulate their nests and migrate in search of water and food.

As the temperature drops, the activity of insects and mites decreases. Thus, at 6...12 °C, insects stop mating and lay eggs, become inactive, almost do not feed, and their breathing is slow at this time. In ticks, this condition occurs when the temperature level drops closer to zero. Further cooling leads to the death of pests. The lower the temperature, the faster the death of pests occurs.

An increase in temperature more optimally leads first to a somewhat excited state of insects and mites - they stop feeding and reproducing (at a temperature of 36...42 ° C). With a further increase in the temperature level, they fall into thermal stupor, followed by death as a result of overheating and denaturation of proteins.

Insects and mites have an optimum temperature at which they actively live and reproduce. For most pests, this optimum ranges from 26 to 30 °C. For some of them it is higher and amounts to 32...37 °C (club-whiskered beetle, Surinamese, short-whiskered mucoed, etc.). For flour mites, the optimum is 21...27 °C.

The body of insects contains from 46 to 70% moisture; in mites this figure is even higher. These pests obtain moisture only from food. Therefore, grain moisture has an important influence on their development. In addition, as humidity decreases, grain hardness increases. Mites and many insects are not able to damage dry whole grain; for most insects, the minimum grain moisture content at which they can reproduce is 10-12%, optimal - 12-17%, for mites - 17-20 (for the Rodionov mite - 24 -25%).

The development of pests is significantly influenced by the availability and range of food. Unlike vertebrates, which can survive only a few days without food, insects can survive without it. long time- up to a month or more. When the temperature drops from 20...25 to 16...18 °C, this period extends. Many ticks caught in unfavourable conditions, move into a special form of their development - hypopus, which gives them the opportunity to go without food for months and even years.

Control of grain pests in granaries

Preventive provide for a set of measures aimed at preventing contamination of stored grain. In particular, this is the disinfection of storage facilities and equipment before storing grain, checking for contamination of grain batches in each unit of transport, monitoring the use of uncontaminated vehicles, tarpaulins, containers, installing mosquito nets on windows and ventilation ducts, removal from the territory of grain waste, grain dust, weeds as places where pests accumulate, elimination of sources for watering for rodents, and the like.

Liquidation measures are aimed at destroying grain pests in granaries that have already entered grain, storage facilities, grain processing enterprises, equipment, etc. Based on the features of their application, they can be divided into two groups: physical-mechanical and chemical.

Some of the physical and mechanical destruction measures do not require special training - employees of storage system enterprises can independently apply them. These include: mechanical, thermal means of exterminating pests and the use of different types of radiation.

Mechanical measures- this is the cleaning of buildings, structures, equipment, containers, territory, etc. from grain residues, dust, which may contain insects and mites. Cleaning the separators also helps remove some of the pests from grain products. Mechanical measures include catching rodents using various traps.

Thermal measures

involve the use of high and low temperatures. For this purpose, grain dryers can be used, in which the grain is heated to 50...55 ° C - at this temperature, insects and mites die. However, there is a danger that at the same time undesirable changes may occur in the grain itself. This method is completely unacceptable for grain, which is seed material. Refrigeration and freezing can also ensure the death of insects and mites, and to disinfect small quantities of bags they can be boiled in water.

In the practice of grain storage, a possible measure of insurance against insects that spoil warehouse stocks is the creation of oxygen-free conditions (atmospheric modification). However, this method does not give a 100% result: it causes the death of barn pests, but does not provide complete freedom from pests when atmospheric storage conditions are restored. The advantages of modified gas environments are that they reduce the oxygen content in the storage environment in an amount that makes it impossible for insects, mites, rodents and birds to live. Such conditions prevent normal development microorganisms, are relatively safe for stored materials, reduce grain respiration processes and the level of oxidative degradation, have minimal impact on the environment, and the risk of pests developing resistance to them is unlikely. However, despite this, they also have a number of disadvantages: high preliminary costs for their creation, duration compared to treatment with pesticides, exposure period, the need for sealed granaries or other containers, lack of information about the effectiveness and impact on living organisms.

Positive results were obtained when using high frequency currents, ultraviolet rays(solar drying), infrared rays, gamma radiation. But these control measures have not received widespread practice. (At the Odessa port elevator, for example, grain is disinfected using an installation that operates on the principle of using accelerated electrons).

It is important to carry out preventive measures not only at grain storage and processing enterprises, but also in places where it is grown, reloaded and used.

The most radical and more common methods of controlling the number of pests in grain stocks are chemical measures using various contact and fumigation pesticides, which lead to the death of pests. In particular, these are methods of spraying, gassing and aerosol treatment (a combination of these is possible for disinfecting premises).

Spraying usually used for finishing buildings, granaries, territories, Vehicle. Liquid toxic substances are sprayed onto the object to be disinfected. Aerosol treatment is usually carried out on storage facilities. An aerosol is a suspension of small droplets (0.5-5.0 microns in size) of liquid in the air. Aerosol treatment also includes the use of smoke (for this, special smoke bombs are burned in the storage facility).

Gasification (or fumigation)- the main method of grain disinfection. This method usually uses highly toxic substances, so it requires careful preparation. Before gassing, objects are sealed, protected and warning signs are posted. The carbonation itself is carried out by specially trained people.

The contaminated object is kept for some time (from 1 to 8 days) to obtain the disinfection effect. Then degassing (gas removal) is carried out. The completeness of degassing is determined by chemical methods or using an indicator burner.

Currently, among the products approved for use in Ukraine, virtually only one fumigant is used - phosphine in the form of compounds with aluminum and magnesium.

Phosphine (PH3) has received worldwide recognition as a highly effective fumigant. For most insects, this fumigant is more effective at low concentrations and longer exposures than it is at short exposures and high concentrations. The drugs are prepared in the form of tablets and wafers. They contain 56-57% aluminum phosphide and 43-44% inert components, with the help of which the process of release of gaseous phosphide is regulated. The duration of toxic gas release depends on the temperature and humidity of the air. The gas is capable of penetrating all types of packaging materials, as well as packaged goods and the like. There is information that the most resistant to the fumigant are carpet beetles of the genus Trogoderra, as well as the granary weevil.

Phosphorus. Analogs of this drug are Phostoxin, Fostek, Alfos and others. The active ingredient is aluminum phosphide. This gas has an insecticidal and rodenticidal effect, causes paralysis of the nervous system of the pest, as a result of which metabolic processes are disrupted and the flow of oxygen into its body is blocked, resulting in death. The speed at which Phosphire affects pests depends on the concentration of the gas in the air. Complete death of pests that cause contamination of grain and grain products and lead an open lifestyle is achieved by ensuring the phosphine concentration for the duration of exposure is at the level of 7 g/h/m2, and for pests whose vital activity occurs in a hidden form - 25 g/h/m2 .

Phosphire is not used in mixture with other drugs. It is strictly forbidden to use it immediately after treating premises with other preparations using large amounts of water - upon contact with it the preparation will spontaneously ignite. Sales of the product are permitted 20 days after fumigation if there are phosphine residues not exceeding the maximum permissible level (MAL).

Grain treatment in silos can be carried out with Phostoxin. Tablets are introduced into the grain mound using a special dispenser when loading it into silos. In these granaries, under the influence of moisture formed during the process of grain respiration, they decompose, and the released gas produces a disinfecting effect. The elevator is not stopped during aeration.

Degesh Plates/Strips. Analogues - Magtoxin. The active ingredient is magnesium phosphide. Produced in the form of a slab or strip.

Advantages of Magtoxin: quickly and almost completely decomposes; residual gunpowder practically does not contain metallic, undecomposed phosphide; economic; There is virtually no residue in processed products.

To comply with all requirements, fumigation is carried out by specialists who have completed a special training course. Also, similar services are provided by specialized organizations that have the appropriate licenses. For wet and aerosol disinfection of various objects, drugs included in the “List of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in Ukraine” are used (in accordance with the consumption rates and application regulations recommended by the manufacturers).

However, despite the high effectiveness of insecticides of chemical origin, it should be emphasized that they are dangerous for people, animals and the environment. In addition, with long-term use of drugs containing one active substance, pests may experience adaptation and increased resistance to their effects. Therefore, there is a need to find alternative biological and environmental methods of protection against pests during grain storage. Research in this direction is very relevant given the regional scientific novelty and practical significance.

Conclusion

Thus, the strategy for protecting grain stocks from pests is based on a constant study of the characteristics of their distribution, development, reproduction and harmfulness, together with recommendations for comprehensive protection of grain at all stages, from procurement, transportation and ending with a long period of storage both inside storage facilities and beyond them.

L. Bondareva, Ph.D. agricultural sciences,
National University of Bioresources and Nature Management of Ukraine

Citation information
Threat to protected grain / L. Bondareva // Special railway entry. Proposition. Grain: from the field to the elevator / - 2016. - P. - 28-32