Combining materials is a favorite pastime of designers; in capital construction it is used to solve important practical problems. Proper combination of the physical qualities of stone and wood in the load-bearing walls of a building gives the developer a tangible benefit in cost and comfort.
It is these two factors that have made houses made of combined materials popular and widespread in modern suburban construction.
What combinations are reasonable and permissible when constructing such a structure?
Most often, stone (brick, monolithic concrete, aerated concrete or expanded clay blocks). The second floor is built from rounded logs or laminated veneer lumber.
It should be noted that combinations of different wall materials may also affect the exterior. A combined house allows you to use any façade decor options: brick walls The first floor can be finished with a blockhouse, insulating them using the “ventilated facade” technology.
The second frame floor can be improved decorative plaster or stone tiles. As an example, we invite you to look at the photo below.
Looking at such a house, you will not be able to unambiguously answer the question of what it is built from. load-bearing walls. Although it is also used here combined technology construction of walls. The first floor of this building is brick, lined with siding. Second - wooden frame, finished with ceramic tiles.
Constructive options for combined houses
Despite the variety of facade decor, the construction of combined houses must comply with the main principle: 1st floor is stone, 2nd floor is wood. It provides the building with the necessary strength and creates conditions for comfortable living on the second floor. Another problem solved by the combination of materials is reducing the labor intensity and cost of construction.
Anyone who does not want to spend extra money on exterior decoration is doing the right thing. The combination of stone and wood is optimal not only for structural reasons, but also from an aesthetic standpoint. Therefore, do not hide behind the finishing what looks perfect in itself.
An example is a mansion built in a deliberately rough combination of natural stone and logs. It fully complies with the canons of country style.
It originates from the harsh mountainous terrain, invented by Alpine shepherds. It also used the idea of combining durable stone and warm wood.
Life in the mountains requires maximum reliability and functionality. Therefore, the first level of the chalet is always built from durable rock that is not afraid of snow debris, rockfalls and water. The second floor is designed to create comfort and coziness. Can't find one for these purposes best material than natural wood.
The “ancestral sign” of all buildings built in the chalet style is wide roof overhangs that protect the walls from heavy rains and melting snowdrifts.
Modern combined houses made of stone and wood are extremely diverse, since the choice of wall materials is very wide. If you are not satisfied with torn stone or flat limestone “flagstone”, then build the first floor from. They are quite durable and at the same time as warm as natural wood.
When preparing for construction, do not forget that houses made of foam blocks and wood require a reliable connection between the first and second floors. Cellular concrete is a rather fragile material. Therefore, it will not hold the steel anchors securing the second level support beam.
A competent solution for such a structure is to pour a monolithic reinforced concrete belt over the foam block walls. It increases the spatial rigidity of the building and allows you to securely fix the anchor bolts.
The appearance of a foam block wall is not very expressive. Therefore, it is better to cover it with blockhouse or siding, laying a vapor barrier and a layer of mineral wool insulation behind the façade cladding.
For the combined construction of a cottage you can use. They are stronger than foam concrete, not as fragile and very warm. Finishing arbolite walls is not labor-intensive, since any decorative plaster adheres well to them.
The second floor can be built from planed timber. This material retains heat well in a residential floor and does not require finishing cladding.
If you need a three-level combined house made of brick and timber, then build it according to this scheme: ground technical floor - monolithic reinforced concrete, the first level is brick, the second is a frame or log house.
Talking about frame version walls of the second floor, note that it will not only save your money, but also allow you to flexibly change internal layout, adapting it to family needs.
You can hide the frame of the second floor behind the finishing. Another interesting option- specially highlight it, turning it into an element of facade decor. For this purpose, half-timbering is best suited - an ancient frame system in which posts, beams and cross braces face the facade.
A serious problem with all cottages is dampness on the ground floor. A combined house solves it simply and functionally. The lower floor is reserved for utility rooms. Here you can equip a boiler room, a bathhouse, a workshop and a garage. Bedrooms, bathrooms, dressing rooms, playrooms and a kitchen are located on the second, drier floor.
A combined house and a combined facade are not the same thing!
As we have already said, the combination of different wall materials is the main feature of a combined building. In contrast, the combined façade of a house can be used on any residential building.
For example, by building a cottage from insulated sandwich panels, you can easily “disguise” it as a stone one. For this you can use ceramic tiles, sandstone, porcelain stoneware or rustic plaster. If ordinary, rather than facing, brick is used for laying walls, then a “combi-facade” will also be appropriate.
The photo shows a house being built from brick and timber. Obviously, the unsightly brickwork will require additional finishing. It doesn’t have to be decorated like a stone. It is enough to fill the blockhouse along the guides and your house will be completely “wooden”. Another option is a combination of semicircular false logs on the first floor and laminated veneer lumber on the second.
Pros and cons of the combination idea
Having noted the main advantages of combined buildings: efficiency, planning flexibility, aesthetics and functionality, we will point out the disadvantages of such buildings.
The main one is different time“life” of stone and wood. In rocks it reaches 150 years. At best, the tree will last half a century. For light frames and panel walls this period will be even shorter. Therefore, a moment will inevitably come when the first stone floor is still quite strong and reliable, and the walls of the second floor already require repairs.
Since combined country houses in Russia are still quite young, there is no negative experience of different rates of aging of wall materials. Therefore, reviews from their owners are mostly positive.
To summarize, we advise everyone who has decided to build a combined cottage not to forget about different periods operation of the first and second floors. To extend the life of the walls, buy well-dried and antiseptic wood, and trust the assembly of the frame to experienced professionals, not hackers.
A wooden frame requires a properly assembled drainage system to prevent moisture from entering the wood. In addition, during the construction stage, constant quality control of the sealing of all cross sections of wooden posts and beams is required.
The active development of suburban housing construction has led to the emergence of new construction technologies and techniques, which are often combined in order to reduce construction time and reduce its cost. What kind of mixed-type houses are found most often now?
The use of mixed technologies in low-rise construction is possible in a variety of options: frame and brick, frame and aerated concrete, timber and brick, timber and frame, polystyrene foam or woodchip blocks, permanent formwork and brick... The main purpose of the combination is expediency. Structures are being erected that can ensure minimal construction costs, high rates of work and maximum opportunity for energy saving during subsequent operation.
Nowadays, in low-rise housing construction, only one building material, be it brick or wood, is increasingly used. Modern technologies allow you to create walls due to the multilayer nature of the enclosing structures standard thickness(40 centimeters), according to their own thermal insulation properties not inferior, for example, to bricks with a thickness of more than 1 m. At the same time, there are significant savings on materials, construction time (and, consequently, on workers’ compensation), and subsequently on operating costs.
Most often, the walls of houses are combined, using two or more types of building materials with clearly demarcated functional tasks for each of them: load-bearing structures, insulation - and external finishing designed to protect the building from negative impact environment.
Wood and concrete
If you use solid concrete blocks, then the structure will, of course, be very durable, but have low heat and sound insulation properties. To eliminate this drawback, hollow blocks are used for laying walls, which are subsequently filled with insulation. Recently, they began to produce blocks with a textured outer surface (most often under a natural stone), which are used for the construction of basement floors.
Advice
One of the new and quite promising is the frame-timber construction technology, which combines the advantages of a frame structure and native Russian logs. wooden house. The role of load-bearing elements here is performed by the frame and timber.
Alexey Markin, commercial director of ScandiDom company
The specialists of the TKDom Gatchina company have extensive construction experience combined houses, and in their practice there are often options for combining wood and reinforced concrete. For example, the customer for the construction of a three-story cottage in Toksovo wished to have ground floor made of reinforced concrete, and the top of the building is made of wood. In the basement there is a garage and technical premises. When building another house on a difficult soil topography with a height difference of about 4 meters, a high base made of reinforced concrete was also used - another option for combining a wooden frame and iron piles. Technologies for using wood-metal-concrete ligaments are very often used in world practice in the construction of engineering structures. Metal or concrete bases allow you to protect wooden elements from soil moisture, while they themselves wooden beams act as load-bearing structures. These are the so-called construction methods protection of wooden structures from damage due to atmospheric influences.
Brick and wood
The use of well masonry in the construction of brick houses with the laying of insulation into the resulting cavities or pouring foam concrete allows you to save on expensive building materials, almost halve the thickness of the wall and significantly reduce the load on the foundation.
Brick is used not only to create load-bearing structures, but is also actively used in various systems for external insulation of facades. For example, a house made of timber, lined with brick, is beautiful, warm and durable. At the same time, it looks no different from a brick building, but costs much less. This combination is used both in new construction and in the reconstruction of buildings, which makes it possible to use the positive characteristics of both brick and wood.
It should be remembered that in combined structures it is necessary to pay attention to the compatibility of the materials used. Wood is quite moisture-absorbing and susceptible to rotting, so a tight fit brickwork to a wooden frame is unacceptable. In this case, condensation will settle on the surface of the wood due to daily temperature changes, which will lead to the inevitable appearance of mold and destruction of both the wood itself and cement mortar, holding the masonry together. Therefore, an air gap between the brickwork and the wood is necessary here. Ventilation holes are left at the bottom of the brickwork for natural circulation air.
Beam and frame
When building from thin laminated veneer lumber, the thickness of which can be 70mm, the inside of the house is insulated with a special material and covered with a wide edged board 18mm thick, having the configuration of a beam. As a result, both outside and inside, such a house looks like a classic structure made of timber. But the technology used for combining materials allows it to be much warmer than its counterparts made of timber or round logs at lower costs for the original building materials. It breathes, but retains heat, is economical and environmentally friendly. This combination option makes it possible to build a house that has all the advantages natural wood, but without its shortcomings.
Wood is undoubtedly one of the best building materials. Combining timber and frame with insulation allows you to get a completely individual version of a wooden house with low thermal conductivity, which is no different in appearance from a house made of full-size timber.
– The good thing about timber-frame technology is that in the end we get no frame house(many still do not perceive them as permanent buildings) and not timber - made of expensive solid logs, says Alexey Markin, commercial director of the ScandiDom company. – The load-bearing walls of such a house are made of timber with a cross-section of 92×135 mm, inside of which the frame is installed. In terms of construction speed this is not prefabricated houses, consisting of individual elements. If you take standard project, without changing anything in it, then in 4 months the house will be ready turnkey. And the installation of the thermal circuit (construction of the timber frame, insulation, windows, doors and roofing) will take only 1.5 - 2 months.
Only the box itself is assembled quickly enough from timber (pre-dried), and the frame is attached to it using sliding fasteners. With this construction technology, the timber does not even need to be given time to shrink. The corner plate is firmly attached to the frame, and on the side where it adjoins the beam, it has a longitudinal vertical groove - a sliding fastener is obtained, which allows the beam to naturally shrink without affecting the frame structure.
Interior partitions in such a house are usually made from a frame filled with insulation. ScandiDom specialists use Parok insulation. It is convenient because the width of the sheet is 600mm, and the frame racks inside the building go in increments of 600mm, plus the width of the board itself is approximately 150mm - accordingly, the insulation is placed very tightly in these spaces. What is necessary not only to ensure that the insulation does not settle, but also to avoid the formation of cold bridges, which could theoretically cause condensation to form: a humid environment is favorable for the formation of fungus, which can cause significant harm wooden structure.
Three reasons for the rising cost of the project
Most often, houses are built on monolithic slab. Although it is more expensive, it is more reliable. In addition, most clients order underfloor heating with additional insulation. It’s easier to do all this so as not to create too much complex structures according to the structure of the floors, on a monolithic slab, the thickness of which can be 170-200mm.
Houses built using timber-frame technology are used for both seasonal and permanent residence– it can be small garden house, and a comfortable spacious cottage. They are very attractive from an aesthetic point of view, comfortable to live in and economical to operate.
To navigate the price range, you need to take into account three components: the project for connecting utilities, terrain and geology.
Advice
Assembling a log house from logs natural humidity allows to significantly reduce the cost of construction. You should not be afraid to use “raw” logs - although the structure in this case will be subject to shrinkage, the walls are not deformed, since the assembly of small-diameter log houses is carried out in full accordance with the assembly technology of conventional log houses, the walls are fastened together with dowels (in a checkerboard pattern), which fix them. In particularly critical places (corner structures or sections of walls that have weak stability due to the lack of crosscuts) tie pins are placed.
Eduard Lezhnev,
General Director of ASK Terem
“As a rule, before starting construction, we recommend that clients order geological surveys and topography of the site in order to determine the vertical markings and find out the volume of excavation work,” explains Alexey Viktorovich.
– And geological surveys will help you choose the optimal foundation for the soil and find out whether it needs to be strengthened. Well, the engineering component of construction is one of the most expensive in terms of costs. Therefore, taking into account all these factors, costs may vary. The maximum construction price is 1100 euros per 1 m2, and on average it is 800 - 850 euros per 1 m2. In principle, these are economy class houses.
Houses made of small diameter logs
The technology of building houses from logs of small diameters (100 - 120 mm) - “log house within a log house” – is very interesting. The walls are assembled double, the distance between the axes of the inner and external structure is 200mm. During installation, insulation – Ecowool – is placed in the space between the walls.
This technology allows you to build quickly and does not require the use of additional lifting mechanisms and heavy equipment. After all, the largest log weighs no more than 70 kg (provided that wood with natural moisture is used), and a dry log is even lighter.
The advantages of combined construction from logs are that the multilayer nature of the wall allows all communications to be laid in the internal cavity of the enclosing structures. If we compare a standard log house made of solid wood with a diameter of 240 mm and a double log house made of thin logs, then the first one will require more timber, in addition, it will cost more than blanks for making logs of small diameters.
Externally, a combined house looks very attractive - no worse than one chopped from a full-length log, but costs less.
It is environmentally friendly, and due to additional insulation it will require much lower costs for subsequent operation than ordinary house from solid wood.
If you have a complete package of technical documentation, even the developer himself can assemble a log house from small-diameter logs.
The choice is yours
At combined construction the most possible different variants combinations of materials. Very often they combine stone (brick, reinforced concrete) and wood.
The ground floor is made of stone, and on top of it is placed wooden structure(timber, frame). It is beautiful and functional, and due to the fact that the wood is much lighter, the load on the foundation is reduced.
It is difficult to give universal advice on which combination of materials is most effective in terms of optimizing financial costs, aesthetic appeal and energy saving.
Only if you have a project can you make the necessary calculations and make comparisons.
In any case, the final choice is up to the customer, because everything depends on his financial capabilities, tastes and preferences.
Text: Marina Ivanova
Consultants:
"ScandiDom"
ASK "Terem"
"TKDom Gatchina"
1 - two-story apartments; 2 - one-story apartments
First group mixed houses represents various combinations of semi-detached two-story apartments with the usual gallery building of the house; semi-detached two-storey apartments are sometimes placed on the upper floors to reduce the height of the stairs ().
Arch project Institute of Architecture and Urban Planning. New York, Marcus Gorvey Park: 1 - two-story apartments; 2 - one-story apartments in two-apartment sections; 3 - option
It is also possible to combine apartments with independent separate entrances and entrances from the staircase. We will only point out the simplest form of such a combination, where floors with a corridor arrangement are placed on interlocking back-to-back two-story apartments of one-way orientation with entrances from the site.
1 - corridor floor; 2 - two-story apartments with entrance from the street
The possibilities for combining apartments in elevator-free buildings vertically and horizontally are almost inexhaustible; you just need to observe the uniform placement of frame elements, risers and ventilation shafts vertically. Solving stairs requires special conditions. Whether they are built-in or exterior, a thorough understanding of building codes is necessary, not only to comply with them, but also because the content of the code may lead the designer to make idiosyncratic staircase and gallery solutions or unusual apartment placements to meet evacuation requirements.
Elevator-free buildings with mixed types of apartments are attracting the attention of designers due to their truly three-dimensional structure. Designing not only in the horizontal plane, but also vertically opens up additional features in achieving originality in the architecture of buildings, which is often lacking in ordinary low-rise buildings.
The possibility of changing the solution of windows on different floors, which is completely justified due to the fact that the apartments themselves on these floors are different, makes this type of house even more attractive for designers, since it is possible to architectural solutions, hardly achievable using “pure” types of houses.
Accommodation various apartments one above the other is quite applicable for the formation of stepped structures in terraced houses, for organizing protruding parts of buildings or other kinds of volumetric complication.
Among the completed housing construction work: different types a significant place is occupied by combined houses, projects using a combination of building materials with different characteristics, for example, a house made of stone and wood. Why are such structures so popular?
Advantages of combined type projects
The correct combination of various building materials used in the construction of building structures allows you to optimally combine the advantages of each of them, minimizing their disadvantages.
For example, a stone is immune to any external influences, including fire. But it is too heavy and large, and a structure built entirely from stone will not support any foundation and in some cases it will require reinforcement. But using wood to construct the upper part of the building will not only reduce its specific weight, but also provide excellent appearance. In addition, wood will significantly reduce the cost of construction.
Thus, the design and construction of turnkey combined houses is one of the priorities of the Krovmarket company.
Projects of combined houses in the Chalet style
Among the house-building projects that combine various building materials, there are the following:
The architects of the Krovmarket company have developed various design solutions, among which are housing combining brick and wood or stone and wood, that is, you can already look finished projects combined houses. By using any of the proposals, you can reduce the cost of building combined houses without losing the quality and aesthetic properties of the structure.
If a potential homeowner has his own idea of what a future home should look like, Krovmarket architects will create an individual project for a combined house. Any construction solutions developed by highly qualified specialists and using combinations of different building materials, be it small cozy houses or huge mansions, they are distinguished by functionality and special charm.
If, while studying the project catalog, you have questions, our specialists will be happy to answer them and give all the necessary advice on construction and making possible changes to standard projects.
Construction of combined houses
The construction and design of combined houses is one of the company's priorities. Working with us, you will get the maximum useful information, tips and recommendations that will help you understand many things and make the right decision for yourself.
Availability of our own production base;
We work without intermediaries! Own production site in the north of the Kirov region (logging, production of lumber and wooden house kits from logs and timber) - a guarantee of fair prices and prompt solutions to all production issues;
Specialized design bureau
At the request of the customer, we will make any redevelopment and changes to the basic projects or develop an individual one. Our project will take into account all the wishes for the construction of an individual combined house, using modern and efficient construction and finishing materials. Drawings and realistic pictures will be created that will allow you to see your future cottage as it will turn out after construction is completed;
Big choice finished projects
The projects of combined houses are developed taking into account the requirements and norms of the current legislation of the Russian Federation on low-rise construction and guarantee the absence of problems when obtaining a construction permit and commissioning. All processes and material consumption have been optimized, which will allow you not to overpay, and builders to complete all stages efficiently and in a short time construction work;
Fully equipped house
We offer various configurations of combined houses. Construction can be divided into stages for the convenience of planning financial costs and the possibility of building a turnkey cottage by one organization. As a result, you will receive a house completely ready to move in;
Construction in many regions of the country
We carry out the construction of combined houses throughout almost the entire territory of the central (European) part of Russia: Moscow, Leningrad, Tver, Ryazan, Vladimir, Novgorod, Pskov, Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk and other regions;
Transaction security
We guarantee the security of the transaction: The customer pays payments under the contract, step by step, for the delivery of building materials and the completion of the next stage of work, monitoring each stage of construction;
Moderate construction prices
We do not build the cheapest combined houses in Russia, we build them honestly! Transparent estimate: The customer always sees what the price for the cottage is formed from, which is indicated in several options to be able to choose the optimal one economic solution;
No hidden fees
We fix the price and cost of construction in the contract, and it remains unchanged, even if the contract was concluded several months before the start of work. All unexpected expenses are at our expense!
Experienced builders
Only experienced and permanent construction teams. Each stage of work is carried out by highly specialized teams. Technical and design (author's) supervision of each stage of construction;
Extensive work experience
Combined houses have a number of fundamental differences from completely wooden or stone buildings. We know everything possible problems at all stages: design, construction, finishing, commissioning, and we do not allow their occurrence. We have already built a large number of combined houses and we are always ready to show you our existing facilities or cottages that we have already built.
On modern market A sufficient number of secondary housing built in 1950 and earlier are sold. Such residential premises, as a rule, have mixed floors, which greatly complicates the renovation of such apartments or their redevelopment. After all, this requires permission from special authorities. Therefore, the sale of these apartments may have pitfalls, and there is a possibility of deception on the part of the seller. In order not to become a victim of deception when purchasing such a home, we will examine something in more detail about the load-bearing capacity, characteristics of mixed floors and the features of repair or redevelopment in this article.
Renovation of a residential premises of an old building
In buildings that were built before 1950, that is, the old foundation, there is a wooden or mixed type of floors, which is quite difficult to restore or repair. Mixed slabs are essentially a timber frame that wraps around metal studs. The whole problem lies in the small load-bearing capacity of mixed floors.
It is reliably impossible to predict the static load that they could withstand. But with a high degree of probability we can say that they are not able to withstand the static load from the new concrete screed, cast iron bath or partitions made of foam blocks. But this is the case if the building has not undergone major repairs.
Another one distinctive feature buildings with mixed floors- These are “unloading partitions”. That is, walls that support the ceilings. Consequently, repairs of mixed floors in such premises are carried out only with the permission of the BTI, and for this you will need to obtain a new technical passport with drawings of the residential premises, according to the work performed. Obtaining such permission costs a lot of effort, financial costs and free time.
Stalin-type houses, or “Stalinka”
Mixed floors in Stalinist houses may differ in type, depending on the construction of the residential building. The popular name “Stalinka” refers to apartments built from the thirties to the seventies of the twentieth century. The beginning of the construction of “Stalinist” type houses was due to the rapid pace of construction to meet the needs of workers, so the floors were made of wood. By the end of the era of “Stalinist” type houses, the floors were made of reinforced concrete.
“Stalin’s houses” or “Stalin” houses are characterized by the presence of very high ceilings, which visually expands the already large living space and a small number of load-bearing partitions. The conditions are almost ideal for the flight of design ideas; redevelopment in a “Stalin” style can take a long time and lead to the most unusual results. According to the designers, mixed ceilings in “Stalin” can be removed without thinking about further consequences. Therefore, when buying a house from an old stock on credit, for cash or with a mortgage, read the technical documentation of this apartment in advance and make sure that there are no redevelopments. If it has been carried out, then it is necessary to ensure that there is permission from the relevant authorities for this redevelopment. In the case of redevelopment in a “Stalin” building, the owner is obliged to provide you with its design and a technical report from specialists.
Panel type houses
The most common type apartment buildings Currently there are panel houses. There are quite a lot of series and types of panel houses, but the main feature is the installation of a plumbing block, which has a mass of 3500 kilograms.
Ignorance of the design of such a living space and unapproved redevelopment or repairs can lead to serious injuries. In addition, different developers could at one time use different technologies for constructing houses of the same type. Also, large differences are allowed when installing roofs and basements - walls with passage openings or columns, so the repair or redevelopment of higher and lower floors must be approached with increased caution and a sense of responsibility.
Competent specialists will never issue a permit for repairs (openings) in a load-bearing wall if basement columns are the support. Also, developers could save on building materials, therefore, similar cases often occur: up to the 12th floor, load-bearing walls are 18 centimeters thick, above - 14 centimeters. Among other things, many panel houses have load-bearing walls with ducts for ventilation. Therefore, repairs of mixed floors and redevelopment of walls (creation of an opening) with this type of wall are prohibited. On technical documentation panel house You should pay close attention before purchasing such a home or applying for a mortgage.
Monolithic type houses
How are monolithic houses constructed, and what is it? In monolithic buildings there are practically no load-bearing walls, so redevelopment and repair of mixed floors in such a building can be carried out without fear for the load-bearing capacity of the house. Although such houses with mixed floors are quite rare. Distinctive feature of such residential premises – practically complete absence any interior partitions, therefore, you can do the design of the apartment and the layout of the rooms yourself from the moment the living space is handed over.
A house with mixed floors or solid floors, whether it was bought with cash or with a mortgage, for the most part does not matter. After all, the main thing is a sense of one’s own corner. Therefore, before purchasing your own home in apartment building Once again, clarify how this residential building is arranged.
And before the overhaul or redevelopment, show responsibility and fill out all the necessary applications in order to receive the developed project and the necessary technical documentation. In addition, having such documents in hand, you can later easily sell this living space without any questions asked.
