Any room can benefit from insulation, despite temperature regime. IN winter cold the room will become warmer, while the heat will be much easier to bear. Insulation can create a comfortable climate for living and working.

Modern manufacturers are trying to produce a variety of materials, each of which is designed to perform basic and additional tasks. In the store you can find thermal insulation presented in bundles, granules, etc. In addition, you can prefer insulation in the form of mats, cylinders and blocks.

First of all, you need to pay attention not to the form, but to the content and quality characteristics. the types and properties of which will be described below must be selected based, first of all, on the qualities of thermal conductivity. This characteristic indicates how much heat will pass through a given material.

There are two types of thermal insulation, the first of which has reflective characteristics, while the second has preventive properties. The first materials are able to reduce heat loss by reducing infrared radiation. As for the preventive variety, it is used most often. It involves the use of materials with insignificant thermal conductivity qualities. Three types play this role, among them inorganic, mixed and organic.

Types of insulation

Thermal insulation materials, the types and properties of which will be described in the article, are widely represented on modern market. For their production, raw materials are used that are of natural origin, namely waste from woodworking and agricultural production. Among other things, organic insulation materials contain some types of cement and plastic.

The resulting material is characterized by excellent fire resistance, is not affected by moisture, and does not react to biologically active substances. Insulation is used where the surface does not heat up more than 150 degrees Celsius. Organic ones are used as the inner layer of multilayer structures. Here you can highlight the plastered facades. Below are some types of organic insulation materials.

Properties of wood concrete

When considering the thermal insulation properties of materials, you will probably pay attention to wood concrete, which is quite new in its field. It is made from shavings, reeds, straw and finely chopped sawdust. Ingredients include chemical additives and cement.

Main characteristics

Density varies from 40 to 80 kilograms per cubic meter. If you reach the figure of 50 kilograms per cubic meter, then the material will demonstrate the quality of moisture resistance. The thermal conductivity coefficient reaches a maximum of 0.028 watts per meter per Kelvin. This value can be called the best among those possessed by modern insulating materials.

Characteristics of penoizol

Considering the main thermal insulation materials, described in the article, penoizol can be distinguished. During production, glycerin is added to eliminate brittle qualities. On sale penoizol is found in the form of blocks or crumbs. The manufacturer also produces this insulation in liquid form, and the thermal insulation is poured into special cavities. When exposed room temperature the structure begins to harden.

Qualitative characteristics

The density does not exceed twenty kilograms per cubic meter. When compared with the indicators characteristic of cork, this figure is ten times less. The thermal conductivity coefficient does not exceed 0.03 watts per meter per Kelvin. The combustion temperature is 300 degrees. At lower temperatures, the material does not burn, but chars. As a minus in in this case one can highlight defenselessness against aggressive chemicals. Among other things, the disadvantage is expressed in strong absorption of moisture.

Features of expanded polystyrene

If you are considering thermal insulation materials, types and properties, the table of which is presented at the beginning of the article, then you should pay attention Special attention to the polystyrene foam that is widespread today. 98% of it consists of air bubbles. The composition contains polystyrene and a small amount of modifiers.

The thermal conductivity coefficient is maximum 0.042 watts per meter per Kelvin. The material has high waterproofing qualities and is resistant to corrosion. No change on it quality characteristics may be affected by reagents and microflora. Most consumers choose expanded polystyrene due to its low flammability, so the material extinguishes on its own. If it lights up, the release of thermal energy occurs 7 times less intensely compared to wood.

Usage

Expanded polystyrene is used for insulation different surfaces and designs. It can be laid under the screed without fear of damage or pushing through. Thus, to arrange the floor, it is necessary to lay insulation with bandaging of the seams, then lay a reinforcing mesh onto which the concrete screed is poured. The floor is very durable and insulated. It is important to prevent the formation of joining seams, which can cause cold penetration.

Features of fiberboard

Considering thermal insulation materials (types and properties, the table is presented in the article), you can purchase fiberboard. It is made from wood shavings, which are called magnesium component or cement. The material is produced in the form of slabs, is not afraid of biological and chemical aggressive influences, and is also well able to protect against noise.

Using fiberboard

This insulation can be used in rooms that are operated at high humidity. This applies, for example, to swimming pools. The material can be used as permanent formwork, which performs the function of insulation during operation. Fiberboard is indispensable in the construction of residential premises, basements and attics. Quite often it is used to form partitions and floors in monolithic and timber frame buildings.

Using ecowool

If you choose thermal insulation materials (types and properties, table - all this is considered), then ecowool is also great solution. It provides a high level of sound insulation and heat resistance. However, it must be taken into account that in this case there is a need for additional waterproofing, since the fabrics are capable of absorbing moisture. This parameter varies from 9 to 15%, which is quite impressive for insulation.

Conclusion

Thermal insulation materials (types and properties, table - all necessary information presented above) have different technical characteristics, but the choice should be made only after you have studied their properties.

Publications: 77

29.09.2014

The best heat insulating material of all existing

There are different types of thermal insulation materials. But some are not as strong and durable as we would like, others let water through or are flammable, and with others there is something else wrong. But there is one modern heat insulator that is simply impossible for others to compete with. Moreover, this material is so unique that it cannot be unambiguously attributed to any group building materials. This is foam glass.

Photo 1. Foam glass granules

Foam glass is a porous material consisting of many non-communicating glass cells. It is obtained by foaming ground glass cullet into gas ovens, after which the mass cools sharply, forming a rigid structure. Industrial glass waste is used as raw material. Due to its composition and structure, foam glass combines a unique range of properties.

The first buildings using foam glass as a thermal insulation material were built in the middle of the 20th century in Canada, and since then their number has been rapidly increasing. After all, technical characteristics and wide range The use of foam glass has made a real revolution in the field of building materials!

Advantages of foam glass over other heat insulators:

• Low thermal conductivity. A large number of cells separated by thin glass partitions makes the thermal conductivity of this material almost zero.
• A 10 cm thick foam glass wall has thermal insulation properties comparable to a 1 m brick wall!
• Water and vapor tightness. The cells of the material are waterproof. Moisture can accumulate only in destroyed cells on the surface layers. Foam glass is the best material for waterproofing. It is ideal for pool enclosing structures and pipeline insulation. The technology of using granules in the thermal insulation layer allows moisture to be removed naturally.
• Fire resistance. Foam glass does not burn, does not emit gases and vapors when heated, and therefore is successfully used for enclosing structures in areas of high fire hazard. The glass application temperature can range from -200 to +6000 C.
• Strength. Thanks to the same cellular structure, foam glass has high strength at low density. This allows the material to be used in the construction of attics without reinforcing building structures or as an additional front decorative surface to protect against moisture. What can I say, in terms of strength it is not inferior to concrete.
• Chemical and biological resistance with absolute environmental friendliness. Foam glass is an inorganic material that is not exposed to the environment and active substances. Its basis is glass, which does not emit any harmful compounds and complies with all sanitary and environmental standards. Therefore, when planning, for example, winter garden or a lawn on the roof, foam glass will act as the best roofing material.
• Durability. The combination of the above determines a long service life, while the properties of the material do not deteriorate over time.
• Ease of processing and installation. It is very easy to process with any carpentry tool and glued with any construction mixture or glue. Adhesion occurs not only due to adhesion, but also due to the fact that the surface of the foam glass is very textured, which provides good mechanical adhesion with the help of a hardening composition.

Photo 2. Foam glass is easy to process

Foam glass is universal; it can be used as a structural material, as insulation or decorative cladding. That is, in frameless low-rise construction foam glass can completely replace the “pie” of the wall. When used in multi-storey construction Due to its versatility and low weight, the building structure is simplified and the load on the foundation and frame is reduced.

Photo 3. Laying foam glass slabs

Further development of technology can solve such development problems as increasing energy and heat efficiency, as well as the service life of housing while reducing construction time, labor costs and the cost of work in general.

Foam glass is manufactured in the form of:

• Blocks and slabs different sizes, density and decor;
• Crushed stone (large uneven fractions);
• Granules, which can be used in bulk form, can be included in block products, slabs, drainage, and concrete products. Thermal insulation in the form of granules is especially suitable for structures with complex geometric shapes;
• Various molded products, for example, couplings of a given diameter for insulating pipelines and heating mains.

In our country, the use of foam glass in construction has not yet been developed. Existing enterprises, of which there are few, operate mainly on old technology, in which the production process is accompanied by the release of hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the resulting material can only be used as a layer - for example, insulation - since it must be insulated from the internal surfaces of the premises. And despite the fact that conventional insulation is inferior in quality to even such foam glass by several times, it is more profitable for construction companies not to change their preferences, choosing savings and income instead of high performance characteristics.

How to choose the thermal insulation material you need? To do this, you need to understand how thermal insulation works, and to do this, let’s dive a little into science.

Thermal insulation materials. Introduction

Thermal insulation materials- these are building materials and products that have low thermal conductivity and are intended for:

• Thermal protection of buildings;
• For technical insulation (for insulation of various engineering systems, for example pipes);
• Heat protection (thermal insulation of refrigeration chambers).

There are three types of heat transfer:

Thermal conduction, convection and radiation.

Three types of heat transfer

Thermal conductivity - This is the transfer of heat due to the movement of molecules. Thermal insulating materials slow down the movement of molecules. But it is absolutely impossible to stop this movement. The best thermal conductivity coefficient is the thermal conductivity of dry air (stationary) is 0.023 W/(m*C), in other words, molecules move slowest in dry air. Therefore, in the production of building materials, the basic principle is used - retaining air in the pores or cells of the material. And therefore, the lower the thermal conductivity coefficient, the better thermal insulation. So, as a rule, thermal insulation materials are properly packed air .

This is what thermal insulation materials look like when magnified:

Styrofoam

Basalt wool

Foam glass

As can be seen in the photographs, the material itself (cell walls or fibers) takes up a minimum of space; their main task is to “retain” air.

Materials that have a very low thermal conductivity coefficient are called thermal insulators. If thermal insulation is used to retain heat inside an insulated object, such materials may be called insulation. But now no one distinguishes between these two concepts. Thermal insulation is called insulation and vice versa.

And there is also reflective insulation, which retains heat by reflecting infrared “thermal” radiation. I’ll tell you about it separately, after reviewing the main materials.

Main characteristics of thermal insulation materials

The main characteristic is thermal conductivity.

Thermal conductivity coefficient λ- characterizes the thermal conductivity of the material, it is equal to the amount of heat passing through a material with a thickness of 1 m and an area of ​​1 m2 per hour when the temperature difference on two opposite surfaces is 10 ° C. It is measured in W/(m*K) or W/(m*S). Thermal conductivity depends on the humidity of the material (water conducts heat 25 times better than air, that is, the material will not perform its heat-insulating function if it is wet) and its temperature, the chemical composition of the material, structure, porosity.

Porosity- the proportion of pore volume in the total volume of the material. For thermal insulation, porosity starts from 50% and up to 90...98% (for example, for cellular plastics). It determines the basic properties of thermal insulation: density, thermal conductivity, strength, gas permeability, etc. The uniform distribution of air pores in the material and the nature of the pores are important. Pores are open, closed, large, small.

In addition, other characteristics are also important:

Density- ratio of the mass of the material to the volume it occupies, kg/m3.

Vapor permeability - a value numerically equal to the amount of water vapor in milligrams that passes in 1 hour through a layer of material with an area of ​​1 sq. m and a thickness of 1 m, provided that the air temperature on opposite sides of the layer is the same and the difference in the partial pressure of water vapor is 1 Pa.

Humidity- moisture content in the material. A very important characteristic is sorption humidity (equilibrium hygroscopic humidity of the material, at different temperatures and relative air humidity).

Water absorption- this is the ability of a material to absorb and retain moisture in its pores in direct contact with water. Determined by the amount of water absorbed by the material from normal humidity when it is in water, to a mass of dry material.

Hydrophobization helps to significantly reduce the water absorption of mineral wool (special additives are introduced that repel moisture)

Biostability- the ability of the material to resist the action of microorganisms, fungi and some types of insects. Microorganisms live where there is moisture, so to increase biostability, thermal insulation must be waterproof.

Fire resistance- the ability of structures to withstand high temperatures without destruction for a certain time. More details about this in the document POZHEZHNA SAFETY OF OBJECTS OF BUDIVNITSTVA DBN V.1.1.7-2002.

Strength- compressive strength ranges from 0.2 to 2.5 MPa. If the compressive strength is above 5 MPa, then the materials are called thermal insulation and structural and are used for load-bearing enclosing structures.

Bending strength(indicator for slabs, shells, segments) and tensile strength (for mats, felt, etc.) are needed to determine whether the strength is sufficient to preserve the material during transportation, storage, and installation.

Temperature resistance- this is the temperature above which the material changes its structure, loses mechanical strength and collapses, and organic materials can catch fire.

Heat capacity is the amount of heat accumulated by the thermal insulation, kJ/(kg°C). An important characteristic in conditions of frequent heat changes.

Frost resistance - the ability to withstand repeated temperature changes from the freezing stage to the thawing stage alternately, without visible signs of structural damage.

Types of thermal insulation materials can be divided into several groups.

Inorganic materials and products (fibrous thermal insulation materials)

Mineral wool

Any fibrous insulation obtained from mineral raw materials (marls, dolomites, basalts, etc.) Mineral wool is highly porous (up to 95% of the volume is occupied by air voids), so it has high thermal insulation properties. This diagram will help you understand the names of materials:

The fiber, which is obtained from the melt, is bonded into a product using a binder (most often phenol-formaldehyde resin). There are products called stitched mats - in them the material is sewn into fiberglass and stitched with threads.

Table 1. Types of thermal insulation products and their characteristics

Mineral wool occupies one of the first places among thermal insulation, this is due to the availability of raw materials for its production, simple production technology, and, as a result, an affordable price. Its thermal conductivity is discussed above, I will note the following: dignity:

• Does not burn;
• It is slightly hygroscopic (if moisture gets in, it immediately releases it, the main thing is to ensure ventilation);
• Reduces noise;
• Frost-resistant;
• Stability of physical and chemical characteristics;
• Long service life.

Flaws:

• When exposed to moisture, it loses its insulating properties.
• Requires a vapor barrier and waterproofing film during installation.
• Inferior in strength (for example, foam glass).

Basalt wool mats and slabs

High thermal insulation properties;

Withstands high temperatures without losing heat-insulating properties;

Basalt wool

Table 2. Application of basalt wool and pricing

The basis was taken on average prices for cotton wool produced in Europe.

Glass wool

It is made from fiber, which is obtained from the same raw materials as glass (quartz sand, lime, soda).

Glass wool

Available in the form roll materials, plates and shells (for pipe insulation). In general, its advantages are the same (see. mineral wool). It is stronger than basalt wool and dampens noise better.

The disadvantage is the temperature resistance of glass wool is 450°C, lower than that of basalt (we are talking about the wool itself, without a binder). This characteristic is important for technical insulation.

Table 3. Characteristics of glass wool and its pricing

The basis was taken on average prices for glass wool produced in Europe.

Foam glass (cellular glass)

It is produced by sintering glass powder with gas-forming agents (for example, limestone). The porosity of the material is 80-95%. This determines the high thermal insulation properties of foam glass.

Foam glass

Advantages of foam glass:

• Very durable material;
• Waterproof;
• Incombustible;
• Frost-resistant;
• Easy to machine, you can even drive nails into it;
• Its service life is practically unlimited;
• Rodents don't like him
• It is biologically stable and chemically neutral.

Vapor resistance of foam glass- since it does not “breathe”, this must be taken into account when arranging ventilation. Also its “minus” is the price, it is expensive. Therefore, it is mainly used in industrial facilities for flat roofs(where strength is needed and where the monetary costs of such thermal insulation are justified). Produced in the form of blocks and slabs.

Table 4. Characteristics of foam glass

In addition to the materials listed, there are also whole line materials that also belong to this group of inorganic heat-insulating materials.

Thermal insulating concrete There are: gas-filled (foam concrete, cellular concrete, aerated concrete) and based on light aggregates (expanded clay concrete, perlite concrete, polystyrene concrete and so on.).

Loose fill insulation(expanded clay, perlite, vermiculite). It has high water absorption, is not resistant to vibration, can shrink over time, which leads to the formation of voids, and requires high installation costs. It also has advantages, for example: expanded clay has high level frost resistance and strength. The cost of expanded clay is 350 UAH/m3.

Thermal insulation materials and products from various plant materials

Cellulose wool

Cellulose wool

Cellulose wool - this is a wood-fiber material with a fine-grained structure (for example, Ecowool). Composed of 80% wood fiber and 12% fire retardant ( boric acid) and 7% from antiseptic (borax). Material laying methods: wet and dry. At wet method the cotton wool is blown out, which requires special equipment. installations. Blow it out when wet. Its fibers contain a substance called pectin, which is sticky when moistened. Due to this, cotton wool forms a coating.

Dry method: You can use installation or just manual installation. Simply add cotton wool and compact it to the required density.

Table 5. Characteristics of cellulose wool and its pricing

Advantages:

• Low price;
• Solidity of the (solid) heat-insulating layer, and as a result there are no “cold bridges”;
• Safe during production and installation;
• Good thermal insulation ability;
• Applied using the “spraying” method, this allows you to insulate the deepest recesses and gaps, and it is possible to insulate uneven surfaces;
• Does not require vapor barrier (it absorbs moisture and releases it, without deteriorating the thermal insulation properties, and moisture does not fall on other parts of the structure).

Note: As for “does not need a vapor barrier,” this is not entirely true. This is what the manufacturer says, but in life everything depends on the design of the insulation. For example, in the wall frame house vapor barrier is required. So, it is better to ask questions about a specific design, and you will need to decide what layers are needed there.

Flaws:

• After all, this material is mainly made of wood, a flammable material;
• More labor-intensive to install;
• Low compressive strength (not suitable for floating floors).

Fiberboard (fibreboard) and particle board (chipboard)

Chipboard and fibreboard sheets

In their production, wood waste is mainly used, which is impregnated with synthetic resins or oils, after which they are thermally treated.

There are the following types of fiberboard: hard, semi-hard, super-hard, insulating, insulating-finishing and soft.

Soft and is used as thermal insulation. Used for cladding frame partitions, walls and ceilings of buildings, as lining material for parquet. They are used for temporary structures.

• Density - 250 kg/m3;
• Bending strength MPa - not less than 1.2;
• Water absorption in 2 hours,% - no more than 30;
• Thermal conductivity - W/m°C - no more than 0.07;
• Chipboards (chipboards);
• Density - 250 kg/m3;
• Bending strength MPa - not less than 5;
• Water absorption in 2 hours,% - no more than 80;
• Thermal conductivity - W/m°C - no more than 0.058;
• Prices are about 50 UAH per sq. m.

Advantages: the use of slabs speeds up and reduces the cost of construction. Cheap.

Flaws: They need to be protected from moisture and rodents, insects, and microorganisms. They are burning.

Cork insulation

Cork insulation

Made from the bark of the cork oak tree. Distinctive features- the material is environmentally friendly, lightweight, durable in compression and bending, and does not shrink or rot. The material is easy to cut (convenient to work with). Cork is chemically inert and durable (up to 50 years or more). There are: black (pure) and agglomerate (agglomerate - sintered granules) - made from cork granules held together by suberin (a natural resin, also part of cork). No synthetic substances or materials are used in the production of agglomerate.

White agglomerate agglomerate is made from crushed cork bark, which is pressed at high temperature. Organic glue, resins or gelatin can act as a binder here.

Materials made from cork do not burn, but only smolder (in the presence of an open flame source). Therefore, they are treated with compounds to make them non-flammable. When smoldering, cork does not release harmful substances.

Slabs with a thickness of 25-50 mm are mainly used as thermal insulation. Application temperature is not higher than 120°C.

Table 6. Characteristics of cork thermal insulation material

Price - black agglomerate thickness 30 mm - 140 UAH m2;

Price - white agglomerate thickness 30 mm - 70 UAH m2.

Polymer thermal insulation (Foam)

This is the name given to not just one material, but a whole family of thermal insulation. Briefly, I want to say that they are rigid, semi-rigid and elastic, and they are also divided into:

Thermoplastic, softening upon repeated heating:

• expanded polystyrene (PS);
• polyvinyl chloride foam (PVC).

Thermoplastic, hardening during the first heating cycle and not softening during repeated heating:

• polyurethane foams (PU);
• materials based on phenol-formaldehyde (FF);
• epoxy (E) and organosilicon (S) resins.

Polystyrene foams

Polystyrene foam

There are two production methods - pressless and pressed. Externally, they are practically no different. The structure of the material is small balls fastened together. Material produced by pressing is more common. It is designated as PS. Pressless is designated as PSB.

Advantages:

• Lasting;
• High thermal insulation properties;
• Low water absorption;
• Inexpensive;
• Convenient to use;
• It has virtually no lower temperature limit for use (therefore suitable for refrigerators).

Flaws:

• Still, moisture penetrates into the material; when frozen, the water destroys its structure;
• Combustible;
• Subject to destruction from the sun (turn yellow and disintegrate);
• Doesn't "breathe".

Polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is produced by the reaction of two liquid components (isocyanate and polyol), which results in the formation of microcapsules filled with air. If the ingredients (isocyanate and polyol) are mixed with air, a fine aerosol is formed, which is applied to the surface. This process is called polyurethane foam spraying.

Advantages:

• Ability to insulate uneven surfaces;
• No joints (solid insulation);
• Saves installation time;
• Wide range of application temperatures (from -250°C to +180°C);
• The material is biologically neutral, resistant to microorganisms, mold, rot;
• Highly elastic material.

Flaws:

• Flammable, releases toxic substances when burned;
• Requires special installation for blowing;
• Doesn't "breathe".

Extruded polystyrene foam

EPPS

It got its name from the method by which it is produced (extrusion). It has a strong, integral microstructure, which is a closed cell filled with gas (air). The cells are impenetrable because, unlike foam plastic, they do not have micropores, therefore, the penetration of gas and water from one cell to another is impossible.

Advantages:

• Stronger than foam;
• Lowest water absorption rate;
• Durability, does not deteriorate under the influence of the sun, precipitation;
• Low thermal conductivity;
• Inertness (does not react with most substances);
• Non-toxic.

Flaws:

• Combustible;
• Doesn't "breathe".

Table 7. Characteristics of extruded polystyrene foam of various thicknesses

Foam rubber

Table 8. Characteristics of foam rubber

Technical insulation based on rubber (elastomer), simpler than rubber. Produced in the form of tubes and sheets.

Foamed polyethylene

Foamed polyethylene

Technical insulation based on polyethylene. Also produced in the form of tubes and sheets. Basalt wool is also used as technical insulation.

Analysis of the main features of rubber, polyethylene and mineral wool

Table 9. Comparative table of characteristics of thermal insulation materials

Reflective Thermal Insulation

Reflective Thermal Insulation

Made from polyethylene foam and aluminum foil.

It is applied for:

• residential, industrial buildings;
• baths and saunas;
• refrigeration chambers;
• insulation technological equipment in industry;
• insulation of heating, water supply, ventilation and air conditioning system pipelines;
• for transport (cars, etc.);
• addition to the main insulation.

Table 10. Technical characteristics of reflective thermal insulation

Reflective effect of radiant energy, %
Operating temperature, ºС	-60..+100
Heat transfer resistance, m 2 ºС/W	1,2
Water absorption,%	0,6 - 3,5
Specific heat capacity, kJ/kg·ºС	1,95 - 2
Mass ratio of moisture in the material, %	2
Dynamic modulus of elasticity (under load 2-5 kPa), MPa	0,26 - 0,77
Relative compression (under load 2-5 kPa)	0,09 - 0,2
Thermal conductivity coefficient, W/m 2 ºС	0,037-0,039
Sound absorption, dB(A)	32
Ultimate compressive strength, MPa	0,035
Specific gravity, kg/m 3	44±10
Vapor permeability coefficient, mg/mchPa	0,0011
Heat absorption coefficient (with a period of 24 hours), W/m·ºС	0,44 - 0,48

Advantages:

• Excellent thermal insulation properties, due to the reflection of radiant energy, increases the thermal resistance of the structure, without increasing its volume.
• Excellent vapor barrier.
• Reduction of structural noise.
• Resistant to corrosion, UV radiation, oil and petrol resistant, not subject to rotting.
• The durability of the material is up to 100 years while maintaining its properties.
• Ease of installation.

Flaws:

• It only works if there is an air gap; correct installation is important.
• It insulates better in hot weather than in cold weather (therefore it is widespread in hot countries).
• The required thickness of insulation is not always available; adding the thickness of 2 layers is not economically efficient; it is more profitable to combine it with cotton wool.
• Cost 10-20 UAH m2.

conclusions

In this article I have listed the most popular materials today. There are many materials that are already outdated. New technologies and materials are constantly emerging. As you can see, there is a large selection, and this is no coincidence. There are no bad or good materials. Each material is good in its own way, and its choice depends on:

• availability of material;
• conditions under which installation will be carried out;
• prices (how much are you willing to spend on insulation);
• installation speed (how urgently you need the work done);
• Do you have a team that can carry out high-quality work, etc.

Attention: Prices are valid for Ukraine and for 2009.

It is better to start the construction of each facility with project planning and careful calculations thermal parameters. The table of thermal conductivity of building materials will provide accurate data. Proper construction of buildings contributes to optimal indoor climate parameters. And the table will help you choose the right raw materials to be used for construction.

Thermal conductivity of materials affects the thickness of walls

Thermal conductivity is a measure of the transfer of thermal energy from heated objects in a room to objects at a lower temperature. The heat exchange process is carried out until the temperature indicators are equalized. To indicate thermal energy, a special thermal conductivity coefficient of building materials is used. The table will help you see all the required values. The parameter indicates how much thermal energy is passed through a unit area per unit time. The larger this designation, the better the heat exchange will be. When constructing buildings, it is necessary to use a material with a minimum thermal conductivity value.

The thermal conductivity coefficient is a value that is equal to the amount of heat passing through a meter of material thickness per hour. The use of such a characteristic is mandatory to create better thermal insulation

. Thermal conductivity should be taken into account when selecting additional insulating structures.

What influences the thermal conductivity index?

• Thermal conductivity is determined by the following factors:
• porosity determines the heterogeneity of the structure. When heat is passed through such materials, the cooling process is insignificant;
• an increased density value affects close contact of particles, which contributes to faster heat transfer; high humidity

increases this indicator.

Using thermal conductivity values ​​in practice

The materials are presented in structural and thermal insulation varieties. The first type has high thermal conductivity. They are used for the construction of floors, fences and walls.

Using the table, the possibilities of their heat transfer are determined. In order for this indicator to be low enough for a normal indoor microclimate, walls made of some materials must be especially thick. To avoid this, it is recommended to use additional thermal insulating components.

Thermal conductivity indicators for finished buildings. Types of insulation When creating a project, you need to consider all ways of heat leakage. It can come out through walls and roofs, as well as through floors and doors. If you do the design calculations incorrectly, you will have to be content only with the thermal energy received from heating devices

. Buildings built from standard raw materials: stone, brick or concrete need to be additionally insulated. Additional thermal insulation is carried out in frame buildings. Wherein imparts rigidity to the structure, and insulating material is laid in the space between the posts. In buildings made of brick and cinder blocks, insulation is done from the outside of the structure.

When choosing insulation materials, you need to pay attention to factors such as humidity levels, the influence of elevated temperatures and the type of structure. Consider certain parameters of insulating structures:

• the thermal conductivity indicator affects the quality of the heat-insulating process;
• moisture absorption is of great importance when insulating external elements;
• thickness affects the reliability of insulation. Thin insulation helps preserve the usable area of ​​the room;
• Flammability is important. High-quality raw materials have the ability to self-extinguish;
• thermal stability reflects the ability to withstand temperature changes;
• environmental friendliness and safety;
• Sound insulation protects against noise.

The following types of insulation are used:

• mineral wool is fire resistant and environmentally friendly. Important characteristics include low thermal conductivity;

• polystyrene foam is a lightweight material with good insulation properties. It is easy to install and is moisture resistant. Recommended for use in non-residential buildings;
• basalt wool, unlike mineral wool, has better resistance to moisture;
• Penoplex is moisture resistant, elevated temperatures and fire. It has excellent thermal conductivity, is easy to install and durable;

• polyurethane foam is known for such qualities as non-flammability, good water-repellent properties and high fire resistance;
• Extruded polystyrene foam undergoes additional processing during production. Has a uniform structure;

• penofol is a multi-layer insulating layer. The composition contains foamed polyethylene. The surface of the plate is covered with foil to provide reflection.

Bulk types of raw materials can be used for thermal insulation. These are paper granules or perlite. They are resistant to moisture and fire. And from organic varieties you can consider wood fiber, flax or cork covering. When choosing, pay special attention to such indicators as environmental friendliness and fire safety.

Note! When designing thermal insulation, it is important to consider the installation of a waterproofing layer. This will avoid high humidity and increase resistance to heat transfer.

Table of thermal conductivity of building materials: features of indicators

The table of thermal conductivity of building materials contains indicators various types raw materials used in construction. Using this information, you can easily calculate the thickness of the walls and the amount of insulation.

How to use the table of thermal conductivity of materials and insulation?

The table of heat transfer resistance of materials presents the most popular materials. When choosing a specific thermal insulation option, it is important to consider not only physical properties, but also such characteristics as durability, price and ease of installation.

Did you know that the easiest way to install penoizol and polyurethane foam. They are distributed over the surface in the form of foam. Such materials easily fill the cavities of structures. When comparing solid and foam options, it should be emphasized that foam does not form joints.

Values ​​of heat transfer coefficients of materials in the table

When making calculations, you should know the heat transfer resistance coefficient. This value is the ratio of the temperatures on both sides to the amount heat flow. In order to find the thermal resistance of certain walls, a thermal conductivity table is used.

You can do all the calculations yourself. To do this, the thickness of the heat insulator layer is divided by the thermal conductivity coefficient. This value is often indicated on the packaging if it is insulation. Home materials are measured independently. This applies to thickness, and the coefficients can be found in special tables.

The resistance coefficient helps to select a specific type of thermal insulation and the thickness of the material layer. Information on vapor permeability and density can be found in the table.

At correct use tabular data you can choose quality material to create a favorable indoor microclimate.

Thermal conductivity of building materials (video)

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Have you decided to make your home energy efficient in order to spend less money on heating it, or simply insulate the walls to make living in it more comfortable, but you don’t know what material to choose? After all, you want it to be of high quality, not allow water to pass through, not make the structure too heavy, be vapor-permeable, not afraid of fungus and mold, and at the same time, preferably not too expensive, not have a negative impact on human life, and better yet, be natural. Thermal insulation materials presented on the modern market amaze with their diversity, among which it is not easy to choose right choice. In this article, we will determine what characteristics you should pay attention to, what advantages and disadvantages certain types of materials have and what they are made of.

First, let's find out why such materials are needed and what they are.

The main function of thermal insulation material is to prevent heat loss from the insulated room, for example, in the cold season, and heat penetration inside in the hot summer. Heat transfer is due to the movement of molecules, which cannot be stopped completely, but can be reduced. So, in still, dry air, molecules move slowest. It is this property that was taken as the basis for the production of heat-insulating materials, which are air packed different ways: in pores, cells, capsules.

Characteristics of thermal insulation materials

When choosing a particular insulating material, you should pay attention to several fundamental characteristics.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity(lambda - λ) is the main indicator for thermal insulation materials. It shows the amount of heat that passes through a material having a thickness of 1 m and an area of ​​1 m2 in one hour, provided that the temperature difference on opposite surfaces is 10 ° C. For example, the thermal conductivity coefficient of dry air is 0.023 W/(m*C). The value of thermal conductivity is influenced by other characteristics of the material: porosity, humidity, temperature, chemical composition and others.

Porosity- percentage of air pores in the total volume of the product. Can be 50% or more. In some cellular plastics it reaches 90 - 98%. Pores can be open, closed, small or large. Their uniform distribution within the material is very important.

Humidity- the amount of moisture contained in the material. This parameter affects thermal conductivity. Since water conducts heat very well, a material saturated with water - wet - will not perform its functions.

Water absorption- the ability of the material to absorb water in direct contact with it. Very important point for external insulation, which may be exposed to precipitation, for internal insulation in rooms with high humidity levels. If the material absorbs water, its properties will decrease.

Vapor permeability- the amount of water vapor passing through a material with a thickness of 1 m and an area of ​​1 m2 in 1 hour, provided that the temperature is the same on both sides of the material and the difference in the partial pressure of steam is 1 Pa. This parameter affects the need to install additional vapor barrier.

Density material affects its mass. Using it, you can calculate how heavy the structure will be if you use this or that material of a certain thickness.

Biostability determines whether the development of fungi, mold and other pathogenic flora on the surface or inside the structure of the material is possible.

Heat capacity material is important in regions with frequent temperature changes. It shows the amount of heat that the insulation can accumulate.

There are other characteristics: fire resistance, strength, frost resistance, bending strength and performance fire safety. When choosing a material, you should also pay attention to them, as well as to another indicator that is not directly related to a specific thermal insulation material:

U-factor- the ability of the structure to transmit heat. Whether walls, ceilings or floors, depending on the materials from which they are made, they can transmit heat in different amounts and at different rates. This coefficient is a combined value, the calculation of which includes all materials used in layers and the air gaps between them. The U-value of a particular building or structure will determine what thermal insulation material can be used and what thickness of this material is required.

Thermal insulation materials for walls

Today, the production of thermal insulation materials has been established, both from inorganic and organic raw materials. Let us consider them separately due to their different effects on the environment and humans, as well as the conditions of disposal.

Thermal insulation materials from inorganic raw materials

Mineral wool is perhaps the most common material at the moment. Produced from mineral raw materials: dolomites, basalts and other minerals. The fibers obtained as a result of melting minerals are held together with a binder, which is often phenol-formaldehyde resin. Ease of production determined low price for this material.

Advantages of mineral wool:

• Good thermal insulation properties.
• Practically does not absorb moisture.
• Frost-resistant.
• Can serve as additional sound insulation.
• Does not burn.
• Durable.
• Does not change its characteristics.
• Not subject to rotting.
• "Breathing."

Flaws:

• Not strong enough.
• Requires vapor barrier.
• Requires waterproofing.
• Phenol formaldehyde is a toxic substance.

Release form: loose wool, mats, cylinders, slabs with different densities (light, soft, semi-rigid, hard).

Stone wool made from diabase rock by melting and turning the liquid mass into fibers. This material consists of 99% air and only 1% rock. It is used for insulation of walls and other structures everywhere.

Advantages of stone wool:

• Provides sound insulation.
• Does not burn.
• Not subject to rotting.
• Prevents the spread of fire. Melts at a temperature of 1000 °C.

Flaws:

• Energy-intensive production process.
• Requires special disposal.

Foam glass (cellular glass) It is made from glass powder by sintering it with blowing agents. Air occupies 80 - 95% of the material.

Advantages of foam glass:

• Durable. You can drive nails.
• Water resistant.
• Frost-resistant.
• Does not burn.
• Not subject to rotting.
• Durable.

Flaws:

• Does not “breathe” (additional ventilation is required).
• Dear.

Volcanic rock. When heated, it increases several times, which is why the production process resembles the creation of popcorn. Used for thermal insulation since the middle of the last century.

Advantages of perlite:

• Environmentally friendly material.
• Does not burn.
• Does not absorb moisture.
• Doesn't settle.
• Resistant to rotting and the influence of pathogenic flora
• Easy to use (can be poured or blown into voids).
• Can be disposed of by composting (improves soil quality).

Flaws:

• It can spill out of voids when laying pipes or cables in the walls.

Thermal insulating materials made from inorganic raw materials also include various thermal insulating concretes: aerated concrete, cellular concrete, foam concrete. And also concretes with aggregates: expanded clay concrete, perlite concrete, polystyrene concrete.

Polymer thermal insulation

It has a solid, durable microstructure. The cells are closed, impenetrable and filled with air. Neither water nor air can penetrate from cell to cell.

Advantages of extruded polystyrene foam:

• Good thermal conductivity.
• Inert towards most substances.
• Does not absorb moisture.
• Stronger than foam.

Flaws:

• Flammable (releases toxic substances during combustion).
• Doesn't "breathe".

They are small balls fastened together. They can be produced using both press and non-press methods.

Advantages of polystyrene foams:

• Inexpensive.
• Durable.
• Well insulated.
• Easy to install.

Flaws:

• When exposed to sunlight, they turn yellow and disintegrate.
• They don't "breathe".
• They are burning.
• When moisture penetrates, the structure is destroyed.

It is a liquid heat-insulating material. When the ingredients are mixed with air, a fine aerosol is formed, which can be sprayed onto a surface of any geometry.

Advantages of polyurethane foam:

• Amazing elasticity of the material.
• Resistant to fungi and mold.
• You can insulate uneven surfaces.
• Easy installation that does not take much time.
• Has no joints.

Flaws:

• It burns, releasing toxic substances.
• Doesn't "breathe".
• Special installation is required for installation.

Thermal insulation materials from organic raw materials

Paper used for insulation since the middle of the last century. Such materials are granules obtained from newspapers and other waste paper. To blow these granules into the voids in the walls, the help of specialists is required.

Advantages of paper-based thermal insulation materials:

• Do not burn (treated with neutral salts).
• Repel water.
• Fills cavities well.
• Easy to use.
• Do no harm environment.
• Can be disposed of by normal composting.
• Resistant to fungi.

Flaws:

• Limited scope of application due to the specific shape of the product - granules.

Linen It is used quite rarely as insulation, mainly by those who care about the environment and their health. The reason for the limited distribution of flax materials is the high price. Although it is predicted to decrease over time.

Advantages of linen insulation:

• Excellent insulating properties.
• Do not require additional vapor barrier.
• Dispose of by burning or composting.
• Absolutely natural.
• Resistant to fungi and microorganisms.

Flaws:

• Difficult to cut.
• Additional fire protection is required.

Wood fiber (cellulose wadding) is currently considered one of the most famous organic thermal insulation materials. Represents wood material, crushed to the state of cotton wool. It is produced both in bulk form and in slabs. Used for blowing into wall cavities.

Advantages of cellulose wool:

• Increased thermal insulation properties.
• Serves as sound insulation.
• Simple and easy to use.
• Compostable.

Flaws:

• Susceptible to rot and fungus.
• Cannot be used to insulate hollow walls of old buildings.
• Ammonium polyphosphate is added to improve fire-resistant qualities.

Made from cork oak bark without the use of synthetic substances. Cork is another completely natural insulation material, just like flax.

Benefits of cork:

• Doesn't rot.
• Does not shrink.
• Resistant to compression and bending.
• Easy.
• Durable.
• Inert to most substances.
• Doesn't burn (but smolders).
• During smoldering it does not emit harmful substances.

Flaws:

• Treated with anti-flammable impregnations.

Comparison of thermal insulation materials

Before choosing a material for insulation, it is advisable to consult with specialists. Based on the material of the walls, their thickness and operating conditions (climate), they will advise which materials may be suitable in a particular case and what their thickness should be. If you do not hear the material you would like to use in the list of proposed options, please clarify this nuance. Perhaps this material simply fell out of the specialist’s attention, or maybe it is categorically not suitable for this design.

It is impossible to single out the best thermal insulation material. All of them are good to one degree or another for specific purposes. The choice depends primarily on thermal insulation properties and on personal preferences and financial capabilities.

For example, by arranging absolutely eco-friendly house made of wood, it would be absurd to use polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam for insulation. It makes sense to pay attention to natural materials: flax, paper, cellulose and cork.

In the construction of modern multi-storey buildings polystyrene foam and others are widely used polymer materials, since their price is low, they are easy to install and have good thermal conductivity. But basically no one thinks about the impact of such materials on human life. It is enough for developers that the manufacturer has assured that the product is safe.

In the presented table of the use of thermal insulation materials:

Gray the color indicates the correct choice;

Yellow color indicates options that should be implemented taking into account fire safety;

Red color - cannot be used.

As can be seen from the table, any of the materials presented in the article is good in its place: some are better used for insulating walls, others - floors, and others - attics and roofs. Even for thermal insulation inside or outside a building, different materials are suitable.