Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their home. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners want to increase the comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are planning to start a renovation, we’ll tell you briefly about heating systems apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

By location of the heat source

• Apartment heating system in which a gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than compensated by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on system reconstruction. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
• Individual heating, in which one house or residential complex has its own boiler room. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new luxury housing, where the community of residents decides for itself when to start heating season.
• Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The installation of central heating in an apartment building, heat transfer from the thermal power plant is carried out through a local heating station.

According to coolant characteristics

• Water heating uses water as a coolant. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems where the coolant temperature does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all standard houses the coolant has design temperature within 85-105 ºС.
• Steam heating apartments in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant disadvantages; it has not been used in new buildings for a long time; old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

Basic heating schemes in apartment buildings:

• Single-pipe - both the supply and return of coolant to the heating devices are carried out through one line. Such a system is found in “Stalin” and “Khrushchev” buildings. It has a serious drawback: the radiators are located in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heating station. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases as the coolant moves. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes or install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously disrupted.
• “Leningradka” is an improved version of the single-pipe system, which, thanks to the connection of heating devices via a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (not automatic) devices on radiators, or replace the radiator with a different type, but of similar capacity and power.

On the left is a standard one-pipe system to which we do not recommend making any changes. On the right is the Leningradka, it is possible to install manual control valves and correctly replace the radiator

• The two-pipe heating scheme for an apartment building became widely used in Brezhnevkas and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature; replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not have a significant effect on the operation of other devices. Control devices, including automatic ones, can be installed on batteries.

On the left is an improved version of the single-pipe circuit (analogous to the Leningrad circuit), on the right is the two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, precise regulation and provides greater opportunities for replacing the radiator

• The beam scheme is used in modern atypical housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. The wiring is usually done in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat throughout the rooms is ensured. It is technically possible to have both partial and complete replacement heating systems in an apartment building with a radial circuit within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration.

With a radial scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel with separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are neatly and discreetly connected from below

Replacement, relocation and selection of radiators in an apartment building

Let's make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be agreed upon with executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and moving radiators is determined by the circuit. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Please note the following:

• First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. The greater the number of floors, the higher the test pressure can be; it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. The exact value can be obtained from your local operating service. Not all radiators sold on the market have the appropriate characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
• Is it possible and how much to change? thermal power radiator, depends on the circuit used. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. One typical section of a cast iron battery has a heat transfer of 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we obtain the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heating device can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections and have fixed dimensions and power.

Averaged heat transfer data various types radiators may vary depending on the specific model

• The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by low quality coolant. Traditional cast iron batteries are the least sensitive to contamination; aluminum batteries react worst to aggressive environments. Bimetallic radiators performed well.

Installation of a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems using a radial wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, in modern houses there are already metering devices. As for the existing housing stock with standard systems heating, this possibility is not always available. This depends on the specific piping layout and configuration; advice can be obtained from your local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a radial and two-pipe wiring diagram, if there is a separate branch to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a meter throughout the entire apartment, you can place compact heat meters on each of the radiators.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat metering devices placed directly on each radiator

Please note that the installation of metering devices, replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating system in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization licensed to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how to supply heating in an apartment building

teploguru.ru

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

IN Russian Federation For the most part, the heating systems of multi-storey buildings are centralized, that is, they operate from a combined heat and power plant or a central boiler house. But the water circuits themselves are mounted differently, that is, they can be made either single-pipe or double-pipe.

For passive users, this does not matter, but in the case of a major renovation of the apartment with your own hands, you will have to learn to understand these nuances.

Two-pipe and one-pipe radiator connection system

Independent central heating scheme

First, let us pay attention to the local or autonomous heating system, used mostly in the private sector and in rare cases (as an exception) in multi-storey buildings. In such cases, the boiler room is located directly in the building itself or near it, which allows for correct adjustment of the coolant temperature.

But the price of autonomy is quite high, so it is easier to build a thermal power plant or one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. The coolant from the center is supplied to heating points through main pipes, from where it is distributed to apartments. Thus, at the TP it is possible to make additional adjustments to the coolant supply using circulation pumps, that is, this supply principle is called independent.

Dependent central heating scheme

There are also dependent heating systems, as in the photo above, this is when the coolant enters apartment radiators directly from a thermal power plant or boiler house, without additional distribution. But the water temperature does not depend on whether there are distribution points or not. Such units mainly serve as something like an additional circulation pump in an autonomous heating system.

Systems can also be divided into closed and open, that is, in closed system hot water supply, the coolant from the thermal power plant or boiler room enters the distribution point, where it is supplied separately to the radiators, and separately to the hot water supply (hot water supply). Open heating systems do not provide for such distribution, and DHW is taken directly from the main line. Therefore, in open systems outside the heating season, provide residents with hot water impossible.

Types of connections

It is not within your power to change the layout of the centralized water circuit, so adjusting the heating system of an apartment building can only be done at the level of your apartment. Undoubtedly, there are situations when, in a single building, residents completely redo the system, but here the so-called “localization” comes into force, and the principles of heating using one or two pipes remain unchanged.

On this page you can also watch a video clip that will help you understand the topic.

Single pipe heating system

Scheme of single-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

• Single-pipe heating systems apartment buildings due to their economy, they have many disadvantages, and the main one is the large heat loss along the route. That is, water in such a circuit is supplied from the bottom up, getting into the radiators in each apartment and giving off heat, because the water cooled in the device returns to the same pipe. The coolant reaches its final destination having already cooled down considerably, so complaints are often heard from residents of the upper floors.

Connection diagram for radiators of a single-pipe heating system

• But sometimes such a system is simplified even more, trying to raise the temperature in the heating radiators, and to do this they are cut directly into the pipe. It turns out that the radiator itself is a continuation of the pipe, as shown in the lower diagram.

Connection diagram for radiators through a pipe

• Only the first users benefit from such a connection, and the last apartments get even colder water. In addition, the ability to adjust the radiators is lost, because by reducing the flow in a single battery, you reduce the water flow throughout the entire pipe. It also turns out that during the heating season you will not be able to change the radiator without draining the water from the entire system, so in such cases jumpers are installed that allow you to turn off the device and direct water through them.
• For single-pipe heating systems, the ideal solution would be to arrange the radiators according to size, that is, the first batteries should be the smallest and, gradually increasing, the largest devices should be connected at the end. Such a distribution could solve the problem of uniform heating, but, as you yourself understand, no one will do this. It turns out that saving money on installing a heating circuit results in problems with heat distribution and, as a result, residents’ complaints about the cold in their apartments.

Two-pipe heating system

Scheme of two-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

• A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open or closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant at a certain temperature for radiators of any level. Take a look at the radiator wiring diagram below and you'll see why this is so.

Connection diagram for radiators to a two-pipe heating system

• In a two-pipe heating circuit, the cooled water from the radiator no longer returns to the same pipe, but is discharged into the return channel or “return”. Moreover, it does not matter at all whether the radiator is connected from a riser or from a sun lounger - the main thing is that the temperature of the coolant remains unchanged along the entire path along the supply pipe.
• An important advantage in a two-pipe circuit is the fact that you can regulate each battery separately and even install taps with a thermostat on it to automatically maintain the temperature. Also in such a circuit you can use devices with side and bottom connections, use dead-end and parallel movement of the coolant.

DHW in the heating system

Scheme of a single-pipe hot water system

• Hot heating systems in Russia for multi-storey buildings are mainly centralized, and water for hot water supply is heated by coolant in central heating points. Hot water supply can be connected from a single-pipe or two-pipe heating circuit.
• Depending on the number of pipes in the main (one or two), you will be at the tap in the morning for hot water you can get either warm or cold water. For example, if you have a single-pipe heating system for a 5-story apartment building, then opening hot tap, within the first 20-30 seconds you will get cold water from it.

In a single-pipe system, hot water may not appear immediately

• This can be explained very simply - at night there is practically no hot water flow, and the water in the pipe cools down. When you open the tap, water from the central heating station is supplied to your home, that is, there is a breakdown and the cooled water is drained until hot water appears. This disadvantage also causes excessive water consumption, because you are simply pouring unnecessary cold water into the sewer.
• In a two-pipe system, the circulation of water is continuous, so such problems do not arise there. But sometimes through DHW system they loop the riser with heated towel rails, then this results in a problem - they are hot even in summer!
• Many people have a question: why does hot water disappear at the end of the heating season, and sometimes for a long time? The fact is that the instructions require post-flood tests of the entire system, and this takes time, especially if you find yourself in a damaged area. But here we can characterize very positively utility services, since they are trying by any means, even changing the supply scheme, to provide citizens with hot water - after all, this is their income.
• Also, in the middle of summer, the entire heating system undergoes routine and major repairs, when certain areas have to be turned off. With the onset of autumn, tests are carried out on the repaired areas and some places may not withstand it, and this is another shutdown. Don't forget that the system is still centralized!

Radiators for central heating system

Columnar cast iron radiator

• Many of us have long been accustomed to cast iron radiators, installed since the construction of the house, and even, if the need arises, we replace them with similar ones. For centralized heating systems, such batteries are quite good because they can withstand high pressure, so in the battery passport there are two numbers, the first of which indicates the operating pressure, and the second - the pressure test (test). For cast iron appliances it is usually 6/15 or 8/15.

Sectional bimetallic radiator

• But in a nine-story building, the working pressure usually reaches 6 atmospheres, so the batteries described above are quite suitable, but in a 22-story building, the pressure can reach 15 atmospheres, so devices made of steel or bimetal are more appropriate here. Only aluminum radiators are not suitable for centralized heating, since they will not withstand the operating condition of the centralized circuit.

Recommendations. If you started major renovation in the apartment and you also want to replace the radiators, then, if possible, replace the distribution pipes. These ½ or ¾ inch pipes are most likely also not in very good condition and it is better to use ecoplastic instead. Steel and bimetallic (sectional or panel) radiators have narrower water flows than cast iron ones, so they can clog and lose power.

To prevent this from happening, install a regular filter on the water supply to the battery, which is installed in front of the water meter.

Conclusion

If the heating system multi-storey building does not meet our expectations, then we often criticize utility services or even a specific plumber, but in 99% of cases they do not deserve it. The main problems with heat arise from the design of the water circuit and the maintenance personnel are no longer able to change anything.

otoplenie-gid.ru

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drainage

High-quality heating plays a very important role in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings. Nowadays, the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from the autonomous one; it is this system that provides warmth in the apartments even in the most severe cold weather. Below we will talk about what types of systems there are, what is the optimal temperature in them, and how repairs are carried out.

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance with the conditions specified in the regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment should be maintained by heating within 20–22o C, and humidity – 30–45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design and installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of a heating system in an apartment building, that is, the creation of a diagram, professional heating engineers calculate all the necessary characteristics and achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and upper floors.

One of the key features of a modern centralized heating system for a high-rise building is its operation on superheated water. It goes from a combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 o C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, steam formation does not occur in the system. In addition, it allows you to direct water even to the highest point of the house.

The temperature of the water flowing back through the system (return) is approximately 60–70o C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values ​​depend only on environment.

• Heating system temperature graph

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

In our country, the central heating system of apartment buildings is widely used. Here the city boiler house (CHP) supplies coolant. However, water circuits can be constructed according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such issues. However, as soon as the time comes to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, you need to know these details.

• Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is not used often, but has become more common in new homes over the past few years. In addition, local heat supply systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in close proximity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to run one boiler room that can warm and provide hot water to the entire neighborhood.

• Central heating system of an apartment building

The coolant flows from the central boiler room through main pipelines to the heating unit of the apartment building, after which it is distributed to the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of feed is carried out directly heating point through circular pumps.

The various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out what kind of heating system is in an apartment building and make several classifications into certain categories.

By thermal energy consumption mode:

• seasonal, heat supply is necessary exclusively during the cold season;
• year-round, requiring constant heating.

By type of coolant used:

• Aquatic ones are the most widely used type in MKD. The advantages of operating such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer coolant from afar (without compromising quality indicators, centrally regulating the temperature if necessary), and good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
• Air - such heating systems for apartment buildings are capable of both heating and ventilation of buildings; because of the high price this system less widely used.
• Steam - recognized as the most profitable, since small diameter pipes are used for heating, hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, this makes it easier to maintain. True, this type is recommended for objects that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water steam (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

By connection method heating system to the heat supply:

• An independent heating system of an apartment building - water or steam circulating through it in a heat exchanger transfers heat to the coolant (water) located in the heating system.
• Dependent heating system of an apartment building - the coolant heated by the heat generator is directly supplied to consumers via networks.

According to the method of connection to the hot water supply system:

• Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
• Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the public water supply, and thermal energy is transferred to it in the central network heat exchanger.

Installation of a heating system in an apartment building

• Single-pipe heating system for an apartment building

Due to their economy, single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings have many disadvantages, and the main one is the large heat loss along the route. The water in this circuit is directed from the bottom up, entering the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water that has cooled in the device goes into the same pipe. It arrives at the last apartments having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even simpler, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut directly into the pipe. The battery then becomes part of the pipe.

From such intervention in the heating system of an apartment building, the users whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit benefit, while the water reaches the last consumers even more cold. In addition, it is now impossible to regulate the heat level in the apartment, since if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

While the heating season is ongoing, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without invading intra-house system heating an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are installed that make it possible, by turning off the device, to maintain the flow of coolant.

If there are single-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries according to size: small ones should be installed at the beginning of the system, and, gradually increasing the size, in the last apartments the largest devices should be connected. Such a move would overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, financial savings on installing a heating circuit are followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

• Two-pipe heating system for an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open or closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant at the same temperature for radiators of any level. Look at the radiator connection diagram, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: the lost thermal energy The fluid from the radiator is not directed into the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. It does not matter how the radiator is connected: from a riser or from a sun lounger. The bottom line is that the heating level of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important advantage of a two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery individually or install taps with a thermostat that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to select batteries with side and bottom connections, dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

Adjusting the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed and pressure of the liquid together with steam, and therefore the level of heat, vary directly depending on the diameter of the pipe opening. To ensure this procedure is carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

Pipes of the heating system of an apartment building maximum size(100 mm) are located in basements. The connection of the entire system begins with them. To ensure uniform distribution of thermal energy, pipes with a diameter of no more than 50–76 mm are installed in the entrances.

Unfortunately, such adjustment does not always contribute to the desired heating effect. Residents of the upper floors suffer from this, where the temperature drops sharply. This process can be balanced by launching hydraulic system heating. This step involves connecting the circulation vacuum pumps, which ensures the start of work automatic system pressure adjustment. Installation and commissioning take place in the manifold of a separate building. The heating distribution system for the entrances and floors of an apartment building changes accordingly. When the number of floors exceeds two, the startup of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

• What is the procedure for calculating heating fees using metering devices?

How to calculate payment for heating in an apartment building

Very often, after paying heating bills, residents complain about the management company. In some apartments people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building can be (its operating principle, diagram), and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The maximum benefit will then be received by owners who are also planning to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

Which meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building with different schemes?

• Single-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
• Two-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter and a temperature sensor on each radiator.
• Single-pipe circuits with horizontal type wiring - one meter per riser is enough.

In houses with the first two wiring schemes, residents usually prefer installing a common house meter. When the wiring is made according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

Ultrasonic or mechanical thermal energy consumption controllers are used in the form of measuring instruments that make it possible to determine the volume of coolant passed through each radiator.

Structurally and functionally, mechanical counters are considered the simplest. Their operating principle in a heating system in an apartment building is based on the conversion of the translational energy of the coolant into rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic models measure the time difference when ultrasonic vibrations pass in the direction and against the flow of liquid. The majority of such devices are powered by autonomous energy sources - lithium batteries. They last for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in an apartment building, the owner needs:

1. obtain information about technical conditions from the heat supply organization or from the balance holder of the building;
2. create an installation project together with licensed craftsmen in this field;
3. install the heat meter in full accordance with the technical specifications and the initially developed project;
4. sign an agreement with the heat supplier on payment based on meter readings.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is to install a common meter to calculate the thermal energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of ​​the apartment building; Vt – average volume of thermal energy consumed per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal/sq. m); TT – tariffs for thermal energy consumption (RUB/Gcal).

• divide the meter readings for the previous year by 12;
• Divide the resulting number by the total area of ​​the house, taking into account all heated rooms: basements, attics, entrances. You will get the average amount of thermal energy consumed per square meter per month.

True, several natural questions arise from the above.

Where can I get the indicators of energy consumption for the previous year, given that the general meter has just appeared? There is nothing complicated here. During the first year from the date of installation of the meter, owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only after a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat based on the area of ​​the apartment

There is an easy formula for this. On average, 10 square meters of living space require no more than 1 kW of heat. The value is adjusted according to region-specific coefficients:

• for houses in the south of the country the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
• for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
• for the Far North and eastern regions, the need increases by 1.5–2 times.

Let's look at a simple calculation. Let's imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of thermal energy for an apartment in an apartment building in the Amur region. This region is characterized by a fairly cold climate.

The area of ​​this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m2. Let's take into account that heating 10 m2 of housing requires approximately 1 kW of thermal energy. According to the climate characteristics of the area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We convert the area of ​​the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, multiply it by 1.7. As a result, the required value is 10.2 kW, otherwise 10,200 W.

The calculation method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with the following situations:

• the amount of thermal energy required directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, to warm a living space with ceilings 3 meters high, more will be needed;
• a large number of windows and doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy when compared with monolithic walls;
• the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also greatly affects heat costs if standard radiators are installed in the heating system of an apartment building.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient thermal power per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 W. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want to most accurately calculate the required amount of thermal energy, you will have to not only multiply the volume by 40, but also apply approximately 100 W to all windows and 200 W to the doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as when calculating by area apartments.

What is pressure testing of a heating system in an apartment building?

Pressure testing of a heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which allows you to find out its tightness, ability to operate at the design operating pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, quality of installation, and ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Pressure testing, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases, pneumatic (compressed air) tests of heating systems are started:

• immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
• in systems that have already been used;
• as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
• during inspections before all heating seasons;
• at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial and administrative premises, pressure testing is carried out by certified employees of the services that operate and Maintenance these systems.

The progress of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (number of circuits, branches, risers), wiring diagram, material, wall thickness of elements (pipes, radiators, fittings), etc. Typically, such tests are carried out hydraulic - carried out by pumping water. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

• Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

• inspection of the elevator (supply unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
• inspection of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been operating for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush it using a compressor before pressure testing to flush the heating system of an apartment building.

Hydraulic pressure testing goes like this:

• the system is filled with water (if it is just installed, it has been flushed);
• excess pressure is pumped into it using an electric or manual pump;
• using a pressure gauge, check whether the pipes maintain pressure (within 15–30 minutes);
• if the pressure is maintained (the pressure gauge readings do not change) – the system is sealed, without leaks, the elements cope with the pressure of the pressure test;
• if there is a decrease in pressure, all parts (pipes, connections, batteries, additional equipment) are checked to detect water leaks;
• after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, shut-off valves, batteries, etc.), tests are duplicated.

The water pressure during such checks depends on the operating pressure of the system. It can change due to the material of pipes and batteries. For new systems, the crimping pressure should exceed the working pressure by 2 times, for those already in use - by 20–50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are manufactured to a specific permissible pressure. Taking this into account, the maximum operating pressure and test pressure are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The test is carried out here by pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to greater pressure, up to 10 atm.

Crimping of the input unit is carried out separately, with a discharge of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are considered successful if the indicator drops by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

• Pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building with air

System air checks are rarely performed. They are possible in small buildings when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some indicators. Let's say we want to find out whether the system is installed well, but water and equipment for injection are not available.

Then an electric air compressor, a mechanical (foot, hand) pump with a pressure gauge is connected to the make-up or drain valve, and excess pressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), since if the connection depressurizes or the system ruptures at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury to the inspection specialists. Instead of air valves, plugs are installed.

Pneumatic tests involve greater exposure of the system to high pressure. Since air is compressed, which is not the case with liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of pressure in the circuit is necessary. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in readings, even if everything is sealed. After stabilizing the air pressure, it is important to maintain it for another half hour.

• Pressure testing of open heating systems

For pressure testing of a heating system in an apartment building open circuit and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank. This can be done with a ball valve mounted on a water pipe. When pumping liquid, it plays the role of an air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the pressure is pumped, the valve is closed.

The operating pressure of such heating systems in an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: per 1 m of its deviation from the level of the return boiler input, 0.1 atm of excess pressure is given in this place. IN one-story houses it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure is 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-story houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). Then, for hydraulic testing, a lower excess fluid pressure is created (0.3–1.6 bar).

Apart from this feature, crimp testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed ones.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of repair of heating systems.

• Emergency. Necessary for restoring the functioning of the heating system after an accident: a break in the riser, separation of the battery connection, defrosting of the heating in the entrance.
• Current. Allows you to identify minor faults, carry out a routine check of the functionality of shut-off valves, revise them and install a new one instead of an already used one. Some of these problems are discovered by residents, others make themselves known during scheduled inspections, and the rest when preparing the system for winter.
• Major repairs involve complete or partial replacement of equipment. Here, all pipes can be dismantled, replaced with metal-plastic ones, and radiator plates can be installed instead of those that have expired.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

• Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's look at the most common system "diseases" that emergency locksmith crews encounter and their normal treatments.

There is no heating through the riser. They look at the valves and the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are transferred to discharge in both directions, which allows the fault to be localized. The problem can be caused by a piece of slag in a pipe bend or a stuck screw valve. If the problem is resolved, and water flows through the riser without a hitch, be sure to bleed the air on the top floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. Sometimes there is no risk complete destruction riser, liner, then the emergency crew makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the brigade current repairs brews the place.

The locknut in front of the radiator is leaking. The riser is reset, the thread is rewound. If it is damaged due to corrosion, the connection on the liner is replaced by welding and manual threading.

Heavy leakage between sections of radiators. The reason here is a burst nipple. The risers are reset, the battery is removed and rebuilt.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is reset and the faucet gasket is replaced.

The access heating is defrosted. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, and the working radiator is started. The emergency crew restores connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted access heating radiator. You just need to disconnect the last sections.

• Current repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Inspection of shut-off valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they look at the operation of all relief valves, control valves, and gate valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is carried out: oil seals are filled, rods are lubricated.

Valve repair consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do this himself without serious skills, but inspection and repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, the spacer wedge between the cheeks is replaced, welded on, mirrors in the housing and on the cheeks are ground in, the rod is restored, the pressure ring on the seal is replaced, and other work is carried out in the heating system of an apartment building.

Inspection of a cast iron valve on a stand. From the appearance of this part it is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Inspection and repair of shut-off valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, the entire house has to be reset. In cold weather, this can lead to defrosting of parts of the circuit, which is most important in entrances.

Rewinding of the locknuts on the risers should also be carried out periodically.

Replacement of heating risers, elimination of various small leaks in pipes and welds between them. The solution to this problem is chosen depending on the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and a heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a clamp with a gasket, thick rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out maintenance of the heating system: starting, stopping heating, eliminating air jams (if the residents of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of the heating.

• Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence for signing contracts for major repairs of the heating system.

1. A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with an approximate list necessary work and consumables.
2. A tender is announced for the supply of equipment and repairs. Any municipal or private enterprise that has “heating system repair” among the services offered (OKDP code 453) can participate in it - it is entered upon registration.
3. An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and responsibilities of the parties, and a dozen more points.
4. Further work ends with the satisfaction of the parties or legal proceedings.

But in practice, an agreement is often concluded with a service organization and its emergency and routine repair teams, who repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the contractor strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after poor-quality repairs will fall on his shoulders.

What kind of work falls under the term “overhaul”? Their list is small:

• complete or partial replacement of risers and heating lines;
• complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
• replacement of everything elevator unit or shut-off valves in it;
• complete or partial replacement of heating spills.

All work is carried out in the warm season, after the heating season.

• How to get rid of overpayments for heating

Why do you need to flush the heating system in an apartment building?

The efficiency of the heating system of an apartment building decreases for two inevitable reasons.

1. Heating radiators and horizontal sections of pipes become silted over time. This becomes a problem in places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly to the heating radiators.

Where does the sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding, everything that is carried by heating mains. The thermal power plant constantly takes in and heats such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to purify them to an ideal state.

2. Disease steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating - mineral deposits. Calcium and magnesium salts narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanized steel and pipelines with an internal polymer coating are not susceptible to such deposits.

Silt, sand and other suspended matter reduce the speed of water movement in the heating device. Gradually their volume grows, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits sometimes cause a section of the circuit to become inoperable when the lumen of the pipe becomes clogged.

Consequently, flushing of this system, documented by an act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD, the frequency of flushing this system is specified in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

• Chemical washing heating systems of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system of the apartment building, which has been in operation for several decades. Siltation, which cannot be avoided, and clogging of steel pipes during this time lead to a frightening decrease in efficiency.

But non-galvanized steel pipes are so severely damaged by corrosion over decades that the benefits of the treatment may not be visible. The fact is that chemical substances corrode the rust, and during pressure testing many new leaks are discovered.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of the boiler or furnace; sludge is distributed throughout the bottling, large volumes are observed at its lower part.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually sodium hydroxide) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, lasting several hours. Afterwards, this reagent is drained and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of the washing reagent starts from five to six thousand rubles for 25 liters. According to the rules of housing maintenance, you cannot pour the used substance into the sewer, although, if there is no other way out, this composition is neutralized special means.

• Hydropneumatic flushing heating systems of an apartment building

This type of flushing of the heating system has long been widely used in the domestic housing and communal services sector and has proven itself well. But it is only effective when correct use.

The instructions for flushing the heating system are not so complicated: the circuit is discharged into the sewer system, first from the supply to the return, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful air pump forces air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire contour, washes away some of the scale and silt.

Flushing the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

• the house valve is closed on the return pipeline;
• a compressor is connected to flush the heating system of an apartment building to the supply metering valve after the house valve;
• the return discharge opens;
• when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor has reached 6 kgf/cm2, the valve connected to it opens;
• groups of risers are alternately overlapped so that ten, no more, are open at the same time. So, flushing heating risers and heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be selected by visually checking the contamination of the water coming out after it. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to discharge to reverse side:

• the discharge valve, to which the compressor is connected, is closed;
• the house valve closes on the supply and opens on the return;
• the supply discharge opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

Washing of groups of risers takes place again, but with the pulp flow in the opposite direction.

• Where can I get a program for flushing the heating system in an apartment building?

At whose expense is the heating system of an apartment building drained?

A well-functioning heating system is essential for a fulfilling and enjoyable life in any type of home. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, or move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair and maintenance work, it is necessary to drain the water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

The proper operation of communications in the apartment building is included in the area of ​​​​responsibility management company. This means that the drain is agreed upon with her in advance. For this reason, residents have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day for this procedure independently?

Doesn't have it. The term is chosen by the management company. But asking for work to be done at a specific time can be achieved by coordinating this with several management specialists.

2. Who pays for draining the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for approval and for the activities of the craftsmen. Tariffs vary depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some localities it will cost 1,000 rubles, in others – 5,000 rubles. This includes shutting down the system, draining the fluid, and refilling.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time convincing the management company to pay a much larger amount. When the temperature outside is -30°C, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Minor repairs and installation new battery instead of the old one, they are not associated with draining water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment it will be possible to shut off a specific radiator without affecting the circuit itself. This is done like this:

• turn the tap on the riser, turn off the flow of water;
• open the outlet valve on the battery/unscrew the plug with an adjustable wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

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What are the heating systems of an apartment building - diagrams

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in the heating system of an apartment building, it can be either single-pipe or double-pipe.

Let's take a closer look at what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what their advantages and disadvantages are.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it operates from a boiler room located inside the apartment building itself or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, due to which it is extremely rarely used in multi-storey buildings (mainly, this system is chosen by owners of private houses).

Much more often they build a thermal power plant or set up one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through main pipes from the center to heating points, and from there to the apartments. This supply principle is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of coolant using circulation pumps.

In a dependent heating system of a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to the apartment radiators directly from the thermal power plant or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since heating points here perform a function comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can find the design options on the Internet).

In a closed system, the coolant from the thermal power plant or boiler room enters a distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to the hot water supply and to apartment radiators.

In an open system, such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow the residents of the house to be provided with hot water outside the heating season.

Types of connections

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, apartment building systems can be single-pipe or double-pipe.

The single-pipe heating system of an apartment building has a huge number of disadvantages, the most significant of which is considered to be large heat loss along the way. In such a heating system for an apartment building, the design of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into apartment radiators on the lower floors and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, having cooled down considerably, continues its way upstairs. Hence the frequent complaints from residents of upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widespread in construction. Basic distinctive feature Such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

One pipe (supply) transports the coolant from the heating boiler to the heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to remove already cooled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of a two-pipe heating system in an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly at the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the first floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies constant circulation of the coolant, is usually installed in low-rise buildings over a long distance (for example, in production workshops or warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

A vertical two-pipe heating system for an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The undeniable advantage of such a network is that there are practically no air jams in it.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - bottom and top. At the same time, in heating systems multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are arranged in a vertical pattern, bottom routing is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper wiring?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in ground floor or basement, and the return line (the so-called “return”) is even lower.

To remove excess air when using bottom wiring, an upper air line is required. To ensure uniform distribution of coolant throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

Upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this wiring method, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the heating system. The main advantage of the top wiring is high pressure in supply lines.

How does the heating of a residential building work? Rising tariffs encourage the transition to autonomous heating of apartments; but the refusal of central heating in an apartment building, in addition to a mass of bureaucratic obstacles, also means a number of technical problems. To understand how to solve them, you need to imagine a coolant distribution diagram.

Heating system design

Elevator unit

The heating system of residential buildings begins with inlet valves that cut off the house from the route. It is along their flange closest to the external wall that the division of the areas of responsibility of housing and heating workers passes.

• Hot water taps on the supply and return pipelines. The implementation may be different: each pipeline may have one or two tie-ins; in the second case, a flange with a retaining washer is mounted between the taps, creating a pressure difference to ensure continuous circulation. This is necessary so that the water in the DHW risers is hot around the clock, and the heated towel rails powered by hot heating remain hot.

Useful: in winter, when the supply temperature is below 90C, in this case the DHW is connected between the connections on the supply, and above - on the return. In summer, the circulation mode of the hot water supply system is from supply to return.

• Actually, it provides heating for a multi-storey building. In it, hotter water from the supply, due to greater pressure, is supplied through a nozzle into the socket and, through a suction, draws part of the water from the return pipeline into a repeated circulation cycle through the heating circuit. It is the diameter of the nozzle that regulates the heating in an apartment building - it determines the real difference inside the heating system and the temperature of the mixture, and therefore the heating devices.
• House valves allow you to cut off the heating circuit. They are open in winter and closed in summer.
• After them they are mounted discharges- valve for draining or bypassing the system. In some cases, the heating system of a residential building is connected through a valve to the cold water supply system - solely to ensure that the radiators can be filled with cold water for the summer.

Spills and risers

The word “bottling” among professionals refers to both the direction of water circulation and the thick pipe through which water flows to the risers.

Typical heating of a 5-story building is made with bottom bottling. The supply and return pipes are routed along the outer contour of the house in the basement. Each pair of risers is a jumper between them. The risers are connected to each other upstairs - in an apartment on the top floor or in the attic.

A couple of nuances:

• Jumpers placed in the attic are pure evil. It is almost impossible to ensure ideal thermal insulation of the attic and maintain a constant positive temperature in it. Any stop of heating means that after half an hour there is ice in the jumpers instead of water.
• An air vent is mounted at the top point of the jumper. IN typical houses Soviet-built, it is a simple and extremely fail-safe design - the Mayevsky crane.

Bottom filling is associated with a problematic start of circulation after each discharge: the jumpers become air-filled, and for normal operation of all risers it is necessary to bleed air from each jumper. It can be problematic for locksmiths to get into all apartments, to put it mildly.

Two options for implementing bottom filling. In the first case, one of the paired risers is single; in the second, heating devices are mounted on both.

The heating system in a nine-story Soviet-built building is often somewhat different: the supply bottling is located in the attic. An expansion tank with an air vent is also mounted there; there is also one of a pair of valves that shut off each riser.

After stopping and resetting the heating, problems with defrosting are extremely rare:

1. When the bottling is laid at the correct slope and the vent is open, ALL water from the bottling and the top of the risers is discharged in a matter of seconds.
2. Despite thermal insulation, bottling losses are large enough to warm up the attic even with minimal thermal insulation of the room.
3. Finally, bottling is a pipe with a diameter of at least 40-50 millimeters with great thermal inertia, which, even with water without circulation, will not freeze in five minutes.

Top filling has a number of other features:

• The temperature of radiators decreases linearly from floor to floor, which is usually compensated by their large size. It is clear that already cooled coolant enters the heating devices below; Therefore, heating of the first floor is usually carried out with the maximum number of radiator sections or the total area of ​​​​convectors.

In addition: the temperature in the basement is usually lower than in apartments. Losses through the ceiling on the outer floors are usually much greater.

• Starting the heating is very simple: the system is filled; both house valves open; then the vent on the expansion tank opens for a short time - and ALL risers are involved in circulation.
• Removing a separate riser, on the other hand, is more difficult and involves a lot of movement. You first need to find and turn off the required riser in the attic, then find and shut off the second valve in the basement, and only then unscrew the plug or open the vent.

Heating devices

In Soviet-built houses, two types of heating devices are typical:

1. . Huge mass and heat output of 140-160 watts per section, not very aesthetic appearance and constant leaks of paronite gaskets between sections have recently made them unpopular in city apartments.
2. In the 80-90s, central heating was often installed in an apartment building steel convectors. The heating device is a turn or several turns of a solid DN20 pipe (3/4 inch) with pressed cross plates to increase heat transfer.

In the same 90s, they were massively replaced with radiators due to the heat transfer very optimistically calculated by the builders: due to lack of funding temperature graph It was rarely aged, and it was very cold in the apartments.

Nowadays, heating of residential buildings with central heating is usually carried out with bimetallic radiators, which consist of a core with channels for the movement of water made of corrosion-resistant steel and an aluminum shell with developed fins. The price of the section is quite high - 500-700 rubles; however, this type of heating device combines extreme mechanical strength with excellent heat dissipation (up to 200 watts per section).

When installing heating devices with your own hands, one important point should be taken into account: if any throttling fittings (throttle, valve, thermostatic head), then in front of them, closer to the riser, there must be a jumper.

What is this instruction related to? With the fact that in the absence of a jumper, your throttle will regulate the flow rate not of your radiator, but of the entire riser. Your neighbors will be happy...

Temperature

There are a number of restrictions and regulations related to temperatures inside a living space.

• SNiP sets the following temperature standards: living rooms - 20C, corner rooms - 22C, kitchen - 18C, bathroom and combined toilet - 25C. It is better to focus on them if you are planning to switch to autonomous heating.
• In no utility service inside a residential building should the temperature exceed 95 degrees. For preschool educational institutions, the norm is even lower - 37 degrees. This is why in kindergarten groups you can see batteries of such a terrible size.

However: in the heating main at the same time there may be 140C at the supply.

How to cut heating

How to refuse heating in an apartment building?

Documentation

We will only partially touch on the documentary part. The problem is quite painful; permission to disconnect from the central heating center is given by organizations extremely reluctantly, and often it has to be obtained through the courts. It is quite possible that in your case it would be much more useful not to read a technical article, but to consult a lawyer knowledgeable in the Housing Code.

The main steps are:

1. Let's find out if it is technically possible to turn it off. It is at this stage that most of the friction will occur: neither housing and communal services nor heat suppliers like to lose payers.
2. Technical specifications for an autonomous heating system are being prepared. You need to calculate the approximate gas consumption (if you use it for heating) and show that you are able to ensure that it is safe for the building’s structures. temperature regime in the apartment.
3. The fire inspection act is signed.
4. If you plan to install a boiler with a closed burner and exhaust of combustion products to the facade of the building, you will need a permit signed by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Authority.
5. A licensed installation organization is hired to draw up the project. You will need a full package of documents - from instructions for the boiler to a copy of the installers’ license.
6. After installation is completed, a gas service representative is invited to connect the boiler and start it up for the first time.
7. The last stage: you put the boiler on permanent maintenance and notify about the transition to individual heating gas supplier organization.

Technical side

Refusal of heating in an apartment building is due to the fact that you need to dismantle all heating devices without disrupting the operation of the heating system. How it's done?

In houses with bottom filling, it is worth considering two cases separately:

• If you live on the top floor, you obtain the consent of the lower neighbors and move the jumper between the paired risers to their apartment. In this way, you completely isolate yourself from the CO. Of course, you will have to pay for welding work, installation of the air vent, and redecorating neighbors' ceilings.
• On the middle floor, only heating appliances are dismantled, with welding and cutting off the hoses. A jumper of the same diameter as the rest of the pipe cuts into the riser. Then the riser along its entire length is carefully insulated.

Please note: refusal of central heating does not deprive you of the obligation to provide housing and communal services with access to the riser passing through your apartment upon first request.

If you live on the top floor of a house with a bottom bottling and below you non-residential premises- it's simple. In the photo the risers have already been cut off. All that remains is to install the jumper with the air vent.

Conclusion

You will find additional information about how the heating systems of residential buildings are arranged in the video attached to the article. Warm winters!

The lion's share of the modern housing stock in large cities is made up of multi-storey buildings built during the Soviet Union. In those days, the issue of saving heat was not so pressing, and heating of residential buildings was carried out through a centralized system. It was relevant then, but at the moment more and more of our compatriots are thinking about how to refuse heating in an apartment building.

Central heating system

No one will argue that the centralized system of supplying heat to apartment buildings, in the form in which it now exists, is, to put it mildly, obsolete.

It is no secret that losses during transportation can reach up to 30% and we have to pay for all this. Refusal of central heating in an apartment building is a complex and troublesome procedure, but first, let's figure out how it works.

Heating a multi-storey building is complex engineering structure. There is a whole set of drains, distributors, flanges that are connected to a central unit, the so-called elevator unit, through which the heating in an apartment building is controlled.

There is no point in talking in detail about the intricacies of the operation of this system now, since this is done by professionals and the common man simply does not need it, because nothing depends on him. For clarity, it’s better to consider the heat supply diagram to the apartment.

Bottom filling

As the name implies, the distribution scheme with bottom filling provides for the supply of coolant from bottom to top. Classic heating of a 5-storey building is installed exactly according to this principle.

As a rule, the supply and return lines are installed around the perimeter of the building and run in the basement. The supply and return risers, in this case, are a jumper between the mains. This is a closed system that rises to the top floor and descends again to the basement.

Despite the fact that this scheme is considered the simplest, putting it into operation is a troublesome task for mechanics. The fact is that at the top point of each riser, a device for bleeding air, the so-called Mayevsky valve, is installed. Before each start, you need to bleed the air, otherwise airlock will shut down the system and the riser will not be heated.

Important: some residents of the upper floors try to move the air release valve to the attic so as not to have to deal with housing and communal services workers every season.
Such alterations can be expensive.
The attic is a cold room, and if in winter the heating is stopped for an hour, the pipes in the attic will freeze and burst.

A serious disadvantage here is that on one side of the five-story building, where the input passes, the batteries are hot, and on the opposite side they are cool. This is especially felt on the lower floors.

Top filling

The heating device in the nine-story building is made according to a completely different principle. The supply line, bypassing the apartments, is immediately carried to the upper technical floor. An expansion tank, an air release valve and a valve system are also located here, allowing the entire riser to be cut off if necessary.

In this case, the heat is distributed more evenly across all radiators in the apartment, regardless of their location. But here another problem emerges: the heating of the first floor in a nine-story building leaves much to be desired. After all, having passed through all the floors, the coolant reaches downstairs already barely warm; this can only be combated by increasing the number of sections in the radiator.

Important: the problem with freezing water on the technical floor, in this case, is not so acute.
After all, the cross-section of the supply line is about 50 mm, plus in the event of an accident, you can completely drain the water from the entire riser in a few seconds, you just need to open the vent in the attic and the valve in the basement.

Temperature balance

Of course, everyone knows that central heating in an apartment building has its own clearly regulated standards. So during the heating season, the temperature in the rooms should not fall below +20 ºС, in the bathroom or in the combined toilet +25 ºС.

Due to the fact that the kitchen in old houses is not very large, plus it is naturally heated by periodic operation of the stove, the permissible minimum temperature in it is +18 ºС.

Important: all the above data is valid for apartments located in the central part of the building.
For side apartments, where most of the walls are external, the instructions prescribe an increase in temperature above the standard by 2 - 5 ºС.

Individual heating problems

Refusal of central heating in an apartment building is the cherished dream of many of our compatriots. If in large industrial centers the heating system of residential buildings is still maintained in decent condition, then on the outskirts of our mighty homeland things are not so rosy.

Two sides of the problem

Individual refusal of heating in an apartment building, as already mentioned, is a complex and troublesome process. Conventionally, the whole problem can be divided into 2 important stages, this is legal, that is, the preparation of various kinds of documents and approval by authorities. And technical, which includes the actual purchase and installation of equipment.

Strange as it may sound, the technical stage is much simpler. Now the market offers many options for heating any home; there are a lot of specialized organizations that can quickly and efficiently install any equipment. In some cases, you can even install all this yourself.

Considering the level of bureaucracy and the number of officials in our country, legal registration sometimes turns into a very nervous and costly undertaking. The reason is elementary simple. By going to individual system, you stop paying the service company for heating, and the official who will voluntarily take away a piece of bread from his loved one has not yet been born. Therefore, the problem is often resolved only through the courts.

Basic documentation

Below we provide a list of approvals and documents common to everyone, but sometimes some additional amendments and requirements are adopted at the local level.

Therefore, before starting your “attack on the bureaucracy,” it would be a good idea to consult with a specialized lawyer.

• Initially, you should obtain a certificate of the availability of technical capabilities to conduct such events. It is issued by the operating company and at this stage the greatest difficulties may arise, because it is not easy to refuse an extra payer.
• Next, technical conditions for installation of an autonomous system are drawn up. That is, the level of gas or electricity consumption, the possibility and nature of the connection and everything connected with it are calculated. It is better to hire a specialist here.
• Naturally, there is no way without firefighters. Based technical specifications and justifications, the fire inspector draws up and issues a corresponding act.

• If you are planning a heating system for a residential building natural gas, then you will need to install a coaxial pipe to remove combustion products and supply fresh air to the burner. In addition to the gas service itself, permission for such installation is also signed at the sanitary and epidemiological station.
• Even if you are a craftsman and can easily arrange everything yourself, in any case you will need to hire a company that has an official license to carry out such work. Moreover, you must have certified copies of the licenses themselves.
• After everything is installed and ready for use, you should call a representative of the local gas service to connect and seal the system. Here you can draw up a service agreement for the unit; without it you will not be given permission to operate.

The practical side of the issue

After receiving all permits, the first thing you must do is get rid of all heating devices connected to the central system. In modern new buildings this is done simply, where apartments are rented with the expectation that the owners themselves must install the wiring. It is enough to block and seal the input.

With Khrushchev and nine-story buildings the situation is much more complicated. There the risers run right into the apartment. It is easiest for residents of the top floor to disconnect; the system is cut off from the neighbors below and looped.

Owners of middle floors will have to install powerful thermal insulation on the riser to prove to the authorities that they are not using public heat. The standards here are floating, so everything depends on the will of the official.

A few words about heaters

In this case, heating can be organized in two ways: using convectors and by installing a liquid system with a boiler. Gas or electric convectors are local devices. They are attached to the wall and fully heat only one room.

Installation of gas or electric convector for heating a city apartment, it is advisable only as an addition to central system. In this case, officials will not interfere much, since they do not lose anything.

If you plan to completely abandon central heating in an apartment building, then it is more profitable to install a central boiler.

• Residential building heating gas boiler the most profitable option. In this case the best option There will be installation of a wall-mounted double-circuit unit. The power of such boilers reaches 25 kW and they are quite capable of heating an apartment of 100 m².
  IN southern regions or in apartments located in the center of the building, such a boiler can cope with larger square footage. Plus the second circuit will provide you with hot water for domestic needs.

• The same can be said about electric boilers. In terms of power they are quite comparable to gas equipment. They are also available as single or double circuit. The price of such equipment is much lower, but subsequently heating with electricity is a little more expensive.
• It is worth mentioning separately about electrode boilers. The dimensions of these units are perfect for the conditions of a city apartment, the price of the equipment is quite affordable, plus in comparison with other electrical appliances, these boilers are much more economical. The only problem is that they are intended only for heating; heating water for domestic use will not work.

Choosing radiators

As you know, the room temperature largely depends on the quality of the selected batteries.

The number, material and configuration of sections directly depend on the amount of heat generated and, of course, fuel economy.

• Steel radiators are now extremely rare. These designs have more disadvantages than advantages. With fairly mediocre heat transfer, they are highly susceptible to corrosion processes and will not last long. The only thing that speaks in their favor is the low price.
• Relatively recently appeared aluminum batteries are enjoying deserved popularity. They are lightweight, durable and have unique heat transfer characteristics. They are ideal for an autonomous system, but in a centralized urban system, aluminum may not withstand water hammer.
• Bimetallic batteries were specifically developed for urban systems with high pressure. The steel frame is coated with aluminum, making them in no way inferior to the best examples in this field.
• Naturally, they are deservedly considered classics. As for technical characteristics, cast iron, apart from its solid mass, is perfectly suitable for heating systems. Some do not like such batteries for their rough appearance, but modern cast-iron radiators look no worse, and sometimes even better, than their fashionable aluminum counterparts.

The video shows the subtleties of selection and installation.

Conclusion

According to experts, central heating in an apartment building will sooner or later disappear, giving way to small boiler houses and personal heating systems. But so far, in most regions, it copes with the tasks assigned to it.

When designing professional heating systems, it is necessary to take into account all factors - both external and internal. This is especially true for heat supply schemes for multi-apartment buildings. What is special about the heating system of a multi-storey building: pressure, diagrams, pipes. First you need to understand the specifics of its arrangement.

Features of heat supply of multi-storey buildings

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building must perform one function - timely delivery of coolant to each consumer while maintaining its technical qualities (temperature and pressure). To do this, the building must have a single distribution unit with the ability to regulate. IN autonomous systems it is combined with water heating devices - boilers.

The characteristic features of the heating system of a multi-storey building lie in its organization. It must consist of the following mandatory components:

• Distribution node. With its help, hot water is supplied through the mains;
• Pipelines. They are designed to transport coolant to individual rooms and areas of the house. Depending on the method of organization, there is a single-pipe or two-pipe heating system for a multi-story building;
• Control and control equipment. Its function is to change the characteristics of the coolant depending on external and internal factors, as well as its qualitative and quantitative accounting.

In practice, the heating scheme for a residential multi-storey building consists of several documents, which, in addition to drawings, include a calculation part. It is compiled by special design bureaus and must comply with current regulatory requirements.

The heating system is an integral part of a multi-storey building. Its quality is checked upon delivery of the facility or during scheduled inspections. Responsibility for this lies with the management company.

Piping in a multi-storey building

For normal operation of a building's heat supply, it is necessary to know its basic parameters. What pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building, as well as the temperature regime, will be optimal? According to the standards, these characteristics must have the following values:

• Pressure. For buildings up to 5 floors - 2-4 atm. If there are nine floors - 5-7 atm. The difference lies in the pressure of hot water to transport it to the upper levels of the house;
• Temperature. It can vary from +18°C to +22°C. This applies to residential premises only. On staircases and in non-residential rooms, a decrease to +15°C is allowed.

Having determined the optimal parameter values, you can begin to select the heating layout in a multi-story building.

It largely depends on the number of floors of the building, its area and the power of the entire system. The degree of thermal insulation of the house is also taken into account.

The pressure difference in the pipes on the 1st and 9th floors can be up to 10% of the standard value. This is a normal situation for a multi-story building.

Single-pipe heating distribution

This is one of the economical options for organizing heat supply in a building with a relatively large area. For the first time, a single-pipe heating system for a multi-story building began to be used on a large scale for “Khrushchev” buildings. The principle of its operation is that there are several distribution risers to which consumers are connected.

The coolant is supplied through one pipe circuit. The absence of a return line greatly simplifies the installation of the system, while reducing the cost. However, the Leningrad heating system for a multi-storey building has a number of disadvantages:

• Uneven heating of the room depending on the distance from the point of hot water intake (boiler or collector unit). Those. There may be options when a consumer connected earlier in the circuit will have hotter batteries than those next in the chain;
• Problems with adjusting the heating level of radiators. To do this, you need to make a bypass on each radiator;
• Complex balancing of a single-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building. It is carried out using thermostats and shut-off valves. In this case, system failure is possible even with a slight change in input parameters - temperature or pressure.

Currently, installing a single-pipe heating system in a new multi-story building is extremely rare. This is explained by the difficulty of individual metering of coolant in a separate apartment. Thus, in residential buildings of the Khrushchev project, the number of distribution risers in one apartment can reach up to 5. Those. It is necessary to install an energy consumption meter on each of them.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a single-pipe system should include not only maintenance costs, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe heating distribution

To increase operating efficiency, it is best to install a two-pipe heating system in a multi-story building. It also consists of distribution risers, but after the coolant passes through the radiator, it enters the return pipe.

Its main difference is the presence of a second circuit that acts as a return line. It is necessary for collecting cooled water and transporting it to the boiler or to a heating station for further heating. During design and operation, it is necessary to take into account a number of features of the heating system of a multi-storey building of this type:

• Possibility of adjusting the temperature level in individual apartments and throughout the highway as a whole. To do this, it is necessary to install mixing units;
• To carry out repairs or maintenance work, you do not need to turn off the entire system, as in the Leningrad heating scheme for a multi-storey building. It is enough to use shut-off valves to shut off the flow into a separate heating circuit;
• Low inertia. Even with a well-balanced single-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building, the consumer needs to wait 20-30 seconds for the hot water to reach the radiators through the pipelines.

Which optimal pressure in the heating system of a multi-storey building? It all depends on its number of floors. It should ensure that the coolant rises to the required height. In some cases, it is more efficient to install intermediate pumping stations to reduce the load on the entire system. Wherein optimal value the pressure should be from 3 to 5 atm.

Before purchasing radiators, you need to find out its characteristics from the heating scheme of a multi-storey residential building - pressure and temperature conditions. Based on this data, batteries are selected.

Heat supply of a multi-storey building

Heating distribution in a multi-storey building is important for the operational parameters of the system. However, in addition to this, the characteristics of the heat supply should be taken into account. An important one is the method of supplying hot water - centralized or autonomous.

In most cases, a connection is made to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Autonomous heating of a multi-storey building

In modern multi-storey residential buildings it is possible to organize independent system heat supply. It can be of two types - apartment-based or communal. In the first case, the autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building is carried out in each apartment separately. To do this, make independent piping and install a boiler (most often a gas one). A common house installation involves the installation of a boiler room, which has special requirements.

The principle of its organization is no different from a similar scheme for private country house. However, there are a number important points that need to be taken into account:

• Installation of several heating boilers. One or more of them must perform a duplicate function. If one boiler fails, another must replace it;
• Installation of a two-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building, as the most efficient;
• Drawing up a schedule for scheduled repairs and maintenance work. This is especially true for heating heating equipment and safety groups.

Considering the features heating circuit specific multi-storey building needs to be organized apartment system heat metering. To do this, for each incoming pipe from central riser Energy meters need to be installed. That is why the Leningrad heating system of a multi-storey building is not suitable for reducing operating costs.

Central heating of a multi-storey building

How can the heating distribution in an apartment building change when it is connected to a central heating supply? The main element of this system is the elevator unit, which performs the functions of normalizing coolant parameters to acceptable values.

The total length of the central heating mains is quite large. Therefore, at the heating point, such coolant parameters are created so that heat losses are minimal. To do this, the pressure is increased to 20 atm, which leads to an increase in the temperature of hot water to +120°C. However, given the characteristics of the heating system in an apartment building, supplying hot water with such characteristics to consumers is not permitted. To normalize the parameters of the coolant, an elevator unit is installed.

It can be calculated for both a two-pipe and a single-pipe heating system in a multi-storey building. Its main functions are:

• Reducing pressure using an elevator. A special cone valve regulates the volume of coolant flow into the distribution system;
• Reducing the temperature level to +90-85°C. A mixing unit for hot and cooled water is designed for this purpose;
• Filtration of coolant and reduction of oxygen content.

In addition, the elevator unit performs the main balancing of the single-pipe heating system in the house. For this purpose, it is equipped with shut-off and control valves, which automatically or semi-automatically regulate pressure and temperature.

To meet the heating needs of residents high-rise buildings, fit well centralized systems heat supply. Centralized heat supply involves the transfer of heated coolant from the boiler room through a network connected to a multi-story building insulated pipes. Centralized boiler houses have sufficient efficiency and make it possible to combine low operating costs and acceptable efficiency indicators for heat supply to multi-storey buildings.

But in order for efficiency district heating was at the proper level, the heating scheme in an apartment building is drawn up by professionals in their field - heating engineers. The fundamental principles by which a home heating scheme is designed are to achieve maximum efficiency heating with minimal resource consumption.

Contractors and builders are interested in providing apartment owners with a reliable and productive heat supply system, therefore the heating scheme of a multi-storey building is developed taking into account the current cost of heat resources, the thermal output of heating devices, their energy efficiency and the optimal sequence of connection to the circuit.

Any heating scheme for an apartment building is fundamentally different from the method and sequence of connecting heating devices in private houses. It has a more complex structure and guarantees that even in severe frosts, residents of apartments on all floors will be provided with heat and will not encounter such troubles as airy radiators, cold spots, leaks, water hammer and frozen walls.

A well-designed heating system for an apartment building, the scheme for which is developed individually, guarantees that optimal conditions will be maintained inside the apartments.

In particular, the temperature in winter will be at 20-22 degrees, and the relative humidity will be about 40%. To achieve such indicators, it is important not only the basic heating scheme, but also high-quality insulation of apartments, which prevents heat from escaping into the street through cracks in the walls, roof and window openings.

Scheme development

On initial stage Heating engineers work on the development of a heating scheme, carry out a series of calculations and achieve the same efficiency indicators of the heating system on all floors of the building. They draw up an axonometric diagram of the heating system, which is subsequently used by installers. Calculations carried out correctly by specialists guarantee that the designed heating system will be characterized by optimal coolant pressure, which will not lead to water hammer and interruptions in operation.

Inclusion of an elevator unit in the heating scheme

The central heating scheme for an apartment building, prepared by heating engineers, assumes that the radiators located in the apartment will receive coolant at an acceptable temperature. However, at the exit from the boiler room, the water temperature can exceed 100 degrees. To achieve coolant cooling by mixing cold water, the return and supply lines are connected by an elevator unit.

A reasonable heating elevator design allows the unit to perform a number of functions. The main function of the unit is direct participation in the heat exchange process, since hot coolant, entering it, is dosed and mixed with the injected coolant from the return. As a result, the unit allows you to achieve optimal results in matters of mixing hot coolant from the boiler room and cooled water from the return. After this, the prepared coolant optimal temperature delivered to apartments.

Design features of the circuit

An effective heating system in an apartment building, the design of which requires competent calculations, also implies the use of many other structural elements. Immediately after the elevator unit, special valves are integrated into the heating system to regulate the supply of coolant. They help control the heating process of the entire house and individual entrances, but only employees of service utility companies have access to these devices.

In the heating circuit, in addition to thermal valves, more sensitive devices are used to regulate and adjust the heating.

We are talking about devices that increase the performance of the heating system and allow for maximum automation of the home heating process. These are devices such as collectors, thermostats, automation, heat meters, etc.

Pipeline layout

While heating engineers are discussing the optimal heating scheme for a central heating house, the issue of proper piping in the house is raised. In modern multi-storey buildings The heating wiring diagram can be implemented according to one of two possible patterns.

Single pipe connection

The first template provides for a single-pipe connection with upper or lower wiring and is the most used option when equipping heating appliances in multi-storey buildings. At the same time, the location of the return and supply is not strictly regulated and may vary depending on external conditions– the region in which the house was built, its layout, number of floors and design. The direct direction of movement of the coolant along the risers can also change. There is an option for the heated water to move in the direction from bottom to top or from top to bottom.

It is distinguished by simple installation, affordable cost, reliability and long service life, but it also has a number of shortcomings. Among them are the loss of coolant temperature while moving along the circuit and low efficiency indicators.

In practice, various devices can be used to compensate for the disadvantages that characterize a single-pipe heating scheme beam system it can be an effective solution to the problem. It is designed to use a collector that helps regulate temperature conditions.

Two-pipe connection

A two-pipe connection is the second version of the template. A two-pipe heating scheme for a five-story building (as an example) is devoid of the disadvantages described above and has a completely different design than a single-pipe one. When implementing this scheme, the heated water from the radiator does not move to the next heating device in the circuit, but immediately falls into check valve and goes to the boiler room for heating. Thus, it is possible to avoid loss of temperature of the coolant circulating along the contour of a multi-story building.

The complexity of the connection, which heating radiators in an apartment require, makes the implementation of this type of heating a long and labor-intensive process, requiring large material and physical costs. Maintenance of the system is also not cheap, but the high cost is offset by high-quality and uniform heating of the house on all floors.

Among the advantages provided by the two-pipe scheme for connecting heating batteries, it is worth highlighting the possibility of installation on each radiator in the circuit special device– heat meter. It allows you to control the temperature of the coolant in the battery, and by using it in the apartment, the owner will achieve significant results in terms of saving money on utility bills, because he will be able to independently regulate the heating if necessary.

Connecting radiators to the system

After the pipe routing method has been chosen, heating batteries are connected to the circuit; the circuit also regulates the connection order and the type of radiators used. At this stage, the heating scheme for a three-story building will not differ radically from the heating scheme for a high-rise building.

Since the central heating system is characterized by stable operation, versatility and has an acceptable ratio of temperature and pressure of the coolant, the connection diagram for heating radiators in an apartment may involve the use of batteries made of various metals. In multi-storey buildings, cast iron, bimetallic, aluminum and steel can be used, which will complement the central heating system and provide apartment owners with the opportunity to live in comfortable temperature conditions.

The final stage of work

At the last stage, the radiators are connected, and their internal diameter and volume of sections are calculated taking into account the type of supply and cooling rate of the coolant. Because the central heating represents complex system interconnected components, it is quite difficult to replace radiators or repair jumpers in a particular apartment, because dismantling any element can cause interruptions in the heating supply of the entire house.

Therefore, apartment owners who use central heating for heating are not recommended to independently carry out any manipulations with radiators and the piping system, since the slightest intervention can turn into a serious problem.

In general, a well-designed, efficient heating scheme for a residential apartment building allows one to achieve good performance in matters of heat supply and heating.