A constant supply of hot water to a multi-apartment high-rise building can be carried out by two methods using different principles works:

1. In the first case, hot water supply apartment building takes water from the cold water supply pipeline (cold water supply), then the water is heated by an autonomous heat generator: an apartment boiler, a gas water heater or boiler, a heat exchanger that uses the heat of a local firehouse or thermal power plant;
2. In the second case, the hot water supply scheme of an apartment building takes hot water directly from the heating main, and this principle is used in the residential sector much more often - in 90% of cases of organizing hot water supply in a residential building.

Important: the advantage of the second option of a water supply system for a residential building is best quality water, which is regulated by GOST R 51232-98. Also, when taking hot water from a centralized heating main, the temperature and pressure of the liquid are quite stable and do not deviate from the specified parameters: pressure in the pipeline hot system water supply is maintained at the level of cold water supply, and the temperature is stabilized in the common heat generator.

Let us consider the water supply of an apartment building according to the second option in more detail, since it is this scheme that is most often used both in urban areas and in country houses, including country or garden houses.

What elements does the water supply scheme of an apartment building include?

The water metering unit, which organizes the supply of water to the house, is responsible for several functions:

1. It takes into account the consumption of cold water supply, that is, it acts as a water meter;
2. It can shut off the supply of cold water to the house in emergency situations or when it is necessary to repair components and parts, as well as to eliminate leaks;
3. Serves as a filter rough cleaning water: any hot water supply scheme for an apartment building should contain a similar mud filter.

The device itself consists of the following components:

1. A set of shut-off valves (taps, valves and valves) at the inlet and outlet of the device. Standardly these are gate valves, ball valves, valves;
2. Mechanical water meter, which is installed on one of the risers;
3. Mud filter (filter for coarse water purification from large solid particles). It could be metal grid in a housing, or a container in which solid debris settles to the bottom;
4. Pressure gauge or adapter for inserting a pressure gauge into a water supply circuit;
5. Bypass (bypass from a section of pipe), which serves to turn off the water meter during repairs or for data verification. The bypass is equipped with shut-off valves in the form of a ball valve or valve.

It is also an elevator unit that performs the following functions:

1. Ensures full and continuous operation heating system in an apartment building, and also regulates its parameters;
2. It delivers hot water to the house, that is, it provides hot water supply (hot water supply). The coolant itself in the heating system enters the hot water supply system of the apartment building directly from the centralized heating main;
3. The heating point can switch the hot water supply between return and supply. This may be necessary during severe frosts, since at this time the temperature of the coolant on the supply pipe can rise to 130-150 0 C, and this despite the fact that the standard supply temperature should not exceed 750 C.

The main element of a heating point is water jet elevator, where hot water from the working fluid supply pipeline circuit in the house is mixed in the mixing chamber with the return coolant by injection through a special nozzle. Thus, the elevator allows a larger volume of low-temperature coolant to pass through the heating circuit, and, since injection is carried out through a nozzle, the supply volume is small.

Adapters for connecting DHW can be inserted between the valves at the inlet of the route and the heating station - this is the most common connection scheme. The number of inserts is two or four (one or two each on the supply and return). Two inserts are typical for old houses; in new buildings, four adapters are practiced.

On the cold water supply route, a dead-end tie-in scheme with two connections is usually used: the water metering unit is connected to the bottling, and the bottling itself is connected to the risers through which pipes are routed to apartments. Water will move in such a cold water supply system only during disassembly, that is, when opening any mixers, taps, valves or valves.

Disadvantages of this connection:

1. At long absence When drawing water from a specific riser, the water will remain cold for a long time when drained;
2. Heated towel rails embedded in the DHW inlets from the boiler rooms, which simultaneously heat the bathroom or toilet, will only be hot when the DHW is drawn from a specific riser in the apartment. That is, they will almost always be cold, which will cause the appearance of moisture on the walls, mold or fungal diseases of the building materials of the room.

A heating station with four hot water connections in the house makes the circulation of hot water continuous, and this happens through two bottlings and risers connected to each other by jumpers.

Important: if mechanical water meters are installed on the hot water taps, then the water supply consumption will be taken into account without taking into account the water temperature, which is incorrect, since you will have to overpay for hot water that was not used.

Hot water supply can operate in three ways:

1. From the supply pipe to the return pipe to the boiler room. Such a hot water system is effective only in the warm season when the heating system is turned off;
2. From supply pipe to supply pipe. Such a connection will bring maximum benefits in the demi-season - autumn and spring, when the coolant temperature is low and far from maximum;
3. From the return pipe to the return pipe. This DHW scheme is most efficient in extreme cold, when the temperature at the supply pipe rises to ≥ 75 0 C.

For continuous movement of water, a pressure difference is required between the starting and ending points of insertion into one circuit, and this difference is ensured by limiting the flow. This limiter is a special retaining washer - a steel pancake with a hole in the middle. Thus, the water that is transported from the inlet to the elevator encounters an obstacle in the form of a washer body, and this obstacle is regulated by a rotation that opens or closes the retaining hole.

But too much restriction of the movement of water in the pipeline route will disrupt the operation of the heat station, so the retaining washer should have a diameter 1 mm larger than the diameter of the heat station nozzle. This size is calculated by representatives of the heat supplier so that the temperature at the heating return pipe elevator unit lay within the standard temperature limits.

What is pipe filling and riser

These are pipes laid horizontally and carried through the basement of a residential building, which connect the risers to the heating station and water meter. Bottling of cold water supply is done in single copies, bottling of hot water supply - in duplicate.

Diameter DHW pipes or cold water filling can be 32-100 mm, and depends on the number of connected consumers. For any water supply scheme, ø 100 mm is too large, but this size is taken taking into account not only the actual condition of the route, but also taking into account the size of salt deposits and rust on the inner walls of metal pipes.

A vertical pipe riser distributes water to the apartments located above it. The standard layout of such wiring includes several risers - for cold and hot water supply, and sometimes separately for heated towel rails. More wiring options:

1. Several groups of risers passing through one apartment and providing water to water points located on great distance from each other;
2. A group of risers in one apartment that supplies water to a neighboring apartment or several apartments;
3. When organizing hot water supply, pipe jumpers can be used to connect up to seven groups of risers across apartments. The lintels are equipped with Mayevsky taps. This is called a circulation pipeline, or CTP.

Standard diameter cold and hot water supply pipes for risers - 25-40 mm. Racks for heated towel rails and single risers are mounted from ø 20 mm pipes. Such risers provide both one-pipe and two-pipe home heating systems.

Closed hot water system

The constant circulation of water in a closed hot water supply system is based on the principle of taking cold water from the pipeline and supplying it to the heat exchanger. After heating, the water is supplied to the distribution system throughout the apartment. The working fluid in the heating system and hot water for the technical needs of consumers are separated, since the coolant may have toxic inclusions to improve its heat transfer qualities. In addition, hot water pipes rust faster. Such a scheme is called closed because the consumer uses the heat, and not the coolant itself.

Pipe liner

The main function of the connections is to distribute water to the water collection points in the apartment. The standard diameter of the supply pipes is 15 mm, the grade of pipes is DU15, the material is steel. For PVC or metal-plastic pipes, the diameter should be the same. When repairing or replacing the liner, it is not recommended to use a smaller diameter so as not to change the design pressure parameters that the hot or cold water supply circulation system must comply with.

To organize the correct wiring, tees are most often used; for more complex wiring schemes, manifolds are used. The collector supply requires hidden installation, so the collector should be installed when servicing a large number of rooms in the house. After 10-15 years, metal pipes become overgrown from the inside with salt mineral deposits and rust, so preventive work to restore the system’s functionality consists of cleaning the pipes with steel wire, or replacing old pipes with new ones.

Given the apparent functionality and durability of PVC or metal-plastic pipes, it is recommended to use steel products for liners - they withstand water shocks and temperature changes well. Such deviations in the DHW operating mode can often be observed when the heating system is turned on or turned off in an emergency. Pipe material should be included in the plan for the water supply scheme of a residential building at the stage of drawing up the project and estimate.

1. Galvanized metal pipes - they have been used for many decades, and they have proven themselves to be the best. The zinc layer on the metal prevents corrosion from developing and does not retain salt deposits. When purchasing galvanized products, you should remember that welding work on such a surface is not carried out, since weld will remain unprotected by zinc - all connections must be made on threads;
2. Pipe connections on fittings for soldering copper connections last much longer than steel and even galvanized pipes. Such connections with a solder connection do not need to be maintained, and they can be laid in both open and hidden ways;
3. Corrugated pipe line for cold or hot water supply from of stainless steel. Such products are simply and quickly mounted on threaded connections or compression fittings. No special equipment other than two adjustable wrenches is required for this. The guaranteed service life of stainless steel is not limited by the manufacturer. The only thing that will have to be changed over time is the silicone seals.

Features of hot water supply and calculation of the volume of hot water

Calculation of the amount of hot water in the system depends on technical and operational factors:

1. Estimated hot water temperature;
2. Number of residents in an apartment building;
3. The parameters that plumbing fixtures can withstand and the frequency of their operation in general scheme water supply;
4. the number of plumbing fixtures that are connected to the hot water supply.

Calculation example:

1. A family of four uses a 140 liter bathtub. The bathtub fills in 10 minutes, the bathroom has a shower with a water consumption of 30 liters.
2. Within 10 minutes, the water heating device should heat it to design temperature in the amount of 170 l.

These theoretical calculations work based on average water consumption by residents.

Breakdowns in the hot or cold water distribution system

You can fix the following emergency situations with your own hands:

The valve or faucet is leaking. This happens most often due to wear of the oil seal or seal. To eliminate the malfunction, it is necessary to open the valve completely and with force so that the raised oil seal stops the leak. This technique will help for a while; in the future, the valve must be rebuilt and worn parts replaced.

Noise and vibration of a valve or faucet when opening in a hot water supply system (less often cold). The cause of noise is most often wear, deformation or crushing of the gasket in the gearbox of the mechanism. Noises appear if the tap is not opened all the way. This fault can cause a series of water hammers in the pipes, so its elimination is of utmost importance. The faucet valve is capable of closing the valve seat in the faucet or valve body in a few milliseconds, if it is not a ball valve, but a screw valve. Why is the risk of water hammer higher in hot water supply systems? Because in hot water pipes the operating pressure is higher.

How to fix the problem:

1. Shut off the water at the inlet;
2. Unscrew the valve housing of the noisy faucet;
3. Replace the gasket, but before installing, chamfer the new gasket so that the valve does not vibrate when opening under high pressure.

The heated towel rail does not heat up. The cause of the breakdown may be the presence of air in the water supply system with constant coolant circulation. Typically, air accumulates in a pipe jumper, which is installed between adjacent risers, after an emergency or scheduled drain of water. The problem is eliminated by bleeding the air plugs. To do this you need:

1. Vent the air at the highest point of the system - on the top floor;
2. Shut off the hot water supply riser located in the apartment (the riser is closed in the basement of the house);
3. Open all hot water taps in the apartment;
4. After bleeding air through taps and mixers, you need to close them. And open the shut-off valve on the riser.

Hidden faults

At the end heating season the pressure difference between the pipes of the heating main may not be maintained, and because of this, heated towel rails connected directly to the hot water supply will be cold. This is not a cause for concern - you need to bleed off the air, which equalizes the pressure, and the heating will be restored.

Providing hot water to a multi-storey building is not easy, because the hot water supply system must contain water under a certain pressure and at a certain temperature. This is the first. Second: the hot water supply of an apartment building is a long path of the water itself from the boiler room to consumers, in which there is a huge amount of different equipment, devices and instruments. In this case, the connection can be made according to two schemes: with upper or lower wiring.

Network diagrams

So, let's start with the question of how water gets into our homes, meaning hot water. It moves from the boiler room to the house, and is distilled by pumps installed as boiler equipment. Heated water moves through pipes called heating mains. They can be laid above or below ground. And they must be thermally insulated to reduce heat losses the coolant itself.

Ring connection diagram

The pipe is brought to apartment buildings, from where the route branches into smaller sections that supply coolant to each building. A pipe of smaller diameter goes into the basement of the house, where it is divided into sections that deliver water to each floor, and from that floor to each apartment. It is clear that such an amount of water cannot be consumed. That is, all the water pumped into the hot water supply cannot be consumed, especially at night. Therefore, another route is laid, which is called the return route. It moves water from the apartments to the basement, and from there to the boiler room through a separately laid pipeline. However, it should be noted that all pipes (both return and supply) are laid along the same route.

That is, it turns out that the hot water itself inside the house moves around the ring. And she is constantly on the move. In this case, the circulation of hot water in an apartment building is carried out from the bottom up and back. But in order for the temperature of the liquid itself to be constant on all floors (with a slight deviation), it is necessary to create conditions under which its speed was optimal, and it did not affect the decrease in temperature itself.

It should be noted that today apartment buildings can be approached separately by routes for hot water supply and heating. Or one pipe will be supplied with a certain temperature (up to +95C), which in the basement of the house will be divided into heating and hot water supply.

DHW wiring diagram

By the way, pay attention to the photo above. A heat exchanger is installed in the basement of the house according to this scheme. That is, water from the route is not used in the hot water supply system. She just heats up cold water, coming from water supply network. And the domestic hot water system itself is a separate route, unconnected with the route from the boiler room.

The house network is circulation. And the water supply to the apartments is carried out by a pump installed in it. This is by far the most modern scheme. Its positive feature is the ability to control the temperature of the liquid. By the way, there are strict standards for the temperature of hot water in an apartment building. That is, it should not be lower than +65C, but not higher than +75C. In this case, small deviations in one direction or another are allowed, but not more than 3C. At night, deviations can be as low as 5C.

Why this particular temperature?

There are two reasons for this.

• The higher the water temperature, the faster pathogenic bacteria die in it.
• But we also have to take into account the fact that high temperatures in the hot water system mean burns when coming into contact with water or metal parts of pipes or faucets. For example, at a temperature of +65C, a burn can be obtained in 2 seconds.

Water temperature

By the way, it should be noted that the temperature of the water in the heating system of an apartment building can be different, it all depends on various factors. But it should not exceed +95C for two-pipe systems, and +105C for single-pipe systems.

Attention! The law determines that if the water temperature in the hot water system is 10 degrees below normal, then the payment is also reduced by 10%. If it is at a temperature of +40 or +45C, then the payment is reduced to 30%.

That is, it turns out that the water supply system of an apartment building is available in type of hot water supply, This individual approach for payment, depending on the temperature of the coolant itself. True, as practice shows, few people know about this, so disputes usually never arise on this issue.

Dead-end circuits

There are also so-called dead-end circuits in the DHW system. That is, the water goes to consumers, where it cools down if it is not used. Therefore, in such systems there is a very large excess coolant consumption. Such wiring is used either in office premises, or in small houses - no more than 4 floors. Although all this is already in the past.

The best option is circulation. And the simplest thing is to enter the pipe into the basement, and from there through the apartments through a riser that runs along all floors. Each entrance has its own riser. Reaching the top floor, the riser makes a U-turn and goes past all the apartments into the basement, through which it is discharged and connected to the return pipeline.

Dead-end circuit

Wiring in the apartment

So, let's look at the water supply (WSS) scheme in the apartment. In principle, it is no different from cold water supply. And most often, hot water supply pipes are laid next to cold water supply elements. True, there are some consumers who do not need hot water. For example, a toilet, washing machine or dishwasher. The last two themselves heat the water to the required temperature.

DHW and cold water pipe wiring diagram

The most important thing is that the distribution of water supply in an apartment (both hot water supply and hot water supply) requires certain standards for laying the pipes themselves. For example, if pipes of two systems are laid one above the other, then the top one should be from the hot water supply. If they are laid in a horizontal plane, then the right one should be from the hot water system. In this case, on one wall it may be deep in the groove, and on the other, on the contrary, closer to the surface. In this case, the laying of the pipeline can be hidden (in grooves) or open, laid on the surface of the walls or floor.

Conclusion on the topic

The apparent simplicity of hot water supply in apartment buildings determined by the inhabitants by the distribution of pipes inside the apartments. It's actually quite a wide variety. various schemes, in which pipes stretch for several kilometers, starting from the boiler room and ending with the mixer in the apartment. And, as practice shows, even in old houses today, hot water supply systems are being reconstructed using new, improved technologies that provide hot water and reduce heat losses.

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For the normal functioning of any construction projects, including apartment buildings, it is very important to have a functioning water supply. Water supply in an apartment building is a central water supply line, as well as intra-house and apartment pipe distribution.

Issues discussed in the article:

• What features does the water supply system have in an apartment building?
• What water supply schemes are used in an apartment building.
• What types of pipes are suitable for supplying water to apartments.
• Who is responsible for replacing water supply risers in apartment buildings?
• How a hot water supply scheme is constructed.
• How to increase the pressure in the water supply system.

What features does the water supply system have in an apartment building?

It is quite difficult to establish cold and hot water supply in an apartment building, since there are many consumers. Each apartment is a separate object of an apartment building, which must be provided with water supply. At the same time, pipes of different diameters are a single structure with sufficient complex system wiring

The water supply system in an apartment building is a large and unified complex of pumping equipment with filters and meters installed in it, also with shut-off and control valves and apartment-by-apartment pipe distribution.

Mandatory elements in the water supply scheme of an apartment building are pressure regulators. The water entering the apartments of apartment houses must go through several preliminary stages of purification to remove any impurities of mechanical origin. In addition, chlorination is often carried out to disinfect water.

Central water supply is recognized as the most convenient water supply system in an apartment building. That is, high-quality water is supplied to the central water supply under the influence high pressure. Water circulation is ensured using a water supply system located in all cities and settlements. Most often, water is supplied from surface reservoirs located far enough from sources of pollution. Such a water supply system in an apartment building consists of three components:

• water intake structures;
• cleaning stations;
• distribution network.

Thanks to the elements described above, water from pumping station first enters a reservoir, where it is purified, and then enters the distribution network to supply water to the necessary facilities. Such a water supply system will function well only if there is high-quality and correct pipe layout, as well as good pressure.

Since the water supply in an apartment building must provide sufficient water a large number of users, central water supply can be carried out using a well constructed using a special water intake tower. Most good option The well is artesian, when water is taken from a great depth and is therefore of very high quality and clean. However, this method of water intake is quite expensive and is more often used to ensure water supply not in an apartment building, but in a club building ( cottage house with a small number of apartments).

The water supply system in an apartment building using a water tower consists of several elements:

• caisson;
• main tank for water intake;
• pumping station.

A caisson is a metal container located at a depth of 2-2.5 m above the well itself. A pipe is installed in the caisson that drains water from the well. The concrete-ring caisson is considered the worst in terms of tightness. Violation of tightness leads to frequent flooding from incoming groundwater.

Using a pumping station and a caisson, water is transported to a storage tank in which an automatic float valve is installed, which turns on the pump when the water in the tank drops and does not reach a certain level.

The level of total pressure in such a water supply system in an apartment building depends on the volume storage capacity or tank. Even Electric Energy turns off, water still continues to flow into the apartments until the pressure in the tank decreases due to a drop in the water level.

Scheme of cold water supply in an apartment building: 3 main types

The operation of any household appliance in an apartment that is connected to water depends on the proper installation of the water supply system in an apartment building. Thanks to a competent water supply scheme, all apartments should be provided with water using a central water supply, and water should flow to all necessary supply points.

At the moment, there are several ways to provide cold water supply in an apartment building.

Scheme 1.Scheme consistent water supply apartments.

The simplest and most practical method of apartment-by-apartment water supply in an apartment building is a sequential connection diagram. This option is affordable and affordable engineering communications. This scheme is common in residential buildings.

With this scheme, main pipelines with hot and cold water are mounted in parallel, and any equipment is connected using tees, which is why this scheme is sometimes called a “tee connection”.

Such a water supply scheme in an apartment building implies the presence of a common main line for a large number of users, from which wiring is done using the same tees. The main pipe of large diameter is like an elongated collector.

This water supply scheme is not only very common, but also ideal for water supply to an ordinary apartment that has one bathroom and does not have a large number of household appliances that rely on water resources. This water supply scheme in an apartment building has its strengths and weaknesses.

Strengths:

• savings on pipes to a significant extent;
• the project is quite simple and easy;
• the cost of laying water pipes is reduced.

Weak sides:

• in the case of simultaneous use of several open devices, a sharp drop in pressure at the end points of water supply is possible;
• there is no way to selectively turn off the system, that is, if one pipe breaks, it will be necessary to turn off the water supply in the entire apartment;
• It is quite difficult to determine the location of the leak;
• no free access to tees;
• if an accident occurs, there will be a need to damage the finishing layer of the wall or floor.

Only qualified specialists should install pipes in accordance with the sequential water supply scheme in an apartment building. Only in this case the pipe will not leak immediately, and the pressure will be normal.

Scheme 2.Collector circuit.

The operation of household appliances that depend on water may be disrupted due to a decrease in pressure in the general water supply circuit of an apartment building. To avoid this situation, a collector circuit is sometimes chosen.

Installing this system is quite expensive and difficult. Due to the fact that the pressure drop in the manifold circuit is eliminated, all points of the plumbing equipment can be used simultaneously. This possibility is achieved by laying a separate pipe to each water supply point. If an urgent need arises, each individual pipe can simply be closed. From the main pipe to in this case there will be no branches, which makes the collector circuit as safe as possible for ensuring water supply in an apartment building. In addition, the likelihood of a leak is reduced due to the fact that the collector pipe is connected to the main one in only one place, and in general the main and collector pipes are located in parallel.

The figure of this diagram clearly shows its basic principle - each water consumer is connected through a separate pipe directly to the cold and hot water supply collectors. Moreover, the pipe itself has no additional branches or unnecessary connections along its entire length. These circumstances exclude the possibility of leakage. Both connections (collector-pipe and pipe-water consumer) are always easily accessible for repair.

Strengths:

• system reliability due to a small number of connections;
• adjusting the operation of a separate plumbing fixture;
• ease of maintenance and repair of the water supply system in an apartment building;
• the interior does not deteriorate thanks to the hidden installation of pipes.

Scheme 3.Mixed scheme.

Quite often this water supply scheme is used in an apartment building. Installation work in this case they are cheaper, but only specialists can design such a scheme correctly, because the wrong device simply will not give the desired result.

Let's assume that a collector water supply runs through the basement, from which risers rise, and on each floor, collectors are connected to the risers that supply sanitary fixtures. It turns out that the lower distribution and risers are equipped with a tee system, and the collector water supply system in the apartment building runs along the floors. In its pure form, a collector circuit is one or more collectors installed directly in the basement of an apartment building. From there the rest of the devices are powered.

Types of pipes used for water supply in an apartment building

There are several types of pipes that are used to organize water supply in apartment buildings.

1. Steel pipes.

Today this type pipes are practically not used when organizing water supply in an apartment building. The fact is that at the moment this material has already used up its resource. Plus, such pipes are not cheap. And the installation itself is quite an expensive and labor-intensive pleasure. The main disadvantage of this type of pipe is the collection of condensate, which destroys the pipeline material. The volume of the pipe decreases due to the formation of rust and plaque inside it, which means the throughput capacity decreases.

1. Copper pipes.

The main advantage of copper pipes is their long service life (about 50 years). This service life is achieved by the absence of rust formations, plus copper has bactericidal properties. All this causes the high cost of this type of pipe.

1. Metallo plastic pipes.

Metal-plastic pipes are quite popular today. Pipes made from this material are practical and reliable, and they are easy to install. To carry out installation, you will need a special tool, and the joints are made using fittings. Metal-plastic pipe able to withstand high loads (both physical and mechanical).

Water supply in an apartment building and sewerage

To provide comfortable life A water supply system in an apartment building is simply necessary. However, only specialists can install such a system correctly. To install the equipment, a special diagram must be drawn up, in accordance with which the installation will be carried out. If the system is installed correctly, it will be protected from leaks and deformation of drainage systems. Quite often, when installing a water supply system in an apartment building, the water supply through the riser is turned off.

If the installation of sewer pipes is carried out in an apartment for the first time, then it would be better not to change the usual location of all plumbing fixtures, that is, you should use old scheme. For proper installation, you should measure the exact distance between the sink, toilet, bathtub and other equipment that operates from the water supply and draw up an appropriate plan for future work. In addition, you need to correctly determine the location of the clamps and the central sewer pipe. It is believed that a slope is required when creating a sewerage system. You should also use only high-quality materials.

Before installing new or replacing old sewerage equipment in an apartment in an apartment building, you should evaluate the general sewer riser and its condition. In case of absence external signs rust, then you can do without replacement. In cases where replacement is necessary, this procedure should be carried out carefully, since a damaged pipe is subject to deformation and, if handled carelessly, the entire riser may need to be replaced.

Sometimes it happens that there is a need to lay new pipes due to the advent of new equipment powered by water supply ( washing machine, dishwasher and so on). Also, a similar need may arise due to the connection of additional plumbing equipment.

To carry out high-quality sewer installation, you need:

• pipes;
• components;
• compositions for fixation and sealing;
• tools;
• fitting;
• devices.

Water supply and heating in an apartment building

Today there are many options for heating and water supply systems in an apartment building. Moreover, they are all relatively interdependent. This especially applies to heating. The fact is that the apartment cannot be heated independently of the hot water supply.

Of course, you can install a heating system in an apartment yourself, but all your actions must be coordinated with utility services. Often there is a need to replace old heating pipes with new ones. Previously, heating pipes were made of cast iron. However cast iron structures are susceptible to plaque formation and reduced permeability, which leads to the need for annual pipe blowing. Modern analogues of heating systems do not require such maintenance.

To replace old heating pipes, you must first carefully dismantle them. In this case, dismantling should begin with central riser. Even in modern rooms such pipes are located in the corner, since it is not customary to hide them in walls. It is important to know that heating equipment can only be dismantled and replaced if there is no hot water in the system, that is, after the end of the heating season.

A water supply system in an apartment building can be installed different methods. The main difference is always the method of collecting cold water, its purification and supply. Particular attention should be paid to the layout of pipes for water supply in the apartment, and before this it is worth determining the amount of equipment that operates from the water supply.

How are water supply risers located in an apartment building?

The risers are vertical arrangement pipes in the water supply system. They are divided into three types:

• heating;
• water supply risers;
• sewer.

The maintenance of such installations is carried out by special organizations (for example, housing and communal services, housing and communal services, and so on).

It is important to know certain legal aspects of this issue:

1. Serviceable communications, including water supply in an apartment building, must be provided by the management company. That is, replacement of risers and pipes whose service life has expired should also be carried out at the expense of the management company.
2. In a municipal building, the risers must be replaced by the city or district administration.
3. If communication systems are privatized, then renovation work are paid by the residents themselves.

Sometimes people who are responsible for replacing communications try to avoid fulfilling their responsibilities or charge a fee for their services. In this situation, residents have the right to file an official application demanding repair or replacement of pipes. In the absence of any feedback People living in an apartment building can write a complaint to the housing authority. Most often, such steps on the part of residents lead to the restoration of justice.

By whom and in what order is the replacement of water supply risers in an apartment building carried out?

Overhaul of the water supply in an apartment building or overhaul of the entire worn-out housing stock is quite an expensive undertaking. Therefore, in cases where the management company skillfully evades fulfilling its obligations, residents are forced to chip in for repair work. However, in addition to financial and technical problems, there are a large number of organizational issues. It is important to understand that replacing entire risers can also be effective for residents. For example, replacing steel with propylene will improve the quality of the supplied water. In addition, due to lower pressure losses in plastic pipes, the energy consumption for pumping to the upper floors will be reduced (pumping pumps are powered through a separate meter and payments for it are distributed among the apartments of the pumped floors). Also an impressive advantage will be the fact that prices for heating network services with such pipe replacement will be reduced by 10-20%.

To accept correct solution Regarding emerging organizational issues regarding the repair and maintenance of water supply systems in an apartment building, it is necessary to know and understand certain technical features.

1. Replacing the riser in an apartment by itself will not give any result. If you change the riser, then completely, from the basement to the exit to ventilation pipe, top plug, inspection hatch or drain.
2. Boners are vital important elements engineering communications systems, an accident on which may entail, incl. and human casualties.
3. Housing legislation regarding risers (Article 36 and clause 5 of Article 155 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, Articles 290, 292 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) is clear: risers are not the property of the residents, even if the apartment is privatized. Their owner is the management company (municipal housing office, departmental economic protection department, private operating company).
4. Risers are replaced within overhaul, while contributions for major repairs are made as payment for housing and communal services. If among the residents of a particular apartment building there are many pensioners, beneficiaries, students, the unemployed, and so on, then most likely there will be no free funds in the account of a completely honest management company. On the one hand, this is bad for residents (they need to contribute money), but on the other hand, it is good (they have the opportunity to dictate their terms).
5. Major renovations in a residential building are done every 25 years. The operational life can be extended based on the audit performed, but the period between repairs cannot be increased.
6. It is not the responsibility of the management company to carry out scheduled major repairs every 25 years. This fact also provides residents with sufficient flexibility regarding organizational issues related to repairs of risers.
7. The riser where any emergency repair work was carried out during this 25-year period will be considered emergency until the next major repair. This rule applies even if the fault was a small fistula through which a drop of water leaked out per day.
8. The priority signs of accidents when determining its degree are always external manifestations: patches, clamps, beads of welding seams, traces of caulking.

The regulations state that early repairs of engineering systems in a building can only be carried out in the event of a proven danger to the life and health of residents. To organize such repairs, representatives of the HOA or management company must draw up an application and send it to the relevant executive authority.

A decision to carry out major repairs, including the water supply system in an apartment building, can only be made after several necessary checks and examinations. The application is drawn up in free form, but in accordance with the generally accepted template.

At the beginning of the application, a header is drawn up, which indicates the addressee (position, company name), followed by the surname, first name and patronymic of the manager, the applicant’s details, address and contact telephone number. The main text of the application should reflect the essence of the problem and also reflect the last date of the inspection. A description of the status of all engineering systems should be added. The conclusion must be dated and signed by the applicant.

If, after submitting such an application, a refusal was given, then the residents must demand that it be formalized in writing, then they will be able to apply with this written refusal to the court. However, the court's decision will have to wait a long time, perhaps even more than one year. Therefore in this case there are 2 possible options actions:

1. You can wait for a serious accident that will result in flooding of the entire entrance. In this case, workers will simply be forced to carry out repair work. However, sometimes it happens that housing office employees simply make a patch on a problem area, rather than replacing the entire riser.
2. You can hold a general meeting of homeowners and raise the issue of carrying out high-quality pipe replacement at your own expense. In this case, the fee for one apartment will be 3-5 thousand rubles.

Each house has risers installed:

• heating system;
• sewer;
• for supplying cold and hot water to the apartment.

Replacing any of the above risers to repair the water supply system in an apartment building is carried out in the following sequence:

1. Covering the repaired riser.

If we are talking about hot water supply and hot water supply, then you should wait some time after shutting off, since the remaining liquid will still drain. If it is planned to replace the sewer riser, then none of the residents should drain the water (its supply should be turned off).

1. Removal of old pipes.

It is necessary to invite locksmiths through management company, since this type of work is quite complicated, especially if the pipes are cast iron.

1. Installation of new pipes.

Now you should turn on the water and make sure there are no leaks. The best option would be to simultaneously replace communications throughout the entire house. This reduces the likelihood of leaks and emergency situations.

Despite the fact that the basic principle of replacing communication systems is the same everywhere, there are still some peculiarities.

When replacing the heating riser:

• make a statement about the need to turn off the heat supply and send it to the management company, since you won’t be able to turn off the riser yourself without special knowledge;
• consider installing shut-off valves when connecting batteries, this will eliminate the need to turn off the heat in the entire house when a leak is detected;
• Do not over-reduce the diameter when installing pipes, otherwise the pipe will burst due to the high pressure in the central heating system.

To replace a water riser, you need to choose the right type of pipe. Cold water and hot water systems are different, since when supplying hot water, plastic reinforced pipes are used that are not deformed from high temperature.

It is better to replace pipes in the entire house at once. However, sometimes it happens that some neighbors are against it, then the master simply cuts off the old pipe in the apartment in front of the ceilings (upper and lower) and installs special fittings. Dismantling must be carried out from the upper floors, but a new riser must be installed from the first floor.

Expert opinion

How to share responsibility for water supply with RSO

Elena Sholomova,

lawyer, auditor, chairman of the board of TSN "Zelenaya, 22"

1. Where is the border between cold water and hot water networks?

The common property of an apartment building includes cold water and hot water systems, which consist of:

• risers, branches from risers to the first disconnecting device located on branches from risers, disconnecting devices;
• ODPU cold and hot water;
• the first shut-off and control valves on the branches of the intra-apartment wiring from the risers;
• mechanical, electrical, sanitary and other equipment located on these networks.

The main reason to know who is responsible for what is finance. The responsible person must maintain his property and pay for network losses, as well as deal with emergency situations. Even the smallest accident on a network “in the ground” will be quite expensive, since it will be necessary to organize excavations and then new landscaping of the territory. And if a parking lot or some other object is detected on the network, the task may not be feasible at all.

The person in charge of the network section is also responsible for all consequences of the accident. This person will also respond to consumer complaints.

Owners should not bear the cost of maintaining property that does not belong to them. It cannot be argued that the disputed site belongs to common property just because it is not on the balance sheet of the RSO. This position was defended by the HOA from Khabarovsk (determination of the Judicial Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 21, 2016 No. 303-ES16-917).

1. Where is the border on heating networks?

According to the law, common property includes:

• risers;
• heating elements;
• regulatory and shut-off valves;
• ODPU thermal energy;
• other equipment located on these networks.

The place of fulfillment of the obligations of the heat supply organization is the delivery point located on the border of the balance sheet ownership of the heat consuming installation or the consumer’s heat network and the heat supply network of the heat supply organization, or at the point of connection to an ownerless heat network.

It is necessary to defend the position that the equipment or the disputed section of the network is not part of the common property. It is worth referring to the absence of minutes of the general meeting and the absence of references to the disputed object in the management agreement for the apartment building. And to transfer the place of delimitation of balance sheet ownership, it is not enough for the RSO to say that the network section does not belong to it; the will of the owners of the premises in the apartment building is necessary.

Such conclusions are contained in the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated December 21, 2015 in case No. 305-ES15-11564, A41-22117/2014.

1. Where is the border along the sewer networks?

According to the law, the following components of the intra-house engineering system sewerage systems are considered common property:

• sewer outlets;
• shaped parts (including bends, transitions, pipes, revisions, crosses, tees);
• risers, plugs, exhaust pipes, drainage funnels;
• branches from risers to the first butt joints;
• other equipment located in this system.

If there is no act of delimitation of operational responsibility, then the boundary of operational responsibility is established along the line of balance sheet ownership (clause 32 of the Rules for cold water supply and sanitation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 29, 2013 No. 644).

If water is supplied to the subscriber through ownerless networks that are transferred to the water utility, then the boundary of operational responsibility is established along the border of ownerless networks.

Often the disputed areas are sewer outlets from the wall of an apartment building to the first inspection well. Most often, a controversial issue arises after the completion of the construction of an apartment building, when the developer does not transfer the external sewerage networks to municipal ownership. The boundary of operational responsibility for sewer networks, at the insistence of the water utility, in this case should pass through the point of entry of the outlet into the first inspection well. The fact is that:

1. Internal sewerage is a system of pipelines and devices within the boundaries of the external contour of a building and structures, limited by outlets to the first inspection well, ensuring the disposal of waste, rain and melt water into the sewerage network (clause 3.1.6 SP 30.13330.2016 “SNiP 2.04.01– 85* Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings"). Hence the conclusion that the sewerage system, including sewer outlets and outlets, branches from risers to the first butt joints, belongs to common property. Therefore, in the opinion of the water utility, the demarcation should be installed at the point where the outlet connects to the sewer well.
2. The costs of maintenance and repair of sewerage sections from the outer border of an apartment building to the first inspection well are not included in the tariff for sewerage services, and sewer outlets serve only one apartment building.

In connection with the above, the water utility insists on servicing only the yard network of canals, but releases from external wall He refers houses to wells as the responsibility of the management company.

According to judicial practice, sewer outlets of apartment buildings should be divided into:

• the internal part, which is located inside the house to the outer boundary of its wall;
• the outer part, which runs from the outer boundary of the house wall to the walls of the sewer wells.

Unless something else was established by the general meeting of owners, sewer outlets are considered common property only in that part that is located inside the apartment building (up to the outer boundary of its wall). The passage of external sections of sewer networks through the local area does not in itself classify them as common property (resolutions of the Arbitration Court of the East Siberian District dated 08/24/2016 in case No. A78-10409/2015, Arbitration Court of the Northwestern District dated 05/05/2016 in case No. A56-27226/2015, Arbitration Court of the Ural District dated October 3, 2016 in case No. A76-4485/2015).

The norms of SP 30.13330.2016 do not apply to the relationship between you and the RSO. Any SNiPs are applicable during design and construction, but not when determining the composition of common property in apartment buildings.

Hot water supply system in an apartment building

DHW is an entire system that consists of pipelines and various devices used to heat cold water and distribute hot consumers. Sometimes special pipes are used in the bathroom and toilet to heat these rooms. These pipes are also used as a dryer.

According to the radius of action, the hot water supply system in an apartment building can be:

1. Local.

Such a water supply system is usually created for a group of small objects or one small building. The consumer himself heats the water in this case thanks to gas or electric boiler flow type. Maintenance local water supply systems must be regular, and their use is usually determined by the inability to use a centralized supply of hot water.

Strengths of the local hot water supply system in an apartment building:

• it works autonomously;
• Repairing such a system is quite simple;
• heat loss is small.

1. Central.

This type of system appeared in connection with the liquidation of regional and local boiler houses, as well as heat supply systems. These systems are much more practical to use, since there is no need to install special equipment for heating cold water and no additional wiring is needed. However, central system hot water supply in an apartment building has its disadvantages:

• frequent repairs and regular maintenance of pipes;
• slow execution of repair requests from outside utilities;
• sudden changes in pressure;
• the temperature is not high enough.

The local hot water supply system does not have such disadvantages.

As part of centralized water heating and water supply systems, they can be used as open ( network water mixes with the heated water) and closed (water is heated through surfaces without contacting the heat carrier) heating networks.

Open heating networks are the most rational to use, although the quality of the supplied water varies temperature regime may deteriorate significantly. Today such systems are quite rare.

A closed hot water supply system in an apartment building has become more popular lately, as it is based on the use of a heating main with a completely separate, autonomous circuit (a reservoir for pumping cold water). Cold water is pumped into this autonomous circuit, which then passes through the heat exchange elements. In this case, the heat exchange elements take heat from the main water, which is heated in the thermal power plant. There may also be other heat sources, but the most widespread is direct heat transfer using an open hot water supply system.

In this situation, the quality of the hot water supplied to the house does not depend on the condition of the pipes located in the central heating system. If a closed system is used, then there are heat exchangers and additional pumping units.

A closed hot water supply system in an apartment building has certain advantages over an open system, namely qualitative and bacteriological properties.

A closed hot water supply circuit in an apartment building ensures a stable temperature regime, regardless of the air temperature in winter.

Today, engineers often use a closed hot water supply system in an apartment building. A scheme of this type is considered more reliable.

DHW in an apartment can be carried out using several methods:

• water is heated in the boiler room and then supplied to the consumer;
• the water is heated in a special point, which is located in the block or area;
• water is heated using special equipment installed in basement apartment building;
• The water is heated in the consumer’s apartment.

DHW can be circulating. With this device, water constantly moves through the pipes and thereby ensures not only the supply of hot water, but also heating.

There is also a dead-end DHW system. In this situation, the water is not used immediately, but may cool down over time. In this regard, a special container is often installed in the apartment where the water is heated and its temperature is maintained.

It would be more rational to use individual system DHW, since a monthly fee must be paid for using the centralized system.

The most economical option for providing hot water supply in an apartment can be considered a boiler, since you will only need to pay for cold water, and hot water is provided by the user himself.

Scheme for increasing pressure and solving the problem of insufficient pressure

Quite often the problem of unstable water pressure in the pipeline arises. Wherein this problem familiar to both owners of private houses and residents of multi-apartment high-rises. However, in a private home, the pressure in the water supply system may drop due to a minor problem in the pumping equipment, which can easily be fixed on your own. But problems with central water supply in an apartment building arise for reasons beyond the control of users.

In any building, the water supply system has two networks: external and internal. The boundary between them is the flange of the valve, which is located immediately at the inlet after the pipeline crosses the wall.

In addition, the water supply system consists of two units: an inlet and a water meter, as well as risers with connections and distribution branches. Also, one of the elements of the internal network can be a water pump.

Depending on which particular scheme is used, such a device can be a pump or storage tank, such an element, thanks to its water reserve, can regulate the stability of water supply as its consumption increases.

The main task of the internal water supply network in an apartment building is the distribution of water among distribution points or between consumers. the main role in this distribution is allocated to water intake fittings. Control valves only control water flow.

It is the type of water supply system that determines the location and total number of the above-described elements, as well as the ratio of the pressure characteristics of the internal and external network.

According to its purpose, water supply can be:

• utility and drinking water (usually provided in buildings up to 12 floors);
• utility and drinking water supply combined with fire-fighting water supply (buildings from 12 to 16 floors);
• separated drinking and fire-fighting and utility with the supply of water of different quality (for high-rise buildings).

Of course, under different circumstances and in different cases, the pressure in the water supply system in an apartment building will vary significantly.

The most simple option The water supply system is provided for a building up to 6 floors high. In this situation, at the entrance to the building, the pressure necessary for the operation of the internal pipeline is provided by the external network. In this case, there is no need to install any additional devices to increase the pressure.

If the external network cannot cope with the task and there is a need to increase the pressure, then the following schemes can be used:

Scheme 1.Scheme with the introduction of regulating capacitance.

If there is not enough pressure to supply water to a distant or high point, and you need to increase the pressure for several hours, then this water supply scheme in an apartment building will be the most optimal. It is based on a fairly simple principle of operation: during a period of decline in consumption (most often at night), the tank is filled, and when consumption increases (during the day), the normal functioning of the network is ensured with the help of this water supply.

Such tanks can be used not only to provide water supply in an apartment building with a large number of floors, but also to regulate the water supply of a private house.

This tank can be placed on the supply line to plumbing equipment that requires higher pressure (laundry, shower, etc.).

Scheme 2.Scheme with regular pumping of water.

If an insufficient pressure level is constantly present, then in order not to depend on the time of day, it is better to use a scheme with a booster pump. This pump is suitable for use in an apartment or private house that is connected to a central water supply with low pressure. The main disadvantage of this scheme is the asthmatic activation of the pump every time the tap is opened, which leads to fairly rapid wear of the equipment.

Scheme 3.A circuit in which there is both a booster pump and a regulating tank.

This scheme combines the advantages of both schemes described above and helps protect the pump from rapid wear. If the system has a hydraulic accumulator, that is, a tank for storing water, then the pump will turn on only when the water level in such a tank drops to a certain level. This occurs thanks to a signal from a special sensor in the form of a float, which is installed on the container.

You can select a pump separately from the tank and vice versa, but there are great alternative: a special water supply station that is installed on the pipeline. Such a station already includes both a container for collecting water and the pump itself. This unit not only allows you to optimize pressure, but also provides the ability to supply water from a water intake (well, pond, water tower). Besides, this system Quite easy to use and can be installed independently.

If the building has more than 16 floors, then parallel (separate) water supply systems are more often used. Water is supplied to each such water supply network in an apartment building using booster pumps located together on the technical floor or in the basement. As a rule, such networks are supplied with cold and hot water from water tanks.

Often these networks are divided into zones: the required pressure for the lower floors is created using the pressure of the external pipeline, and for the upper floors - using booster pumps.

IN modern world people are used to living in comfortable conditions. And the higher the standard of living, the more benefits surround people. One of these essential conditions for a comfortable life for the population today is the presence of hot water supply in apartments and private houses. Today, hot water consumption is equal to cold water consumption and sometimes even exceeds it.

What it is?

Hot water supply is the provision of high-temperature water (up to +75 degrees Celsius) to the population, including its domestic needs, as well as industrial needs. It is an important indicator of the level and quality of life, as well as a condition for compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. The hot water supply system consists of special equipment operating together, which serves to heat the water to desired temperature, as well as for supplying it to water intake points.

Most often, this system consists of the following elements:

• water heater;
• pump;
• pipes;
• fittings for water supply.

IN regulatory documents An abbreviation for the phrase hot water supply is often used - hot water supply.

Types of devices

The hot water supply system can be of two types.

• An open system has a coolant. Water is supplied from the central heating system. It is named so because the supply comes from the heating system. This system is usually used in apartment buildings. As for private houses, the open system there will be too expensive.
• A closed system functions differently and has its own differences. First, cold drinking water is taken from the central water supply or external network, then it is heated in a heat exchanger and only after that it is supplied to the water intake points. This water can be used for cooking, as it does not contain elements harmful to health.

And there is also independent system hot water supply. The water is heated in the boiler room or heating point, then served into the house. It is called independent because it operates separately and is not connected to the heating system. It is used in private houses or cottages.

As for water heaters, they are divided into two types.

Their choice depends only on the desire of the owner, as well as on the living conditions of the room.

• Flow-through. They do not store water, but heat it as needed. Such a heater is activated instantly as soon as the water is turned on. They can be electric or gas.
• Cumulative. Such hot water boilers They collect water in a special tank and heat it. Hot water can be used at any time. Electric boilers have large dimensions.

Principle of operation

The hot water supply system can be dead-end or circulating. A dead-end circuit is used when hot water is constantly used. When the water intake is not constant, the water in the pipes cools down and is no longer too hot. To get the water you need hot temperature, you will have to drain it for quite a long time, which is not very convenient. With a circulation circuit, water is always supplied hot, but such a system is more expensive. This scheme is well suited in cases of periodic water intake. The water temperature is constantly maintained and users receive hot water.

The circulation system in such systems can be of two types.

• Forced. This type uses pumps, just like a building heating system. Coercive systems used in multi-storey buildings with a height of two floors or more.
• Natural. In one- and two-story houses, natural circulation is used, since the length of the pipelines is short. It operates through a system of circulation pipes, based on the difference in the mass of water at different temperatures. This method is the same as the water heating method using natural circulation.

Hot water supply consists of the following elements:

• water heater or generator;
• pipeline;
• water intake points.

Generators can be water heaters of several types.

• High-speed water-to-water heaters operate on the basis that hot water, which comes either from the boiler room or from district heating, passes through brass pipes. They are inside steel pipes, and the space between them is filled with heated water. Thus, heating occurs.
• A steam-water water heater operates using steam entering the heater. The water is heated by passing through brass pipes located inside. Such systems are used in homes with constant water flow and high consumption.
• In houses with periodic and low water consumption, they are used storage water heaters. They not only heat, but also accumulate hot water.

Pipelines for both hot and cold water supply are a single system; they are laid in parallel. Mixers are installed at water intake points, which allow you to obtain different temperatures (from +20 to +70 degrees Celsius) by mixing hot and cold water. It is better to use galvanized or plastic pipes in the hot water supply system to prevent corrosion. It is better to insulate pipelines and risers to avoid unnecessary heat loss. IN modern houses Meters are installed for hot and cold water to account for water consumption, which allows you not to overpay for consumption, but pay only for the water consumed.

Advantages and disadvantages

If we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of hot water supply, it is better to consider open and closed systems separately.

• it is easy to fill it and bleed air, which happens automatically through the expansion tank;
• It's quite easy to recharge. Since system pressure does not require special attention, then you can collect water without fear;
• the system functions well even in the presence of leaks, which is due to the high operating pressure in it.

The disadvantages include the following:

• constant monitoring of the water level in the tank;
• the need to replenish it.

The advantages of a closed hot water supply system include the following:

• savings associated with constant temperature;
• It is possible to install a heated towel rail.

The disadvantage is the mandatory presence of water heaters. They can be flow-through or storage, allowing you to always have a backup water supply.

Very important point in the hot water supply system is the presence of a hydraulic accumulator. It helps prevent some problems associated with pressure drops in the system. The hydraulic accumulator is a sealed tank containing a membrane partially filled with water. It divides the tank into water and air parts. If the volume of water in the hydraulic tank increases, then the volume of air correspondingly decreases.

If increased pressure parameters occur in the system, a signal is given and the pump is turned off. There is a pneumatic valve to regulate the pressure. Air is pumped through the nipple. Its quantity can be either added or reduced.

The hydraulic accumulator has the following advantages:

• preventing rapid pump wear. Since there is a supply of water in the tank, the pump will turn on less often, which contributes to its longer service life;
• stable air pressure in the system. The device helps to avoid sudden changes in pressure and temperature in the hot water supply system;
• resistance to water hammer. They practically do not occur and cannot harm the pump and the entire system;
• increased reserves of hot water. There is always a supply of it in the hydraulic accumulator tank, and it is constantly updated.

Thus, the presence of this device only has a positive effect on the functioning of the entire system as a whole.

Norms

According to the "Rules for the provision utilities» the standard temperature of hot water should correspond to a value from +60 to +75 degrees Celsius. This value fully complies with sanitary standards and rules under the Legislation of the Russian Federation.

It is worth considering that there are some permissible deviations, namely:

• at night (from 00:00 to 05:00 hours) a deviation of up to 5 degrees Celsius is allowed;
• during the daytime (from 05:00 to 00:00 hours) the deviation should not be more than 3 degrees Celsius.

According to the rules, if the supplied hot water is colder than the standard value, the user can recalculate and pay for it at the cost of cold water supply. But for this you will have to take temperature measurements. You won't be able to do this on your own. The first thing you need to do is call the housing and communal services department or the management company and leave a request for a measurement. If this drop in temperature is due to malfunctions, repairs or another reason, the dispatcher must report this.

If everything is in order, you need to register the application. After the technician’s visit, you need to draw up a temperature measurement report in two copies. It is on the basis of this act that the cost will be recalculated.

When taking measurements, you need to pay attention to the following factors:

• Be sure to drain the water within a few minutes;
• note where the measurement is taken from - from the heated towel rail pipe or from an independent pipe.

According to the SanPiN article, this violation requires payment of a fine.

The established temperature standards are related to the following factors:

• this temperature does not allow bacteria to multiply;
• At this temperature, the possibility of burns is eliminated.

The water temperature in storage facilities should be very high, but its use at home must be combined with cold water.

Schemes and calculations

In order to calculate hot water consumption, it is necessary to take into account the number of people living in a house or apartment, as well as their lifestyle. The main requirement is the minimum duration of hot water flow from the tap. Moreover, according to current standards(10 minutes), intended to be used at several points in any quantity.

• number of users;
• frequency of use in the bathroom;
• number of bathrooms and toilets;
• volume of plumbing fixtures;
• required water temperature.

The best design today is considered to be using special measuring instruments. Although this option is not possible for everyone. Only by taking into account the needs of the whole family is it possible to choose best option hot water supply for a house, apartment or cottage.

As for the operation of the hot water supply system, it good result is achieved only with coordinated, uninterrupted operation of all its components. The main factor is to obtain a quality resource that meets all requirements. In this regard, preventive maintenance should be carried out periodically. Pipelines must be flushed. This is done after installation, then after repairs and disinfection.

Flushing can last from several minutes to several hours. The time depends on the length of the pipeline. To prevent corrosion during the process, you need to complete absence air. To remove it, special outlet valves are used. Before putting the hot water supply system into operation for the first time, it is necessary to check for leaks and strength. The pressure should be half a bar higher than that expected to be used, but at the same time it should not exceed ten bars. Temperature environment when carrying out such events there must be at least five degrees Celsius above zero.

To extend the service life of your hot water supply, better time Inspect fittings, filters, and insulation from time to time. There are ways to combine the supply of hot water. If there is both autonomous heating and centralized water supply The water heater must be connected to separate outlets that have shut-off fittings. During the circulation of water, there should be no air in the coolant, as this may lead to the formation air lock, which will not allow hot water to flow, and the pipeline may also rupture. If any malfunctions occur in the system, it is better to contact specialists to promptly identify and solve the problem. Provided that the hot water supply system is used carefully and carefully, the likelihood of emergencies, breakdowns and malfunctions is minimized.

Currently, hot water supply is an integral part of the lives of most people on the planet. No apartment or residential building can live without it. Arranging a hot water supply system is a complex process; moreover, there are several types of connecting systems. In this article we will look at all hot water supply systems, calculations and types of water heaters.

Regardless of the type of hot water supply, a set of equipment is connected, which are designed to heat water and distribute it to various water intake points. In this equipment, water is heated to the required temperature, after which it is supplied into the house and through the pipeline using a pump. There are open and closed hot water supply systems.

Open system

An open hot water system is characterized by the presence of a coolant circulating in the system. Hot water comes directly from the central heating system. The quality of tap water and heating equipment no different. The result is that people use coolant.

The open system is so named because hot water is supplied from the open taps of the heating system. DHW scheme multi-storey building provides for the use open type. For private homes this type is too expensive.

You should know that the cost savings of an open system occur due to the no need for water heating devices to heat the liquid.

Features of open hot water supply

During installation open DHW the principle of operation must be taken into account. There are two types of open hot water supply depending on the type of circulation and transportation of coolant to the radiators. There are open systems with natural circulation and those using pumping equipment for these purposes.

Natural circulation is carried out in this way: an open system eliminates the presence of excess pressure, so at the highest point it corresponds to atmospheric pressure, and at the lowest point it is slightly higher due to the hydrostatic action of the liquid column. Thanks to a small pressure, it occurs natural circulation coolant.

The principle of natural circulation is quite simple, due to the different temperatures of the coolant and, accordingly, different densities and masses, cooled water with a low temperature and greater mass displaces hot water with less mass. This simply explains the existence of a gravity system, which is also called gravitational. The main advantage of such a system is absolute energy independence, if parallel heating boilers do not use electricity.

It is important to know! Gravity pipelines are made with a large slope and diameter.

If natural circulation is not possible, use pump equipment, which increases the rate of coolant flow through the pipeline and reduces the time it takes to warm up the room. Circulation pump produces coolant movement at a speed of 0.3 - 0.7 m/s.

Advantages and disadvantages of an open system

Open hot water supply is still relevant, thanks primarily to energy independence and other advantages:

1. Easy to fill open hot water and vent. There is no need to control high pressure and bleed additional air, since the venting is carried out automatically when filling through an open expansion tank.
2. Easy to recharge. Because there is no need to monitor the maximum pressure. It is also possible to add water to the tank even with a bucket.
3. The system functions properly, regardless of leaks, since the operating pressure is not high and the presence of such problems does not affect it.

Among the disadvantages is the need to control the water level in the tank and its constant replenishment.

Closed hot water system

The closed system is based on the following principle: cold drinking water is taken from the central water supply and heated in an additional heat exchanger. After heating, it is supplied to water intake points.

A closed system implies separate operation of the coolant and hot water; it is also distinguished by the presence of a return and supply pipeline, which are used for circular circulation of water.

Such a system will ensure normal pressure even when using a shower and sink at the same time. Among the advantages of the system, the ease of regulating the temperature of hot liquid is also noted.

DHW can be circulation or dead-end. A dead-end system consists only of water supply pipes, the connection method of which is the same as in the first case. Advantage is to reduce costs by ensuring stable temperatures. It is possible to install a heated towel rail. A closed hot water system requires water heaters, the types of which we will consider below.

Types of water heaters

All water heaters are classified as follows:

1. Flow devices. Such heaters heat water continuously, leaving no reserve. Since water has a high heat capacity, constant heating requires increased energy consumption. In addition to this factor, the flow-through heater must be immediately brought into working condition: when turned on, supply hot water, and when turned off, stop heating. To traditional flow heaters include a gas water heater.
2. Storage devices. They are characterized by slow heating of a certain volume of water, which often consumes 1 kW/hour. Hot liquid is used as needed. Storage heaters They operate instantly after opening the tap, but the power is much less. Among the disadvantages of such devices, large sizes are also noted; the larger the volume, the larger the device.

Calculation and recirculation of hot water supply

The calculation of hot water supply systems depends on the following factors: the number of consumers, the approximate frequency of shower use, the number of bathrooms with hot water supply, some specifications plumbing equipment, required water temperature. By calculating all these indicators, you can determine the required daily volume of hot water.

Water recirculation in a hot water supply system ensures that liquid is returned from a distant water intake point. It is necessary when the distance from the heater to the farthest water intake point is more than 3 meters. Recirculation is used using a boiler, and if it is not possible to use it, it is started directly through the boiler.

The hot water supply system can be of two types, which are used depending on the specified parameters. IN open system