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Organic fertilizers have been known since the earliest periods of agricultural history.

Three thousand years ago, Chinese and Japanese farmers used organic fertilizers. In the countries of Western and Eastern Europe in the 14th-15th centuries AD, manure began to be used.

IN modern world 3 billion tons of various organic fertilizers are used annually.

Types of organic fertilizers

Organic fertilizers are fertilizing organic substances of animal, plant, plant-animal and industrial-household origin of varying degrees of decomposition. Organic fertilizers contain a large number of moisture and a wide range of different nutrients, some in small quantities, which is why they are classified as complete fertilizers. Organic fertilizers, as a rule, are poorly transportable; they are used locally or close to production and are called local fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers include manure (litter, non-litter, slurry), peat, bird droppings, sapropel, composts, household waste, industrial waste (lignin), residues Wastewater, green fertilizers, etc.

Manure has a complex multilateral effect on the soil and is a source of ash and. Manure in any form replenishes the supply of mobile nutrients in the soil, improves the circulation of various nutrients in the soil-plant system.

Bird droppings are fast-acting organic. There are:

• litter, formed when poultry are kept on deep, permanent litter;
• litterless droppings, formed during cage keeping of poultry;
• dry droppings- a bulk fertilizer substance formed during the thermal drying of bedding-free liquid manure.

The chemical composition of droppings depends on the type of bird, type of feeding and keeping of the bird.

Bird droppings are used as pre-sowing fertilizer (see). Effective in various crops. It is recommended to use bird droppings when growing plants indoors.

In the year of application, on average, up to 50%, 20% and 70% are absorbed from the litter. The degree of use of nutrients depends on the doses, the granulometric composition of the soil and biological features plants.

In plant growing, peat is used in the preparation of peat humus pots and cubes, as a substrate for greenhouses and as a mulching material.

Sapropel is an organic fertilizer, bottom sediments of freshwater reservoirs. Natural color - from pink to dark brown. When exposed to air, the natural color disappears. The chemical composition of the substance varies even within the same body of water. Apply sapropel to various types soil as a base and fertilizer.

Hydrolysis (technical) lignin

Hydrolysis lignin is the main waste of the hydrolysis industry. It contains few nutrients, has an acidic reaction and is very poor in microflora, has high moisture capacity and absorption capacity. When it is composted with other organic fertilizers (liquid manure, liquid bird droppings, slurry), fertilizers enriched with basic nutrients with good physical and mechanical properties and high biological activity are obtained. Nitrogen losses are minimal.

Tree bark and sawdust

Wood bark and sawdust can be used as organic fertilizer after composting with manure, slurry and other nitrogen-containing substances (photo). Such composts must meet the following requirements: organic matter content per dry weight of at least 80% with a humidity of no more than 60%, the proportion of humic substances is 10-15% of the total amount of organic matter, pH is at least 5.5, C: N ratio - no more than 30, percentage of content per dry weight - 3.0, - 0.1, - 0.1.

The ratio of composted materials and manure is 1: 1, 2: 1 or 3: 2. Phosphate rock and potassium chloride can be added to the compost.

Household waste (city waste)

Household waste is human waste. On average, one resident of Russia accounts for 0.15-0.25 tons of solid household waste per year.

The main share of municipal solid waste in cities is paper and organic components. The composition of garbage varies with the seasons. Biological waste is characterized by a high degree of biological contamination, can be dangerous from an epidemiological point of view and requires disinfection.

Solid household waste (city garbage) is comparable in nutrient content and fertilizing qualities to litter manure. The rate of mineralization of household waste depends on the presence of food waste in it. If there is a large amount of it, the garbage decomposes quickly and can be used as fertilizer, bypassing composting. If non-food waste predominates (paper, rags, etc.), it decomposes slowly and is used after composting.

Urban waste contains on average, based on dry weight, 0.6-0.7%, - 0.5-0.6%, - 0.6-0.8%.

Urban waste is used as pre-sowing fertilizer, for basic tillage, and in protected greenhouses.

Sewage sludge (SWS)

Sewage sludge accumulates in large cities on wastewater treatment plants in the amount of 1.5 to 1% of the volume of all treated waters (photo) . The WWS humidity is high - 92-95%. Before use as a fertilizer, WWS is subjected to a variety of processing methods, namely:

Average composition of WWS,% on dry weight
From primary settling tanks
Activated sludge
Digested sludge
After thermal drying

Along with nutrients, WWS may contain heavy metals, petroleum products, and detergents. Constant monitoring of the composition of WWS is necessary, since their use sharply increases the risk of contamination of agricultural products and environment hazardous substances. All other things being equal, it is safer to use WWS on heavy, more humus-rich soils than on light, low-humus soils.

WWS is recommended for fertilizing parks, tree nurseries, lawns, and bast crops. For other crops, WWS is used only with the permission of sanitary and epidemiological stations under the control of the agricultural chemical service. WWS is not used for vegetable crops.

Composts

Compost (from the Latin compositus - “composite”) is an organic fertilizer. It is a decomposed mixture of manure with peat, soil, plant residues, phosphate rock, formed under the influence of microorganisms.

High-quality compost is a homogeneous, dark, crumbly mass with a moisture content of no more than 75%, with a reaction close to neutral, and nutrients in a form easily accessible to plants. (photo)

To prepare composts, various combinations of organic substances are used (manure, bird droppings, sewage sludge, industrial and household waste containing organic matter). Mineral components can be added to the compost mixture: phosphate rock, potash fertilizers etc.

Composts have good physical and mechanical properties. They are free-flowing, easily transportable, and do not stick to the working parts of agricultural machines and implements.

Composting requires a positive ambient temperature. Optimal conditions humidity and a high degree of aeration at the beginning of the process. To accelerate the decomposition of organic matter and reduce the loss of ammonia nitrogen and increase the concentration of nutrients, phosphate rock is added to the compost, and in case of high acidity, lime.

Properly prepared composts have the same fertilizing properties as manure.

Depending on the components, composts are divided into:

• peat manure;
• peat litter;
• peat-liquid;
• peat fecal;
• manure-olignin;
• composts from household waste and prefabricated ones.

Vermicompost (vermicompost)

Vermicompost (vermicompost) is a product of processing manure and various organic wastes by the red Californian worm Eusenia foetieda (photo) .

Vermicompost contains macro- and microelements, is biologically active, contains hormones that regulate plant growth (auxin, gibberellin), important enzymes: catalases, phosphatases, etc. During processing, the number of viruses and salmonella decreases. The red Californian worm can withstand temperatures from 4 to 28 ºC. The preferred acidity of the habitat is 6.5-7.5. The lifespan of a worm is 800-900 days. They reproduce by cocoons; on average, 3.5 individuals hatch from each cocoon.

A normal individual produces up to 200 offspring per year. Worms feed on all organic matter, consisting of 20% cellulose. Some organic substances require preliminary preparation. Thus, cattle manure must first undergo a fermentation process for 6-7 months to achieve the desired pH level; pork manure needs 10-12 months for this. At least 25% sawdust (by weight) is added to bedding-free manure. Every year, the number of worms can increase 4-10 times.

The product produced by worms is a balanced granular organic fertilizer containing (on an absolutely dry basis) 30% humus, 0.8-3.0% nitrogen, 0.8-5% phosphorus, 1.2% potassium, 2-5% calcium.

Verlicompost is used as a base and fertilizer. Recommended as highly effective for closed ground.

Green fertilizers (green manures)

Green fertilizers are fresh plant matter plowed into the soil to enrich it with organic matter and improve the nutrition of subsequent crops. Plants grown using green fertilizers are green manures; the method of enriching soils with them is green manure.

How green manure is commonly used leguminous plants(lupine, seradella, sweet clover, vetch, china, asiragao, etc.), a little less often, mixtures of legumes with cereals (vegetable-oat mixture) or intermediate non-legume crops (mustard, rapeseed, rapeseed, etc.).

The ability of legumes to symbiotically fix atmospheric nitrogen, which contributes to additional enrichment of soils with nitrogen, makes them valuable green manures.

Green fertilizers have the same multifaceted positive effect on soil fertility as well-prepared bedding manure.

1 ton of wet weight contains different amounts of nutrients. Nutrient content data different types green manure fertilizers and mixed manure are presented in the table “Average data on the content of nutrients in 1 ton of wet weight of legume green manure and 1 ton of densely stored mixed manure.”

Average Nutrient Data in 1 ton of wet weight of legume green manure and 1 ton of densely stored mixed manure, according to:
Type of fertilizer	Dry matter, kg	Grain straw Straw of cereal crops, used as a fertilizer, helps improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, enhances the activity of microorganisms, their nitrogen-fixing ability, reduces nitrogen losses, increases the availability of phosphates, and increases the humus content in the soil at the level of manure application. Straw at a moisture content of 16% contains on average 0.5% nitrogen, 0.25% phosphorus, 1.0% potassium and 35-40% carbon, as well as small amounts of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements. The C:N ratio is from 60 to 100, so microorganisms that decompose straw organic matter require additional nitrogen nutrition. To do this, when plowing straw, an additional 0.5-1.5% of nitrogen by its mass is added, i.e. 5-15 kg of nitrogen per 1 ton in the form of mineral or organic fertilizers. Plowing straw with the addition of nitrogen brings the greatest effect in the fall, since the harmful phenolic compounds formed during its decomposition have time to decompose or be washed out of the root layer of the soil during the autumn-winter-spring period. The application of straw with the addition of nitrogen to row crops with a long growing season is especially effective. The systematic use of straw as a fertilizer in crop rotations significantly increases its effectiveness. (photo) Bacterial (microbiological) fertilizers Bacterial fertilizers are preparations of highly active microorganisms that improve the nutritional conditions of crops. The most common preparations are those containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Humic preparations (fertilizers based on humic acids) Humic preparations are a group of physiologically active substances that activate the vital activity of soil microorganisms and plants. Their introduction into the soil helps accelerate humification processes, improve water-physical properties and thermal regime soil, stimulates the growth and development of plants. Humic preparations are obtained by alkaline, acid or electroimulsion processing of natural raw materials (peat, coal, caustobioliths, etc.). The preparative forms of humic preparations are diverse - from liquid ballast-free to granular organomineral complex fertilizers. Humic preparations are widely used in growing flowers, seedlings, potted crops, in the creation and operation of sports lawns, in greenhouse vegetable farms and when growing field crops. They do not contain toxic components (with the exception of humates from brown coals and sapropels). During certification and registration, humates are tested for safety. The importance of organic fertilizers in intensive farming In conditions of intensive farming, the most important task is to reproduce soil fertility and create a positive, deficient balance of nutrients and humus in the soil. The successful solution of this problem depends on the systematic scientifically based use of organic and mineral fertilizers in crop rotation. That is why the importance of organic fertilizers in agriculture will not decrease even with complete satisfaction Agriculture mineral fertilizers. The experience of world agriculture shows that the higher the farming culture, the more attention is paid to the use of various organic fertilizers.

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Organics are the basis of agriculture. The reason for its popularity is maximum safety for the soil, plants and humans. Another positive factor is availability; most types of organic fertilizers can be obtained within one area or purchased at a low price from neighbors. Mineral and chemical fertilizers require a careful approach; they can be harmful to the environment and human health, while organic varieties do not have this drawback.

Organic fertilizers - what is it?

First you need to find out what it is, only after that you can choose the right fertilizer for the site. Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that contain nutrients for plants in the form of organic compounds.

The most common representatives of organics are:

• manure of various animals;
• peat;
• compost heaps;
• green mass of plants;
• straw;
• factory-made fertilizers with a complex composition;
• farm waste.

The fact that organic fertilizers are the best option for our gardens and vegetable gardens is undeniable

If everything is clear with the definition, then it’s worth considering what such fertilizer can bring to the soil:

• a lot of phosphorus;
• nitrogen;
• calcium;
• magnesium;
• molybdenum, etc.

Besides mineral composition, the fertilizer contains organic matter, its type depends on the raw materials used and the origin of the material.

Organic fertilizers include materials of plant and animal nature. During the decomposition process, minerals are released, and the top layer of soil is fed with carbon dioxide, which is necessary for a high-quality photosynthesis reaction. The influence of organic fertilizers for the garden also extends to water supply, enriching the soil with oxygen and improving microflora for normal development beneficial bacteria. Various microorganisms are important for the life of the rhizome; they are especially effective in affecting vegetables and providing them with nutrients.

A small digression. A common question in crossword puzzles is: organic fertilizer with 7 letters; there are several possible answers: green manure, compost, mineral.

Biological fertilizers can be even more effective if prepared as fine granules; special units have been developed for this purpose.

When organic fertilizers are added to the soil, its structure improves significantly

Types of organic fertilizers

Today there are various types of organic fertilizers, each type has its own properties that can be used to increase soil fertility.

Types of organic matter and their characteristics:

• manure is the most common fertilizer, which contains many useful substances. It should be applied in an average concentration of about 5 kg per 1 m2. Methods of application: in the fall before plowing (more often), in the spring before digging (less often), in holes during planting (extremely rarely). Manure reduces soil acidity, creating a neutral pH value, increases looseness, stimulates high-quality transportation of useful components, improves the penetration of air and water, and saturates the soil. The approximate composition is potassium 60%, phosphorus 40% and nitrogen 25%;
• humus is a top dressing based on rotted manure, leaves and other organic matter. The benefit of humus is a large amount of nitrogen. The looseness and lightness of the soil improves its fertile qualities and helps to better transport minerals to the rhizome, although the humus contains a low amount of these substances. Ash, silt, clay or sand are used to increase mineral levels. Can be used on all crops, but tomatoes, carrots and onions respond best;
• Peat is divided into 2 types: lowland and highland. Upland species have a high level of acidity, low mineral content, and especially acute potassium deficiency. More often, peat is included in the compost, but it is dried and aerated before preparation. Lowland varieties are excellent for fertilizer; they have low acidity and an abundance of nitrogen and ash. More often used as mulch or as part of compost;

Each of the organic fertilizers is absolutely enriched different composition

• poultry droppings are distinguished by a high concentration of useful substances in an easily digestible form. It can be used for all plants, but it must be diluted first, because there is a risk of burns. When fresh it contains: calcium 24%, nitrogen 16%, phosphorus 15%, potassium 8.5%, manganese 7.4%, nitrogen 4.5%. For preparation, it must be mixed with water in the appropriate proportion (varies depending on the purpose and method of use);
• Compost from plants is a commonly used method of fertilization. At each site over the course of a season, a lot of plant waste accumulates, which is piled up to rot. The basis is: tops, plants, fallen leaves, food waste and ash. Initially, a base of straw is prepared, on which raw materials are laid in layers, and between them soil or peat, all layers are moistened. The quality can be improved by adding superphosphate or slurry from manure.

Types of fertilizers and their basic characteristics allow you to choose the most cost-effective solution for each farm.

Rules for the use of organic fertilizers

The application of organic fertilizers to the soil can be done in various ways; there are 4 main methods:

• pre-sowing Can be used both in autumn and spring. Sometimes application is required at the beginning of winter. The method is quite simple, you need to scatter organic matter around the area, and after the procedure, plowing or digging is carried out. A convenient and universal way is to arrange warm beds with manure in the spring to get a quick harvest, and by spring scatter humus;

Organic fertilizers have a positive effect on the physical and chemical properties of the fertile soil layer

• post-sowing. This method includes all fertilizers that are added after throwing out the third leaf. The feeding method is further divided into:
  • root This means treating the soil in the root circle of the plant. It is necessary to pre-prepare the liquid mixture;
  • non-root. This includes soaking the seeds before planting and treating the green mass with a sprayer.
• fergitation. Fertilizer is added to the water used for irrigation;
• hydroponics. To grow plants, soil is not used at all, and growth is carried out by “planting” in liquid. The complexity of the technique and the high risks of crop loss do not allow its frequent use. An additional disadvantage is the deterioration of the taste of the crop.

Adding organic fertilizers to the soil allows you to get top scores only with the correct determination of the needs of the soil and the appropriate selection of fertilizer.

There are 2 main soil parameters that should be considered when planting and fertilizing:

• composition - can only be accurately determined in the laboratory, but you can approximately understand the condition of the soil using old methods:
  • A hole is made using a shovel. It is important to pay attention to the digging process; if it goes easily, then there is a lot of sand in the soil;
  • Take a handful of soil in your hand and squeeze it quite tightly. When saving the form, you can conclude that clay soil, and if water seeps through your fingers, it’s sandy.
• acidity. The best value is 6.5–7, you need to adjust the acidity to get this level. You can determine it using a special indicator strip or simply by the color of the soil.

Despite the positive useful characteristics organic fertilizers, failure to comply with the rules and regulations for their application can lead to harm to the soil and plants

Organics for sandy soils

Organic and mineral fertilizers will help turn any soil into a fertile area. To improve the properties of sandy soil, it is worth adding high-moor peat. Its main task is the ability to accumulate water, which is then taken up by plant roots.

An alternative and free option is compost, which will require vegetation, which is usually abundant on the site. After using compost, the soil becomes more structured and viscous, which helps to accumulate useful elements.

The key task when working with sandy soils is to improve their structure. The ideal situation is to retain moisture as long as possible. Other important feature Such soil is due to a lack of nutrients; it is worth adding manure, compost and fertilizers to the soil to improve the composition.

Why fertilize black soil?

The land is already fertile and arable, but still needs fertilization. The reason for the need to fertilize is the gradual depletion of useful soil components. Considering that they are often planted large plots, you need to pay attention to liquid organic fertilizers, which are easy to apply and can be prepared in various quantities.

For faster processing, machines for applying liquid organic fertilizers are often used. This method is called intrasoil, since the liquid is introduced not into the top layer, but ~20 cm deeper. Machines for applying liquid organic fertilizers allow you to replenish the soil useful microelements, this increases the quality and quantity of the future harvest.

For each type of plant, fertilizing with organic fertilizers has its own individual characteristics.

There are other organic fertilizer machines that work with substances in solid form, such as manure, manure or compost. When the car moves, fertilizer is scattered over the entire area and subsequent plowing occurs.

An important condition for ensuring fertility is resting the field, which must be arranged once every 5 years.

What organic fertilizers are suitable for alumina?

For clay soil types, manure is best suited and should be spread before autumn digging. You can simply till the soil before winter and leave it until spring, but the disadvantage of this method is the loss of 50% of all nitrogen. During spring plowing, fresh manure is rarely used; there is a risk of damage to vegetation.

The clay type of soil is excellent for growing tomatoes; they grow without special labor and give a good harvest.

To ensure their productivity, you need to adhere to two rules:

• A crust quickly appears on top of the soil, which cracks over time. Moisture evaporates from the resulting holes, and the roots may lack it. The gardener's task is to prevent the appearance of crust;
• moderate watering; you should not overdo it, as plants can rot if there is excess moisture.

Manure is a fertilizer made from the excrement of agricultural animals, which contains hay or straw.

How to properly prepare and apply organic fertilizers with your own hands?

Chicken droppings

More often, droppings are used in the form of liquid organic fertilizer. To prepare the fertilizer, 3 main methods have been developed.

Organic production:

• fermentation. Previously, the method was used only by large poultry owners, but now the method is available to everyone, since substances are commercially available to accelerate the fermentation process. The idea is quite simple: a tray is installed under the cage on which excrement will accumulate. Sometimes you need to add sawdust to the feces, only they are moistened in the preparation. At the cleaning stage, everything is mixed and placed in one pile. When reaching 1–1.5 m in height, add a UV or EM accelerator;
• infusion. It has a high nitrogen concentration and is easy to manufacture. To prepare, you need to take rotted manure and add water. The mixture is left for 2–3 days with periodic stirring. A light-colored liquid is expected. If the shade is darker, the solution is additionally mixed with water before use;
• soaking. This method of producing organic fertilizer helps eliminate excess acidity. The excrement is filled with liquid and left for 2 days. After settling, the water is drained and fresh droppings are added. This procedure is carried out 2-3 times. The substance is used by instillation into the grooves between rows or plants.

Cow manure is one of the most famous and most used organic fertilizers.

Cow dung

The fertilizer is effective and can be used on most plants, but to achieve a positive result you need to follow some rules. Fresh mullein can only be used to create warm beds. Rotted manure is often used.

Producing organic fertilizer from cow manure is quite simple:

1. The bottom is lined with straw.
2. Excrement is placed on top.
3. As the heap grows, layering is carried out, and organic matter, peat or soil is placed between the layers.
4. After reaching a height of about 1.5 m, the pile is covered with oilcloth.
5. For complete rotting, you need to periodically water the pile; you can remove the film when it rains.
6. The decomposition period ranges from 6 to 12 months.

Now you can simply scatter mullein around the garden at a ratio of 4–5 kg per 1 m2. Alternative option use - a solution, it is prepared based on a proportion of 1 to 10. To infuse, you need to wait 1 day, then add ash. The mixture is used for foliar feeding. After the procedure, you need to pour the area generously.

Horse dung

Most often used as humus. At proper storage horse manure will contain many useful substances, the amount is 2-3 times greater than in its raw form. Fertilizer can be applied in quantities of up to 5 buckets per tree and up to 3 buckets per bush. You can simply cover the ground 10 cm thick.

Horse manure is a valuable highly concentrated organic fertilizer

An infusion of manure and nettle has proven to be very effective. To prepare you need:

1. Fill the container with nettles with water.
2. Infuse the mixture for 3 days.
3. Horse manure is added to the liquid, proportion 1 to 10.
4. Leave the mixture for another 2 days.

After preparation, you can spray or water the plants.

Organic fertilizers of plant origin

Organic matter is used to provide quality physical parameters soil, it becomes loose and fluffy.

In order to improve the properties of the soil, several basic fertilizers of exclusively plant nature are often used:

• peat. Only the lowland type can be added, which provides high fertile qualities. More often used as part of compost;
• To alkalize the soil, it is recommended to add lime or ash, which can be mixed with peat. When preparing a complex composition, you need to mix 1 ton of peat with 30–50 kg of lime and 50–75 kg of ash. The composition is composted, this allows the nitrogen to be converted into an easily accessible form. The process takes from 6 months to 1 year or more;

• Phosphorus meal is added to compost to increase the amount of phosphorus. From 10 to 20 kg of flour is added to 1 ton of the mixture;
• sludge has a rich nitrogen composition. It is used in in kind or after drying. In the first case, about 30 kg per 10 m2 is added, and in the second - 10 kg. To improve the quality of the fertilizer, you can add 500 g of superphosphate and 400 g of potassium chloride type;
• compost. All plant waste is suitable for preparation (except stubborn weeds and diseased plants). To prepare, you need to dig a hole and fill the bottom layer with peat, about 10–15 cm. Compost 15–30 cm thick is laid in the base. All layers are watered with water and covered with manure, droppings or soil. Every 1–2 months the pile is filled, and it is also recommended to dig it up to gain air access to all layers. After cooking it should be homogeneous mass, which crumbles and has a dark shade.

Organic is the key good growth plants and rich soil, no successful gardener today can do without it. It’s just important to follow the cooking rules, otherwise you might not multiply the harvest, but ruin it.

Organic fertilizers play an important role in the stability and fertility of the soil, which are divided into two groups:

1. Vegetable - peat, composts, deciduous and turf soils, wood ash and humus.
2. Fertilizers of animal origin - cow and horse manure, bird droppings.

When organic fertilizers are added to the soil, its structure improves significantly. This promotes the proliferation of living microorganisms, which are of great benefit to both the soil and the plants themselves.

Each of the organic fertilizers is enriched with a completely different composition. Often, improper use of organic fertilizers results in plants developing nutrient deficiencies. In order to avoid such consequences, it is recommended to add organic matter in the form of compost material.
Compost is a mixture of various organic substances with the addition of mineral fertilizers, in the form of superphosphates or phosphate rock. Under the influence of decomposition, composts produce accessible nutrients necessary for active plant growth, branching of the root system and achieving a rich harvest. Compost materials can be prepared at home.

To prepare compost you will need:

• A piece of land;
• Straw or plant debris (leaves, potato tops, strawberry tendrils, grass clippings);
• Manure, bird or rabbit droppings;
• Peat;
• Lime and phosphate rock.

First, plant residues in the form of straw, leaves or tops 10-15 centimeters thick are laid out on the ground. Then a layer of manure or droppings of 15-20 centimeters and a layer of peat of 15-20 centimeters. Lime mixed with phosphate rock in a 1:1 ratio is scattered on top of the laid peat. For every square meter of compost heap, 50-60 grams of the mixture are scattered.

If it is not possible to obtain phosphate rock and lime, the compost heap can be prepared without these components. But their content will improve the properties of the compost and subsequently the nutritional structure of the soil. Another layer of manure 10-20 centimeters thick is laid on top of the compost heap. It is covered with a small layer of earth.

It is necessary to keep the compost for 7-8 months, after which it can be used as fertilizer.

Compost heaps should be organized in shaded areas where there is no exposure to direct sunlight, under the influence of which the vital activity of beneficial bacteria and microorganisms will cease. IN summer period compost heap preparations, to provide shading, you can plant pumpkins or zucchini around them.

Directing the plant branches onto the pile, periodically check for the presence of roots and the formation of new pumpkin shoots. When horses appear, it is necessary to cut them off the branch in order to root system did not develop and did not remove useful substances from the compost heap. An excellent source of shade for compost can be corn or sunflowers sown nearby.

Helpful Tips for Creating a Compost Heap

You can also organize a pile in the shady side of your house or shed.

Important! It is strictly forbidden to place the remains of diseased or infected plants in the compost heap, since pathogens do not die even with complete decomposition of plant debris. Once they get into the soil with compost, they will again infect healthy crops with the disease.

In addition to compost material, the most accessible material is used as an organic soil additive - cow and horse manure or bird droppings.

How to improve productivity?

We are constantly receiving letters in which amateur gardeners are worried that due to the cold summer this year there will be a poor harvest of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other vegetables. Last year we published TIPS on this matter. But unfortunately, many did not listen, but some still applied. Here is a report from our reader, we would like to recommend plant growth biostimulants that will help increase the yield by up to 50-70%.

Read...

Chicken droppings

Chicken manure is a valuable highly concentrated organic fertilizer. It is distinguished by its speed of action, since its substances are easily dissolved and are easily accessible to plants.

Chicken manure fertilizer can be used on any soil and applied to a variety of plants. The most successful use of this component is for plants that have stopped growing, as well as for raising the yield level of various berry crops such as currants and strawberries.

In order to fertilize the garden with bird droppings when digging, it must first be dried and then ground or crushed to a powder consistency. Bird droppings are also used as liquid plant food. To do this, you need to pour litter into one third of the container and fill the rest of the space with water. Let the mixture sit for two to three days, stirring occasionally, to speed up the fermentation process. Ready solution diluted with water in a ratio of 1:3 and applied to the soil during digging.

Important! Chicken manure is highly concentrated, so it must be used with caution. It is recommended to apply this fertilizer in small doses with a lower concentration, but more often.

Bird droppings can be stored either in separate piles or in bags. In order to reduce the level of nitrogen loss in bird droppings, it is necessary to periodically add peat or superphosphates to it during the accumulation of droppings.

One method of using manure is to prepare liquid fertilizer for plants, shrubs or trees.

To prepare liquid fertilizer, you need to fill the container halfway with cow manure and fill it to the top with water. Leave to ferment for one to two weeks, stirring occasionally. Before applying the resulting liquid organic fertilizer to the soil, it must be diluted with water 2-4 times. The drier the soil, the more you need to dilute the resulting solution with water. One bucket of diluted solution should be added per square meter of land.

Mullein contains significantly less phosphorus than other elements, which can negatively affect plants. For example, if you feed cucumbers with manure, then the lack of phosphorus blocks the flow of nitrogen into the plant. This can lead to the accumulation of nitrates in the fruits, and the harvest will be harmful to human health. Prolonged phosphorus starvation leads to a slowdown in the growth of plants and fruits, which affects the overall quantity and quality of the crop.

In order to obtain a complete liquid organic fertilizer from cow manure, and also to avoid unpleasant consequences from a lack of phosphorus, it is necessary to add 50-60 grams of superphosphate to a bucket of the resulting slurry of manure with water to replenish the lack of phosphorus.

In addition, manure is applied to the soil in a fresh and rotted state. Fresh manure must be applied in the autumn season, after harvesting, and rotted manure must be applied in the spring during digging. During the decomposition of manure in the soil, carbon dioxide is formed, which helps improve the air supply of plants. It also reduces the acidity level of the soil, which is very harmful to plant growth.

It is better to store manure in compacted piles, this way the least amount of ammonia loss is achieved. In the process of accumulating a manure heap, you can periodically add phosphate rock to it, which, under the influence of decomposing manure, will dissolve, increasing the level of phosphorus and transforming into an easily accessible form for plants.

Due to the dense structure of cow dung, it can be used on any soil and on a wide variety of vegetation. It has average heat transfer, so it is used to create greenhouse beds for cucumbers, melons or watermelons.

Horse manure is a loose, porous structure, which includes, in addition to feces, hay, bedding elements (sawdust, peat, pine residues). Horse manure is in a state of constant decomposition and has high heat transfer, due to which it is used as a greenhouse heater and organic fertilizers are made from it.

To use horse manure as a feed for indoor plants, you need to dial in one third of the plastic bottle horse feces and add a liter of water. The resulting mixture must be infused for one week, then mix everything thoroughly and dilute the solution one bottle cap per 10 liters of water.

It is recommended to store horse manure in one pile or in bags. Applying horse manure to the ground spring period when digging, it will ensure the enrichment of the soil with necessary nutrients. This will make the soil structure looser and more moisture-absorbing.

Organic fertilizers of plant origin

Peat is decomposed plant residues in the form of a powdery structure. There are three types of peat: highland, lowland and transitional. High-moor peat is characterized by a fairly low degree of decomposition of plant residues and low level content of ash and plant nutrients. This type of peat compound is widely used as bedding for animals, and later for creating composts and for adding organic matter to the soil.

Lowland peat is different high level decomposition and ash and nitrogen content. Transitional peat has average characteristics.

Peat: basic properties of natural nutrition

Composts are made from peat, and it is also added to the soil in its pure form. To apply to the soil the most useful view is lowland peat, which is enriched with ash substances and has a high concentration of lime and ferrous oxide.

In addition to organic fertilizers of animal origin, to improve the structure of the soil and enrich it with useful nutrients, green plants - green manures (green manures) are used. These are plants (mustard, peas, vetch, rye) that are planted in order to obtain a sufficiently large amount of green mass for further incorporation into the soil, thereby increasing fertility. Grown green manure is cut off before flowering or immediately after flowering, when the plants contain a large amount of nutrients.

Green manure can not only be incorporated into the soil, but also left on the surface, thereby protecting it from aridity, weathering and large loss of moisture.

It is recommended to cut or mow this green vegetation so that the root system remains in the soil. It is this that contributes to loosening the soil, as well as the formation of humus, microorganisms and soil worms. In addition, the root system of green manure ensures the extraction of nutrients from the deepest layers of the soil. This allows for the greatest utilization of nutrients cultural species plants.
Mown plants that will remain on the surface of the ground must be watered with a special Baikal extract - EM1 in the morning or evening hours. This will promote rapid decomposition and fermentation of the green mass.

To save budget and increase quantity, you can use a special EM extract prepared on the basis of Baikal EM1. To do this, you need to place 7 kilograms of chopped plant residues in a 10-liter non-metal bucket. Then dilute 250 grams of sugar and 250 grams of Baikal-EM1 in 7 liters of water. Pour the resulting mixture over the green remains of the chopped vegetation and cover the bucket with plastic wrap, placing pressure on top, thereby limiting the access of air.

Leave to infuse for 10-15 days in a dark place, shaking the bucket periodically to release the extract from formed gases.

Can be used as herbal residues medicinal herbs: St. John's wort, chamomile, yarrow, and garlic. Pour the resulting extract onto the beveled green manure in a ratio of 100 mg per 10 liters of water.

IN natural conditions the soil will be under mulch, that is, humus should constantly form under the mown vegetation. Mulch acts as a “coat” for the soil. During the daytime sunshine, it protects the soil from excessive drying, and at night from cooling. Beneficial microorganisms settle at the interface between mulch and soil, forming nutritious organic matter and improving soil structure.

In addition to mulching, green manure is used to make liquid fertilizer. To do this, you need to put fresh grass in a container. Then add water in a ratio of 1 kilogram of grass per 10 liters of water. Leave to brew for five days, stirring occasionally to speed up the fermentation process. Cultivated plants are watered with the prepared solution, thereby increasing the quantity and quality of yield.

And a little about the author’s secrets

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Attention, TODAY only!

It has long been a known fact that organic fertilizers play a huge role in growing various crops in country and garden plots, improving not only the structure of the soil, but also allowing plants to better absorb the necessary nutrients. Organics are indispensable in small gardens, especially when you don’t want to use mineral supplements in our own garden beds.

The benefits of using organics

Among organic fertilizers, manure, compost, peat, bird droppings and multiple remains of plants and animals are widely used. Organic matter is valued for its valuable microelements for plant nutrition, improving soil structure, as it brings air-water and heat balances to a normal state, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide in the ground and a small layer of air above the soil.

When added, organic matter forms substances that improve and increase the consumption of microelements by plants. Organic compounds in the soil are constantly decomposed by microorganisms that enter the soil with manure and bird droppings. When decomposing, organic matter forms carbonic acid, which is one of the sparingly soluble chemical elements makes substances available to most cultivated crops.

Heavy clay soils, under the influence of organic matter, become looser, easier to process, the clay does not harden into large pieces, and becomes breathable. Light soils when using natural fertilizers acquire a more cohesive structure, due to this, the susceptibility to retain nutrients and moisture in the soil increases.

Classification of organic fertilizers

Most organic fertilizers have a well-known classification, which we will focus on in order to reveal the completeness of the application and use of organic matter:

Manure is the main organic fertilizer, consists of liquid and solid secretions of agricultural animals, where additionally there is hay or straw cuttings. The quality of manure is determined by the chemical elements included in its composition: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium. The properties and characteristics of manure depend on the straw, sawdust, peat or shavings used. The most suitable straw is cut into pieces of 7-10 cm, due to which the volume of absorbed liquid increases, the fertilizer folds perfectly, while the loss of nitrogen is minimal. Good manure comes out with the simultaneous use of peat chips and straw (1:1), applied in spring or autumn when digging the soil or plowing;

In the photo - organic fertilizer, horse manure

Artificial manure represents for gardeners great opportunities, since not always the remaining plants, leaves, straw can be processed. Application of dry and unprepared residues plant origin cause the absorption of nitrogen from the soil by the residues themselves, as a result the soil and crops receive nothing, and as a result, the yield decreases. To properly prepare artificial manure, it is necessary to first add a layer of peat (20-30 cm), then chopped vegetation and straw (20-25 cm) into a trench (0.6-0.8 m deep, any width), then compact it and water it with fecal matter. (slurry, chicken solution 1:5). Subsequent layers are laid in the same way until the pile is 1.6-1.8 meters high. The top of the mound is covered with straw (10-15 cm). A humidifier (slurry or chicken solution) is added in ½ bucket per 40 kg of dry residue. You can add phosphate rock or ammonium sulfate for faster and better decomposition. After 3-5 days, the pile must be spilled with the remaining liquid, otherwise the straw in dry places may become moldy. Fertilizer, artificial manure, will be ready in 3-4 months;

House trash in the form of various household waste (paper, kitchen scraps from the table, evil, slop) is in no way inferior to manure in terms of chemical composition elements. Most often, household waste is used in greenhouses, where it is stored during the winter, then the soil is fertilized. This fertilizer can be applied to vegetable beds immediately before planting. Household waste, which contains a large amount of undecomposed residues (paper, sawdust), is sent to the compost heap;

Peat As an organic fertilizer, it is rarely used in its pure form; the chemical elements included in the composition are not available in this form for many crops. To obtain affordable fertilizer from peat, it is used as a mulching material, mixed with manure, lime, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, ash, plant residues - in this case, the use of peat increases the efficiency of organic matter by 1.5-2 times;

Compost is a fertilizer that is prepared from vegetation (mainly residues) and animal waste. Tree foliage and tops are used as the main components garden plants, pine needles, potato tops, fermented jam, hay, rotting vegetables, etc. Animal waste includes manure, slurry, poultry droppings, crushed bones, etc. In addition to all of the above, chalk, soot or silt are added to the compost. When all the components are interlayered with the soil, volatilizing chemical elements are retained and the waste turns into compost, containing the most valuable nutrients for feeding plants. Compost is used on all types of soil for any crops;

Pictured is compost made from food waste.

Ash is a valuable fertilizer of natural origin, containing all the chemical trace elements necessary for crops, excluding nitrogen. Ash varies in composition, depending on the bedding used for its preparation (larch, pine needles, peat, shale, straw). Ash is used as potassium-phosphorus fertilizer, applied to crops during the formation of root crops. Before digging, distribute 0.5-0.8 kg of ash per 10 m2, before sowing 400-500 g/m2, add one glass directly into the hole when planting.

Homemade fertilizers for the garden - recipes

As a rule, every summer resident tries to make organic fertilizers for the garden with his own hands. To properly connect the components, you need to understand where and how it will be used homemade fertilizer from organics.

Slurry as a fertilizer is widely used in a wide range of agriculture and is prepared simply. Place a small amount of fresh manure (about ¼ part) at the bottom of the bucket, fill it with water to the brim, close it and store it in warm conditions (preferably in a dark room). The mullein solution will be ready in 8-11 days. Before use, be sure to dilute with water (1:4). The slurry is used during the active initial period of crop growth, but not during the formation of root crops. Slurry is an excellent organic fertilizer for cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini, beets and pumpkins.

Nettle fertilizer is useful for applying to tomatoes, garlic, strawberries, cucumbers and most flowers. Homemade composition nettle tincture is easy to prepare and gives a good impetus for the active growth of cultivated crops, as it contains everything essential microelements in an easily digestible form. For 10 liters of water you need to take 1-2 kg of nettle and leave for a week. During cooking, the liquid will emit an unpleasant odor, forming foam on the surface. When fermentation is over, the nettle fertilizer will be ready. Before use, the concentrated infusion is diluted with water 1:10.

Grass and yeast fertilizer is also effective for most garden and garden crops. The main ingredients used are clover, chamomile, dandelion, burdock, comfrey, wormwood, lawn grass etc. The plants are crushed, filled with water, ash and yeast are added based on a regular barrel of 200 liters of ¼ grass, 2 kg of ash and a pack of dry yeast (50 grams raw). The barrel is closed, leaving a gap for air to enter, and wait 10-14 days for the solution to ferment. Afterwards, the herbal infusion is diluted 1:10 for fertilizing crops at the root and 1:20 for spraying plants. If yeast is not available, make a fertilizer from grass and water. Take 800 grams of weed grass, pour 10 liters of water, after a week organic fertilizer will be ready.

Fig, fig, fig tree - these are all names of the same plant, which we firmly associate with Mediterranean life. Anyone who has ever tasted fig fruits knows how delicious they are. But, in addition to their delicate sweet taste, they are also very beneficial for health. And here's an interesting detail: it turns out that figs are completely unpretentious plant. In addition, it can be successfully grown on a plot in middle lane or in the house - in a container.

Quite often, difficulties in growing tomato seedlings arise even among experienced summer residents. For some, all the seedlings turn out to be elongated and weak, for others, they suddenly begin to fall and die. The thing is that it is difficult to maintain in an apartment ideal conditions for growing seedlings. Seedlings of any plants need to be provided with plenty of light, sufficient humidity and optimal temperature. What else do you need to know and observe when growing tomato seedlings in an apartment?

Delicious vinaigrette with apple and sauerkraut - a vegetarian salad made from boiled and chilled, raw, pickled, salted, pickled vegetables and fruits. The name comes from the French sauce made from vinegar, olive oil and mustard (vinaigrette). Vinaigrette appeared in Russian cuisine not so long ago, around the beginning of the 19th century; perhaps the recipe was borrowed from Austrian or German cuisine, since the ingredients for Austrian herring salad are very similar.

When we dreamily sort through bright packets of seeds in our hands, we are sometimes subconsciously convinced that we have a prototype of the future plant. We mentally allocate a place for it in the flower garden and look forward to the cherished day of the appearance of the first bud. However, buying seeds does not always guarantee that you will eventually get the desired flower. I would like to draw attention to the reasons why seeds may not sprout or die at the very beginning of germination.

Spring is coming, and gardeners have more work to do, and with the onset of warmer weather, changes in the garden occur rapidly. The buds are already beginning to swell on plants that were still dormant yesterday, and everything is literally coming to life before our eyes. After a long winter, this is good news. But along with the garden, its problems come to life - insect pests and pathogens. Weevils, flower beetles, aphids, clasterosporiosis, maniliosis, scab, powdery mildew- the list could take a very long time.

Breakfast toast with avocado and egg salad is a great way to start the day. The egg salad in this recipe acts as a thick sauce that is seasoned with fresh vegetables and shrimp. My egg salad is quite unusual, it is a dietary version of everyone’s favorite snack - with Feta cheese, Greek yogurt and red caviar. If you have time in the morning, never deny yourself the pleasure of cooking something tasty and healthy. You need to start the day with positive emotions!

Perhaps every woman has at least once received a blooming orchid as a gift. It’s not surprising, because such a living bouquet looks amazing and blooms for a long time. Orchids are not very difficult to grow. indoor crops, but failure to comply with the main conditions for their maintenance often leads to the loss of a flower. If you are just getting started with indoor orchids, you should find out the correct answers to the main questions about growing these beautiful plants in the house.

Lush cheesecakes with poppy seeds and raisins prepared according to this recipe are eaten in no time in my family. Moderately sweet, plump, tender, with an appetizing crust, without excess oil, in a word, exactly the same as my mother or grandmother fried in childhood. If the raisins are very sweet, then you don’t need to add granulated sugar at all; without sugar, the cheesecakes will be better fried and will never burn. Cook them in a well-heated frying pan, greased with oil, over low heat and without a lid!

Cherry tomatoes differ from their larger counterparts not only in the small size of their berries. Many cherry varieties are characterized by a unique sweet taste, which is very different from the classic tomato taste. Anyone who has never tried such cherry tomatoes with their eyes closed may well decide that they are tasting some unusual exotic fruit. In this article I will talk about five different cherry tomatoes that have the sweetest fruits with unusual colors.

I started growing annual flowers in the garden and on the balcony more than 20 years ago, but I will never forget my first petunia, which I planted in the country along the path. Only a couple of decades have passed, but you’re amazed at how different the petunias of the past are from the many-sided hybrids of today! In this article, I propose to trace the history of the transformation of this flower from a simpleton into a real queen of annuals, and also consider modern varieties unusual colors.

Salad with spicy chicken, mushrooms, cheese and grapes - aromatic and satisfying. This dish can be served as a main dish if you are preparing a cold dinner. Cheese, nuts, mayonnaise are high-calorie foods; in combination with spicy fried chicken and mushrooms, you get a very nutritious snack, which is refreshed by sweet and sour grapes. The chicken in this recipe is marinated in a spicy mixture of ground cinnamon, turmeric and chili powder. If you like food with fire, use hot chili.

The question is how to grow healthy seedlings, all summer residents are concerned in early spring. It seems that there are no secrets here - the main thing for fast and strong seedlings is to provide them with warmth, moisture and light. But in practice, in a city apartment or private house, this is not so easy to do. Of course, everyone experienced gardener There is a proven way to grow seedlings. But today we will talk about a relatively new assistant in this matter - the propagator.

The Sanka tomato variety is one of the most popular in Russia. Why? The answer is simple. He is the very first to bear fruit in the garden. Tomatoes ripen when other varieties have not even bloomed yet. Of course, if you follow the growing recommendations and make an effort, even a novice grower will receive a rich harvest and joy from the process. And so that your efforts are not in vain, we advise you to plant high-quality seeds. For example, such as seeds from TM “Agrosuccess”.

The task of indoor plants in the house is to decorate the home with their appearance and create a special atmosphere of comfort. For this reason, we are ready to take care of them regularly. Care is not only about watering on time, although this is important. It is also necessary to create other conditions: suitable lighting, humidity and air temperature, and make a correct and timely transplant. For experienced flower growers there is nothing supernatural about this. But beginners often face certain difficulties.

It’s easy to prepare tender chicken breast cutlets with champignons according to this recipe with step by step photos. There is an opinion that it is difficult to make juicy and tender cutlets from chicken breast, but this is not so! Chicken meat contains virtually no fat, which is why it is a bit dry. But, if you add cream, white bread and mushrooms with onions to the chicken fillet, you will get amazingly tasty cutlets that both children and adults will love. During mushroom season, try adding wild mushrooms to the minced meat.